Báo cáo khoa học:Người kiến tạo không gian theo tinh thần mới pdf

THONC TIN VAN
H6A
NGHe
THUAT
Ngirai kien tao
i(iidng gian
tinii
tiian
mdii
DUONG THU HANG
Of cac nudc phuong Dong, tinh hien dai la
thuat
ngiif
duoc hiet den nhu
1^
Icet
qua
ciia
cuoc
tiep xuc
v6i
phuong Tay tir TK XVIII. Trong
linh
vuc van chuong tinh hien dai
dugc
the hien
b^ng
su
gi^i
the
cdc

gia trj tinh than truyen
thdng;
hinh thanh nhufng gia trj tinh than
mofi
va phuong
thuc bieu hien cua
n6
voi tinh than dan chu
vd
tu
chu.
Hien
tugng
ndy chi thuc
sir
bat dau Ig ro khi
cuoc tiep
xlJc
Dong Tay xay den
6
Viet Nam cung
nhu cac nudc khac trong khu vuc.
T
^ cu(5i
TK XIX, ngudi Viet Nam ndi
ridng, ngudi chdu A ndi chung bdt
ddu nhdn ra rdng van hda truydn
thd'ng Idu ddi dang ty hao xua nay hidn dang bi
lae
hau, bd' tdc can dupc ddi mdi cho phu hop

vdi thdi dai Qua trinh ddi mdi dd la qua trinh
hidn dai hda. Tuy nhidn, vide xac dinh npi ham,
tidu chi, md'c thdi gian khdi dau
ciia
tinh hidn
dai cung nhu qua trinh hidn dai hda trong
ITnh
vyc van hda van hpc la van de kha thu vi, gay
nhieu tranh cai va chua cd hdi kd't.
Quay trd lai vdi thdi gian dau cua cupc tid'p
xuc van hda phuang Tay d Nam Bd. Nhin tdng
quan, gidi tri thQc yeu nudc dupc chia lam hai
phe
chit
chid'n dd'n cung va chii hda dd' duy tan,
ty cudng. Cudi cung, sQ menh lich su thupc ve
phai duy tdn. Song, trong ra't nhidu ngudi cd tu
tudng ddi mdi thi khdng phai ai cung roi dung
tdm ddn nhdn cua lich su de ed the thyc hidn
dupc tam huye't eua minh.
Phan Thanh Gian, Pham Phu ThQ, Nguydn
Trudng To, Nguydn Lp
Traeh
deu la nhQng
ngudi sdng d nua cud'i TK XIX, dupe di nhidu
va md rdng tdm mat va ddu the hidn rat rd tu
tudng va tdm huyd't canh tdn dd't nudc. Ddy la
nhung tu tudng tid'n bp xuat phat
tQ
nhung didu

trdng tha'y va bdng nhan quan tinh tdo, mdi me.
Tuy vay, viec hp dua ra cac ban didu trdn, dd
nghi nha Nguydn tid'n hanh nhQng eai each
Idn de giup da't nudc hung thinh ddu khdng
thanh edng.
Truang VTnh Ky la mpt hidn tupng khde la:
cung thdi vdi Phan Thanh Gian, nhung dng cd
vdn tri thQc Ddng - Tdy cd the coi la khdng
Id
trong bdi canh van hda Viet Nam thdi d'y. Chpn
con dudng tid'p thu van hda Au Tdy, di theo xu
hudng canh tdn cua Nguydn Trudng To,
Nguydn Lp Traeh , nhung sy chuyen chu cua
Truang VTnh Ky
la
nhQng boat dpng thyc tidn
trong ITnh vyc van hda; va nhOng chu truang
van hda cua dng md ra mpt xu hudng mdi trong
boat ddng sang tac va boat ddng van chuong.
Ndi each khac, Truang VTnh Ky
la
ngudi md
ddu cho sy dung hpp Ddng Tdy bdng boat dpng
thyc tidn, va cd mpt tac dpng Idn dd'i vdi dudng
thdi va hau sinh.
Vay, ca sd nao da giup dng chpn dupc ldi di
ridng cho minh?
Trudc hd't, phai ke dd'n con ngudi tdn giao va
qua trinh dao tao cua Truang Vinh Ky. Ong
xuat than trong mpt gia dinh cdng giao thdi

Thidu Tri, que d Cai Man, lang VTnh Thanh,
huydn Tan Minh, tinh VTnh Long. Tuy sdm md
cdi cha nhung dupc me cho di hpc chQ Han tu
Iuc ldn 5, dd'n
11
tudi Truang VTnh Ky da thdng
Sd309
Thang
3-2010
CHAN DUNG
VAN
HOA
thao
Tic
thu, Ngd kinh. Nhd ndi tieng hpc gidi
nen Truang VTnh Ky dupc mdt linh muc ngudi
Phap xin nudi va hpc chQ qud'c ngQ va chQ La
tinh. Nam 1848, dng dupc hpc than hpc va trid't
hoc tai chung vidn Pinhalu d Nam Vang vdi y
hudng trd thanh mpt linh myc. Tai day, dng da
hoc thdm tie'ng Cao Midn, Lao va Xidm La tu
cac ban cung chung vidn. TQ nam 1852 dd'n
nam 1858, dng dupe chpn gui sang hpc tai
chiing vidn Penang. Trong 6 nam ay, bdn canh
vide
hpc cac kid'n thQc tdn giao bdng tie'ng La
tinh, dng cdn ty hpc cac sinh ngQ khac nhu
Phap,
Anh, Y, Hoa, Ma Lai, An Dp, Nhat
Nhin dai the, khac vdi con dudng cua nhidu tri

thiic ddng nidn; thdi cupc va sd phan da dua day
Truong VTnh Ky sdm tu bd cai ndi Nho hpc d
que nha ma luu lac dd'n eae vung dat xa la dd
linh hpi nhidu nen van minh ldn tren the' gidi.
Ong da dupe dao tao mpt each bai ban, ed he
thdng de trd thanh mpt giao
sT
ctla dao Thidn
Quia vd dng cung ty dao tao de trd thanh mpt
nha bae hpc thdng thao gan 20 ngoai ngQ, dupc
xe'p thQ 17 trong danh sach
18
nha thdng thai
tren thd' gidi duang thdi. Nhu vay, nd'u theo
nhan dinh cua M.G Puginier, "cd hai cdng eu
dac bidt ed thd lam thay ddi mpt dan tdc. dd la
ton giao va ngdn ngQ" (1) thi Truong VTnh Ky
CO
dit ca hai. Rd't nhieu nghidn cQu eho thay d
Truong VTnh Ky con ngudi tdn giao hd't sQc sau
dam, nhung hanh xu
ciia
dng lai khdng gid'ng
m'i
nhung ngudi chiu anh hudng cua "chu nghTa
giao
sT"
(chQ
dung cua Dd Quang Hung) vd'n rat
nang nd trong dao cdng gido luc bay gid.

Tuy la con chidn cua Chua, dupc hap thu van
hoa phuang Tay tQ nhd nhung vd'n tri thQc
truydn
thd'ng ludn la
the'manh
de dng thyc hidn
muc tidu canh tan van hda eua minh. Trd vd
nudc chiu tang me nam 1859, chQng kid'n canh
tan sat gido dan eua trieu dinh va nha't la ddi
didn vdi sy dp dao tQ quan sy den nen tang tri
thirc cua thyc dan Phap, chang trai 22 tudi vdi
hpc van va ban
ITnh
cua minh da trd thanh
ngudi thdng ngdn thQ nhat cho ehinh quyen
Phap
vao nam
1860.
Trong chuyen di Phap nam
1863 eung sQ doan Phan Thanh Gian, dng da
dupe tid'p xuc va kd't ban vdi nhimg nha bdc hpc
ndi tid'ng thupc cac ITnh vyc khac nhau nhu
Duruy, Victor Hugo, Renan, Lettre, Paul Bert
Khdng thd
phii
nhdn sy ngudng mp va niem tin
CLia
dng vao van hda Phap, rpng ra la van hda
phuang Tdy, song dng khdng hd roi vao tinh
trang "dT Au vi trung" nhu nhieu tri thQc Tay

hpc khac.
d
Truang VTnh Ky, sy dan xen, giao
hda Ddng - Tay, cu - mdi, truydn thd'ng - hidn
dai the hien trong nhidu khia canh. Chdng han,
dng thupc ldp ngudi lam vide eho Phap sdm
nha't nhung khdng vao lang Tay, ludn mac khan
ddng ao dai chQ khdng mac Au phyc Trong
bidn khao, dich thuat, sang tac , dng dung
mpt cdng cy mdi, mpt phuang phap mdi me dd'
the hidn nhQng npi dung quen thudc, binh dan.
Didu nay da dupc nha nghidn cuu Vu Ngpc
Phan danh gid: "
.Vdi
ta't ca cac sach rat khac
nhau do Truang VTnh Ky bidn tap, dich thuat,
soan va xuat ban trong thdi gian 1863-1898,
ngudi ta thay rd dng la mpt nha bac hpe ed de
td chQc va cd phuong phap,
chQ
khdng edn phai
la mdt nha van nhu nhQng nha van khac" (2).
Tuy nhidn, ban than sy dan xen ay da la mpt
mau thudn khie'n cho cupc ddi va sy nghidp eua
dng gap nhieu trdc trd. Chpn con dudng nuong
theo Phap dd eanh tan dd't nude nhieu khi ddng
nghTa vdi
vide
thyc hidn
mim

dd ddng hda cua
thyc dan Phap. Dien hinh la vide truydn ba chQ
qud'c ngQ, trong con mdt cua ngudi Phap thi:
"Ong Truang VTnh Ky dap Qng dung vdi nhQng
ydu cdu ma cae vi dd dd'c, thd'ng ddc da timg
bay td ngay tQ luc Phap mdi chinh phuc Nam
Ky, " (3). Trong thyc te', nhQng gi Truang
VTnh Ky lam vuot qua khudn khd
chii
dinh cua
chinh quydn thyc ddn. Nd'u hp mud'n dung chQ
qud'c ngQ lam cdng cy nd dich thi Truang VTnh
Ky bid'n thanh vu khi de canh tan dat nude. Hay
vdi vide lam cpng tac vidn va mpt thdi lam chu
but Gia Dinh bdo, mpt td bao dupc bao trp va
chiu sy kiem duyet cua ehinh quydn thyc dan;
Truang VTnh Ky da bid't tan dyng co hpi dupe
tin dung de bdng tai nang
ciia
minh bdi ddp mpt
CO
nen mdi eho van hda dan tpc. Bdi the, eai
nhin eua ehinh ngudi Phap ve Trucmg VTnh Ky
cung khdng ddng nhat. Lue thi dng dupc coi la
"ngudi con uu tu", luc thi lai la "hidn than
eiia
Sd 309
Thang 3-2010
TH6NC
TIN VAN HOA

NGHe
THUAT
phan
tir
dang nghi ngd nhd't trong dam ngudi
VidtNam"(4)
La mpt trong sd it ngudi tid'p xuc va tid'p
nhan sdm nhat, sau sde nhd't van hda Phap,
Truang VTnh Ky khdng, hoac it khi nhin Phap
nhu mpt ddi thu ma nhu mpt thd' lyc van minh
cd chd ban chd kem minh ndn cdn dupc khai
thac tid'p can hpc hdi dd bd sung cho
vide
kid'n
tao mpt nen van hda dan tdc mdi. Trong mdt
bQc thu gui cho Stanislas Meunieu, Truang
VTnh Ky da vid't: "Tdi ehi cd the lam trung gian
giQa hai dan tpc vQa mdi gap nhau d Nam Ky.
Tdi chi cd the lam cho hai dan tpc hid'u nhau va
ydu men nhau. Vi
the
ma tdi da lien tuc dich tQ
Viet sang Phap va
tQ
Phap sang Viet, bdi tdi vdn
xac tin rdng: ddng sau ngdn ngQ, ddng sau cac
tQ ngQ, mpt ngdy ndo dd tu tudng se dupe
chuyd'n qua, vd rdi day dd'i vdi chung tdi la bdt
ddu lam quen vdi nen van minh td't dep cua quy
ngai" (5). Suy nghT va hanh dpng ciia Truang

VTnh Ky, va sau nay
ciia
Pham Quynh bi ldn
dn bdi dinh thuc manh Phdp =
ke'
tin)
da thd'm
sdu vao tu tudng ngudi dan Viet Nam cd truyen
thd'ng ddnh giac dd'n cung de cQu nudc.
Cd thd' thd'y, du cd tham gia cac boat dpng
chinh tri, cd thdi gian lam vide cho Phap nhung
Truang VTnh Ky da danh nhieu thdi gian vd tdm
lyc
ban ca vao cac hoat dpng van hda vdi myc
dich tang cudng sy hieu bid't giua hai ddn tdc va
cd lpi cho Viet Nam: "Myc dich
ciia
nhQng
cdng trinh khidm td'n nay la lam cho
vide
hpc
bid't tid'ng ndi cua ke chinh phyc va ciia ngudi bi
chinh phuc cd thd' thyc hidn ldn cho nhau, la
thdt chat ban nQa nhung quan he cd Ipi cho
quyen lpi chung rang bupc hp vdi nhau, la cai
thidn sd phdn ngudi Annam cdn dupe phue hdi
bdng each lam cho vide giao due hpe vd'n cua
hp dupc hoan hao ban, bdng each lam cho hp
hieu the nao
la

cupc sdng ciia mpt dan tdc va
phdt tridn ludn trdn con dudng tid'n bd cung vdi
cac nudc khac trdn toan cau"(6).
Giai phdp phi truyen thdng nay eiia Truang
VTnh Ky thyc ra khdng khae vdi tinh than giao
luu
"hda nhap nhung khdng hda tan" vi van
hda hidn nay cua chung ta la bao nhidu. Tuy tao
ra mpt cu sd'c ldn vdi ddng bao ciia nudc Viet
Nam vdn cd truyen thdng "sdng danh giac thac
cung danh giac", song nd thyc sy da md ra mpt
khdng gian tinh thdn mdi. Ldn
dau.
tidn trong
lich su van hpc, mpt thQ van ty mdi mang tinh
dai chung ghi
am
tie'ng ndi hang ngdy dupe
dung khid'n cho van hpc trd thanh tdi san tinh
than khdng chi cua tang ldp trdn. Ldn ddu tidn
ngudi ta cd the thudng xuydn bdi bd tri thQc va
ndm bdt thdng tin, du cdn sa gian, qua cac td
Gia Dinh bdo, Thdng logi khda trinh Cung
vdi nd, bp phdn van xudi qud'c ngQ vd'n xa la
trong ddi sd'ng van hpc dupe Truang VTnh Ky
chu trpng, dao sau: "Ngudi Annam thich dpe
van chuang, thi phu, ngdn ngQ hoa van bdng
bdy. De dua ngudi Annam tu cai trang tri thi ca
ve cai rd ret
ciia

van xudi dd' kich dpng ldng ydu
thich dpe sach va dd cho hp tap lam quen vdi
van xudi di ddi vdi van vdn tdi da tim
each
thdm nhQng y tudng mdi
ciia
ndn hpc van hidn
dai vao nen hpc van Annam cu de ngudi Annam
vdn cd the giQ lai ndn hpc van Annam cu dupc
bd tuc va thdm phong phu bdng ndn hpc van
mdi de tao thanh mpt tdng hpp ddy du va hoan
hao"
(7). Rdi hang loat cac cdng trinh bidn
khao,
dich thuat, suu tdm, sang tdc vdi nhung
thao tae, phuang phap mang tinh khoa hpc va
thyc chQng cao dupc dem ra "trinh lang". Ddc
bidt, vide bid'n van chuang thdnh mpt san phdm
thi trudng tu khdu vid't, in dd'n phat hanh da tao
ndn khdng khf sdi dpng hoan toan khac trudc.
Tac phdm van hpc cua cdc nho sT trudc day
thudng dm tham tim dd'n ddc gia. Vide Lich
trieu hien chuang logi chi
ciia
Phan Huy
Chii
dupe vua thudng mdt lang vang la mpt dpt xua't
lich
su. Nhung nay, Truang VTnh Ky bdng
nhieu each de cd the dua tac phdm cua minh

dd'n vdi ngudi dpe nhu vid't thu de nghi ehinh
quyen thyc ddn mua eho cac trudng hpc, rao gia
ban trdn bia bao, dang quang cao trdn bdo
Hinh anh chat vat
ciia
mdt nha van kid'u mdi
trong budc dau ddi mat vdi quy ludt thi trudng
ciia
Truang VTnh Ky da dupe phat hidn qua
danh gia
ciia
nha nghien cQu Bdng Giang:
"Trdn mat tran van hda, Truang VTnh Ky cdn
mdn, miet mai theo dudi cdng
vide
cua minh ke
tu khi budc chan ra
(20-12-1860)
cho den
liic
m
S6 309
i
SACH HAY NEN DOC
ha trdn, de lai mdt cdng trinh dd sp ma dd dang.
Sach vid't ra khdng phai theo ldnh ctia "quan
thdy" hay don dat hang ctia nha cam quyen
thupc dia. Cud'n nao nha duang eye thay can thi
mdi lo vide in Tac gia ty lo lieu mpi
viec.

Sach khd tieu thu thl lam don xin nha nudc mua
de phan
phdi
cho cac trudng, dupc phdn nao
hay phan ay. Cudi ddi, tac gia cdn np nha in
Rey&Curio] "(8).
Nhu vay, Truang VTnh Ky la san pham dac
trung cua thdi ky lich su xa hpi van hda mdi.
Ong la ngudi dau tien cua Viet Nam chpn con
dudng nuang theo Phap dd canh tan da't nudc.
Co sd cua sy lya chpn dd la do dng cd trinh dd
hpc van sau rpng, cd nang lyc thidn phu vd
nhieu
ITnh
\'yc, cd kinh nghiem, cam quan va
chii
kid'n sau nhieu lan tryc tid'p tid'p xuc vdi van
minh phuang Tay. Trong dng hpi tu du ta't ca
nhQng dieu kidn
de
trd thanh "ngudi md dau
cupc dd'i thoai Ddng - Tay" (chu dung cua Dd
Lai
Tliuy).
Cac boat ddng cua dng du xuat phat
tu dpng ca nao, vdi muc dich gi thi trdn thyc te
cung da kie'n tao ndn mpt khdng gian tinh thiin
mdi.
Tuy phai gan nua the ky sau, dpi dd'n khi
Ddng Kinh

nghTa
thuc ra ddi, cac hoat dpng
nhu Truang VTnh Ky da
lam
mdi dupc tie'p sQc,
tao mpt budc phat tridn mau le song, cdng
lao ctla dng, ngudi dat vidn
gaeh
dau tidn cho
mpt
CO
do, cdn dupc ghi nhan
J
rr
D.TH
Vi^t Nrtm tiortQ
qua
khii"
Ti/
!
William Dampier
1.
Din theo D6 Quang Hung, Khia cgnh tdn gido a
Truang Vinh Ky trong cuon The ky
XXI iiliin
ve Truong
VTnh
Ky. Tap
chi Xi(a
vd nay. N.xb Tre. TP.HCM.

2001.
lr.79-87.
2.
Vu Ngpc Phan, Nhd vdn hien dgi, lap
1,
N.xb Vdn
hgc.
1994.
3.
Phillipe
Dcvillers.
Ngudi Phdp vd ngudi Annam
bgn hay thu. Ngo Van Quy dich, Nxb
Tdiig
hgp
TP.HCM.
2006.
4.
5, 6. Dan
ihco
Dinh Xuan Lam. De di tdi mgt ddnh
gid thda ddng ve Truang
Vinh
Ky, trong cuon The ky
XXI
iiliiii
ve Truang Vinh Ky. Tap chi
Xra
vd nav. Nxb
Tre'.

TP.HCM,
2001.
tr.
13.
15, 17.
7.
8. Biing Giang, Suang mu tren tdc
phd'm
Truang
Vinh Ky. Nxb Vdn hgc.
1993.
MOT CHUYEN
DU HANH
OEN OANG
NGOAI
'ft
1
«"
1 \d\rji li>'-j'j
"if.
—"Jr "^P?
DAMPIER
VA CHUYEN DU HANH
DANG NGOAI
HOANG ANH TUAN
T
rong sd nhimg nha du hanh chau Au
dd'n tham va md ta vuong qudc Dang
Ngoai cud'i thdi trung dai nhu Samuel
Baron, Richard thi William Dampier dupc

coi la mpt trong nhung nha du hanh
vT
dai nha't
cua thdi dai. Ong da di vdng quanh the gidi 3
ldn va nhieu chuye'n di lai giua cac iuc dia Au -
My, Au - A trong khoang 40 nam hanh nghd di
bidn. Chuyd'n du hiinh cua Dampier tdi Dang
Ngoai dupc thyc hidn nam 1688, ngay sau khi
dng vQa tu mien Tay An vupt Thai Binh Duong
sang phuang Ddng. Udc vpng tim kid'm mpt vi
tri quan trpng trong nhQng chuye'n di tham
hid'm tiem nang budn ban
ciia
cdng ty Ddng An
Anh
(EIC)
vdi cac nudc tren ban dao Ddng
Thang 3-2010
So 309
KTI