Sử dụng các phương tiện từ ngữ biểu thị tình thái chỉ độ tin cậy trong tác phẩm Nam Cao pot

Piv.
TRONG
TAC PHAM CUA NAM CAO
O ThS. DirONG
THI
THUY VINH*
T
rong nhd trudng phd thdng, cdc phuong tien
tu ngCr bieu thj tinh hnh thdi duqc nghien
CUU nhu Id mot loqi tinh thdi tu, thudc nhdm
trq tu (heu tu) nhdn mqnh. Viec nghien euu ddc
diem vd gid trj su dyng cuo chung se giup cho
gido vien vd hqc sinh phd thdng khdng chi ndm
bdt duqc mdt loqi tu loqi trong tieng Viet md cdn
biet vdn dyng chung trong qud trinh gidng dqy
vd gioo hep mdt cdch hieu qud (chdng hqn nhu
phdn tich cdu, Hm hieu phong cdch cuo mot so
nhd vdn, hm hieu net vdn hod Viet Nam quo ngdn
ngCr cuo qudn chung nhdn ddn, ).
Trong bdi viet ndy, chung tdi ehi de cdp mot
khto cqnh, dd Id hm hieu vdi net phong cdch cuo
nhd vdn Nam Coo quo viec su dyng cdc phuang
hen tu ngu (PTTN) chi do tin cdy.
1.
Khdi qudt ve hnh thdi chi do tin cqy vd
cdc PTTN bieu hien tinh thdi chi do tin cdy
trong tde phdm cua Nam Cao
Tinh thdi chi do tin cdy (TTCOTC) Id hnh thdi
neu len muc do tin cdy trong niem tin cua ngudi
ndi ddi vdi ndi dung sy viec duqc neu d trong cdu.
Cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC trong tde phdm

eua Nam Coo ed the duqc phdn loqi theo cdc
tieu chi khde nhou nhu: vj tri trong cdu, ddc diem
cdu tqo vd sdc thdi y nghTo md chung bieu dqt.
Khi phdn loqi cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC
theo sdc thdi y nghTo, cd the chio ro thdnh cdc
nhdm sau:
1) Khdng djnh tinh chdn li duong nhien cua
ndi dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: tdt nhien, le
dinhiin, li duong nhiin, cdnhiin, dt, chdc chdn,
chinh dung, qud,
that,
qud
that,
that qud, qud
tinh,
that tinh, ki tinh, phdi ndi, su that (Id/thi),
fhucte(ld/fhi),
Vi dy 1: Cdi mat my chac chdn Id si khdng
dugc tuoi tinh ldm (1; 201).
2) Khdng djnh ndi dung cua menh de nhu cd
mdt gid trj tuong ddi hodc mdt khd ndng xdc
thyc hqn che nhu: that ra, ke ra, xem ra, xem
chung, chung, thiiu chut nua, mdt ti nua
Vi dy 2:
KM
nhu the thi cung re (2; 14d).
3) Thien ve khdng djnh ndi dung menh de
h-ong
cdu Id cd thdt, gdm: chdc, chdc id, chdc hdn, hdn
Id, cd the, rdt cd the, y hdn. Id thudng,

Vi dy 3: Han Id San dd cd dieu gi bdt mdn ve
vg
y
ddy (2;
ld5).
4) Thien ve nghi ngd hnh chdn thyc cuo nqi
dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: chua chdc, chd
chdc, chang le (nhe), khdng le, chdc gi, Idm nhu
thi, hog (Id), chua han, chd le (nhe), le ndo,
Vi dy 4: Khdng le vi mdt dua md cd mdy dua
cung e mudn (1; 401).
5) Nua hn nuo ngd ve Hnh chdn thyc cuo nqi
dung menh de trong cdu, gdm: chua biet chung,
cd le, khdng cd le, cd khi, biit ddu, dudng nhu,
hog chdng, hinh nhu, nghe ddu,
Vi dy 5: Khdng mdy chieu hg khdng dn,
dudng nhu dd nghiin roi (2; 208).
2.
Vdi net ve phong cdch Nam Cao duqc
the hien qua viec su dung cdc PTTN bieu hien
nCDTC
2.1.
Qua viec su dyng cdc PTTN bieu hien
TTCOTC, nhd vdn Nam Coo dd bde Id mdt trong
nhung net ddc trung cuo phong cdch Id hnh chdt
tru hnh. Ngodi viec su dyng but phdp hien thyc
mdt cdch nghiem ngdt, nhd vdn cdn the hien edi
Tdi cuo minh thdng quo nhi/ng y kien ddnh gid,
quo thdi do, Hnh cdm ddi vdi cdc sy vdt, hien
tuqng.

Nhung ddnh gid cua dng cd khi vdi h/
cdch Id Idi tde gid nhung phdn Idn Id dn trong sy
ddnh gid cuo cdc nhdn vdt chinh, nhdn vdt phy
bdi dng mudn de hien thyc ty edt len tieng ndi
cuo minh. Nhung Id ngudi dqe, chung to van nhdn
ro nhCrng ddnh gid mong ddm ddu dn cd nhdn
cuo tde gid de to biet rdng, ddng sou nhCrng nhdn
#
*
Tnrcing Dai hoc sir pham
-
OH
Thai Nguyen
Tap chi Giao due s6 217 (ki i • 7/2009)
djnh tudng chung nhu rdt khdch quon dy Id mdt
trdi hm ludn biet dau cung ndi dau cuo nhdn vqt,
ludn biet se chio vdi nhCrng niem hqnh phuc mong
manh,
nhd nhoi cuo nhdn vdt.
Vi du 6: Cd le tdi bdn con chd ddy, dng gido
q.'(l;405).
Trong truyen «Ldo Hgc", khi ldo Hqe bde bqeh
vol dng gido suy nghT tren thi bdn thdn ldo dd cd
nhCrng li do de cho rdng cdn phdi bdn chd. Nhung
dng gido biet ldo ndi vdy thdi vd dd nghe ldo
ndi edu dd nhdm rdi, «ehdng bao gid ldo bdn
ddu"
vi dd Id con chd md eon trai ldo mua ve
nudi ddnh de luc cudi vq thi thjt; ldo quy nd nhu
con vd chi cd nd Id bqn. Vdy Id ldo Hqc dd ed

nhCrng li do rdt thuyet phyc de bdn chd nhung Iqi
khdng du can ddm bdn nd di. Ldo tdm sy vdi
dng gido cd the chi Id mong sy chio se vd xem
xet Iqi nhCrng li do ddn den quyet djnh bdn chd
hoy khdng bdn cuo minh.
Cung bdi vi tde gid rdt hieu noi Idng cuo nhdn
vqt ldo Hqc nen mdi de ldo cd sy bdn khodn,
day dut nhu vdy thdng qua viee dung tu «cd le".
2.2. Khdng chi vdy, viee su dyng ede PTTN
bieu hien TTCOTC cdn giup cho Idi vdn Nam Coo
mong phong cdch khdu ngCr. Ldi vdn cuo dng
thdm dam hoi thd cuo cudc sdng, gdn gui vdi Idi
dn tieng ndi hdng ngdy cuo qudn chung nhdn
ddn.
Chinh vi the, nhd vdn dd the hien duqc giqng
dieu,
tdm li, tinh cdch cuo tung nhdn vdt vd phdn
biet duqc nhung cdnh ngd, tinh edeh, sd phdn
khde nhou, ngdn ngi/ ndo thi tinh cdch dy.
Vi dy 7: Chdc Id rugu bo
(1;
220).
Ody Id Idi binh ludn cuo nhdn vdt bd dd Cdnh
ve choi ruqu md nhdn vdt Sinh mang bieu dng
dd trong truyen «Ddn khdch". Bd thdy «Cdi cd
choi ed bqe gidy vdng cdn
thdn.
Cdi nhdn hieu
in dep ldm". Tu hinh thuc bdt mdt vd duqc Idm
cdn

thdn,
bd duo ro mdt nhdn djnh ve ehdt luqng
cuo chai
ruqu.
Nhung bd dd khdng ddm khdng
djnh dut khodt vi dng bd ehuo duqc nem thu,
chua duqe kiem nghiem nen khdng biet ed «bd"
thdt hoy khdng. Khi nghe nhdn xet cuo bd dd
chdc rdng ngudi dqe oi eung mim
cudi.
Cudi vi
thdy bd dd dung Id ngudi ndng ddn chdt phdc
sdng trong cdn nhd «cd bo gion cot tre, mdi rq".
Vdi nhi/ng hieu biet rdt it di cua minh, bd ehi cd
the ddnh gid chdt luqng quo hinh thue. Thyc te thi
dd Id chai ruqu ddu, «chua nhu the tuong oi"
theo nhu Idi nhdn xet cuo Sinh khi nem thu ruqu
trong choi bj roi vd.
Tap ehi Giao due so
217
(ki
i •
7/2009)
Vol nhi/ng ngudi tri thuc thi Iqi khde. Nhung
nhdn
djnh,
ddnh gid euo hq ed sy phdn tich chqt
che,
lo gic hon.
Vi dy 8: Rdt ed the ngudi fa khdng Idy ddng

ndo ed (2; 151).
Ody Id nhdn xet cuo Son trong tde phdm
«Sd'ng mdn". Khi Son ndi edu ndy, ngudi nghe
hieu rdng San dd phdn tich thyc te kT cdng vd
cd CO sd de tin vdo dieu dd. Theo Son, Thu vd
Son Id thdy gido cua con trai cy Hdi Nam, cd
the ngudi to cdn mudn hoi thdy gido d de kem
them cho con nen se khdng Idy tien trq. Od Id
dieu hqp le thudng. Nhung vi
giuy,
khdng mudn
mang tieng Id «lqi dyng" chdng hqn, nen Son
mdi dua nhdn djnh cuo minh vdo the khd ndng
xdy ro khd coo: «rdt cd the". Neu Son khdng
djnh Id «chdc chdn" thi onh dd khdng phdi Id
mdt onh thdy gido duqc hqc hdnh tu te. Nhung
khi nghe Son ndi dieu ndy thi Thu Iqi cd suy
nghT khde, dd Id «Nhung Iqi eung rdt ed the nguoi
to ddi mdi thdng bo ehye ddng".
3. Vdi nhi/ng sdc thdi bieu cdm phong phu vd
tinh te, cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC dd giup cho
viec dien dqt khdng ehi trong gioo tiep md cdn
trong cdc trong vdn trd nen sdng ddng, hdp ddn
hon bdi ngudi nghe, ngudi doc cd the thdy duqe
thdi do, cdch ddnh gid cung nhu nhi/ng edm xue
md ngudi ndi, ngudi viet gui gdm trong dd. Trong
gidi hqn cho phep, chung tdi moi chi de cdp den
mdt hudng hm hieu cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC.
Hi vqng cdn cd djp bdn ludn sdu vd rdng hon ve
nhi/ng phuong tien ndy.

Vdi Nam Coo, viee su dyng vdi tdn so coo
cdc PTTN bieu hien TTCOTC trong cdc tde phdm
dd giup dng them mdt Idn ni/o khdng djnh sy
phong phu, tinh te cuo ngdn ngu ddn tqc vd td
ddm them nhCrng net phong edeh.ddc ddo cuo
minh.
Hieu gid trj cuo nhCrng bieu thue hnh thdi
md dng su dyng, ta Iqi edng them yeu quy vd
trdn trqng nhung trong vdn cuo dng. •
(1) Tuyen tap Nam
Cao,
tap
1.
NXB
Vdn hpe, H
1987.
(2) Tuyen tap Nam
Cao,
tap
2.
NXB
Vdn hpe, H
2002.
Tai lieu tham khao
1.
Diep Quang Ban (chu bien)
-
Hoang Dan. Nguphap
tieng Viet (saeh CDSP). NXB
Gido

due, H
2000.
2.
Le Bien.
Tur
loai tieng Viet hien dai. NXB Gido
ducH 1999.
3.
Hoang Phe (chu bien). Tudien tieng Viet. Trung
tam
tCr
die'n ngOn ngO, H 1992.
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