Báo cáo khoa học: Các dạng , thể thơ của câu đố người Việt pptx

26 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trie'n, sd 4 (69). 2008
CAC
THE
DANG,
THE
THd
CUA CAU DO
NGU'Ofi
VIET
Trieu Nguyen'
1.
Cau dd gdm hai
bd
phan: ldi dd' va ldi giai (vat
dd^).
Tim hieu ldi do',
ve mat eae the dang, the
thff,
ed the cho tha'y mdt sff phong phu vffgt han
cae the loai
van
van eua van hpe dan gian, nhff ca dao, ddng dao, ve
Ldi do' cd the gdm nhffng ldi tff 4 den 7 tieng, den nhffng ldi dffge hinh
thanh theo eae the tha thffdng gap trong sinh hoat
van
hge,
van
hoa dan
gian hien nay, va eung bat gap mdt sd' the dang co han. Tai
lieu
ma bai vie't

dung de xem xet la Cdu dd ngddi
Vi'e^.'^'
2.
Nhffng mieu ta dffdi day, chia lam hai phan: phan eae ldi dd' tff 4 de'n
7 tie'ng,
va
phan eae ldi dd theo eae the tha.
2.1.
Cau dd ed ldi do tff 4 de'n 7 tie'ng cd kha nhieu. Ne'u d cung sd tieng
tffang tff, tuc ngff sff dung nhieu kieu cau suy luan kha chat ehe thi eau dd lai
thich hgp
vgi cac
kieu eau mieu ta (vie't tat: X, Y, X', Y: vi tff; A, B: danh tff).
a. Ldi do gdm 4 tie'ng
Thffdng gap thudc hai kieu cau Khdng X md Y; va AX, BY. Thi du (mdi
kieu cau gdm ba ldi dd):
- "Khong udn ma thing" (eay eau)
- "Khong va ma sffng" (eai nhgt)
- "Khdng vot ma nhgn" (eai gai)
- "Ldng dd, vd xanh" (qua dffa hau)
- "Dau trung, dudi hui" (chie'c dua be'p)
- "Ngay bup, dem nd" (nggn den)
6. Ldi dd gdm 5 tieng
Thffdng gap mgt sd kieu cau ngat nhip 2-3; thi du:
- "Hai sd, vo sd ngang" (dffdng xe lffa)
- "Chg ddng, khdng ai ban" (trffdng hge)
- "Giffa eau, hai dau gieng"
(gdnh
nffde)
- "Tui dd dffng bac tien" (qua dt chin)

c. Ldi do gdm 6 tie'ng
Thffdng gap la ede kieu cau ngat nhip 3 - 3, nhff A (thi) X, B (thi) Y; X
(thi) Y, X' (thi) Y; XA, YB. Thi du (kieu eau dau 3 ldi dd, kieu cau thff hai 2
ldi dd, kieu cau thff ba 2 ldi do):
Hdi
Van nghe dan
gian
Thua Thien Hue.
Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008 27
- "Me gai goc, con trge dau" (eay va qua chanh)
- "Me trge dau, eon gai gde" (cay va qua mit)
- "Bung 6e ndc, dc dd ldi"
(cai
den dau)
- "Dffng thi tha'p, ngdi thi cao" (eon chd)
- "Di nhe rang, ve nhe rang" (cai bffa)
- "Di mdt bffdc,
can
mpt mieng" (cai keo)
- "Mac ao sdi, ngdi trong bui" (mang tre)
d. Ldi dd gdm 7 tieng
Thffdng gap
la
kieu eau nhip 3 - 4 Bdng A, XB; thi du (bon ldi dau la
kieu cau vffa neu, ba ldi sau la
cac
kieu cau khae):
- "Bang cd tay,
nam
ngay dinh nui" (sffng trau)

- "Bang me sanh, chay quanh hdn nui" (eai lffgc)
- "Bang trai cau, lau chau di trffde" (ngon ehan cdi)
- "Bang ddng tien,
nam
nghieng trong bui" (rau ma)
- "Dffdi am ti, vffa di vffa khoe" (eon de)
- "Nhd khong
nam
noi, ldn
nam
noi" (qua bi)
- "Dffdi nffde, tren lffa, giffa sgi day" (cdi den dau)
2.2.
Ldi dd sir dung nhieu the
dang
tha: the hai tieng, the ba tieng, the
bdn tieng, the ngu ngon, the lue ngon, the that ngon, the lue bat, the song that
lue bat, cac the dang tha hon hgp Ddng thdi, cffng cd mgt sd ldi dd sff dung
the ddi, dang eau ddi ngan. So vdi ca dao, viee van dung eac the tha d ldi dd cua
cau dd da dang
hffn.''^'
Nhffng trinh bay dffdi day chia lam bdn nhdm: 1) nhdm eac the tha tff
2 de'n 7 tie'ng; 2) nhdm eac the thff luc bat, song that luc bdt (cffng
cac
bien
the cua chung); 3) nhdm suf dung the ddi, dang eau ddi ngan; va 4) nhdm
cac the dang tha hon hgp.
a. Nhdm cdc the tha td 2 den 7 tieng
+ The hai tie'ng:
- "Tay chan,

Chan de,
Khu
nac.
Mat ngd !" (xat thuoc la bang cai ban xat)
"Tong phdng,
Tdng phong;
Trong long,
Ngoai thit!"
(Id
mui)
-I-
The ba tieng:
- "Chat khdng dfft,
Bdt khong
rdi.
28 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008
Phai khdng
khd.
Chum khdng
dd!"
(nffde)
- "Mffdi ehu
lun,
Lee
len
nui.
Bat chu liii,
Bd vd hang,
Ddng hai hang,
Keu chit

chit!"
(bat eha'y bd mieng
cSn)
-)-
The bdn tie'ng:
- "Dap dap trdi trdi,
Bd ddi sud't ngay;
Mai tdi di day,
Dat cho ten
khac!"
(ma khi nhd dem ca'y)
- "Cai bang ndi ba,
Ong ba eung hai,
Ong vai eung kinh;
Ke trom ngdi
rinh.
Ma rinh khdng
dffgc!"
(td ong vd
v|)
-H
The nam tie'ng (ngu ngdn):
"Da day mun, day rdm,
Rugt day tdm day tep.
Dang khi trdn khi
dep.
An khi nggt khi ehua?" (qua bffdi)
- "Sinh ra tff dffdi bien,
Ldn len d tren ngudn;
Cd dffa ldn dffa nhd,

Cd dffa gan dffa xa;
Gap khi trdi trd lanh,
Thut thit le chan hda !" (may va mffa)
-H
The sau tie'ng (luc ngdn):
"Da ede ma bgc bpt
Ige,
Bgt lgc ma bgc hdn than" (qua nhan)
"Tam thang dan khieng eai qua,
Hai dng hffang ea di khdng" (eon eua, ghe)
- "Ban ngay dao chai vffdn hanh,
Td'i Iai quanh quan ma dao;
Gheo nang tien lue chiem bao,
Khi nang say trong giac ngu" (con mudi)
Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008 29
+ The bay tieng (that ngdn):
- "Than em la ldng giffa Iffng trdi,
Gid mat trang thanh dung dinh chai;
Than nay lam lue dau vi nffdc,
Xac ng con mong giup viee ddi" (qua dffa)
- "Ngffdi be nhffng ma cd tinh khdn,
Cufa den, ciia phu, ciia edng mdn,
Ca ngon, cam trang thffdng ke
mieng.
Ma phan mdi son eung dffgc hdn" (eon rudi)
- "Dffang thud thanh binh thi an
mat.
Gap can phong vu mdi ra ddi.
Tieng vang rffng ram oai kinh egp,
Minh nep ao sau mat nhd trdi.

An tuyet
nam
sffffng, edng chang quan,
Bdi long vi nffde mdi ra chai" (con ech)
So'
ldi do' theo the 2 tieng ed rat it (khoang 0,4%), trong luc so' theo
cae the sau thi kha nhieu. The tha 2 tie'ng, 3 tie'ng khien ehung ta khdng
khdi nghi den ddng dao. Dieu khae biet la, d ldi do', tuy 2 hay 3, 4 tieng
nhffng thffdng la mgt kieu eau mieu ta tdi gian ("Tay chan", "Mat nhin",
"La (thi)
chia
ba", "Bdng (nhff) hoa ca", "Chat (thi) khong dfft", "Cai bang
ndi ba, Ong ba eung hai" ) trong mgt ke't hgp mang tinh
xae
thffc, chat
che;
trong luc d ddng dao khong ddi hdi mpt kieu cau nhff vay, va sff ke't
hgp
eiia
mdt dan vi van ban (ve ngff phap, ngff nghia) cung rat ma hd,
long leo (thi du: "Cai md't, Cai mai, Con trai, Cai
hen.
Con nhen, Vffang
ta.
Qua
ma.
Qua mit "; "Trdng cay dffa, Chffa cay
man.
Tan cay
dao.

Cay nao
cao.
Cay nao
tha'p.
Cay nao
ram.
Chat bdt di !"; "Trdi mffa lam
ram.
Cay tram cd
trai.
Con gai cd duyen, Ddng tien cd
Id,
Banh d thi
ngon, Tdm cang thi beo, Cai keo cat
may" '^'
So'
ldi do theo the 7 tie'ng ed tinh chat vinh, thffdng gap dang tff tuyet,
dang bat eu khong tim tha'y. Ldi
dd^
ve "eon ech" (gdm 6 ddng tha 7 tie'ng) la
ldi dd cd dung lffgng ldn nha't thude the 7 tieng nay.
b. Nhdm cdc the tha luc bdt, song thdt luc bdt
+ The tha
lue
bat
The tha lue bat dffge suf dung nhieu trong cau dd (ehie'm khoang 65%).
Chung thffdng chi gdm hai hay bdn ddng
tha.'*'
Ben canh dang lue bat ca
ban, phd bie'n (tie'ng thff 2 theo thanh bang, tie'ng thff 4 theo thanh trac,

van bang gieo vao tie'ng cud'i ddng luc, tieng thff 6 va tie'ng thff 8 ddng bat),
cd dang luc bat it gap (vi tri van d ddng bat tff tieng thff 6 chuyen sang
tie'ng thff 4, thay vao dd, tieng thff 6 ddi ra thanh trac), va
eac
dang bien
the theo
each
thu bdt hay ndi them so tie'ng d ea hai ddng tha.
30 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008
Dffdi day la 5 ldi do' minh hga theo thff tff cho ba dang, dang cud'i gdm
ba ldi:
- "Que em d ehd'n thanh lam,
Sinh ra em
vd^n
hdng tam hae bi;
Em di dao khap kinh ky,
Tim nai bach bo' em thi ket duyen" (eu
nau)'^'
- "Cd ehan ma chang bie't di,
Cd mat phang ly cho ke ngdi tren" (eai ghe)
- "Hat quyt bie't bay,
Di dem mang dude, ban ngay thi khdng" (eon dom ddm)
(Vi tri ddng lue bi thu bdt cdn 4 tie'ng)
- "Con ehi khdng an, khdng ndi, khdng effdi,
Nghieng Iffng ma chiu vdi ngffdi hdm mai"
(eon da
Idt
van, sap ngffa)
(Vi tri ddng luc dffgc ndi thanh 8 tie'ng)
"Cd cd ma khdng ed dau,

Hai ehan trffdc thi ngan, hai ehan sau thi dai" (eai yem)
(Vi tri ddng bat dffge ndi thanh 10 tie'ng)
+
The tha song that lue bat
The tha song that luc bat khdng nhieu, gdm dang ea ban (d ddng that
tren, tieng thff 5 theo thanh bang; d ddng that dffdi, tie'ng thff 5 theo thanh trac
va van vdi tie'ng thff 7 eua ddng that tren, tie'ng thff 7 theo thanh bang va van
vdi tieng thff 6 eua ddng lue dffdi; tiep dd, each ca'u tao thanh va
van
theo the
luc bat da ndi; ne'u ed khd song that lue bat tiep theo, thi tieng thff 5 cua ddng
that dau khd
nay
se bat van (van bang) vdi tieng thff 8
eiia
ddng bat lien trffdc
cua nd), va eae dang bie'n the theo
each
chuyen dich van hoac thu bdt hay ndi
them sd tieng d cdc ddng tha.
Dffdi day la 3 ldi
do
minh hga, ldi dau eho dang song that lue bat eff
ban, hai ldi sau eho dang song that lue bat bie'n the.
"Ke trong budng nang mffa dau dai,
Ngffdi ngoai budng khae khoai thom lom
Sang chieu qua lai dffng
ddm.
Ban lui tinh tdi, che non ehe gia" (budng chudi)
- "Vai mang bau ehi chit, '

'
Day tg hdng va'n vit canh vai.
Ngay thdi dao chdn non doai,
Mong ehp gap ban, keo mai hoai nhd thffffng" (di
nam)"^'
(Ddng that dau bi thu bdt ehi eon 5 tie'ng, ddng bat dffge ndi ra thanh 9 tieng);
Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008 31
"Tam thang dan khieng
eai
qua, .
Hai ong
xa
xaeh hai
cai
kem;
Mgt long vi nffdc ngay dem,
Xay nha dffdi hd, ben tren giau rao" (con eua, ghe)
(Ddng that dau bi thu bdt edn 6 tieng, van d ddng that sau tff vi tri thff
5 ehuyen sang vi tri thff 3).
c. Nhdm sd dung the ddi, dgng cdu ddi ngdn
Cd khoang 0,7%
sd^
Idi
dd^
sd dung the doi, dang cau do'i ngan, moi
ve
tff 6 den 7 tie'ng. Thi du:
"Tren trdi mang tai ma
xud^ng.
Am phu

ddi
mff ma len" (cay dau - giai doan nhff mam)
"Vach da't chi trdi bdy but ngge,
Phai sffffng dap tuyet bde da vang" (eay mang)
"Ba thang
eud^n
cd bdng con dd,
Mpt phen cdi giap cffu dan den" (cay va qua ngo)
"Me di trffde danh eong, danh
bat.
Con di sau vffa hat, vffa reo" (ga me va
Iff
con)
"Hffu cdt, hffu bi, vo hffu nhue,
Nghi xuan, nghi ha, bat nghi ddng" (eai quat)
{Ngliia:
Cd xffffng, cd da, khong cd thit;
(Hgp vdi mua xuan, mffa he, khong hgp vdi mua dong)
"Tren thffgng dinh eo bong khong trdi,
Dffdi thffgng dinh cd trai khong bong" (eay lae)
"Nang ba
nam
ta khdng bd ban,
Mffa
mdt
ngay ban lai bd ta" (cai bdng)
Hai ldi dd sau, ldi dd ve "eay lae", ve tren: "co A khong B", ve dffdi: "cd
B khong A" (trao vai do'i tffgng); ldi do' ve "eai bdng", ve tren: "A khong bd
B",
ve dffdi: "B (lai) bd A" (trao nhau giffa ehu the va ddi tffgng, kem vdi viec

ehuyen mau eau tff phu dinh sang khang dinh). Day la
each
mieu ta vat do
trong quan he vdi hai mat khac nhau cua cffng mpt thffc the co kha nang
quyet dinh ve sff sinh tdn eua chffng. Cach mieu ta nay, cung the ddi ndi
chung, vffa eo tae dung phan hda de
doan
nhan vat
dd^,
ddng thdi cung lam
cho hai mat hinh anh xoan xit nhau, gay roi eho qua trinh doan nhan ay.
Do vay ma sd cae ldi dd' theo the ddi, thffdng la nhffng ldi dd khd giai.
d. Cdc the dgng tha hdn hgp
cae
dang tha hdn hgp dffge sff dung phd bien. Cung vdi cac the vffa
trinh bay, chffng gdp phan quan trgng tao nen sff phong phu cho ldi dd ve
mat the dang. Ddng thdi, ehung cung cho tha'y sff phdng tffng, linh boat
ciia
loai ngdn ngff
van
van trong dan gian.
32 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008
-I-
Co mdt the dang dang chu y trong Idi do
la
the dang gdm ba ddng,
hai ddng dau mdi ddng sau tie'ng, deu mang van bang d tie'ng thff sau, ddng
thff ba gdm tam tie'ng, van nhff van cua ddng bat d the
luc
bat. Thi du:

"Cd eon ma khdng ed cha,
Cd cufa ma khdng cd nha,
De'n ngay eon ldn me da ehe't di" (con nffde,
ciia
sdng)
"Vudng nd vudng, trdn nd trdn,
Dem nau minh dd nhff son,
Ngffdi che dd, ke khen ngon eung nhieu" (con eua, ghe)
"Hai ed nam nghi hai phdng,
Ngay thi md cufa ra trdng,
Dem thi ddng cufa, lap ehdng ra ngoai" (ddi mat)
"Nam anh dffng ben kia sdng,
Nam cd dffng ben nay
sdng.
Nam anh mdi xd vao long
nam
ed" (cue
ao
va
Id
khuyet)
- "Mdt tram thang linh di qua,
Thing md khdng mu thi tha,
Thang md ed mu dem ra ehem dau" (bao diem)
Gia suf, day la the ea ban (ed the gpi la the nhi luc nhdt bdt), thi the
nay eung ed eae bien the tffpng tff the lue bat, the song tha't luc bat; thi du:
- "Xeo xeo ba gde dia dd,
Lam thi ffdt, khdng lam thi khd,
Lam cudng lam eud'ng thi vd dffgc nhieu" (cai nhiii)
(Ddng lue thff hai ndi dai thanh 7 tie'ng)

- "Cd kia xam xam da ehi,
Dau thdi tde phffgng, vdi lai long li,
Bo'n
vu"'
lanh ngat, danh thi keu len" (eai chuong)
(Ddng lue thff hai ndi dai thanh 8 tie'ng)
- "Sau ngffdi eung ggi mgt ten:
Bd^n
ngffdi thi d bdn ben,
Mgt nam dffdi da't, mdt ngda len tren trdi" (quan
tai)'®'
(Dong bat Idi nay ndi dai thanh 9 tieng)
"Cd mat ma
ehlng
cd dau,
Luc ngheo thi ban vdi trau,
De'n khi vinh hii'n, ggi ed nang hau cai vu ro
to"'^'
(cai trd'ng)
(Ddng bat ldi nay ndi dai thanh 12 tie'ng, vi tri van Iffng ehuyen ve
phia trffde cua eau hai tie'ng, d chd vdn la cua nd dffac the hien bang thanh
trac - "vu")
Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008 33
The dang nay eung dffgc tim tha'y trong ca dao (nhffng mffc
dd
khdng
nhieu bang cau dd); thi du:
"Bien tinh
chim
ndi, bdi roi tff lffang,

Thiep vdi chang nhff
lufa
vdi hffang;
Mdt mai te dff hffffng tan lufa tat, dao nghia cffffng thffdng chd quen".
Dd la mdt ldi ca dao cd. So' ldi dd' suf dung the dang
nay
cung deu la
nhffng ldi dd' xa
xffa.
Nen ed the xem day la mpt the dang cung tdn tai vdi
the luc bat va song that luc bat, dung trong eac sang tac dan gian (ma cang
ve sau cang it dffgc dung de'n), hoac la mdt the tien than cua hai the dang
kia. Nhffng mgt sff xae dinh ve the dang tha can phai dffge tim hieu thau
dao han, trong lue nhffng trinh bay tren mdi dffng d mffc phac hga (do vay
ma van xep vao tieu mue nay).
+ Dffdi day, la mgt so ldi dd dffge sang tac theo cac the hdn hgp khac:
- "Trai mac ao,
Lao d tran;
Lao manh nhff than,
Trai yeu gp ep" (mang va tre)
(Dang ket hgp: 3-3-4-4)
- "Thang nhd nhd,
Mae ao dd,
Dgi bui ed,
Ngdi chd hd sau
vffffn"
(qua dffa)
(Dang ke't hgp: 3-3-3-5)
- "Tren da, dffdi da,
Giffa cd con ca thdn ban" (rang va lffdi)

(Dang ke't hgp: 4-6, van trac)
- "Cha cao, me cao,
De con ed ao cd vdng" (cay khe)
(Dang ke't hgp: 4-6, van bang)
- "Nam ong thay sai,
Dffng mai ben sdng;
Tgi tinh ehi he, trpng hay
khdng.
Ma lai bat ddng gdng ea thay?" (cue
ao
va
Id
khuyet)
(Dang ke't hgp: 4-4-7-7)
- "Sam sam dffng mdt dong,
Tie'ng rong vgng non xa;
Ranh nang [rang nanh, ndi lai] dat gia, thit da re re" (con voi)
(Dang ke't hgp:
5-5-8)
34 Tap chi Nghien cffu
\-a
Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008
- "Nhap nhi,
Nhap nhi cho chi em nghe,
Dam vd cai, thang le
le.
Rut ra
cai
bee: eho dgi nffdc che udng
chai!"

(ngffdi thdi ken nhi)
(Dang
ke't
hgp: 2-6-6-10)
- "Chi bang ngdn
tay.
An toan thit sd'ng,
Nudt trdng chang nhai.
Hdi may, may nhd thffffng ai,
Dem dem thd ngan than dai xdt xa?" (con thach sung)
(Dang ke't hgp: 4-4-4:6-8)
3.
Nhffng trinh bay ve cae the dang, the loai tha cua cau do theo
phffffng thffc md ta tren day, eho tha'y mdt van de quan trgng
ciia
the loai
nay. Dd la mat ea ban ve dien mao, hinh thffe eua nd. Tff dd, ed the md ra
mgt sff so
sanh
vdi eac the loai
van
van dan gian va tha
eiia
eae nen tha,
nha tha, eung nhff suy nghi ve
qua
trinh van ddng de tao ra nhffng the tha
cua dan tde.
Dd la nhffng hy vgng ma bai viet ngan nay ed the dat dffge.
T N

CHU THICH
(1)
Trieu Nguyen, Ciu dd ngudi Viet, Nxb Thuan Hda, 2007. Sach nay tap hpp 2000 ddn
vi
eau dd.
(2) Nguyin Xuan Kfnh trong Thi phap ca dao (Nxb Dai hpe Qude gia Ha Ndi, 2004), ve the
thd,
da
ghi_nhan
ea dao sff dung bdn the: the lue bat, the song that lue bat, the' song
that, the hdn hdp (tr
215-256).
(3) Nguyin Thuy Loan va eae tae gia khac, Ddng dao vi trd chdi tre em ngudi Viet, Nxb Van
hda Thdng
tin.
Ha Ndi, 1998, tr 157, 269.
(4) Cd Idi dd ve "hoa sen" gdm bay cap luc bat, la Idi dd dai nha't eua the loai cau dd:
Mat quan tff sanh tffa gffPng
tau.
Can dil vdng nguyet, trong hau quy nhan.
Thuyen quyen dang dffng ngoai san,
Nhin xem da mudn Chau Tran ket duyen.
Can dil vdng lpng nham thien,
Xin chang hai chu ket nguyen tay ddng.
Rau ria
sSe
trSng,
sSc
hdng,
Ke qua ngudi lai nang bdng hdn

choi.
Nam ngudi hau ha thanh
thdi.
Den phien chau chffc dam ldi chut nao.
Ddn
rkng
thdm nffc lam sao,
Dupe nhu danh aiy, ngffdi nao eung
xinh.
Nao ai ndi tieng Idng thanh,
Gid tay vin lay eho minh
thSm
hoa.
Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008 35
(5) Cu nau diing de nhudm vai, nen "ket duyen" vdi "bach bd" (vai
trSng).
(6) NgUdi di ndm (chdm), vai mang gid (oi), tay xaeh ndm, di ven bd mUdng, rudng sau.
mong eho
bit
dffdc ca.
(7) Vu chudng:
num
trdn,
due ndi tren thanh ehudng, la chd de danh.
(8) Quan tai gdm sau tam van (ddng
1):
bdn van thanh (ddng 2),
mdt
van thien mdt van dia
(ddng

3).
Cung ed ngffdi cho Idi giai la eai rffdng (hdm), vat de dung dd dae.
(9) Y ehi cai trdng hda nhip vdi cai chieng trong dip te ll.
TOM TAT
Bai vie't mieu ta eac the dang, the' thd eua cau dd ngffdi Viet (qua bd suu tap 2.000
cau dd eua ngffdi vie't). Viec mieu ta nay gdm hai phan chihh: eae Idi dd tff 4 de'n 7 tieng va
cae Idi dd theo eae the', dang thd
(haj
tieng, ba tieng, bdn tieng, ngu ngdn, luc ngdn, that
ngdn,
lue bat, song
thaj
lue bat, thd hdn hdp). Ben canh dd, eung cd mdt sd Idi dd lam theo
dang eau ddi
ngin,
mdi ve 6-7 tie'ng.
Nhffng mieu ta nhU vay nham giup thay
dPPe
dien mao eua eau dd, mdt ITnh vUc
thude hinh thffc; de' tff dd cd the md ra
mdt
sff so sanh vdi eae the' loai van van dan gian
khac, va sff nhin nhan ve qua trinh van ddng de tao ra eae the tho cua dan tpc.
ABSTRACT
POETRY FORMS AND METRES OF VIETNAMESE RIDDLES
The article gives a description of forms and styles of the Vietnamese riddles (As viewed
through his collection of 2000 riddles). His description is composed of two parts: Riddles with
4 to 7 words and riddles composed in the forms and styles of poetry (Those of the metres of
2 words, 3 words, 4 words, 5 words, 7 words, six-eight-word stieh, seven-seven-six-eight
word stieh, and of mixed metre). In addition, there are short riddles composed in the form of

a short couplet with each member including 6 to 7 words.
Descriptions of this kind helps one to get a good view of Vietnamese riddles as regards
its form and consequently can make a comparison between riddles and other folk rhymed
literature and also can understand the process of formation of our national styles of poetry.