Tư liệu hóa học 10 ôn tập

PGS. TS. TRIAN THANH HUfl

ru li6u ln
HOAI{OC IU
(Tdi bdn ldn thfi nhdt)

\

NHA

xuAr

nAN GrAo DUC


Bin quydn thuQc NhA xudt bin Gi6o duc
L

3 -200

8/CXB / 3 03 -209 9 I GD

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Me sd: TXHl8h8 - CPD


tra gioi IniQu
Ho6 hoc lh chia kho6 cria sr,r sdng.
Do d6, day t6t hoc tdt li sr; d6ng g6p c6 hiQu qui vho vi€c vun dip cho cu6c

sdng ngiy mQt tuoi dgp hon.
S6ch gi6o khoa (SGK) Ho,l hqc t0 dd c6p c6c khdi niQm, quy tic, quy
Iufit,... li ki€n thri'c co s&, ndn ting ctra ho6 hgc phd thdng n6i riOng, ho6 hoc
n6i chung. Hidn nhi€n d6 le cdc vdn dd rat quan trgng, r6t thri vi. Tuy nhiOn
cfng sd xudt hiQn mQt sd (t kh6 khan khi day vi hgc c6c nQi dung d6.

SdchTt tiAu hod hqc t0 duo.c bi€n soan nham tao thOm thu0n lgi cho
d4y tdt, hgc tdt ho6 hoc 10 n6i ri0ng, ho6 hoc phd th6ng n6i chung.

viQc

NOi dung s6ch niy dd cAp cdc vdndd liCn quan tdi kidn thfc trong SGK Hod
hqc 10. Mrlc dQ cdc vdn dd duo. c dd c{p c6 thd rAt s6t v6i nQi dung SGK, ho{c c6
phdn m& r6ng hon, nflng cao hon so vdi nQi dung SGK. M\rc tiOu ctra nQi dung vd
su trinh bny d6 li cung cdp mQt sd tli li0u tham khAo, g6p phdn nh6 tao ra duo.c
su nhin nhfln dri dQ sAu, dfi be r6ng cdn thidt d6i vdi cdc nQi dung thidt ydu cria
SGK Hod hoc 10.

Vd hinh thfc trinh biy, cdc vdn dd s6t vdi kidn thfc SGK Hod hqc I0 duo,c
in nghi€ng, c6 vi du holc bhi tap 6p dqng kbm theo. Sg trinh biy sao cho dE hidu,
logic cflng duoc tdc gih chn y.
Tu liAu Hod hoc /0 huong t6i d6ng dio ban dgc li ci{c thdy, cO gi6o gifrng
day hod hoc ; c6c ban hoc sinh, kd ci hgc Sinh chuyOn ho6 hgc ; quf vi phq
huynh cing ban doc kh6c quan tfim.
Ldn ddu chring tOi bi€n soan loai sdch nly, lai vlo lfc eo hgp thdi gian n€n
chic ch6n cdn nhilng bdt cap. TrAn trong cim on su quan tflm, su g6p 9 ctra quf
vi dlnh cho s6ch niy.
Tdc giit ciing trfin trong cim on Ban Ho6 hgc NXB Gi6o duc cing c6c quf vi
kh6c dilnh cho t6c giA su tin cfly vi h6 tro khi biOn soan sdch niy.

Hd N

b6ng di todn cdu
(World Cup) 2006

i, nhrtng ngdy hQi

TAC CIA

3

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MUC LUC
Trang
CH(TONGI. MOT SO VAN Of CUUNC
1.1. Mgt sd dac tlidm cfra ho6 hoc co bin hi€n nay

7

nghiQm
II. Ho6 hoc c6 co s& li thuydt vfrng ving
I. Ho6 hgc h khoa hoc thuc

III. Ho6 hoc cobin

7

8

g6n lidn v6i ho6 hoc c6ng ngh6, cdcvdn d€ kinh te,

xa hOi, m6i trutrng

9

IV. Tin hoc hod stu rQng, riet dd

9

V. Phucrng phdp lu6n duo.c chri trong dfng mfc

10

qui thgc nghi€m vdi hoc thuydt" trong kidn thfc ho6 hoc
I. Kdt qui thuc nghiOm dring li ydu td c6 tfnh ndn ting, co s0 cfia

11

1.2. Quan hC "kdt
ho6 hoc

11

t2

II. Thuydt (hay hgc thuydt) ho6 hgc c6 dic didm ri€ng

III

Cdn c6 luu

f

nho khi 6p dgng thuydt ho6 hoc gi6i thich kdt

qui
13

thqtc nghiQm ?

1.3. Mgt so dflc didm

vi

day vir hgc ho6 hgc co

bin

hiQn nay

vi

sdp tdi

trong c6c nhe trudng

t4

I. Ba cflu h6i

r4

II. MQt sd vAn dd cu thd

t4

L.4, So lugc vd don vi vh mQt so vdn dd li€n quan

I.

HQ dcrn

vi qu0c

tC (hQ SI)

15
15

1(

t7

UI. KhOi lugng vlr trong luon g 6p dqng trong ho6 hgc

18

II. Viet

mQt d4i luqmg vat

I

CH(IONG2. NGUYEN TU. HAT NHAN
2.L. So lugc vi 6nh sdng
z,z.Nguyen tfr
I. M5u h+t nhAn nguyen ffi ctra Ruthopho
II. Thf nghiQm ctra Sadcrrric
III. Kdt lu&n
4

23
27
27
28
29


2.3. MQt sd vdn

ili

ho6 hgc hat nhAn

I. So luo.c vd hat nhfln

II. Hod hoc hat nhdn

III. MOt sd dang bii todn ho6 hgc hat nhan
ban
, IV. Gi6i thi€u so luo. c vd cdchatco
CHIIONG3. V6 ELECTRON CtIA NGUYEN TU
3.1. Electron
I. Di€n tich, khdi luong
II. Ludng tinh s6ng - hat ctra electron
3.2r Ntrng lugng cfia electron trong nguy6n t&
I.He le, I hat nhfln
II. Nguy6n tir nhidu e
3.3. Chuyin tl0ng cria electron trong nguy6n t&
I. Chuydn dQng khOng gian cira electron
II. Ctruydn d0.ng spin cta electron. Hem obitan spin
3.4. Su stp xip electron trong nguy6n trl nhiiu electron
I. C6c co s&
II. Cdu hinh electron
3.5. Neng lugng ion ho6,6i luc electron. D0 Am diOn
I. Nang luong ion ho6
' II. Ai luc electron
III. D0 im di6n

29
29
34
43

49

57
57

58
62
62
74
74
90
92
g2
95
97
97
99
100

cnuoNc4. PHAN ruVA LrEN xfr uOA ugc
4.1. M& tldu

I. Phan trl vi vai trd

II. Li€n kdt hod hoc
III. Cdng thri'c cdu tao Lewis
IV. Hinh hgc phsn tft. Mo hinh VSEPR
4.2.M0t sd thuydt vi licn kdt ho6 hoc
I. MQt s6n6i dung ctra thuydt VB
II. Lai hod obitan nguy€n tt
III. MOt sd v0n dd cira thuydt obitan phan trl 6p dgng vho ho6 hgc
phd thong

105
105

106
109
115

125

t25
127

138

5


CHIlONG

5.

BANG TUAN HOAN
NHOM HALOGEN. NHOM OXI-LUU HUVNH

5.1. Bing tudn hohn

194

I. MQt sd vAn dd chung

194

II. C6c quy lu0t
m. Ngudn gOc cdc nguy€n td ho6 hgc trOn Tr6i Dat

156

t64

5.2. C6c nh6m nguyOn to

164

I. Nh6m halogen
II. Nh6m Oxi-luu hu!'nh
5.3. Hay crlu ldy cAn bang sinh th6i,

zHUONG

163

170

cfu ldy sg song trOn Tr6i Ddt

n5

6. MOr Sd vAx Dd vi cAN BANG HoA HoC.
DONG HOA HQC
'tt

'

6.L MQt so vdn dd cAn bAng hori hgc

176

I. Khdi niOm
II. Heng sd cAn bang ho6 hgc.
m. T(nh c0n bang ho6 hgc
IV. MQt sd luu f

176
179
187

196

6.2 MQt so vdn dd dQng ho6 hgc

198

I. Mgt sd kh6i niOm
II. So lugc vd co chd phAn tnrg

m. SU phU thuOc nhiOt d0 cira tOc dO phin fng.
IV. So luoc vd xfc t6c

199

2t8
Nang luong hoat ho6

220
223


Chuong

I

aJ

MOT SO VAN DE CHUNG

1.I.

MOt sO' Oic Oiim cfra ho6 hoc co

bin

hiQn nay

Ho6 hoc li mQt trong sd c6c khoa hoc vila c6 li thuydt vd thuc nghiOm, lai c6
ci khoa ho,c co bin vi khoa hoc cOng nghO. ThUc td kh0ng c6 ranh gi6i 16 rOt
gitta c6c vdn dd d6. Tuy nhiOn, do pham vi cira sdch cflng nhu khi nlng cdn han
chd cira tdc giir, nOn chring t6i chi gi6i han trong pham vi Ho6 hoc co bin. D6 ld
c6c kidn thrlc co s6, c6c kh6i ni6m, dinh nghia, c6c quy t6c, dinh lu6t, hoc.
thuydt,... g6p phdn tao ra ndn ting kidn thrlc ctra khoa hoc Ho6 hgc. NQi dung
niy thudng duoc giing day trong c6c nhi trudng bac phd th6ng (phd th6ng co s&,
phd thong trung hoc) cfrng nhu c6c trudng Cao d8ng, Dai hgc dlo tao crl nhAn
phuc vu cho cdc hoat dQng xd h0i, dbi sOng, nghi€n crlu li0n quan nhu cdc trudng

Cao ding Su pham, Dai hgc Su pham, Dai hgc Khoa hgc Tu nhiOn,...

r. HoA HQC r,A XHOA HQC THu. C NGHTEM
1. Khoa hgc thuc nghiOm li c6c khoa hoc c6 ndn ting kidn thtlc co s& duoc
x0y dung til kOt qui thuc nghi0m. C6c quy t6c, dinh lu{t, hoc thuydt,... cfia khoa
hoc ndy duoc xdc nhAn bing kdt quA thqc nghiQm vd ngugc lai chfng giii thfch
vd phdn nio d6 hudng ddn thuc nghiQm.
Ho6 hgc

li mQt vf du didn hinh vd khoa hoc thuc nghi6m.

2.MOtsd tl4c didm cfia thgc nghiQm ho6 hoc hiOn nay
Thtra hu&ng kct quA cira su ph6t tridn nhu vfr b6o ctra khoa hgc cOng ngh0
trong thdi dai ngdy nay, thuc nghiQm ho6 hgc dugc dirng giAng day trong c6c nhi
trudng c6 mOt sd dac didm ndi bat :
o Xu hu6ng

"mini ho6"

:

Ho6 chat duoc dDng vdi lugng it, thAm chi rdt it. Vi dU nhu mqt dd thi thgc
nghiOm cira Olympic Ho6 hgc qu6c t0 ldn thtl 32 ndm 1997 t+i Quebec, Canada
{<

\


th( sinh x6c dinh him luong canxi (Ca), magie (Mg) trong nudc d6ng
chai duo. c dilng ldm nu6c udng bang thudc th& EDTA.

yOu cdu

*

DUng cu thi nghiQm c6 kich thu6c rdt nh6. Ching han, dng nghiOm c6
duong kfnh gdn lcm, con cd tt (dtng dd khuay dung dich khi lim th( nghi0m)
chi vlo cd hat g+o,...
Dac didm ndy ddi h6i ngudi llm phii c6 ki nlng rhar ror m6i thu dugc kdt
qui tdt. (Ndu "sOi ndi nhung vung vd" e rang kh6ng ldm duoc thf nghiOm vdi dac
didm tren !).
o DVng cu th( nghiQm rdt da d+ng, tU tho so don giin nhu dng nghiem, binh
thuli tinh quen thuQc cho t6i thidt bi ldm sic k( gidy hay cdc m6y quang phd hien
d4i nhu hdng ngoai (IR), cQng hu&ng tt hat nhAn (NMR),... rh6m chi c6 thiOt bi
dDng laze.
o Vigc ldy cdc sd liOu thuc nghi€m til dung cu, thidt bi do, can r6i xrl li tfnh
todn ddu phAi tuln theo dfng quy t6c vd sai sd. Th6i quen tai hai "l6y sd thflp
phAn tu),y" -d nhidu hoc sinh Vi0t Nam dang m6c phii, li mOt didm ydu trdm
trong khi dd c6p ddn v6n dd nly.

rr. HoA Hec cO co sd

il

rHuyflr vfNc vANc

"Thdi dai" ho5 hgc chi li khoa hoc "dun, ndu, dd, r6t,...".dd qua. Ngiy nay,
hod hoc c6 "hai tru" li thuydt vfrng ving.
A. Li rHUYfrr
Co s&

niy

vi ciu r4o vAr cHir

bao gdm

:

l)

Ho6 hoc hat nhin.

2)

C€tu

tao nguy0n t&.

3) Cdu tao phAn tfr

vi li0n kdt ho6 hgc.

4) Ho6 hoc tinh thd.
B.

Li THUYET

Co s&

niy

vi cec euA rRiNH HoA Hec

bao g6m

:

1) Nhigt dQng lqc ho6 hgc, bao gdm cA nhi0t ho6 hoc, cAn b6ng ho6 hoc
cdc qud trinh chuydn pha.

2) D0ng ho6 hoc

vi

xtic tdc.

3) Ho6 hoc v6i ddng diOn.

4)Hod hgc chAt keo vd hien tu-d.ng bd mdt.

vi


li

co s& lf thuydt niy ndn tAng kidn rhfc cfra ho6 hoc phd thOng. chi khi
chring ta nhan thrlc duo. c, thuc .hion day tdt, hoc tdt duo. c van dd niy m6i mong
g6p phdn xfly dung ndn gi6o duc viOt Nam bit kip yOu cdu ph6t tridn dat nu6c,
h6i nhap khu vuc vi thd gi6i. Thuc tc tU 1996 d€n nay.viec Viet Nam lien ruc. thu
dugc kOt qui tdt rrong c6c ki du thi olympic Ho6 hoc qudc td g6p phdn x6c nh6n

didu nhy.

III. HoA HQC Co BAN cAN T,dN v6I TToA HQC
vAN od rlNu 16, xA HOr, MOr TRUoNG

CONG NGHE, CAC

1. Ho6 hqc ddng hinh v6i su tdn tai, vdn dOng cria vat chat tren Tr6i Dat n6i
riOng, v0 Trg n6i chung. Do d6 drc didm niy l) su t6t ydu, li su vdn c6 tt thu&
hdng hoang cho tdi mdi sau niy ctra Trdi Dat, cfra Vfr Tru.

2. Nhan thrlc ro dac didm nly, thuc nghi0m ho6 hoc n6i ri€ng, giring day
hod hgc trong nhi truirng n6i chung cdn dat duo. c m6t sd yOu cdu :
+) PhAi kinh td hay tiOt kiQm. Thf nghiOm dd day vh hoc ho6 hoc n6i chung
ddu lh thf nghiom ti€u phi. Do d6 luong dilng ft t6i mrlc c6 thd dugc, ho6 chat,
dung cu 16 t6i mfc c6 thd duo. c,...
+) Ddi tugng, nOi dung cdc thi nghi€m phii hudng vd thuc td, hu6ng vd cu6c
sdng. Bii thi "x6c dinh him lugng canxi, magie trong nu6c d6ng chai dtng dd
udng" duo. c nOu & tren ld mQt vi du vd vAn dd nly.

+) Phii lu6n chri
rdc, phd thii,...

f

t6i mOi trulng khi ldm thi nghiOm cfrng nhu khi loai b6

+) Trong b)i day lf thuydt, trong bdi tdp, dd thi hay kidm tra van dung thich
hgp cing nhidu chng tdt nhfing n6i dung kidn thtlc rhuOc ph?m vi "c6ng nghQ,
kinh td, xd hOi, m6i trudrng".

+) cdn phii td chfc thfch hgp c6c hoat dOng rhuc t6 nQi, ngoai kho6 cho hoc
sinh, sinh viOn trong viQc irng dung thidt thuc, c6 hieu qui kidn thfc ho6 hoc vho
c6c vdn dd thuc td.

rv. TrN HQC HOA SAU noNG, TRrEr

DC

1. chring ta dang & thdi dai bing nd cria cOng nghQ rh6ng tin (cNTT) trOn
binh di0n toin cdu. Do d6 viOc g6n lidn Ho6 hoc n6i chung, Ho6 hoc co bAn n6i


riOng v6i su phdt tridn CNTT ld didu tdt ydu. Ph4m vi fng dung CNTT trong hod

hoc r0t da dang, tt trinh bly bli giing, dlo tao tir xa (e-leaming) t6i th( nghi€m
io cho ddn cdc tfnh todn thudn tty li thuydt dd g6p phdn huong ddn thuC nghiQm.
2. Khi rlng dung CNTT vio ho6 hoc, n6n chri

+) Kh6ng

duo.

f

:

c quOn bin chAt, nOi dung ho6 hgc, CNTI chi ld c0ng cu,

phgdng ti6n c5 hiOu qui.

+) Phn hqp v6i nOi dung bli ho6 hoc, phi hgp hla tudi c(ra ngudi hgc ctng
didu ki6n cu thd vd m6y, phdn mdm, thidt bi.
+) Theo phuong huong "tinh, chic, hiOu qui cao".

V. PHUONG PHAP LUAN DUQC CHU TRONG OONC MUC
Cfrng nhu v6i bllt c(t khoa hoc co bin nlo, khi tidp cfln v6i ho6 hoc lu6n lu6n
chri trgng dring mrlc ndi dung vi phuong ph6p lufln. Th€m vlo d6, ho6 hoc cdn li
linh vgc khoa hoc vI thuc td tao ndn ting cho c6c nhfln thrlc th€ gi6i (thd gi6i
quan), v[ tru (v[ tru quan).
L. Tru6c hOt li phuong ph6p.luAn trong day, hoc, nghiOn crfu ho6 hgc co bin.
D6 le su chri trorig dfng mfc todn diOn "Li thuy6t, thuc nghiQm, vAn dung, bd
sung dd tidp tuc hoin chinh kidn thrlc".

2. Nhnn thrlc dring vi tri cfra Ho6 hoc trong toin b6 ndn ting kidn thfc c[ra
nh6n loai n6i chung, trong khoa hoc tu nhiOn n6i riOng. "Khoa hoc Ho6 hgc ddng
hlnh v6i su ph6t sinh, tdn tai, ph6t tridn cing c6c linh vuc khoa hoi kh6c".
Ndu kh6ng c6 co s6 Todn, Vat li, Tin hoc,... Ho6 hoc kh6ng c6 co s6 dd phdt
tridn, ddc biQt le K thuydt. Ddn lugt n6, kh6ng c6 Ho6 hoc sC kh6ng c6 c6ng
nghQ sinh hoc, cOng nghO vAt liOu, c6ng nghQ mOi trudng, cOng ngh€ y - duo. c
hoc, cOng nghQ thuc phdm, c6ng nghQ sau thu hoach, dia chdt, khodng sin, d4i
duong hoc, vfl tru hoc,...
3. Mqt sd vdn dd l6n kh6c vd phuong ph6p lufln ld

tqr

hgc, tu nghiOn crlu

:

Bdt cf vdi ai cflng vdy, ttr em hoc sinh cho tdi vi viOn si, sqr tu hoc, tu

nghiOn crlu li ngudn g6c cira kdt qui tdt trong hoc tflp, cOng t6c cfing nhu trong
cuQc sdng.

Hdy dua phuong chAm "bi€n qu6 trinh ddo tao thdnh qud trinh tu dlo tao"
thdnh hiQn thuc.

l0


1.2. Quan he "kCt qui thuc nghiOm u6i hqc thuyGi,. trong
ki0n llrrfic hoii hgc
T.

Xfir

QUA

THU. C NCHIPIVT

DUNG I,A V6U

rEi CO riruU

NdN

IANG, co sd cua noA Hec
1. Hdu hOt ki6n thrlc vd cdc chdt, su vdn dQng, bidn ddi crta c6c chdt, d6u do
thuc nghi0m cung cdp. Thxm chf, ngdy nay Ho6 hoc lf thuydt d6 ph6t tridn
thinh mot chuyOn nginh, kiOn thrlc, hidu bidt rrong m6r s6 linh vuc vfln chi do
thuc nghiOm cung cdp.

vt d4 t : Hinh dang phan tr}, dQ dei liOn kdt, g6c liOn kdt cria mor phin rrl do
thuc nghiOm cho bidt. Lf thuydt kh6ng cung cdp duoc th6ng tin ndy.

vi

du 2 : Bdc cfra mot phin ung cfrng chi x6c dinh duoc bdng thuc nghiom.
Phdn tfch c6c kOt quA tinh lf thuyOt chi cho tlu dodn. Thuc nghi€m sE x6c nhdn
dU do6n d6.

2..Khi dd c0p t6i

kOt

qui thuc nghiOm, cdn chti f

:

+) Tfnh x6c thuc cria kdt qui d6. Tat nhion. chring ta chi rhira nhdn c6c kdt

qui thuc nghiOm dring nghia.
(Trong lich srl khoa hgc thd gi6i dd c6 m6r sd kdt qui thuc nghiOm gi6 !
Gdn day nhAt, ld kdt qui vd tao ph6i ngudi theo nhAn bAn vO tinh cira mot nludi
Hin Qudc).

t)

DQ chfnh x6c ctra kOt

qui thuc nghiOm phq thu6c trinh

dO ph6t tridn khoa
hoc cong nghO cira ttng giai doan cu thd (ehan tich cu thd tinh hinh cu thd).

ki thuAt nano xuat phdt tt kdt
qua thuc nghi0m duo.c c6c s6 li€u tdi 10-e. vay md n6m 1999, GS waig (ngudi
Mi gdc Ai Cap) dugc giii Noben vd hoa hoc, c6ng bii kdt qui thi nghiem vdi thdi
Ch8ng han, ngdy nay chring ta n6i nhidu ddn

gian tdn tai cfra tidu phfln quan sdt duoc

li

10-15

giay

!

+) Khi tidp xric v6i kdt qui thuc nghiOm, ta cfrng cdn bidt c6 kdt qui "c6n,
dong, do, dOm" truc tidp ; song cfrng c6 kdt quA gi6n tiOp.

Vi du 1 ; DQ

dli I li0n kdr la kdr qui do truc tidp rrOn liOn kdt d6.

2 : DQ pH cria m6t dung dich lai li mQr kOt quri gi6n tidp, mdc dt
mdy do pH (thudng ggi ln pH m6t). Vi sao u ? Xin mdi ban tri ldi.
Vi

dar

c6

l1


rr. THUydr (ua,v Hec
1. D4c didm ddu ti€n

tuuvfit)

HoA

yac co DAc orivr nrnNc

li tfnh gii dinh hay giA thuydt.

Chring ta ddu bidt ring mQt thuydt (hay hgc thuydt) ra ddi til nhu cdu cdn
giii thich, ldm s6ng t6 (tri ldi cAu h6i Vi sao ? Nhu thd nlo ?) vd mQt vdn dd do
thuc t€ hay thuc nghiQm dlt ra.
thuydt hay giA dinh duo. c nOu ra. Sau khi dugc kidm chtlng blng
kdt qui'6p dqng, gi6 thuyet hay giA dinh d6 m6i tro thdnh thuydt hay hoc thuyet.
Ban ddu,

gii

2. Ddc didm thrl hai ld rinh thdi gian hay khoang thdi gian

vi

pham vi 6p

dung duoc ctra mQt thuydt hay hgc thuydt.

M6i thuyet hay hoc thuydt chi c6 hi0u luc trong m6t khoing thdi gian nhdt
dinh (c6 thd n6i m6t c6ch hinh inh lh "m6i hoc thuydt ddu c6 tudi thq nhdt
dinh"). M6i thuydt c6 m6t uu thd trong m6t ph?m vi nhAt dinh'
V( du thuyet lien ket hod tri (VB) ra ddi vlo ddu nhfrng nf,m 30 cfra thd ki
rru6c. LuAn didm eo bAn cfia thuyet VB la "m6i li0n kdt ho6 hgc gifra hai nguyOn
trlduoc dAm bio b&i hai electron c6 spin ddi song". Thuy0t nly giii thich duo.c
nn-idu kdt quA thuc nghiQm, girip hQ thdng ho6 kidn thfc, tao didu kiQn cho ho6
hoc c6 m6t bu6c ph6t tridn vuot bac so vdi giai doan tru6c.

Tuy nhien, thuc nghiQm cho bidt hg H2+ chi c6 1e cfrng tdn tai hay 02 ld chat
thu6n tt,... Thuydt VB kh0ng giii thfch duoc c6c kdt qui d6.
Thuydt obitan phAn trl (MO) ra ddi gili quydt dugc bd tdc d6 cira thuydt VB.
LuAn didm co bAn cira thuydt MO la su td hgp tuyOn tfnh c6c obitan nguy€n tfr
(AO) tao thlnh obitan phAn tir (MO) (lh su gdn dfng MO - LCAO). C6c electron
tham gia liOn kdt dugc didn vdo cdc MO d6. Khi sd liOn kdt hiQu dqng N11* 0 ta

.l

* 0. VAy hQ tdn
Z
7r* (rrlt, ni') n€n 02

c6 ph6n tfr (hC) dugc tao thdnh. V6i hQ H2*, theo MO c6 Nlk =

t4i dugc. Vdi 02 c6 N11 = 2 vd2e

thuln

dQc than tren

2 MO

-

tU.

Tuy nhi0n, thuydt MO chua cho kdt qui tinh n[ng lugng gdn v6i kdt quA thuc
nghiQm. Thuydt phiem him mit dQ (DFT) gi6i quydt duo.c su bd tac d6 cira
thuydt MO.

l2


Hi0n nay ci thuydt VB, MO, DFT ddu dugc dirng b cdc mrlc dO kh6c nhau,
trong nhfrng trudng hgp cU thd khdc nhau, h5 tro cho nhau.
3. Ngay d6i v6i mQt thuydt, 6p dung trong mOt pham vi nhdt dinh, cfrng c6
thd cho c6c giii th(ch khdc nhau chrit it, md vdn dring.

Ching han, thuc nghiQm cho bidt H2O le phdn trl c6 g6c HOH xAp xi b[ng
104,5o ; 3 nguyOn

t&cing nim trong m6t mIt phing.

Ap dung (gii) thuydt lai ho6 trong thuydt VB ta gi6i thfch

16

rlng kdt qui

Didu d6ng lu, y 6 day li 6p dung lai ho6 ,p' huy rp2 doi v6i oxi ddu cho
kOt qui hgp li ! (xin xem chi tidt 6 chuong 3).

III. CAN C6 Ltfu f NAO KHI AP DUNG THUYfiT
rHicH xEr euA rHU. c NGHTEM ?

d6.

duo.

c

HOA HQC GIAI

C6 mQt sd c6ch, m6t sd nQi dung dugc trinh biy. Theo chfng t6i, nOn

:

1. Trdnh tuyQt ddi ho6 (hgc) thuydt.

Nhu tr0n dd trinh bly, m6i (hgc) thuydt chi dring trong mQt khoeng thdi
gian, trong mQt ph4m vi nhdt d!nh. Do d6 ta phAi c6 su tinh vi dQng thich hgp
trong viQc 6p dqng tung hgc thuydt.
2.Tr6nh nhdm l6n gita

gii dinh, quy u6c v6i nQi dung

c6 tinh (hoc) thuydt.

Day ln m6t vdn dC kh6 rqch rdi, vi s6ch v& cria Vi0t Nam duo. c hinh.,thlnh til
nhidu ngudn, nhidu quan didm kh6c nhau. Do d6 ddi h6i su kh6ch quan, bi0n
chfng dring mrlc & m6i ngudi di truydn "dao Ho6 hgc".

Vi du viOc tfnh sd don vi ho6 tri cira c6c nguyOn tO hod hgc. Vdn dd "m6c
m6" nhidu nhdt lI ho6 tri cira nito trong N2Os Gay HNO3). C6i "mic m6" lfl
xudt hiOn do quan niOm cfng nh6c, tuyQt ddi ho6 kh6ng cdn thi0t cfia m6t sd
ngudi. Chrlng tOi

sE nOu 16 nQi

dung nly & chuong 3.

Dd kdt luAn muc 1.2 ndy, chfng ta luu

f

kdt quA dfng, c6 dQ chinh x6c thfch

hgp do thgc nghiQm cung cdp ll co s&, ndn ting. Cdn c6 sq 6p dung thfch hgp,
dring mrlc (hgc) thuydt hod hgc giAi thfch kdt qui d6.

l3


1.3. MOt s0' flAc didm vC' Oay ui hgc
uir sip tdi trong cic nhi truilng

hoi hgc co hdn hiQn nau

Tir thuc td cfing nhu qua tdi liOu, chring t6i xin n€u
quy vi tham kh6o.

r

f kiOn vd vdn dd ndy dd

- BA CnU U6r
Day vd hoc hb6 hoc

:

1.Ai?Choai?

'

2. NQi dung nio

?

3. Phuong ph6p gi

?

Cau tri ldi clng dring, cing s6t v6i didu kien, thich hqp vd thdi gian,... dem
lai hiQu quA cdng cao cita vi0c d4y vi hgc ho6 hoc.

rr

- MOr sd vAN n0 cU rHf
A. VE NOI DUNG
1. Day vir hoc quy luqt

Chring ta ddu bict thd gidi tu nhiOn cfrng nhu xd hQi loii ngudi ddu chuydn
(van) dQng khOng ngtng theo nhfrng quy luflt nhdt dinh. N6i mQt c6ch kh6c quy
luAt ld thuOc t(nh cria chuydn dQng vAt chat vd xd h6i.
Do d6, day

vi

hgc quy luat lA didu cdn dugc thuc hiQn.

Quy luAt niy trudc hdt ttrd hiQn & c6c nguy0n l(, dinh lu0t ctra Ho6 hoc. D6 le
ndn tAng, co s& cria kidn thfc Ho6 hgc co bin n6i ri€ng vd Ho6 hoc n6i chung.
Quy lu6t ndy cflng duo, c thd hi0n qua cdc vdn dd cu ttrd. Ctring han khi nOu vi
du dd minh hoa kh6i niQm "chAt" trong ho6 hgc. Ndu chti t6i quy lu6t ta chi
neu vf dg theo thf tu vi nQi dung : don chdt (Ag, H2,...) ; hgp chdt (NaCl, H2O,

f

C2H'OH,...). Ndu ban doc chf f, trong m6i loai chxt trOn, c6c c6ng thfc
cfing dugc nOu ra theo quy lunt r6i d6.
TAt nhi€n ta

phii luu f rang kh6i

niQm "quy

cr,r

thd

lu{t" c6 mQt ph+m vi r6ng.

Ndu d4y vi hoc duo.c quy luAt sE girip "hgc ft bidt nhidu", ph6t tridn con
ngudi todn di€n.

t4


2. Dqy

vi hoc dinh luong 0 mfc dQ c6 thd tlu_o. c

Nhu tr0n da dC cap, Ho6 hoc

li

khoa hoc thuc nghiOm. Do d6 dinh luong
cfrng ld m6t thu6c tfnh quan rrgng ctra kidn thrlc, hidu bidt vd ho6 hoc:
Nhfrng sd luong, sd liQu liOn quan ch[t chE v6i nOi dung, kion thrlc cdn duoc
chn y dring mrlc theo tinh thdn "n6i c6 s6ch, m6ch c6 chfng".
Tdt nhiOn tr6nh khuynh hudng m6y m6c, 6p

dilt"

"sd luong".

Day, hoc ho6 hoc vdi nQi dung quy luAr, dinh lugng cfrng ch(nh

li

day vd hoc

bin chdt.
B

_Vi

PHUONG PHAP

1. G6n lidn

li

thuydt v6i bhi tAp, thi nghiOm ; hqc di d6i vdi hinh.

Chring tOi xin kh6ng di6n

giii chi tidt vAn dd nly vi dd rat quen rhuoc vdi

ban doc.

2. Luon chri trong hu6ng dan, rBn luy€n phuong ph6p tu hoc, tu nghiOn cr1u,
bidn qud trinh dio tao thlnh qu6 trinh tu ddo tao.
Chrlng t6i xin kh6ng di6n giAi chi tiOt cdc vdn dd niy vi dd quen thuoc vdi
ban doc vi theo phuong chflm "n6i it, suy nghi ki, hdnh dQng c6 hiQu quri".

1.4. Sd lUgc

uC'

don u! ui mQt s0'uan dC' liOn quan

cilng vdi danh ph6p (tOn ggi), he don vi li hai trong sd c6c vin^dd mr khoa
hoc viOt Nam n6i chung, Ho6 hoc n6i riOng cdn chri f dring mrlc dd h6i nh6p

qudc td.

Do khu6n khd vi muc dich ctra s6ch nhy nOn chfng t6i chi chon m6t sd noi
dung thAt cdn thi0t vd he don vi dd trao ddi ctng ban doc.

r.HE DoN vr QUdc

rfi

tnD su

thf XI

(dugc td chrlc vio th6ng 10 nam 1960 tai thir do Pari,
cQng hoi Phdp) cfra Hi0p hQi do luong Qudc td quydt dinh chgn tiOu chudn vi
quy dinh vd don vi do. Ngiy nay chfng ta goi d6ld he don vi qutic tq he SI.
DAi hQi ldn

l5

1. Biy don vi co s& hay co bfrn

vi

hai don vi bd sung

B&ng I .1. C6c don vi co s6 crio he

Dai lugmg

Sl
a

Dcrn vt do

Ki hi0u

Ki hi€u

quoc te

Ten ggi
ViCt Nam

Quoc td

ViCt Nam

I

m6t

m

m

Khdi luong

m

kil69am

'kg

kg

Thdi gian

t

giay

S

s (giay)

Cudng dQ ddng diOn

I

Ampe

A

A

Nhi0t d0 nhiet dQng luc

T

Kenvin

K

K

Luong chat

n

mol

mol

mol

Cudng dQ 6nh s6ng

Iv

candOla (nOn)

Cd

Cd

radian

rad

rad

steradian

ST

ST

TOn ggi

D0 dei

Hai don v! bd sung

G6c ph&ng
G6c khoi (g6c d4"l*o6n)

2. C6c tlon vi dAn xudt cfia don vi co s& h0 SI
C6c don vi ndy duo. c x6c dinh tD ci{c don vi co s6 trOn, thOng qua bidu thrlc
liOn h0 cdc dai lugng.

Vi

il1l

; Tdc dQ (v6n tdc)

:

- nidu thrlc lien he : v = I
- Don vi cira t6c dQ : [v] - g

= [n1.r-l] = [m/s].

Lsl

Vtdu2:Luc:

- gidu th(rc liOn hQ : F = m.a
- Don vi : [F] = [kg.m.s-a"] Chrt

t6

i:

khong

duo. c

I

']

-a

[m.kg.s

vidt lidn kgms-2 hay mkgs-2 ! (1) (Xem ffang 8, tni figu (*)).


3. MQt sd don vi phi SI
Trong thuc t0, cDng rdn tai v6i SI (nghy cing phd bidn), cdn c6 mOt sd don vi
duoc dirng theo th6i quen kh6c v6i don vi SI n6i trOn.

Vi du

l;

Chidu dli : Angstrom, A

(1A: 10-'o*).

Vf du 2 ; Thdi gian : + phrit (min hay phrit) ; (lmin = 60s).

+ gid (h hay gid) ; (ltu = 3600s).
o Cdn ph0n bi6t "thf nguy0n" vdi "don vi" cira mot d+i luong vat li.

Thf nguy0n (tidng Anh li dimension) c6 f nghia

li unit).

rOng hon don

vi (tidng Anh

Ching han, thrl nguydn dO dni c5 don vi co s& li m6t ; don vi phi SI li cm, dm,
km,... Thrl nguy€n kh6i lugng c6 don vi co s& ($) le kg ; don vi phi SI li gam, ydn,
ta, t6n,...

Ta chi c6 thd so sdnh hai dai lucrng cDng thf nguy6n. chirg han sos6nh d6 dii
bdn kfnh rr6i Ddt vdi khoing ci{ch tt mdt ddt l€n M[t Trdng ; kh0ng thd so s6nh
khdi lugng Tr6i Ddt vdi khoing cdch tt mrt ddt l€n Mdt Tr6ng.

rr.

vrfir MQr DAr LUONc vAr li

Bdt crl'mQt dai lugng var
don vi.

lf nio

cfrng ddu gdm hai phdn : gir{

MOr c6ch hinh thrlc, ta c6 thd vidt

D+i lugng vAt

li =

tri bAng sd vI

:

gi6 tri bing sd x don vi

(1.1)

(Xem trong 3 tii Hgu (*))

Vt

dq.

/ ; DQ dli s6ng ctra mOt rrong c6c tia m.iu ving do natri ph6t ra khi bi

kfch thfch ld l. = 5,896.10-'* = 589,6 nm

(1 .2a).

Vi tlu 2 : Tai nhi€t dO 3O4,IIK 6p suat hoi b6o hoi ctra m6t chat l6ng do
duo.

c

li

P = 3,287 4. 103 Mpu

( 1.3a).

(*) Internatinal Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 0UPAC) Physical Chemistrys Division,
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistty.
P_repared for publiccation by Ian Mills, Tomislav Cvitas, Klaus Homann, Nikola Kallay, Kozo
Kuchitsu. Second Edition. Blachwell Science, 1996.

ea-ruonngcro

17


Khi cdn viOt ggn hon, ching han trong cdc bing hay tr€n dd thi, ta c6 thd
trinh biy

:

?ulm=5,896.10-7 hay l"/nm =

589,6

(1.2b)

Ho4c khi 10y logarit mQt dai lugng, ching h4n 6p suflt P & tren, ta

phii vidt :

PMPa =3,2874.1O3.

Chri

i

(1.3b)
ln(PMPa) =1n3,2874.103 = l,ggg0
rrudng hqp nhy phii vidt lri(P[r4Pa) vi chi c6 thd ldy logarit cria m6t sd.

rrr. KHdI LUQNG vA
A.

Mlr

rngNc LUqNG Ar ngNc rRoNG HoA Hoc(r)

sd xrutt NIEM

1. Khdi luqng

a) Khdi lugng (mQt vflt thd) ln sd do lugng vflt chdt duo.c chrla trong v0t thd
(**)).
d6 (xem I.15 GlossaryAndex tii ligu
b) Dcrn vi : HQ SI : kg ; phi SI : g.
2. Trgng

luo.

ng

a) Trgng lugng (cira mQt vat thd) 1I sd do srlc luc hrit

thd d6 (xem I.20 Glossaryflndex

tii

lieu

trdi ddt tdc dr;ng 10n vflt

(**)).

b) Dcrn vi : xem 3.2.sau d6y.
3. NhAn x6t

Vd nguy€n t6c : trgng lugng thay ddi theo vi tr( vflt thd duo. c x6t so vdi tflm
Tr6i Ddt. Khdi lugng kh0ng c6 d[c didm d6. Vi vfly sd do khdi lugng c6 tinh
chdt co bin hon.
Thr;c td : Ho6 hop thulirg dd cflp cdc phAn ung & mQt
dAt, ngtria li lgc hrit Tr6i Ddt la mQt hing s6. Do d6 :

(l)

vi tri xdc dinh

Xem thi liQu 1'r'r) tt trang 54 ddn trang 66.
Trgng lugng (mQt) c6ng thfc theo tidng Anh lh Formula Weight, vidt

trOn

tr6i

tit FW.

(**) Kenneth W.Whitten, Raymond, M.Larry Peck, George G.Stanley : GENERAL CHEMISTRY ;
Seventh Edition ; Thomson Brooks/cole ; Autralia, Canada, Mexico, Singapore, Spain, UK,
US ; 2004,

18 '

za-runOAHQc

1o


Lien h€ vd trong laqng cilng gi6'ng nha li\n h€ vd khdi lilong.
(Xem trang 18 tai licu

(1 .4)

(**)).

Luu !.' "liOn hc" (tidng Anh : relationship) c6 nghia rQng, bao g6m ca "bidu
thfc", nhrrng khOng phii ln gi6 tri blng sd (nghia trong rrudng ho.p chung
kh0ng thd n6i : Khdi lugng bdng rrong lugng !).

li

B. AP DUNG TRONG HOA

ngC

1. Don vi khdi luqng nguyOn tfr

Quy u6c l6y IlI2 khdi luqng nguyan tt? ct2 td
ld lu hay lamu.
(u : vidt

'1

tit

cfra

tt

unit ; amu : vidt

tit

cfra cum

I

tt

don vi khdi luqng, via't

fit

(1.5)
atomic mass unit)

I

*^s=6pM.lo-23g^v1,660540.|0-2og=1,660540.to-27tg1t.o';
2. Khdi lugng nguyOn tfr tuong ddi (relative atomic mass) hay trong ttqng
nguyan tft (atomic weigh) cfia mOr nguy€n td ho6 hgc E duop x6c dinh bing c6ch
ldy khdi lugng trung binh crla nguy0n trl nguyOn td E chia cho don vi khdi lugng
nguyOn t&.

A,(E) =ma(E)/u
A, (E) le trong lugng (tuong doi) cira nguycn

tt\
u

li

(1 .7)

r& nguyen rd E.

tE) la kh6i luong trung binh ctra 1 nguyen tft nguyen td E.

I

don vi khdi lugng dE dugc dinh nghia & tr0n.

li

Theo quy u6c niy, trgng lugng nguy0n t& duo. c ghi trong bing tudn hohn
mQt sd khOng ghi don vi ho?c ghi don vi u hay amu. (Khi ghi u hay amu ta c6

tnd nidu : "Trgng lugng nguyOn tir d6 bing bao nhiOu (ldn) u hay amu").

Vi dA ; Trgng lugng nguy0n t& cfra hidro li 1,00794(7) hay 1,00294(7) amu.
Trgng tugng nguyOn t& cfra natri ld 22,989768(6) hay 22,9897(6) amu. Trong
thr;c td ngydi ta thudng khOng ghi amu.
L9


(Trudc day & Vi0t Nam c6 th6i quen dirng dvO hay sau niy lh dvC. C6ch ghi
ndy kh6ng phn hgp thdng lQ qudc td, ta nOn b6).
Cdn phdn biQt c6ch cho sd liOu trong lugng mQt nguy0n trl nhu tr0n kh6c v6i
kheii lugng mQt nguyOn trl phAi dugc bidu thi theo g hay kg.

Vf

dr1 :

Tinh khdi lugng trung binh cira m6t nguyOn t& sit, Fe.

Trildi r ffirr" =ff

=9,2741169x10-23g/ lngtrlFe

Dd nghi ban dgc lien hQ ph6p tinh 6 vi du nhy v6i bidu thrlc (1.6) e tr0n dfly.

3. Trong tugng (mQt) c0ng thrfc
Trgng

luqg

phxn tr}. Khdi lugng mol(r)

:

li

(ho[c bang) tdng trgng lugng c6c nguyOn tfr
(cria c6c nguy0n td) c6 trong cOng thrlc d6 bidu thi theo don vi khdi lugng
a) Trgng luong mQt c6ng thrlc

nguyOn tfr (amu).

Vi du

/ : Tfnh trgng lugrng c6ng thrlc cria natri hidroxit NaOH vI axit axetic

cH3cooH.
TrA ldi : Ta c6 kdt qui
So nguy€n

sau.

tft m6i

Na
1H
1O

1

Trgng lugng

Tdng trong lugrg (cr[c)
nguyOn tfi m6i nguy€n to

23,0 amu

23,0 amu

1,0 amu

1,0 amu

16,0 amu

16,0 amu

Trgng luong c0ng thtlc ph0n t& NaOH la

40,0 amu

cHscooH

C
4H
20
2

12,0 amu

24,0 amu

1,0 amu

4,0 amu

16,0 amu

32,0 amu

Trgng luong c0ng thtlc ph0n t& CH3COOH le
Xem tii liQu (**) trang 54 * 66.
Trgng lugng (mQt) cOng thrlc : theo tidng Anh ld Formulu Weight, vidt

(l)

20

60,0 amu

tit FW.


b) Trgng lugng ph6n trl m6t ch6t li (holc bing) tdng trong lugng c6c nguy0n
tr? (cfra c6c nguy0n tO) c6 trong mOt c6ng thrlc chAt d6 bidu thi theo don vi khdi
lugng nguyOn tir (amu).

Vi du 2 : Tinh trgng lugng ph0n ttr cria ozon 03, nudc H2O,

saccarozo

cl2]H22ol..
Trgng lugng ph6n trl theo tidng Anh ld Molecular Weight, vidt

tit

le MW.

KhOi lugng mol theo tidng Anh ld Molar Mass, vidt t6t le MM.

Tri ldi : Ta c6 kOt qui

sau

:

Trong lugng
I nguy0n trl

m6i
nguyen t6

So nguy6n trl

Tdng trong lugng (c6c)
nguyOn tt m6i nguy6n td

o3
3

O

6,0

amu

Trgng lugng c6ng thrlc phdn tft 03

48,0 amu

ld

48,0 amu

Hzo

amu
16,0 amu

2.H
1O

2,0 amu

1,0

Trgng lugng c6ng thrlc ph0n trl H2O

16,0 amu

ld

18,0 amu

c nHzzorr

C
22 H
11 O
12

amu
1,0 amu
16,0 amu

144,0 amu

12,0

Trgng lugng c6ng thrlc ph0n trl Cl2H22Ol I

22,0 amu
176,0 amu

le

34rp

NhQn xit : KhAi niOm "Trong lugng (mQt) c6ng thrlc ph6n
bao gdm ci phAn t& li€n kdt cQng ho6 tri vd ph6n ttr 1i0n kdt ion.

",""
trl "r6ng hon,

Kh6i niQm "Trgng lugng phdn tfr" chi 6p dung cho phin tir liOn kdt cQng ho6 tri.
Ddn d1y, liQu ban dgc c6 d6t ra cflu h6i "Sao lai nhiOu khO viy ?". Ndu c6
duo.c cflu h6i ndy ld mQt "didm ldnh" cho Ho6 hgc d6 ! Mdi ban th& lf giAi. Ta sE
tr6 l4i v0n dd thti vi nby khi x6t li0n ket ho6 hgc & phdn sau.

2r


c) Khdi lugng mol

li

lugng vdt chdt bidu thi theo don vi g (hay g/mol) chrla

6,022x1023 het (vat) chat d6.

+) Khdi luong mol nguy6n tfr (cfra mQt nguyOn rO) c6 tri sd bang tri sd trgng
lugng nguy€n tfi nguy€n tCi d6 bidu thi theo don vi khdi lugng nguyOn tfr amu.
Vi du 3 ; Trgng lugng nguyOn trl titan (Ti) la 47,88 amu ; vay kh6i luong mol
nguyOn tirTi li 47,88g (hay 47,88 g.mol-l;

+) Khdi lugng mol ph0n trl mQt chdt c6 tri s6 bing tri sd trgng luong
c0ng thtlc hay tri sd trong lugng phfln trl chdt d6 (bidu thi theo amu).
Ta x6t khdi lugng mol mQt sd chdt sau dAy

chdt

Trong lugng
phAn trl

Khdi lugng

ozon 03

48,0 amu

48,0 g

mOr

:

Chfa

mol

6,022x 1023x3 nguyon tfr O
hay 6,022x1023 phAn tft 03

6,022* 1023 nguyOn tfr C,
metan CH+

16,0 amu

16,0 g

6,022*

muol an
NaCl
sl,

x4 nguyOn tfr H

6,022*1023 ion Na*

Y

58,5 amu

58,5 g

6,022* 1023 ion CI-

nhOrn sunfat

Al2(so+)r

1023

6,022*lO23x2 ion Al3*
342,1 amu

342,1 g
6,022x 1023x3 ion SOo'-

Chring ta ddu bidt kh6i niQm "Khdi lugng mol" 6p dung cho cA ion, hat co
b6n (electron, proton, notron),...
Tr0n d6y chfng t6i da dd cflp mOt sd ft vdn dd chung vd hg don vi dd b1n dqc
tham khio thOm. 6 cdc phdn sau; khi cdn thidt chring tOi sE dd c8p thOm.

22


Chuong

2

NGUYEru TO. HAT NHAru
t

2.1. So luqo

uC'

enn sdng

Hidu duo;c ngudn gdc, cdu t4o, v{n dQng vi tmg drlng c6 hiQu qui thd gidi
vAt chdt li mong mudn tu ngin xua ctra loii ngudi. M4c di dd thu duo. c nhfing
thlnh tuu rdt ki diQu, song nhfing b( dn vd thd gi6i vflt chdt v6n cdn li thdch dd
l6n ddi'v6i con ngudi.

Linh vuc mi chring ta sE dd c{p ddn trong ci{c chuong 2 ;3 ;4 l} thd gi6i
cdchat vO cing nlr6 b6 trong cdu tao vAt chdt, d6 lh.c6c vi hat hay hat vi m0,
hat lugng tft, trong d6 bao gdm cA (h+t) dnh s6ng. Do d6, tru6c hdt ta hdy tim
hidu mQt s6 n6t cdn thidt vd 6nh sdng.

Nhi b6c hgc Vi dai Niuton (Isaac Newton, ngudi Anh) ld mQt trong nhfing
ngudi ddu tiOn dd c6p ta bdn chdt hgt cfra 6nh s6ng vio cudi thd ki XVII. Ddn
ddu thd ki XX c6c thdnh tuu mdi cira khoa hgc cho ph6p hidu ddy dtr hon vd
bin chAt hat, bin chdt lugng trl cira 6nh sring. Kdt quA c6'c thi nghiQm hiQu rlng
quang diQn, hiQu rlng Comton (Compton) x6c nh{n bin chdt hat cira 6nh sdng.
Nhe Vat li Hh Lan Huyghen (Christian Huygens) li ngudi ddu ti€n dd cflp
t6i bdn chdt sdng cira 6nh s6ng, cflng vlo thd ki XVII. Tdi n6m 1865, Macxoen
(James Clerk Maxwell, nhh Vdt l( ngudi Anh) dd chrlng minh duo.c bin chdt
s6ng diQn tilctra 6nh s6ng. Nhdd6, ngudi taddgihithich duo.c c6c hien tugng
giao thoa, nhi6u xa, phAn cuc, t6n s6c cfra 6nh sr{ng.
V 8y

, dnh sdng c6 tf nh chift nhi nguyen s6ng vd hqtt.

ThuyLt laqng t* hiAn d(ri coi dnh sdng ld cldng hqt (photon)
lun truydn theo cdc dlnh ludt lan truydn cfia s6ng dign til.
Mdi hqt dnh sdng ld mQt luqng tfr.

(2.r)

Theo mQt tiOn dd trong thuydt tuong ddi cira Anhxtanh (Albert Einstein).
23


ALBERTETNSTEN (t879

- 19ss)

thudng dgc le Anbe Anxtanh

ngudi sdng lQp ra nginh Vat li hqc
hiOn dei. Ong dA, xay dqng thuydt
ph0t6n vd 6nh s6ng, thuydt kh6ng
gian, thdi gian vh trucrng hdp ddn, co
hqc ctra cdc chuydn dOng vdi cdc van

tdc gdn bAng van tdc 6nh s6ng
thuydt tuong ddi hqp vI thu ydt tuong
ddi rQng ; thdng ke lugng tfr ctra cdc
hat c6 spin nguy0n (cDng vdi Bose) ;
Ong dd, dua ra kh6i niOm vd c6c ddi
chuydn tu ph6t vi cim fng ; Ong de
kh&i thio ra li thuydt vd chuydn dQng
Brown, dI chtrng minh rang co s& cira
tinh s6t til li mOmen riOng ctra electrorr.
COng thfc Finstein vd mdi liOn hC
gifra khdi luong vI nlng luong le co
s& cfra nginh vAt"li h+t nhAn.
t

t('

A

,l

I

I

r

I

Khdng phry thuilc vdo chuydn dQng cila ngudn (phdt
sdng), khdng phry thudc vdo chuydn d\ng cila ngudi quan sdt
(mdy thu), t6'c d0 dnh sdng trong chdn khdng ld hdng dinh,
c =299792458

*.r-'

^ 3.I08m.r-' . Dd ld t6c

dO

(2.2)

ldn (sioi hqr).

Cfrng theo thuydt tuong ddi ndi tidng d6, ning luong todn phdn E cira m6t
hat 6nh sdng dugc tfnh theo bidu thtlc :

E =mi2

c : li tdc d0 de dd cAp trong (2.2) tr0n.
m : th kh6i luong mQt photon (hat 6nh s6ng).
24

(2.3a)