Hiện trạng quản lý chất thải rắn ở các tỉnh tây nguyên

DIA PHLJONG

HIEN TRING QUAN Lt CHIT THAI RAN
6 CAC Thu TAY NGUYEN
TRAN TRUNG DUNG, TUYET HOA NIEKOAM, NGUYEN HOANG PHISCNG
Twang f9ei bac
Nteuien
TRINH VAN TUYEN
Vin Cane *3 Mai twang, WO Hen Lem Khoa hqc va Cong melt
Nan
NhOng kat qua bulk dau dm de tai "Dieu tra, danh gia
Digu tra, khao sat tai cac tinh Tay Nguyen
hien
trang thu gom, van chuyen va xitlj/ CTR cac tinh Tay
cho thiy, tinh hinh zit ly chit thai ran (CTR)
Nguyen va d6 xuat phticIng an quy hoach, xitlj/ va quanlj/
con nhi5u bit cap: CTR sinh hoat tai cac khu CTR phi hap clan nam 2020" se cho thay hien trang tong
dO thi chi mai du'dc xui IY bang bien phap
tac quan 1j/ CTR, dtj bao kh6i Itiang CTR phat sinh tren
ch6n lap vdi cOng nghe chu'a hop ye sinh,
khu vi,tc Tay Nguyen clan 2020, dinh hildng dan 2030 va
nhan
dinh cac ton tai trong panic/ CTR tai khu vvc.
hoac
khOng dat yeu cau; CTR cOng
nghi6p mdi chi du'dc thu gom va Iu'u gift'
Mit so kit qui chinh
trong pham vi nha may, chtfa co khu
Phan itch hien trang guar) Ijr CTR sinh ho?t, cong
cho mOi dia phurdng; CTR nOng nghiep chu'a
nghiep, ming nghiep, nguy h?i Tay Nguyen

du'o'c quan tam va xi( IY; chat thai nguy hai
Tai cac tinh Tay Nguyen, CTR phat sinh tit ngu6n
trong sinh hoat thi afo'c trdn Ian va thu gom, cht.ia &lac phan loai dung theo quy dinh cua Luat Bao
xi
chung vdi chit thai thong thurtmg... Vi
ye mai twang. He th6ng thu gom co nhieu diem chtia
thing ba, mang ludf thu gom chua bao phu rang khap,
vay, viec du' bao kh6i hong CTR phat sinh
hieu qua thu gom chua cao va thdi gian thu gom kh6ng
din nam 2020, dinh hutng Mil 2030 va
On dinh. Phong tier' thu gom phan On khong dam bao
danh gia cac ton tai trong quan Icf CIA Jai
chat Ong, cac diem tap kat CTR (diem hen, tram trung
khu vqc Tay Nguyen la hit sqc can thiet,
chuyen) chua ditac dau to xay citing dung miic nen van
lam co sef cho viec des xuat cac phttng an
de va sinh mai trtiting chUa &Jac dam bao. He th6ng van
chuyen chua dap iing nhu cau van chuyen CTR hang
quy hoach, xif ly va quan ly CTR phi] hyp.

Mat diu
COng vdf cac %/Ong, mien, dia phuong trong ca Woo,
Tay Nguyen da va dang tich cut, cho Tang tham gia vao
tier, trinh hai nhap kinh ta cUa dat nitdc. Nhd vay ma vung
kinh ta Tay Nguyen da co nhCing d6i thay tich cuc, thu
dtfac nhOng thanh tkiu hat sac an Wang, del sang nhan
dan &lac cal thien rO rat. Tuy nhien, cong tac quan ijr
CTR o cac tinh Tay Nguyen con nhi6u bat cap. Do vay,
muc tieu thiet 15p dtiac he th6ng quAn ly, xi! l' CTR toan
dien cho cac khu vuo do thi, ming them va cho cac nganh

ngh6 san xuat chinh tren Oa ban Tay Nguyen la mat you
cat., cap thiat nham dam bao thy'c thi Luat Bao ye rmii
trtiong va an toan sUc khoe cho cong clang cac dan tac
Tay Nguyen va khu vuc Ian can.

22

Tap chi KHOA H
LONG NGHE VI:ET N

So 17 nam 2014

ngay, gay nen tinh trang ton dong CTR trong khu dan cu
hoac d6 ra nhiing bai dat la thien, rat mat ye sinh. Dac
biet, CTR chua duac phan loai de thu hai cac thanh phan
CO kha nang tai cha, tai sit dung. C6ng tac thu gom, van
chuyen CTR cong nghiep do cac ca so san xuat tlf chiu
trach nhiem. Sau khi phan loai, thu gom, cac loaf CTR CO
the tai sit dung ngay trong nal ba cd so, con lai hau hat
dau thai be) cung CTR do thi, sau do dem chOn lap/d6t.
Nhin chung, cOng nghe xii Ijr CTR dang ap dung tai
cac dO thi khu ‘41c Tay Nguyen kha lac hau. Chi CO mat
so do thi Ion &lac dau to baf chon lap hap ye sinh va mai
co 1 doanh nghiep lam nha may phan compost, con lai
hau hat sit dung cac baf chOn lap h6, khong hop ye sinh,
a mat s6 dia phtiOng con ton tai cac bai rac nha, tU phat
o gan cac ao h6, song suoi, dang la nguon gay 6 nhiem
mai twang nghiem trong.

DI A PHUONG

Bang 2: kh6i IUdng CTR cong nghiOp
Khol ILIOng CTR cong nghi4p (tiningay)

CTR d6 ra nixing bai clit to thien gay mgt t' sinh mot trueng
Nam

Phan tich thanh phan, khoi lu'ong CTR sinh hoot,
cong nghiep, nong nghiep, nguy hai a Tay Nguyen
CTR sinh hoat: khoi IIIOng CTR sinh hoat phat
sinh tren dia ban cac tinh Tay Nguyen du'Oc the hien
trong hinh 1.

1 000 00
000 .00

400.00
200 00

Gia Lai

Lam ()Ong

DakLak

DakNong

Kon Turn

Nam 2010

134.38

200,22

208,77

57,32

80,01

680,70

Nam 2011

135,97

211,64

225,65

53,71

77,03

704,00

209,87

252.19

55,61

84,01

750,76

149,08

Nam 2012

CTR nOng nghiep: Icing kh6i ILrgng CTR nOng nghiep
trOn dia ban Tay Nguyen phat sinh nam 2012 la 390.958,61
tan/nam, tang 0,1% so vdi nam 2010; trong dO tinh DakLak
có mac phat sinh cao nhat la 188.222,25 tan/nam, thap
nhat la tinh Kon Turn veil 23.322,54 tan/nam (bang 3).

1200 00

600.00

111111111,1

Bang 3: kh6i hrdng CTR nong nghiOp
Tang khoi higng CTR nong nghiep (tin/nam)

• Tang kh6. Prom CT Frso4 (ttevn00y)Narn 2010

Tinh

Nam 2010

Nam 2011

Nam 2012

1.Gia Lai

69.204,51

74.946,20

81.710,15

2.Lam Dong

60.120,83

65.948,48

69.826,11

171.179,24

187.592,60

188.222,25

4.flak Nang

29.230,53

32.667,00

27.877,56

5.Kon Turn

23.307,92

24.300,99

23.322,54

385.455,26

390.958,61

.rang kha 610442 CTRSH (16rin04y)Nten 2011
Nem 2012
am Tong kb!. luorba CTRSH

Hinh I: kh6i lacing CTR sinh hoar phcit sinh qua ear 'Om

CTR sinh hoat tren dia ban Tay
TOng kh6i
Nguyen phat sinh nam 2012 la 2.987,13 tan/ngay, tang
0,31% so vdi Warn 2010; trong do tinh DakLak co mtic
phat sinh cao nhat la 991,15 tan/ngay, thap nhgt la tinh

Kon Turn vdi 259,64 tan/ngay. T6ng kh6i ILIOng CTR sinh
hoat dO thi tren dia ban Tay Nguyen phat sinh nam 2012
la 955,67 tan/ngay, tang 0,35% so veil nam 2010; trong
dO tinh Lam Song CO mac phat sinh cao nhat la 292,62
taningay, thap nhat la tinh DakNong vdi 50,14 tan/ngay.
TOng kh6i ItiOng CTR sinh hoat nong than tren dia ban
Tay Nguyen phat sinh nam 2012 la 2.031,46 tan/ngay,
tang 0,29% so vdi nam 2010; trong dO tinh DakLak co
mCIc phat sinh cao nhat la 723,03 tan/ngay, thap nhgt la
tinh Kon Turn vdi 159,26 tan/ngay.
Thanh phan CTR sinh hoat du'Oc the hien 6 bang 1.
Bang 1: thanh phan CTR sinh haat
Cac chi lieu phin tich

S6' Ming

mau

pH

Da int
(%)

TOC
(mg/kg)

Ung 11
(mg/kg)

Gia Lai

13

4.20 - 5,80

54.0 - 67,0

280.000 - 470.000

Lam bang
DakLak
DakNong

12
10

4,75 - 5,25
4,60.5,20

55,0 - 65,0

465.000 - 495.000

45,6 - 61,5

350.000 - 520.000

20.000 - 28.000
25.000 26.500
17500.28.000

Kon Turn

20

4,23 - 4,78

50,0 - 65,0

341800 - 417.000

18.500 - 24.200

Tinh

Tang CTR
cong nghiOp
(tiningay)

CTR cong nghi0p: tong kh6i 'Ong CTR cong nghiep
tren dia ban Tay Nguyen phat sinh nam 2012 la 750,76
tan/ngay, tang 0,1% so vdi nam 2010; trong do tinh
DakLak co mac phat sinh cao nhgt la 252,19 tan/ngay,
thap nhat la tinh DakNOng vdi 55,61 taningay. Khoi hiring
CTR cong nghiep the hien d bang 2.

3.flak LA

Tang

353.043,02

CTR nguy hai: tong kh6i ltIc7ng CTR nguy hai tren dia
ban Tay Nguyen phat sinh nam 2012 la 530,41 taningay,
tang 0,1% so veil nam 2010; trong dO tinh DakLak co mix
phat sinh cao nhat la 176,34 tan/ngay, thgp nhat la tinh
DakNong vdi 50,56 tgn/ngay (bang 4).
Bang 4: kh6i lacing CTR nguy hat

Khol king CTR nguy hal (tan/ngay)
Nam

TOng CTR nguy
DakNong Kon Turn ha i (tinIngay)

Lam DOng

Daklik

Nam 2010 118,36

122,28

165,45

48,36

46,35

500,80

Nam 2011 120,28

125,42

169,91

48,65

46,69

510,95

Nam 2012 128,41

126,29

176,34

50,56

48,81

530,41

Gia Lai

Thanh phgn chat thai nguy hai chia lam 4 nhOrn: CTR
sinh hoat nguy hai, CTR cong nghiep nguy hai, CTR nong
nghiep nguy hai, CTR y to nguy hai. M6i nhom co cac

thanh phan chat thai nguy hai khac nhau. CTR y to nguy
hai nhu: chat thai lay nhrem, phong xa, bong bang, benh
pham; CTR Wong nghiep nguy hal: bao bi dung phan bOn,
vo chaff thu6c bao ve thkic vat; CTR cong nghiep nguy hal:
ba quang thai chtla kim loaf nong, luting dOc to HCN trong
san xuat tinh bOt sari; CTR sinh hoat nguy hai: pin, acquy,
king den huj/nh quang va thOy tinh hoat tinh, cac thiet bi,
linh kien dien

So 17 nam 2014 -

Tap cli KHOA 111

CONG NCH; WET N


DIA PHUONG

mignommow"Thvc trang kha nang phan lo0 tai nguon, tai set dung
va tai che CTR o Tay Nguyen
Phan lc* tai nguon: viec phan loai rac mang lai gia tri
kinh to (nhCing chat thai co thd tai chg) da dkiac thkic hien
thaing xuyen bai ngkioi dan va nhCing cong nhan thu gom
rac.
Tai che va tai sei dung CTR: tren dia ban cac tinh Tay
Nguyen chkia thkic hign viec tai che, tai sit dung CTR sinh
hoat. NhCing chat thai co kha nang tai chg do ngLidi dan va
ding nhan ye sinh m6i Kiang thu gom, phan loai roi chuydn
dgn cac co sO tai chg khOng chinh thiic (cac dai 19 mua, ban
phellieu).

Du' bao tinh hinh phat sinh CTR tai cac tinh Tay Nguyen
den nem 2020, Binh hu'ang an 2030
CTR sinh hoat: can cu vao dinh huang phat than dO thi,
dan s6 va he s6 phat sinh CTR theo tung giai doan, kidc tinh
kh6i Wong CTR sinh hoat phat sinh tai cac tinh Tay Nguyen
dgn nem 2020 la 4.364 tan/ngay, nem 2030 la 6.545,96 tan/
Nay. DV bao thanh phan CTR sinh hoat trong vung se thay
doi: thanh phgn hCiu cd trong CTR sinh hoat se giam to 75%
xuong con 65%; thanh phan CTR co thd tai chg nhu kim loai,
thOy tinh, giay, nhkia se tang len 15-25%; thanh phan v6 cci,
khong CO kha nang tai chg chigm khoang 10%.
CTR ding nghiep: kh6i Iudng CTR cong nghiep phat
sinh phu thuOc t6c dO phat than Ong nghiep, quy hoach,
kg hoach phat trien cong nghigp cue vung Tay Nguyen. lidc
tinh den nem 2020, kh6i Wong CTR cong nghiep phat sinh
khoang 1.276,3 tan/ngay, trong dO: chat thai co kha nang tai
chg, tai sii dung khoang 740,3 tan/ngay; con lai la chat thai
khOng the tai che, thu hal va xii 19. DV bao dgn nem 2030
phat sinh khoang 1.914,44 tan/ngay.
CTR nong nghiap:kh6i luring CTR nong nghiep phat sinh
phy thuOc vao dien tich canh tac va sanItiOng, cong suet san
xuat cac cac loai vat nuoi, cay trot-1g, quy hoach, ka hoach
ghat then nong nghiep cua yang Tay Nguyen. liac tinh den
nem 2020, kh6i Wang CTR nong nghiep phat sinh khoang
508.246,2 tan/ngay, trong dO CTR nong nghiep trong trot
phat sinh khoang 946,86 tan/ngay, CTR nong nghiep chan
nu6i phat sinh khoang 445,58 tan/ngay; chat thai co kha
nang tai chg, tai sit dung khoang 1.113,96 tan/ngay, con lai
la chat thai khong the tai chg, thu hal va x11 ly.
CTR nguy hai: CTR nguy hai (phat sinh to hO gia dinh,

cac ca so san xuat cong nghigp, bgnh vien, cac cd sd y to va
hoat Ong san xuat nong nghiep) chigm tit le 10-20% tong
Iudng CTR phat sinh. Lick tinh dgn nem 2020, kh6i ludng
CTR nguy hai khoang 615,92 tan/ngay.

Kit loan
Qua qua trinh di6u tra, khao sat, nghien citu danh gia
hien trang phat sinh va quan 19 CTR tren dia ban khu vkic

24

Tap chi 11110A HAI
S6 17 nem 2014
CON
NGHt VItT N

Xei ly CTR b.ng 16 dot dang la bidn phap chit ygu,
tuy van phat thai ra nhieu khi thai ddc hai
Tay Nguyen cho they, hien nay mac du ding tac thu gom,
quan ly chat thai da dat dudc nhigu Wet qua tot: tji la thu gom
CTR sinh hoat dO thi dao dOng to 24,5-77,6%, da hinh thanh
he thong thu gom CTR kha hieu qua theo hudng xa hOi hoa
vdi ski tham gia cua Ong dong va nhieu ddn vi to nhan tai
dia phUcIng. Tuy nhien, tinh hinh xii 19 CTR con nhigu bat
cap: CTR sinh hoat tai cac khu do thi chi mdi dudc xii 19
bang bien phap ch6n lap; cong nghe ch6n lap ding chLia
Op ye sinh, nitric ri rac chkia ditac thu gom xit 19 hoac )6.'119
khong dat yeu cau. CTR cong nghiep mai chi &talc thu gom
va luu giii trong pham vi nha may. CTR nong nghiep chLia
dudc quan tarn va xit 19. Chat thai nguy hal trong sinh hoat

thi ditoc trOn Ian va thu gom, xii ly chung vdi chat thai thong
thkiong; chat thai nguy hal trong cong nghiep dudc lUu giCi
trong nha may hoac hop clang vdi ddn vi co chitc nang dem
di xii 19; chat thai nguy hai trong y to doc xit 19 bang là d6t
&lac dau tU ngay tai cac benh vien, con tai cac trung tam,
cO s6 y to thi tien hanh chon lap trong khu6n vien; chat thai
nguy hai to hoat dOng san xuat nong nghiep (bao bi thuac
bao ye thkic vat) dudc ngitai dan vitt tai cho hoac chon lap
trong ykion nha. Cac tinh vung Tay Nguyen chkia CO khu
19 CTR cong nghiep va nguy hai cho mai dia phtiOng. Vi vay,
viec du bao kh6i lifOng CTR phat sinh 6 khu ykic Tay Nguyen
den 2020, dinh hiking den 2030 va nhan dinh cac ton tai
trong quart 19 CTR tai khu vkic la can thigt, nham dua ra cac
bien phap xil ly , quy hooch quan 19 CTR phu hop, mang tinh
chat vung

Tat lieu tham khan
1. Chi cyc •Bao ye moi biking, 2013: Bao cao s6 31/BC-STNMT ngay
10.5.2013 Ye hien trang thu gom va van chuyen xi/ ly CTR tinh Lam
Song.
2. Chi cyc BA° ye mei trUong, 2013: Bac) cao trien khai thkic hien chkking
trinh dau tv xi/ ly CTR giai clop 2011-2012, Lam D6ng.
3. Quyet dinh s6 2226/0D-UBND ngay 26.10.2012 dm UBND tinh Lam
D6ng ye viec phe duyet da cueing va kinh phi lap quy hoach (pan ly CTR
tinh Lam Deng den 2020.
4. SO Xay elk/rig, 2013: Bac) cao tom tat quy hoach tong the phial trien kinh

to - xa hei tinh Lam D6ng den 2020.
5. Trung tarn Kiem dinh quy hoach xay clkIng DakNOng, 2009: Bao
cao tong hop "Dieu tra, thong ke nguon phat sinh CTR tren dia ban tinh

DakNOng".
6. SO Y re, 2012: Bao cao cong tac guar' I9 chat thAi y to tinh DakLak.
7. SO Tai nguyen va M6i trUting, 2012: Tinh hinh quan ly CTR trail dia
ban tinh DakLak.
8. SO Y te, 2013: Tinh hinh quan ly chat thai y te tai cac benh vien trong
tinh Gia Lai.
9. SO Xay dung, 2012: Bao cao ye quan ly CTR tinh Kon Turn.
10. SO Tai nguyen va Moi Kiang, 2012: Bao cao hien trang m6i Kiang
tinh Kon Turn nem 2012.