encyclopedia of perception

volume 1 & 2
&
Copyright © 2010 by SAGE Publications, Inc.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Encyclopedia of perception/edited by E. Bruce Goldstein.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4129-4081-8 (cloth)
1. Perception—Encyclopedias. 2. Senses and sensation—Encyclopedias. I. Goldstein, E. Bruce, 1941–

BF311.E497 2010
153.703—dc22 2009010777
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
09 10 11 12 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Publisher: Rolf A. Janke
Acquisitions Editor: Jim Brace-Thompson
Editorial Assistants: Eileen Gallaher, Michele Thompson
Developmental Editor: Carole Maurer
Reference Systems Manager: Leticia M. Gutierrez
Reference Systems Coordinator: Laura Notton
Production Editor: Kate Schroeder
Copy Editors: Amy Freitag, Robin Gold
Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd.
Proofreaders: Kevin Gleason, Annie Lubinsky
Indexer: Virgil Diodato
Cover Designer: Ravi Balasuriya
Marketing Manager: Amberlyn McKay

Volume 1
Editor and Advisory Board iv
List of Entries v
Reader’s Guide xi
About the Editor xviii
Contributors xix
Introduction xxvii
Acknowledgments xxxi
List of Color Illustrations xxxii
Color Illustrations xxxiii
Entries
A 1 G 469

B 201 H 475
C 233 I 485
D 355 K 513
E 373 L 519
F 445 M 541
Volume 2
Editor and Advisory Board iv
List of Entries v
Reader’s Guide xi
About the Editor xviii
Contributors xix
Introduction xxvii
Acknowledgments xxxi
List of Color Illustrations xxxii
Color Illustrations xxxiii
Entries
N 609 S 873
O 643 T 947
P 713 U 1019
Q 849 V 1025
R 853 W 1137
Index 1147
Contents
Editor and Advisory Board
E. Bruce Goldstein
University of Pittsburgh
University of Arizona
Editor
Advisory Board
Richard N. Aslin

University of Rochester
Marlene Behrmann
Carnegie Mellon University
Randolph Blake
Vanderbilt University
Geoffrey M. Boynton
University of Washington
Paul A. S. Breslin
Monell Chemical Senses Center
Kyle R. Cave
University of Massachusetts
Melvyn Alan Goodale
University of Western Ontario
Deborah Hall
MRC Institute of Hearing
Research
Mark Hollins
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Tom C. T. Yin
University of
Wisconsin–Madison
Steven Hsiao
Johns Hopkins University
Helene Intraub
University of Delaware
Scott P. Johnson
University of California,
Los Angeles
Daniel Kersten

University of Minnesota
Roberta L. Klatzky
Carnegie Mellon University
Keith Kluender
University of Wisconsin–
Madison
Lawrence E. Marks
John B. Pierce Laboratory
Stephen McAdams
McGill University
Suzanne P. McKee
Smith-Kettlewell Eye
Research Institute
William A. Yost
Arizona State University
Joseph Anthony Movshon
New York University
Alva Noe
University of California,
Berkeley
Christopher Plack
University of Manchester
Dennis R. Proffitt
University of Virginia
Gary B. Rollman
University of Western Ontario
Shihab A. Shamma
University of Maryland
Steven K. Shevell
University of Chicago

Donald A. Wilson
New York University
City University of New York
v
Absolute Pitch
Acoustics and Concert Halls
Action and Vision
Aesthetic Appreciation of Pictures
Aftereffects
Afterimages
Ageing and Chemical Senses
Ageing and Hearing
Ageing and Touch
Ageing and Vision
Agnosia: Auditory
Agnosia: Tactile
Agnosia: Visual
Air Quality
Amblyopia
American Sign Language
Ames Demonstrations in Perception
Amodal Perception
Animal Chemical Sensitivity
Animal Color Vision
Animal Depth Perception
Animal Eye Movements
Animal Eyes
Animal Frequency and Pitch Perception
Animal Motion Perception
Aphasias

Aromatherapy
Art and Perception. See Pictorial Depiction
and Perception
Assistive Technologies for the Blind
Atmospheric Phenomena
Attention: Cognitive Influences
Attention: Covert
Attention: Cross-Modal
Attention: Disorders
Attention: Divided
Attention: Effect of Breakdown
Attention: Effect on Perception
Attention: Object-Based
Attention: Physiological
Attention: Selective
Attention: Spatial
Attention: Theories of
Attention and Consciousness
Attention and Emotion
Attention and Medical Diagnosis
Attention and Memory
Attractiveness
Audiology
Audition
Audition: Cognitive Influences
Audition: Disorders
Audition: Loudness
Audition: Pitch Perception
Audition: Temporal Factors
Auditory Frequency Analysis, Neural

Auditory Frequency Selectivity
Auditory Illusions
Auditory Imagery
Auditory Localization: Physiology
Auditory Localization: Psychophysics
Auditory Masking
Auditory Processing: Central
Auditory Processing: Peripheral
Auditory Receptors and Transduction
Auditory Scene Analysis
Auditory System: Damage Due to
Overstimulation
Auditory System: Evolution of
Auditory System: Structure
Auditory Thresholds
Bayesian Approach
Binding Problem
Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
Bistable Perception
Body Perception
Body Perception: Disorders
List of Entries
vi
List of Entries
Braille
Brain Imaging
Camouflage
Causality
Cell Phones and Driver Distraction
Change Detection

Cochlear Implants: Controversy
Cochlear Implants: Technology
Color: Genetics of
Color: Philosophical Issues
Color Constancy
Color Deficiency
Color Mixing
Color Naming
Color Perception
Color Perception: Physiological
Common Chemical Sense (Chemesthesis)
Computational Approaches
Computer Consciousness
Computer-Generated Speech, Perception of
Computer Graphics and Perception
Computer Speech Perception
Computer Vision
Consciousness
Consciousness: Disorders
Constancy
Content of Perceptual Experience
Context Effects in Perception
Contrast Enhancement at Borders
Contrast Perception
Corollary Discharge
Cortical Organization
Cortical Reorganization Following Damage
Cross-Modal Transfer
Cultural Effects on Visual Perception
Cutaneous Perception

Cutaneous Perception: Physiology
Decision Making, Perceptual
Depth Perception in Pictures/Film
Digital Imaging
Digital Photography. See Digital Imaging
Direct Perception
Direct Realism. See Naïve Realism
Dyslexia
Ear. See Auditory Processing: Peripheral
Echolocation
Ecological Approach
Effort: Perception of
Electronic Nose
Electroreception
Embodied Perception
Emotional Influences on Perception
Event Perception
Evoked Potential: Audition
Evoked Potential: Vision
Evolutionary Approach
Evolutionary Approach: Perceptual Adaptations
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
Extrasensory Perception
Eye: Structure and Optics
Eye and Limb Tracking
Eye Movements: Behavioral
Eye Movements: Effects of Neurological and
Mental Disorders On
Eye Movements: Physiological
Eye Movements and Action in Everyday Life

Eye Movements and Reading
Eye Movements During Cognition and
Conversation
Eye Movements During Fixation
Eyes: Evolution of
Eyewitness Testimony
Face Perception
Face Perception: Physiological
Feature Integration Theory
Feedback Pathways
Film (Cinema) Perception
Flavor
Fragrances and Perfume
Gestalt Approach
Grasping. See Reaching and Grasping
Guidance Systems for Blind People
Hallucinations and Altered Perceptions
Haptics
Hearing Aids
Hearing Impairment. See Audition: Disorders
Human–Machine Interface
Imagery and Perception. See Auditory Imagery;
Olfactory Imagery; Visual Imagery
Impossible Figures
Indirect Nature of Perception
Individual Differences in Perception
Infant Perception
vii
List of Entries
Infant Perception: Methods of Testing

Information Theory
Intentionality and Perception
Inverted Spectrum
Itch, Tickle, and Tingle
Kinesthesia
Language
Lateral Inhibition
Lazy Eye. See Amblyopia
Light Measurement
Lightness Constancy
Lightning and Thunder
Linear and Nonlinear System Analysis
Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Physiological.
See Cortical Reorganization Following Damage
Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological
Low Vision
Machine Vision. See Computer Vision
Magic and Perception
Magnetoencephalography
Magnitude Estimation and Production.
See Scaling of Sensory Magnitude
Maps in the Cortex. See Cortical Organization
Mary the Color Scientist
Material Properties Perception. See Surface and
Material Properties Perception
McCollough Effect
Melody Perception
Microstimulation
Migraine
Mind and Body

Mirages
Mirror Neurons
Modality (Philosophy)
Modularity
Molyneux’s Question
Motion Parallax and Structure From Motion
Motion Perception
Motion Perception: Physiological
Motion Perception: Social
Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical
Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis
Multimodal Interactions: Olfaction–Taste.
See Flavor
Multimodal Interactions: Pain–Touch
Multimodal Interaction: Spatial Perception in
Touch and Vision
Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–Auditory
Multimodal Interactions: Thermal–Chemical
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Auditory
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Motor.
See Action and Vision; Perceptual-Motor
Integration
Music Cognition and Perception
Music in Film
Naïve Realism
Nature and Nurture in Perception
Navigation Through Spatial Layout
Neural Coding. See Neural Representation/
Coding

Neural Prosthetic Systems
Neural Recording
Neural Representation/Coding
Neuropsychology of Perception
Nonveridical Perception
Object Perception
Object Perception: Physiology
Object Persistence
Olfaction
Olfaction: Disorders
Olfaction: Evolution of
Olfaction: Feature Detection and Integration
Olfaction and Reproductive Behavior
Olfactometry
Olfactory Adaptation
Olfactory Bulb: Functional Architecture
Olfactory Central Processing
Olfactory Imagery
Olfactory Localization
Olfactory Quality
Olfactory Receptors and Transduction
Olfactory Stimulus
Optic Ataxia
Oscillatory Synchrony
Otoacoustic Emissions
Out-of-Body Experience
Pain: Assessment and Measurement
Pain: Cognitive and Contextual
Influences
Pain: Neuromatrix Theory

Pain: Physiological Mechanisms
Pain: Placebo Effects
Pain: Treatments for Chronic
viii
List of Entries
Perception in Unusual Environments
Perceptual Development: Attention
Perceptual Development: Color and Contrast
Perceptual Development: Face Perception
Perceptual Development: Hearing
Perceptual Development: Imitation
Perceptual Development: Infant Music Perception
Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception
Perceptual Development: Object Perception
Perceptual Development: Speech Perception
Perceptual Development: Taste and Olfaction
Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain
Perceptual Development: Visual Acuity
Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching
Perceptual Development: Visual Object
Permanence and Identity
Perceptual Developmental Disorders. See Vision:
Developmental Disorders
Perceptual Expertise
Perceptual Learning
Perceptual-Motor Integration
Perceptual Organization: Auditory. See Auditory
Scene Analysis
Perceptual Organization: Vision
Perceptual Representation (Philosophy)

Perceptual Segregation
Phantom Limb
Phenomenology (Philosophy)
Pheromones
Philosophical Approaches
Philosophy: Access and Report
Philosophy: Attention and the Size
of the Conscious Field
Physiological Approach
Pictorial Depiction and Perception
Plasticity. See Experience-Dependent Plasticity
Positron Emission Tomography. See Brain Imaging
Priming
Prism Adaptation
Private Nature of Perceptual Experience
Proprioception
Prostheses: Auditory. See Cochlear Implants:
Technology
Prostheses: Visual
Psychophysical Approach
Psychophysics: Detection
Qualia
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation
Reaching and Grasping
Reading. See Eye Movements and Reading
Reading Typography
Receptive Fields
Recognition
Recovery of Vision Following Blindness
Reorganization. See Cortical Reorganization

Following Damage
Response Time
Retinal Anatomy
Reverse Correlation
Scaling of Sensory Magnitude
Seeing as
Selective Adaptation
Self-Motion Perception
Sense Interactions. See Multimodal Interactions:
Color–Chemical; Multimodal Interactions:
Neural Basis; Multimodal Interactions: Pain–
Touch; Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–
Auditory; Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic
Sensory Coding. See Neural Representation/
Coding
Sensory Rehabilitation
Sensory Restoration and Substitution
Shape Constancy. See Constancy
Signal Detection Theory and Procedures
Size Perception. See Constancy
Skin Senses. See Cutaneous Perception
Sleep and Dreams
Social Perception
Somatic Perception. See Body Perception:
Disorders
Sound Reproduction and Perception
Sound Stimulus
Spatial Layout Perception, Neural
Spatial Layout Perception, Psychophysical
Spatial Memory

Speech Perception
Speech Perception: Physiological
Speech Production
Speechreading
Speed of Processing in Sensory Systems
Statistical Learning
Surface and Material Properties Perception
Synesthesia
Tactile Acuity
Tactile Map Reading
Taste
Taste: Disorders
Taste: Genetics of
ix
List of Entries
Taste: Supertasters
Taste Adaptation
Taste and Food Preferences
Taste Receptors and Transduction
Taste Stimuli: Chemical and Food
Taste System Structure
Taste Thresholds and Intensity
Temperature Perception
Texture Perception: Tactile
Texture Perception: Visual
Theoretical Approaches
Theory of Mind
Tickle. See Itch, Tickle, and Tingle
Timbre Perception
Time Course of Perception. See Speed of

Processing in Sensory Systems
Time Perception
Tinnitus
Tool Use
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Tuning Curves
Unconscious Processes
Vestibular System
Vibratory Perception
Video Games
Virtual Reality: Auditory
Virtual Reality: Touch/Haptics
Virtual Reality: Vision
Visceral Perception
Vision
Vision: Cognitive Influences
Vision: Developmental Disorders
Vision: Temporal Factors
Visual Acuity
Visual Categorization: Physiological Mechanisms
Visual Deficits. See Low Vision
Visual Disorders: Blindness
Visual Disorders: Neuropsychological.
See Neuropsychology of Perception
Visual Displays
Visual Filling In and Completion
Visual Illusions
Visual Imagery
Visual Light- and Dark-Adaptation

Visually Guided Actions
Visual Masking
Visual Memory
Visual Perception. See Vision
Visual Processing: Extrastriate Cortex
Visual Processing: Primary Visual Cortex
Visual Processing: Retinal
Visual Processing: Subcortical Mechanisms for
Gaze Control
Visual Prostheses. See Prostheses: Visual
Visual Receptors and Transduction
Visual Scanning. See Eye Movements:
Behavioral
Visual Scene Perception
Visual Scene Statistics
Visual Search
Visual Spatial Frequency Analysis
Visual Stimuli
Visual System: Evolution of
Visual System Structure
Vomeronasal System
Weight Perception
Wine Tasting
Word Recognition
xi
The Reader’s Guide is provided to assist readers in locating articles on related topics. It classifies articles
into 18 general topical categories: Action; Attention; Audition; Chemical Senses; Cognition and
Perception; Computers and Perception; Consciousness; Disorders of Perception; Illusory Perceptions;
Individual Differences (Human) and Comparative (Across Species); Methods; Perceptual Development/
Experience; Philosophical Approaches; Physiological Processes; Sense Interactions; Skin and Body Senses;

Theoretical Approaches; and Visual Perception. Entries may be listed under more than one topic.
Reader’s Guide
Action
Action and Vision
Corollary Discharge
Echolocation
Effort: Perception of
Embodied Perception
Event Perception
Eye and Limb Tracking
Eye Movements: Behavioral
Eye Movements: Effects of Neurological and
Mental Disorders On
Eye Movements and Action in Everyday Life
Eye Movements During Cognition and
Conversation
Feature Integration Theory
Film (Cinema) Perception
Guidance Systems for Blind People
Haptics
Human–Machine Interface
Kinesthesia
Mirror Neurons
Motion Parallax and Structure
From Motion
Motion Perception
Motion Perception: Social
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic
Navigation Through Spatial Layout
Perceptual Development: Imitation

Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain
Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching
Perceptual-Motor Integration
Prism Adaptation
Reaching and Grasping
Response Time
Self-Motion Perception
Speech Production
Tool Use
Unconscious Processes
Vestibular System
Video Games
Visually Guided Actions
Visual Search
Weight Perception
Attention
Attention: Cognitive Influences
Attention: Covert
Attention: Cross-Modal
Attention: Disorders
Attention: Divided
Attention: Effect of Breakdown
Attention: Effect on Perception
Attention: Object-Based
Attention: Physiological
Attention: Selective
Attention: Spatial
Attention: Theories of
Attention and Consciousness
Attention and Emotion

Attention and Medical Diagnosis
Attention and Memory
xii
Reader’s Guide
Bistable Perception
Cell Phones and Driver Distraction
Change Detection
Consciousness
Eye and Limb Tracking
Eye Movements During Cognition and
Conversation
Film (Cinema) Perception
Magic and Perception
Perceptual Development: Attention
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
Video Games
Visual Search
Audition
Absolute Pitch
Acoustics and Concert Halls
Ageing and Hearing
Agnosia: Auditory
American Sign Language
Animal Frequency and Pitch Perception
Aphasias
Audiology
Audition
Audition: Cognitive Influences
Audition: Disorders

Audition: Loudness
Audition: Pitch Perception
Audition: Temporal Factors
Auditory Frequency Analysis, Neural
Auditory Frequency Selectivity
Auditory Illusions
Auditory Imagery
Auditory Localization: Physiology
Auditory Localization: Psychophysics
Auditory Masking
Auditory Processing: Central
Auditory Processing: Peripheral
Auditory Receptors and Transduction
Auditory Scene Analysis
Auditory System: Damage Due to Overstimulation
Auditory System: Evolution of
Auditory System Structure
Auditory Thresholds
Causality
Cochlear Implants: Controversy
Cochlear Implants: Technology
Computer-Generated Speech, Perception of
Computer Speech Perception
Echolocation
Evoked Potential: Audition
Guidance Systems for Blind People
Hearing Aids
Language
Lightning and Thunder
Melody Perception

Mirror Neurons
Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–Auditory
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Auditory
Music Cognition and Perception
Music in Film
Otoacoustic Emissions
Perceptual Development: Hearing
Perceptual Development: Infant Music Perception
Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception
Perceptual Development: Speech Perception
Sound Reproduction and Perception
Sound Stimulus
Speech Perception
Speech Perception: Physiological
Speech Production
Speechreading
Statistical Learning
Synesthesia
Timbre Perception
Tinnitus
Unconscious Processes
Virtual Reality: Auditory
Word Recognition
Chemical Senses
Ageing and the Chemical Senses
Air Quality
Animal Chemical Sensitivity
Aromatherapy
Common Chemical Sense (Chemesthesis)
Constancy

Electronic Nose
Flavor
Fragrances and Perfume
Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical
Multimodal Interactions: Thermal–Chemical
Olfaction
Olfaction: Evolution of
Olfaction: Feature Detection and Integration
Olfaction and Reproductive Behavior
Olfactometry
Olfactory Adaptation
Olfactory Bulb: Functional Architecture
xiii
Reader’s Guide
Olfactory Imagery
Olfactory Localization
Olfactory Quality
Olfactory Receptors and Transduction
Olfactory Stimulus
Perceptual Development: Taste and Olfaction
Pheromones
Taste
Taste: Disorders
Taste: Genetics of
Taste: Supertasters
Taste Adaptation
Taste and Food Preferences
Taste Receptors and Transduction
Taste Stimuli: Chemical and Food
Taste System Structure

Taste Thresholds and Intensity
Visceral Perception
Vomeronasal System
Wine Tasting
Cognition and Perception
American Sign Language
Attention: Cognitive Influences
Attention: Divided
Attention: Selective
Attention: Theories of
Attention and Medical Diagnosis
Context Effects in Perception
Cultural Effects on Visual Perception
Decision Making, Perceptual
Dyslexia
Eye Movements During Cognition and Conversation
Eyewitness Testimony
Film (Cinema) Perception
Language
Magic and Perception
Mind and Body
Motion Perception: Social
Music Cognition and Perception
Music in Film
Neural Prosthetic Systems
Pain: Cognitive and Contextual Influences
Recognition
Sleep and Dreams
Speech Perception
Theory of Mind

Time Perception
Top-Down and Bottom-Up Processing
Vision: Cognitive Influences
Computers and Perception
Computer Consciousness
Computer-Generated Speech: Perception of
Computer Graphics and Perception
Computer Speech Perception
Computer Vision
Digital Imaging
Electronic Nose
Human–Machine Interface
Sound Reproduction and Perception
Consciousness
Amodal Perception
Attention and Consciousness
Computer Consciousness
Consciousness
Consciousness: Disorders
Content of Perceptual Experience
Mind and Body
Out-of-Body Experience
Phantom Limb
Private Nature of Perceptual Experience
Qualia
Theory of Mind
Time Perception
Unconscious Processes
Disorders of Perception
Agnosia: Auditory

Agnosia: Tactile
Agnosia: Visual
Amblyopia
Aphasias
Assistive Technologies for the Blind
Attention: Disorders
Auditory System: Damage Due to Overstimulation
Body Perception: Disorders
Cochlear Implants: Controversy
Cochlear Implants: Technology
Color Deficiency
Consciousness: Disorders
Cortical Reorganization Following Damage
Dyslexia
Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological
Neural Prosthetic Systems
Neuropsychology of Perception
Olfaction: Disorders
Pain: Treatments for Chronic
Phantom Limb
xiv
Reader’s Guide
Prostheses: Visual
Recovery of Vision
Following Blindness
Sensory Rehabilitation
Sensory Restoration and Substitution
Speechreading
Taste: Disorders
Tinnitus

Vision: Developmental Disorders
Visual Disorders: Blindness
Illusory Perceptions
Aftereffects
Afterimages
Atmospheric Phenomena
Auditory Illusions
Change Detection
Contrast Enhancement at Borders
Contrast Perception
Hallucinations and Altered Perceptions
Impossible Figures
Nonveridical Perception
Phantom Limb
Pictorial Depiction and Perception
Visual Illusions
Individual Differences (Human) and
Comparative (Across Species; Not Including
Ageing, Disorders, and Perceptual
Development)
Absolute Pitch
Animal Chemical Sensitivity
Animal Color Vision
Animal Depth Perception
Animal Eye Movements
Animal Eyes
Animal Frequency and Pitch Perception
Animal Motion Perception
Cultural Effects on Perception
Echolocation

Electroception
Emotional Influences on Perception
Individual Differences in Perception
Nature and Nurture in Perception
Pain: Cognitive and
Contextual Influences
Perceptual Expertise
Private Nature of Perceptual Experience
Taste: Genetics of
Taste: Supertasters
Taste and Food Preferences
Video Games
Methods
Brain Imaging
Evoked Potential: Audition
Evoked Potential: Vision
Magnetoencephalography
Microstimulation
Neural Recording
Neuropsychology of Perception
Phenomenology (Psychology)
Physiological Approach
Priming
Psychophysical Approach
Psychophysics: Detection
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation
Receptive Fields
Recognition
Response Time
Reverse Correlation

Scaling of Sensory Magnitude
Selective Adaptation
Signal Detection Theory and Procedures
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
Tuning Curves
Visual Search
Perceptual Development/Experience
Ageing and Chemical Senses
Ageing and Hearing
Ageing and Touch
Ageing and Vision
Cultural Effects on Perception
Infant Perception
Infant Perception: Methods of Testing
Nature and Nurture in Perception
Perceptual Development: Attention
Perceptual Development: Color and Contrast
Perceptual Development: Face Perception
Perceptual Development: Hearing
Perceptual Development: Imitation
Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception
Perceptual Development: Object Perception
Perceptual Development: Taste and Olfaction
Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain
Perceptual Development: Visual Acuity
Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching
Perceptual Development: Visual Object
Permanence and Identity
xv
Reader’s Guide

Perceptual Expertise
Perceptual Learning
Prism Adaptation
Statistical Learning
Vision: Developmental Disorders
Philosophical Approaches
Causality
Color: Philosophical Issues
Computer Consciousness
Consciousness
Content of Perceptual Experience
Indirect Nature of Perception
Intentionality and Perception
Inverted Spectrum
Mary the Color Scientist
Mind and Body
Modality (Philosophy)
Molyneux’s Question
Naïve Realism
Perceptual Representation (Philosophy)
Phenomenology (Philosophy)
Philosophical Approaches
Philosophy: Access and Report
Philosophy: Attention and the Size of the
Conscious Field
Private Nature of
Perceptual Experience
Qualia
Seeing As
Visual Filling In and Completion

Physiological Processes
Aftereffects
Binding Problem
Contrast Enhancement at Borders
Cortical Organization
Cortical Reorganization Following Damage
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
Feedback Pathways
Lateral Inhibition
Loss of a Sense, Effect on Others, Psychological
Mirror Neurons
Modularity
Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis
Neural Prosthetic Systems
Neural Recording
Neural Representation/Coding
Neuropsychology of Perception
Oscillatory Synchrony
Physiological Approach
Receptive Fields
Speed of Processing in Sensory Systems
Tuning Curves
Sense Interactions
Action and Vision
Attention: Cross-Modal
Cortical Reorganization Following Damage
Cross-Modal Transfer
Extrasensory Perception
Flavor
Loss of a Sense: Effect on Others, Psychological

Molyneux’s Question
Motion Perception: Social
Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical
Multimodal Interactions: Neural Basis
Multimodal Interactions: Pain–Touch
Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–Auditory
Multimodal Interactions: Thermal–Chemical
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Auditory
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic
Perceptual Development: Intermodal Perception
Perceptual-Motor Integration
Sensory Restoration and Substitution
Synesthesia
Taste and Food Preferences
Skin and Body Senses
Ageing and Touch
Agnosia: Tactile
Body Perception
Body Perception: Disorders
Braille
Constancy
Cutaneous Perception
Cutaneous Perception: Physiology
Electroception
Embodied Perception
Haptics
Itch, Tickle, and Tingle
Kinesthesia
Migraine
Molyneux’s Question

Multimodal Interactions: Pain–Touch
Multimodal Interactions: Tactile–Auditory
Multimodal Interactions: Thermal–Chemical
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic
xvi
Reader’s Guide
Out-of-Body Experience
Pain: Assessment and Measurement
Pain: Cognitive and Contextual Influences
Pain: Neuromatrix Theory
Pain: Physiological Mechanisms
Pain: Placebo Effects
Pain: Treatments for Chronic
Perceptual Development: Touch and Pain
Phantom Limb
Proprioception
Reaching and Grasping
Surface and Material Properties Perception
Tactile Acuity
Tactile Map Reading
Temperature Perception
Texture Perception: Tactile
Tool Use
Vibratory Perception
Virtual Reality: Touch/Haptics
Visceral Perception
Weight Perception
Theoretical Approaches
Bayesian Approach
Computational Approaches

Direct Perception
Ecological Approach
Embodied Perception
Evolutionary Approach
Evolutionary Approach: Perceptual Adaptations
Gestalt Approach
Indirect Nature of Perception
Information Theory
Physiological Approach
Psychophysical Approach
Theoretical Approaches
Theory of Mind
Visual Perception
Action and Vision
Aesthetic Appreciation of Pictures
Aftereffects
Afterimages
Ageing and Vision
Agnosia: Visual
Amblyopia
American Sign Language
Ames Demonstrations in Perception
Amodal Perception
Animal Color Vision
Animal Depth Perception
Animal Eye Movements
Animal Eyes
Animal Motion Perception
Assistive Technologies for the Blind
Atmospheric Phenomena

Attention: Cognitive Influences
Attention: Covert
Attention: Cross-Modal
Attention: Disorders
Attention: Divided
Attention: Effect of Breakdown
Attention: Effect on Perception
Attention: Object-Based
Attention: Physiological
Attention: Selective
Attention: Spatial
Attention: Theories of
Attention and Consciousness
Attention and Emotion
Attention and Medical Diagnosis
Attractiveness
Binding Problem
Binocular Vision and Stereopsis
Bistable Perception
Camouflage
Causality
Change Detection
Color: Genetics of
Color: Philosophical Issues
Color Constancy
Color Deficiency
Color Mixing
Color Naming
Color Perception
Color Perception: Physiological

Computer Graphics and Perception
Computer Vision
Constancy
Context Effects in Perception
Contrast Perception
Corollary Discharge
Depth Perception in Pictures/Film
Digital Imaging
Direct Perception
Dyslexia
Ecological Approach
Embodied Perception
Event Perception
xvii
Reader’s Guide
Evoked Potential: Vision
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
Eye: Structure and Optics
Eye and Limb Tracking
Eye Movements: Behavioral
Eye Movements: Physiological
Eye Movements and Reading
Eye Movements During Fixation
Eyes: Evolution of
Eyewitness Testimony
Face Perception
Face Perception: Physiological
Film (Cinema) Perception
Gestalt Approach
Impossible Figures

Inverted Spectrum
Lateral Inhibition
Light Measurement
Lightness Constancy
Lightning and Thunder
Linear and Nonlinear Systems Analysis
Low Vision
Magic and Perception
Mary the Color Scientist
McCullough Effect
Mirages
Mirror Neurons
Molyneux’s Question
Motion Parallax and Structure From Motion
Motion Perception
Motion Perception: Physiological
Motion Perception: Social
Multimodal Interactions: Color–Chemical
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Auditory
Multimodal Interactions: Visual–Haptic
Navigation Through Spatial Layout
Neuropsychology of Perception
Nonveridical Perception
Object Perception
Object Perception: Physiology
Object Persistence
Optic Ataxia
Perception in Unusual Environments
Perceptual Development: Face Perception
Perceptual Development: Imitation

Perceptual Development: Object Perception
Perceptual Development: Visual Acuity
Perceptual Development: Visually Guided Reaching
Perceptual Development: Visual Object
Permanence and Identity
Perceptual-Motor Interaction
Perceptual Organization: Vision
Perceptual Segregation
Pictorial Depiction and Perception
Prostheses: Visual
Reaching and Grasping
Reading Typography
Recognition
Recovery of Vision Following Blindness
Retinal Anatomy
Sleep and Dreams
Social Perception
Spatial Layout Perception, Neural
Spatial Layout Perception, Psychophysical
Spatial Memory
Speechreading
Statistical Learning
Surface and Material Properties Perception
Texture Perception: Visual
Unconscious Processes
Video Games
Virtual Reality: Vision
Vision
Vision: Cognitive Influences
Vision: Developmental Disorders

Vision: Temporal Factors
Visual Acuity
Visual Categorization: Physiological
Mechanisms
Visual Disorders: Blindness
Visual Displays
Visual Filling In and Completion
Visual Illusions
Visual Imagery
Visual Light- and Dark-Adaptation
Visually Guided Actions
Visual Masking
Visual Memory
Visual Processing: Extrastriate Cortex
Visual Processing: Primary Visual Cortex
Visual Processing: Retinal
Visual Processing: Subcortical Mechanisms for
Gaze Control
Visual Receptors and Transduction
Visual Scene Perception
Visual Scene Statistics
Visual Search
Visual Spatial Frequency Analysis
Visual Stimuli
Visual System: Evolution of
Visual System Structure
Word Recognition
xviii
E. Bruce Goldstein is Professor Emeritus of
Psychology at the University of Pittsburgh and

Adjunct Professor of Psychology at the University
of Arizona. He has received the Chancellor’s
Distinguished Teaching Award from the University
of Pittsburgh for his classroom teaching and text-
book writing. He received his bachelor’s degree in
chemical engineering from Tufts University, his
PhD in experimental psychology from Brown
University, and he was a post-doctoral fellow in
the Biology Department at Harvard University
before joining the faculty at the University of
Pittsburgh. Dr. Goldstein has published papers on
a wide variety of topics, including retinal and cor-
tical physiology, visual attention, and the percep-
tion of pictures. He is the author of Sensation &
Perception, 8th edition (Wadsworth/Cengage,
2010), and Cognitive Psychology: Connecting
Mind, Research and Everyday Experience, 2nd
edition (Wadsworth/Cengage, 2008), and is the
editor of the Blackwell Handbook of Perception
(Blackwell, 2001).
About the Editor
xix
Contributors
Mark Addis
Birmingham City University
Michael A. Akeroyd
MRC Institute of Hearing
Research
Mark V. Albert
Cornell University

Robert S. Allison
York University
Torin Alter
University of Alabama
Dima Amso
Weill Medical College of
Cornell University
Ulrich Ansorge
University of Osnabrueck
L. Gregory Appelbaum
Duke University
Ian A. Apperly
University of Birmingham
Aries Arditi
Lighthouse International
Pablo Artal
Universidad de Murcia
F. Gregory Ashby
University of California,
Santa Barbara
Janette Atkinson
University College London
Michael Bach
University of Freiburg
David Baguley
Cambridge University Hospital
Lorraine E. Bahrick
Florida International University
Jason J. S. Barton
University of British Columbia

Daphne Bavelier
University of Rochester
Roy R. Behrens
University of Northern Iowa
Marlene Behrmann
Carnegie Mellon University
Fabrizio Benedetti
University of Turin Medical
School
Sliman Bensmaia
Johns Hopkins University
Tonya R. Bergeson
Indiana University School of
Medicine
Lynne Esther Bernstein
House Ear Institute
Geoffrey P. Bingham
Indiana University
Olaf Blanke
Ecole Polytechnique Federale
de Lausanne (EPFL)
John D. Bonvillian
University of Virginia
Richard T. Born
Harvard Medical School
John Brabyn
Smith-Kettlewell Institute
Oliver Braddick
University of Oxford
David H. Brainard

University of Pennsylvania
Myron L. Braunstein
University of California, Irvine
Mary Bravo
Rutgers University
Peter A. Brennan
University of Bristol
Paul A. S. Breslin
Monell Chemical Senses Center
Farran Briggs
University of California, Davis
James R. Brockmole
University of Edinburgh
Peter Brugger
University Hospital Zurich
Isabelle Bülthoff
Max Planck Institute of
Biological Cybernetics
Dwight A. Burkhardt
University of Minnesota
xx
Contributors
Elke K. Buschbeck
University of Cincinnati
Laurel J. Buxbaum
Thomas Jefferson University
Patrick Byrne
York University
Gianluca Campana
University of Padova

Laura A. Carlson
University of Notre Dame
Catherine E. Carr
University of Maryland
Marisa Carrasco
New York University
Joseph Carroll
Medical College of Wisconsin
E. Carstens
University of California, Davis
Vivien A. Casagrande
Vanderbilt Medical School
Craig A. Champlin
University of Texas at Austin
Roger W. Cholewiak
Princeton University
Steven A. Cholewiak
Rutgers University
Jakob Christensen-Dalsgaard
University of Southern
Denmark
Charles Chubb
University of California, Irvine
Susana T. L. Chung
University of Houston
Jennifer Church
Vassar College
Thomas A. Cleland
Cornell University
Colin W. G. Clifford

University of Sydney
David Cole
University of Minnesota,
Duluth
Han Collewijn
Erasmus University
J. Enrique Cometto-Muniz
University of California,
San Diego
Christopher M. Conway
Indiana University
Erik P. Cook
McGill University
Joel M. Cooper
University of Utah
Daniela Corbetta
University of Tennessee
Lawrence K. Cormack
University of Texas
Brian D. Corneil
University of Western Ontario
Beverly J. Cowart
Monell Chemical Senses Center
Trinity B. Crapse
University of Pittsburgh
John Douglas Crawford
York University
Jody C. Culham
University of Western Ontario
Delphine Dahan

University of Pennsylvania
James L. Dannemiller
Rice University
Chris Darwin
University of Sussex
Charles Derby
Georgia State University
Amy S. Desroches
University of Western
Ontario
Diana Deutsch
University of California,
San Diego
P. De Weerd
Maastricht University,
The Netherlands
Vincent Di Lollo
Simon Fraser University
Patricia M. Di Lorenzo
Binghamton University
Hubert Dinse
Ruhr-University Bochum
Jochen Ditterich
University of
California, Davis
Tim Donovan
University of Cumbria
Barbara Dosher
University of
California, Irvine

Richard L. Doty
University of Pennsylvania
School of Medicine
W. Jay Dowling
University of Texas
at Dallas
Judy R. Dubno
Medical University of
South Carolina
Grant E. DuBois
Coca-Cola Company
Frank H. Durgin
Swarthmore College
Matthew W. G. Dye
University of
Rochester
xxi
Contributors
Ben Dyson
Ryerson University
Ruth Anne Eatock
Harvard Medical School
R. A. R. Edwards
Rochester Institute of
Technology
Jos J. Eggermont
University of Calgary
Heather L. Eisthen
Michigan State
University

William Epstein
University of Virginia
Hany Farid
Dartmouth College
Olga Eizner Favreau
University of Montreal
Jeremy D. Fesi
Pennsylvania State
University
David J. Field
Cornell University
Tiffany Field
University of Miami
Ione Fine
University of Washington
Max L. Fletcher
Yale University School of
Medicine
Jonathan Isaac Flombaum
Johns Hopkins
University
Mary Florentine
Northeastern University
John M. Foley
University of California,
Santa Barbara
Charles L. Folk
Villanova University
Catherine A. Forestell
College of William & Mary

David J. Freedman
University of Chicago
Barrie Frost
Queens University
Isabel Gauthier
Vanderbilt University
Karl Gegenfurtner
Justus-Liebig-Universität
Michael E. Geisser
University of Michigan
Mark Georgeson
Aston University
Alan Gilchrist
Rutgers University
Rick O. Gilmore
Pennsylvania State University
Jason M. Gold
Indiana University
E. Bruce Goldstein
University of Pittsburgh,
University of Arizona
Phil Gomersall
Cambridge University
Foundation Hospitals
Trust
Melvyn Alan Goodale
University of Western
Ontario
Richard H. Gracely
University of Michigan

Health System
C. S. Green
University of Rochester
Timothy D. Griffiths
Newcastle University
Kalanit Grill-Spector
Stanford University
Simon Grondin
Université Laval
Ricardo Gutierrez-Osuna
Texas A&M University
Carole M. Hackney
University of Cambridge
Deborah Hall
MRC Institute of Hearing
Research
Thorsten Hansen
Justus-Liebig-University
Giessen
C. L. Hardin
Syracuse University
Alison M. Harris
University of Pennsylvania
E. Eugenie Hartmann
University of Alabama at
Birmingham
Mary Hayhoe
University of Texas
at Austin
Marcia J. Hay-McCutcheon

Indiana University School of
Medicine
Sheng He
University of Minnesota
Heiko H. Hecht
Johannes Gutenberg-
Universität Mainz
David J. Heeger
New York University
Harry Heft
Denison University
Mary Hegarty
University of California, Santa
Barbara
xxii
Contributors
Christine Heinisch
Ruhr-University
Michael G. Heinz
Purdue University
Morton A. Heller
Eastern Illinois
University
Rachel S. Herz
Brown University
David Hilbert
University of Illinois
at Chicago
Donald D. Hoffman
University of California,

Irvine
Alex O. Holcombe
University of Sydney
George Hollich
Purdue University
Mark Hollins
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Carl D. Hopkins
Cornell University
Todd S. Horowitz
Harvard Medical School
Derek M. Houston
Indiana University School
of Medicine
Steven Hsiao
Johns Hopkins University
Ludwig Huber
University of Vienna
Thomas Hummel
University of Dresden
Medical School
Giuseppe Iaria
University of British
Columbia
Ronald S. Jackson
CCOVI, Brock
University
Gerald H. Jacobs
University of California,

Santa Barbara
R. Daniel Jacobson
University of Calgary
Marc F. Joanisse
University of Western
Ontario
Kerri Johnson
University of California,
Los Angeles
Scott P. Johnson
University of California,
Los Angeles
Lynette A. Jones
Massachusetts Institute
of Technology
J. Scott Jordan
Illinois State University
Jon Kaas
Vanderbilt University
Jay Kadis
Stanford University
Tobias Kalisch
Ruhr-University
Jian Kang
University of Sheffield
Joel Katz
York University
Brian L. Keeley
Pitzer College
Vladimir J. Kefalov

Washington University
School of Medicine
Jonathan W. Kelly
Vanderbilt University
Roger A. Kendall
University of California,
Los Angeles
Dirk Kerzel
Université de Genève
Mudasar Khan
Cleveland Police Services
Gerald Kidd, Jr.
Boston University
HoJin Kim
University of California,
Los Angeles
Roberta L. Klatzky
Carnegie Mellon
University
Stanley A. Klein
University of California,
Berkeley
Eliana M. Klier
Washington University
School of Medicine
Guenther Knoblich
Radboud University
Nijmegen
Zoe Kourtzi
University of Birmingham

Eileen Kowler
Rutgers University
Richard J. Krauzlis
Salk Institute for
Biological Studies
Gustav Kuhn
Durham University
James R. Lackner
Brandeis University
Michael S. Landy
New York University
Susan J. Lederman
Queen’s University
xxiii
Contributors
Barry B. Lee
State University of New York
College of Optometry
Hyunkyu Lee
University of Illinois
Kang Lee
University of Toronto
Tai Sing Lee
Carnegie Mellon University
Gordon E. Legge
University of Minnesota
Christian H. Lemon
St. Louis University School of
Medicine
Bigna Lenggenhager

Ecole Polytechnique Federale
de Lausanne (EPFL)
Dennis M. Levi
University of California,
Berkeley
Daniel Levitin
McGill University
Jonathan B. Levitt
City College of New York
David J. Lewkowicz
Florida Atlantic University
Robert Lickliter
Florida International University
Jeremy L. Loebach
Indiana University
Elizabeth F. Loftus
University of California,
Irvine
Jack M. Loomis
University of California,
Santa Barbara
Sanford Lopater
Christopher Newport
University
Zhong-Lin Lu
University of Southern
California
Gary Lupyan
Cornell University
Robert A. Lutfi

University of Wisconsin–
Madison
Wei Ji Ma
Baylor College of Medicine
William Mace
Trinity College
Arien Mack
New School for Social
Research
Stephen L. Macknik
Barrow Neurological Institute
Peter F. MacNeilage
University of Texas at Austin
Fiona Macpherson
University of Glasgow
Walter Makous
University of Rochester
Jitendra Malik
University of California,
Berkeley
Laurence T. Maloney
New York University
Samuele Marcora
Bangor University
William L. Martens
University of Sydney
Susana L. Martinez-Conde
Barrow Neurological Institute
Takahiko Masuda
University of Alberta

Mohan Matthen
University of Toronto
Daphne Maurer
McMaster University
David McAlpine
University College London
Donald H. McBurney
University of Pittsburgh
John J. McCann
McCann Imaging
Martha K. McClintock
University of Chicago
Robert D. McIntosh
University of Edinburgh
Timothy P. McNamara
Vanderbilt University
Robert M. McPeek
Smith-Kettlewell Eye
Research Institute
Sara C. Mednick
University of California,
San Diego
Andrew N. Meltzoff
University of
Washington
Ronald Melzack
McGill University
Janine D. Mendola
McGill University
Susanna Millar

University of Oxford
Lee M. Miller
University of California,
Davis
Partha Pratim Mitra
Cold Spring Harbor
Laboratory
Richard T. Miyamoto
Indiana University School
of Medicine
xxiv
Contributors
Brian C. J. Moore
University of Cambridge
Cathleen M. Moore
University of Iowa
Michael Morgan
City University London
Cynthia F. Moss
University of Maryland
Steven B. Most
University of Delaware
Steven D. Munger
University of Maryland
School of Medicine
Kevin J. Munro
University of Manchester
Sam Musallam
McGill University
Bence Nanay

Syracuse University
Amy Needham
Duke University
Matthew Nudds
University of Edinburgh
Howard C. Nusbaum
University of Chicago
Robert P. O’Shea
University of Otago
Aude Oliva
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Lynn A. Olzak
Miami University of Ohio
Yuri Ostrovsky
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Andrew Oxenham
University of Minnesota
Anna Papafragou
University of Delaware
Andrew Richard Parker
Green College, Oxford
Olivier Pascalis
University of Sheffield
Kevin A. Pelphrey
Yale University
James W. Pennebaker
University of Texas at Austin
John Philbeck

George Washington University
David B. Pisoni
Indiana University
Alexander Pollatsek
University of Massachusetts,
Amherst
James R. Pomerantz
Rice University
Ariella Popple
University of California,
Berkeley
Mary C. Portillo
Rice University
J. Prescott
University of Newcastle
Gopathy Purushothaman
Vanderbilt Medical School
Philip Quinlan
University of York
Paul C. Quinn
University of Delaware
Josef P. Rauschecker
Georgetown University
Medical Center
Keith Rayner
University of California,
San Diego
Gregg H. Recanzone
University of California, Davis
Gordon M. Redding

Illinois State University
Catherine L. Reed
Claremont McKenna College,
University of Denver
Geraint Rees
University College London
Adam J. Reeves
Northeastern University
Daniel Reisberg
Reed College
Ronald A. Rensink
University of British Columbia
Daniel C. Richardson
University College London
Lynn C. Robertson
University of California,
Berkeley
Gabriel Robles-De-La-Torre
International Society
for Haptics
Urte Roeber
University of Leipzig
Sheena Rogers
James Madison University
Gary B. Rollman
University of Western
Ontario
Andrew M. Rosen
Binghamton University
Helen E. Ross

University of Stirling
Richard Russell
Harvard University
Navid G. Sadeghi
McGill University
xxv
Contributors
Susan S. Schiffman
Duke University Medical
Center
James A. Schirillo
Wake Forest University
Brian J. Scholl
Yale University
Martin Schürmann
University of Nottingham
Eric Schwitzgebel
University of California,
Riverside
Natalie Sebanz
Radboud University Nijmegen
H. A. Sedgwick
State University of New York
College of Optometry
Mark A. Segraves
Northwestern University
Allison B. Sekuler
McMaster University
Muhammad Shah
University of Pennsylvania

Ladan Shams
University of California,
Los Angeles
Stanley Sheft
Loyola University Chicago
Peter Shirley
University of Utah
William P. Shofner
Indiana University
Sarah Shomstein
George Washington University
Susanna Siegel
Harvard University
Wayne L. Silver
Wake Forest University
Christopher Simons
Givaudan Flavors
Corporation
Donal G. Sinex
Utah State University
Pawan Sinha
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Ruxandra Sireteanu
Max-Planck-Institute for
Brain Research
James A. Skelton
Dickinson College
Jay Slack
Givaudan Flavors

Corporation
Alan M. Slater
University of Exeter
Monique A. M. Smeets
Utrecht University
Tim J. Smith
University of Edinburgh
Marc A. Sommer
University of Pittsburgh
Ferrinne Spector
McMaster University
Charles Spence
Oxford University
Nancy K. Steblay
Augsburg College
Richard J. Stevenson
Macquarie University
Andrew Stockman
University College London
David L. Strayer
University of Utah
Veit Stuphorn
Johns Hopkins University
Diane M. Tait
Medical College of Wisconsin
Catherine Tallon-Baudry
Centre national de la recherche
scientifique
Desney S. Tan
Microsoft Research

Martin Tegenthoff
Ruhr-University
Hiroko Teresawa
Stanford University
William B. Thompson
University of Utah
Simon J. Thorpe
Centre national de la recherche
scientifique
Brian Timney
University of Western Ontario
Anna K. Tirovolas
McGill University
Daniel J. Tollin
University of Colorado
Health Sciences Center
Connie A. Tompkins
University of Pittsburgh
Laurel J. Trainor
McMaster University
Anne Treisman
Princeton University
Hely Tuorila
University of Helsinki
Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
Yale University
W. Martin Usrey
University of California, Davis
Michael Valente
Washington University

School of Medicine