Biến động cửa đầm phá tam giang – cầu hai và hậu quả môi trường, sinh thái thông tin khoa học và công nghệ thừa thiên huế

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KHOA HQC, CONG

NGHe

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M Ol TRUONG

T H e r A T H IE N

T ro n g s O ' n a y :
• Hoa cau vuon trau • Bien dQng cua dam pha Tam Giang-Cau Hai va
h~u qua moi truong, sinh thai. Co che tai I~p cva H6a Duan trong tran 10
dau thang 11.1999. Oi san va canh quan Hue: cu li~u tai nguyen cho quy
hoach phat tri~n do th] Hue. Cau ki~n go trong di tlch kien true Hue.
Giao due trieu Nguyen, cai gia cua Nho hoc • Ghi chu ve mai quan h~
giO'ati~u thuyet va sv thir Trung Quac. NhO'ngsai lam ve danh nhan van
h6a £)~ng HuyRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

T r v . SL!phat tri~n cua Dao giao tnroc khi Huynh Dlnh kinh
xuat hi~n • Truyen Ba tien Thien Y A Na • Va nhieu bai khao cuu khac ...

S o 2 ( 2 8 ) .2 0 0 0

HUE

.


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S62(28)

K H O A H Q C DCBA
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TAP CHi THONG TIN RQPONM
NGH~ T H U A T H I E N H U E

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M U C L U C. ponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFED

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,.,

K H O A H O C & DO l SO NG

.

- vO QUANG YEN. Hoa cau, viron trau.
- LE vAN MIEN. Buoc dau nghien CUu cau true quan dan cac loai
thuy san tir bien vao pha qua cira Thuan An.
- NGUYEN KHOA LAN, TR~NH DONG THU. MQt so dac diern da
dang sinh hoc cua cay an qua & thanh phc Hue.
- Ph6ng sir anh: Chuan bi truce mua lu nam 2000.

_--=--

3
12

19

D lE N D A N K H O A H Q C

__

- NGUYEN THANH, NGUYEN VAN SAU, TRAN HaU TUYEN.
Danh gia so' bo hoat dong dia dong hrc chu yeu cua bien doi voi sir
an dinh bo' bien khu vue Thuan An-Tu Hien.
- TRAN DUC THANH, NGUY~N CHU HOI, NGUYEN HaU CU.
Bien dong cira dam pha Tam Giang-Cau Hai va hau qua moi
truong, sinh thai.
- NGUYEN THANH, TRAN HaU TUYEN, NGUYEN MAl SAU.
Danh gia so' boZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

c o che tai lap cira Hoa Duan trong tran hi dau
-,-- thang 11.1999-tr~n hi the ky & Thira Thien Hue.

-:--

25

31

47

B A D T O N & P H A T T R IE N

--------

NGUYEN LUA-N. Di san va canh quan Hue: Cir lieu tai nguyen
cho quy hoach phat trien do thi Hue.
- HoANG DAO KiNH. Mot vai dong g6p cho viec bao ton di san
van h6a vat th§ co do Hue trong giai doan hien nay.
- DoAN CONG DIEN. Vai net c o ban v§ cau kien g8 trong di tich
kien true Hue.

_______

53
58

61

vA N H O A - L !C H s O '

-~

,.,

,

...

O A T N lm C -N H A N

_______

..

- LE NGUYEN LUU. Giao due trieu Nguyen, cai gia cua Nho hoc.
- DUONG NGQC DUNG. Ghi chii v§ moi quan h~ gitta ti§u thuyet
va sir thu Trung Qudc.
- PHANVAN HoANG. Buoc dau tim hidu bao "L' Ere Nouvelle" va
"Nhut 'I'an bao" (1926-1929).

67

77
83

V~T
- NGUYEN vAN DANG. Hai van Son trong sir sach trieu Nguyen.
- TRAN DtNH SON. Nhirng sai lam v§ danh nhan van h6a Dang
Huy Trir (1825-1874).

- THI:JtN MQC LAN. N8i truan chuyen cua mot nha van: Tu BU'u
Dinh den T~ Dinh.

87
97
104

TlJ LI~U
- ROLF HOMANN (L e A n h M in h dich). S~ ph at trien cua Dao giao108
truce khi "Huynh Dinh kinh" xuat hien.
- LYVI:JtT DUNG. Truyen Ba tien Thien Y ANa.
115


31

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I. M & d A u

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01.1,

H~ dam pha Tam Giang-Cau Hai (TG-CH) co tam quan trong dac biet doi
voi su phat trien kinh te dan sinh khu vue 'I'hira Thien Hue nho cac gia tri tai
nguyen, ma n6i bat la sinh hoc va cac chirc nang v~ sinh thai, moi trirong cua no.
Cac gia tri va chirc nang nay giin lien v6'i trang thai phat tri~n cua hai lach cira
chinh Thuan An va Ttr Hien ton tai nhieu nam thong n6i dam pha voi 'bien. Tuy
nhien, cira lach thirong khong 6n dinh v~ Vi tri va trang thai dong mo', gay ra
nhung hau qua tieu cue v~ sinh thai, moi trirong va kern thee nhung thiet hai IOn
v~ kinh te, dan sinh. Co th~ coi viec lap cira, chuyen cira dam pha la cac dang tai
bien nang n~ 6'ven bo mien Trung ma khu virc Thira Thien Hue la di~n hinh.

Bai viet nay danh gia hau qua moi trirong va sinh thai cua viec lap cira,

chuyen mo' cira cua he darn pha Tam Giang. Tu lieu diroc sli' dung chu yeu h i·
cac d~ tai cap nha mroc KT.03.11 "Nghien ciru sli' dung hop ly cac he sinh thai
tieu bieu ven bien Viet Nam", KT.DL.95.09 "Nghien ciru khai thac, sli' dung hop
n anZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
ly tiem nang pha Tam Giang" va "Danh gia tiem nang va d~ xuat hra chon khu
bao ve dat ngap mroc h~ diim pha Tam Giang-Cau Hai" do Phan vien Hai dtrong
C U ll
h9C tai Hai Phong phoi hop voi S6' Khoa h9C, Cong nghe va Moi trirong Thira
Thien Hue thirc hien trong cac nam 1991-1999.
-D!a
I I . Q u a tr in h h in h

thanh, phat tri~n

d fu n

pha va

s ,! r a d O i

cua cac cira

narndcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

1. D ie u kiijn hinh th .a n li

'hfnh

Cac dam pha diroc hinh thanh 6'khu bo' cat co nang hrong song manh. Qua
trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cac darn pha da diroc nhieu nha khoa h9C n6i

tieng the gioi nghien ciru nhir: Zenkovich (1962), Phleger (1967, 1981), Emery
(1967), Nichols (1981) _
1 .1 . V a i tr o c iia k ie n tr u e o a c h u y e n . d 9 n g k ie n ta o h ie n . d a i

Pha Tam Giang nam 6' ria dong bang Hue, phat trien tren nen kien tao
hien dai nang yeu va chuyen tiep voi cac d6i. sut ha tren them luc dia. So voi cac
khoi nang manh tay Hue va Bach Ma, no tr6' thanh vung sut ha tirong doi. 'I'ren
nen nang yeu nay xuat hien cac bon trung cue bo (Cau Hai, cira song Hirong) co
• Phan vien Hai dironq hoc tai Hai PhOng

Sa Khoa

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong ngh$
hoc, Cong ngh$ va Moi trlrong Tlura Thien Hue


31

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H~U Q U A M O l T R U O N G , S I N H T H A I
Tr~n D u e Th~nh, Nguyen

yeu to

C h u H 6 i,

Nguyen

H fr u

co'

I. M & d ftu

H~ dam pha Tam Giang-Cau Hai (TG-CH) co tam quan trong dac biet doi
c chin
voi S,! phat trien kinh te dan sinh khu virc Thira Thien Hue nho cac gia tri tai
a trenponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
nguyen, ma n6i bat la sinh h9C va cac chirc nang ve sinh thai, moi trirong cua no.
(ygu to
Cac gia trt va chirc nang nay gAn lien voi trang thai phat trien cua hai lach cira
chinh Thuan An va Tir Hien ton tai nhieu nam thong noi dam pha voibien. Tuy
nhien, cira lach thirong khong 6n dinh ve vi tri va trang thai dong mo, gay ra
nhimg hau qua tieu C,!Cve sinh thai, moi trirong va kern thee nhimg thiet hai IOn
5, Vol. 1,
ve kinh te, dan sinh. Co th~ coi viec lap cira, chuyen cira dam pha la cac dang tai
bien nang ne & ven be mien Trung ma khu virc Thira Thien Hue la di~n hinh.
96.

Bai viet nay danh gia hau qua moi trirong va sinh thai cua viec lap ctra,
chuyen mo' cira cua he darn pha Tam Giang. Tu lieu diroc sir dung chu yeu hi
cac de tai cap nha ~U6'e KT.03.11 "Nghien ciru su dung hop ly cac he sinh thai
tieu bieu ven bien Viet Nam", KT.DL.95.09 "Nghien ciru khai thac, su dung hop
u~n anZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
ly tiem nang pha Tam Giang" va "Danh gia tiem nang va de xuat lira chon khu
bao v~ dat ngap mroc he dam pha Tam Giang-Cau Hai" do Phan vien Hai dirong
ie n C U ll
h9C tai Hai Phong phoi hop voi SO'Khoa h9C, Cong nghe va Moi trirong Thira
Thien Hue thirc hien trong cac nam 1991-1999.

a Iy-D!adcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

B7.

ll. Q u a tr in h h in h
tic nam

c chfnh

84.

thanh, phat tri~n

d fu n

pha va s ,! r a d O i cua cac cira

1. D ie u . kifn hinh tlu in h .
Cac dam pha duoc hinh thanh & khu bo cat co nang hrong song manh. Qua
trinh hinh thanh va phat trien cac darn pha da diroc nhieu nha khoa h9C n6i
tieng the gioi nghien ciru nhu: Zenkovich (1962), Phleger (1967, 1981), Emery
(1967), Nichols (1981) ...
1 .1 . V a i tr o c tia k ie n tr u e u a c h .u y e n . d ( J n g k ie n ta o h ie n . d a i

Pha Tam Giang nam & ria dong bang Hue, phat trien tren nen kien tao
hien dai nang yeu va chuyen tiep voi cac dOi sut ha tren them luc dia, So voi cac
khoi nang manh tay Hue va Bach Ma, no tro' thanh vung sut ha tirong doi. Tren
nen nang yeu nay xuat hien cac bon trung C1;lC
b¢ (Cau Hai, cira song Huong) co
• Phan vien Hai duonq hoc tai Hai PhOng

T'.Ip chi Thong tin Khoa h9C va Cong ngh$
SO' Khoa h9C, Cong ngh$ va Moi trvong Thira Thien Hue


32zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

vai tro thu mroc tu cac song va cac vom nang cue b9 (Thuy Thanh, An Hoa, Phu
4.001
Vang) co kha nang lam dich chuyen suy tan cac nhanh song do VaG dam pha.
mo r
H~ dtrt gay quoc 19 1 phirong tay hac-dong nam coponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDC
y nghra ph an dinh hirong
tich
chinh cua dam pha, Cac he dut gay phirong gan a vi tuyen Pho Trach, Hirong
tan (
Long, Rao Trang co vai tro phan dinh va phan di dam pha theo chieu d9C. Cuci
ngot
cung, chinh s,! nang yeu cua dong bang Hue trong dieu kien dang cham dan cua
hinh
mire mroc chan tmh VaG mra sau bien tien Flandrian da tao nen sir binh on
tao J
tuong doi hoac nang rat cham cua mire bien khu vue, tao tien de hinh thanh can
San]
cat chan va dam pha.ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
voi I
cha]

1 .2 . V a i tr o y e u to d ia h in h . k e tliu a

Dam pha va he can dun chan khong th~ hinh thanh & vung bien ven be
sau va doc. Chinh be mat dong bang aluvi co Pleitoxen thoai va rong & ven bo
Hue la tien de quan trong d~ hinh thanh cac dam pha co va pha Tam Giang
dang ton tai. V6'i dieu kierinhu vay, hau nhir khong con kha nang xuat hien
dam pha moi phia ngoai dam pha hien nay. Ngoai ra, dirong nhir la dam Thuy
Tu phat trien ke thira tren nen long song co (Pleitoxen) con dam Cau Hai thi
phat trien tren nenmot vinh bien nho bi de cat khep kin ...
1 .3 . N g u o n .

b 6 i tic h . c a t ta o th a n h . h ~ c o n . d u n c h iir i n g o tii

Nguon cat khdng 10nay diroc Zenkovich (1964, 1967) giai thich la co nguon
goc song Hong co bci dap nen dong bang day vinh Bac B9 VaG Pleitoxen, khi
rmrc mroc thap hon hien nay tren diroi 100m. Trong qua trinh bien tien, song da
di chuyen ngang boi tich cat VaGven bo Binh-Tri-Thien.
d o i v 6 i h in h . th a n li p h ii T a m

va

Cong ngh$, s62(28).2000

bas

Thu
bAn!
each
dai

keo
ban

phidc
0'

gil

nM
do?

True
VinE

G ia n g

Phleger (1981) cho rang, hau het dam pha tren the gioi diroc hinh thanh
trong vong 6.000-8.000 nam qua. Bidn tien Flandrian bat dau tir 17.000-18.000
nam triroc tu d9 sau 100-120m tren them luc dia. Theo Shepard (1963), trong
qua trinh bien tien, mire mroc dang cao dan den mire hien nay, den 11.000 nam
truce, toe d9 dang 9mm/nam va den 6.000 nam triroc, chi con 4mm/nam va sau

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc

3 gi2

ngo!

D~ co dam pha, phai co can dun chan ngoai tao nen tu boi tich cat. Khong
k~ den.cac can cat do S9 phia bac cira song 6 Lau va dong bang cat rong 16'nphia
tay pha, dien tich cac can dun chan ngoai kha rong: 190km 2• Neu tinh trung binh
be day cat 20m, ta co khoi hrong cat khong 10 la 3,8ty m". Trong khi d6, tong hru

hrong cat & cac con song do VaGdam pha chi 120 nghin tan/nam, tirong duong 80
nghin m". C6 nghia la, neu cat trr vung nui tay Hue do song mang ra ven bien d~
tao nen can cat nay thi phai can c6 47.500 nam, Trong khi d6, theo ket qua
nghien ciru (Tran Dire Th~nh-1985, Nguyen Hiru CU-1995), tudi cac can cat
nguon goc bien - gio nay moi chi 3.000 nam (Holoxen muon) va cac giai doan bien
tien Holoxen hinh thanh nen dong bang Hue chi 11 nghin nam.

1 .4 . V a i tr o c iia b ie n tie r i F la n d r ia n

me,
hon

qual

va b

Vao
ken}


33

oa, Phli
4.000 nam chi Lmm/nam. Vao Holoxen gitra, khoang 6.000 nam truce, bien tien
lrn pha,ponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
mo rong nhat ve phia luc dia, toc d¢ dang mire mroc cham him lai va co S\Jboi tu
l htrong
tich C\JCd~ tao nen dong bang Hue, trong do co cac can cat co, dam pha co da
Hl1O'Ilg
tan & Quang Dien, Phu Yang, nay con sot lai di tich va vo so cac tram, bau mroc

oc, Cuoi
ngot. M\Jc mroc chan tlnh dang cham, lai bi triet tieu tren dOOnang yeu, dia
dan cua
hinh yen be co nong, thoai, lai giau nguon boi tich do di chuyen ngang tir day da
binh 6n
tao dieu kien thuan 19'ihinh thanh roi lap day nhanh chong cac dam pha co.
anh can
Sang den Holoxen muon, dirong bo lui do boi tu den vi trt dam pha hien nay va
vOOcac dieu kien thuan 19'icon duy tri (day nong thoai, mire bien dang cham
chap, giau boi tich cat) da hinh thanh nen he can cat va pha Tam Giang. Ve qui
mo, pha Tam Giang 16'n hon nhieu cac dam pha co, co le cung ton tai lau dai
ven bo
hon do khong co kha nang thanh tao pha moo phia ngoai bien do day sau, doc.
I ven bo
Giang
lat hien
m Thuy
Hai thi
1

2.

Qua [rinh

p h .a t tr ie n .

Qua trmh ph at tri~n, tien hoa cua pha Tam Giang co th~ diroc chi a thanh
3 giai doan:
2 .1 . G ia i d o a r i k h & i c 1 d u

Ban dau, dam pha diroc hinh thanh nho noi cao mot day dao cat chan
ngoai vung mroc nong hep phia trong. Qua trinh bdi tu nho dong boi tich cat doc
. Kh6ng
bo sau do da nci lien dan cac dao cat, chi d~ lai hai cira chinh & Thai DUO'Ilg
lon phi a
Thirong va Vinh Hai (sat phia bac ntii Vlnh Phong). S\J hinh thanh pha bat dau
.ng binh
bang qua trinh boi tu noi cao cua he thong can cat Linh Thai-Phu Thuan vOOtu
;6ng hru
each la motdao cat chan (Sand Barrier Island) dan dan noi cao, mo' rong va keo
uong 80
dai ve phia tay bac, Trong khi do, dong bci tich cat doc be rat manh ph at trien
keo dai can dun sat bien tir cira Viet xuong Thai DUO'Ilg'I'huong. NhO' do, pha
bi~n d~
ban dau moi hinh thanh rong, sau hon hien nay va co hai cira deu rong, mot cira
ket qua
can cat
phia nam - co Ie & Vinh Hai sat phia bac mii Linh Thai, mot cira phia bac - co le
ran bien
& giap phia Thai DUO'IlgThirong va Thai DUO'IleH~ da diroc Krempt A.(1931)
nhac den. Cira nay sau bi can cat vun cao tren 20m chay dai, lap thang. Giai
dean khoi dau ket thuc khi 2 dai con cat keo dai gap nhau hmh thanh nen Dai
:)ngudn
'I'ruong Sa chay doc ttr cira Viet xuong Linh Thai. Ca hai cira Thai DUO'Ilgva
.en, khi
Vinh Hai bi lap, dong thai mo ra cira 'I'ir Hien.
songdaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
sa n g
1 thanh

1-18.000
), trong
100 nam
l va sau

2 .2 . G ia i d o a n . tr e

Pha chi co mot cira duy nhat & phia nam la cira Tir Hien, Vao doi Tran,
quan Nguyen danh Chiem Thanh van phai qua cira nay, hai cira co Thuan An
va bac Linh Thai bi lap.
1: Tir Hien la cira chinh va Phu Cam la song 16'n do ra dam Cau Hai.
Vao pha 1, song HUO'Ilgchi a lam hai nhanh ttr thanh Hue, nhanh chinh theo
kenh Phii Cam, Dai Giang (von la long mot pha tan) do van tay bac Cau Hai.
- Pha

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong ngh~,

so 2(28).2000


34

Nhanh phu, co le d6 van khu dam Sam-An Truyen. V\Jc mroc dam Cau Hai co Ie
con Ian sau van cira Dai Giang den nga basong Nong. Tir Hien la cira duy nhat
cua pha, sau, rong.ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
2: Tu Hien la cira chinh, song Phu Cam tan, song Hirong la dong
chinh d6 van dam pha. Vao pha 2, qua qua trinh phat trien, cira song Hirong hie
do la Dai Giang bi bdi tu manh gay tiic nghen thoat mroc. Hoat dong cua vom
nang hien dai Thuy Thanh lam song Huang doan Phu Cam ngay nay bi tan di.
Song Huang tho at dong chinh ra bien theo huang dong-hac va co vi tri gan nhu

ngay nay do vom nang Phu Vang dAy lech no ve phia bac va nhan hop hru song
B6, d6 ve bon sut ha cira song Huang hien nay va b6i tu manh chau th6 trong
dam pha.
- Pha

la ell

den
Vin~
(can]

thuo
chin
nlla

cua'

3: S\J ach tac thoat lu do phat tridn delta trieu xu6ngponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPON
& phia nam
dam Thuy Tu dan den mo' cira Thuan An. Do khong co 16i thoat true tiep ra vi
tri cira Thuan An bay gio, to an bo dong chay song Huang theo dam Thuy Tu co
vai tro nhir kenh dan d6 mroc van dam Cau Hai. Vao mila 111, dong hi song
Huang tran bo Thuy Tii tao nen cac bai dao dinh huang dong chay, xam thirc
li~u
hai bo cat va tao nen cac bai boi ngap lu hai ben bo, lam thu hep dang k~ long
to a n
dan Thuy Tu. Mat khac, do dieu kien dac biet thuan loi, dong trieu xu6ng va
cac 1
dong hi thoat da: tao nen cac delta trieu xu6ng duoi dang ac bai chim, dao ndi
(198

chan dau cira phia nam Thuy Tu. Chinh cac bai dao nay can tro' nghiem trong
thoat lu song Huang va dam pha, dong lu song Huang cong pha con cat d6i dien
d~ tao l6i thoat moo ngan nhat. Vi the cira Thuan An da mo van nam 1404 cham
cua
.dirt giai doan tre cua pha.
- Pha

2 .3 . G ia i d o a r i tr u o n g

th a n li

Thirc ra day 18.giai doan suy tan cua pha, giin lien voi viec mo' cira moo
Thuan An va sir phan di V\JCmroc thanh 3 phan: Tam Giang (tay-bac), Thuy Tu
(& giira) va Cau Hai (dong-nam), khac nhau ve hinh dang, hoan hru mroc, qua
trinh tram tich va dac diem sinh thai V\JCmroc.
Tir dau the ky 15 den nay, cira Thuan An tro' thanh cira chinh va l6i thoat
mroc chu yeu cua song Huang; Tu Hien thanh cira phu va bi lap, mo' vOOnhip
dieu mau dan. Trong giai doan nay co nhirng S\J kien quan trong nhir song Phu
Cam gan nhir tan han phai khoi dao, song B6 nhap hc1nvan song Huang, song 0
Lau u6n dong vuong goc chay thuan huang van dinh pha Tam Giang, cira
Thuan An dich vi tri 3 Ian tren cung bo dai 7km vOOchu ky 100-200 nam, vung
To Da & cira Dai Giang bi boi lap tan han. Pha da bi nong va hep dang k~, iroc
tinh boi nong 2,4mmlnam, bei nong gan 1,5m trong giai doan nay, tire la d('>sau
trung binh cua pha trong khoang gan 600 nam qua bi giam di mot mra. Rieng
dam Cau Hai bi b6i nong 1-1,4mmlnam, tirong img 0,6-0,8m k~ tir khi Tir Hien

Tap chf Thong tin Khoa h9C va Cong ngh$,

so 2(28).2000

Thu
cua
cua

de c.
qua
pha]

ton
don]

sat

1

dan
tron
chin

d9n~
nhm
199
dao


35

a

la cira phu.ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

giai doan trirong thanh, tac dong nhan sinh da anh hirong sau sac
Hai co le
den tien hoa tlJ' nhien cua pha, Vi du: do thi hoa ven song Hirong, dao kenh
duyponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
nhat
Vinh Te (doi Le) noi 6 Lau-cira Viet, vet song Phil Cam, lap cang Thanh Ha
(cang c6 gan Bao Vinh), Tan My (hien nay), diip de Q~P ngan man, ho chua
~la dong
thirong ngudn, tan pha rung ...
hrong hie
cua vom

t tan di.
gan nhir
hru song
h6 trong
hia nam
iep ra vi
iy Tti co
hi song
am thirc
r k~ long
mong va
dao noi
lm trong

doi dien
P4 cham

cua moo

[huy ru
l16'c, qua
oi thoat
oi nhip
DngPhti
,song 6
lng, cua
, vung

k~,u6'c
a d(J sau
r,

Rieng

ru Hien

Trong qua trinh phat trien cua pha Tam Giang, con nguoi luon muon
chinh tri hai cira nhirng deu that bai. Hai Ian dap dap lap cira Thuan An vao
mra the ky 15 va mra dau the ky 20 nhung dap deu bi va. Nhieu Ian khoi thong
cira Tu Hien khi ctra hi lap deu khong thanh congo
III. Bien dc?ng cua cac ctra
K~ tu khi cira Thuan An ra doi, cira Tir Hien tr6' thanh cira phu va ca hai
cira deu khong 6n dinh. Tinh khong 6n dinh bieu hien qua cac trang thai
chuyen d6i vi tri cira, dich cira, mo' cira, lap cira, thu hep mat cat uct hoac bien
dang luong cira nhieu Ian trong Itch su.·

Dien bien cua qua trinh chuyen lap cira dam pha duoc theo doi qua cac tir
D C J.-iV i~ t szi: k j
lieu c6 nhir 6 c lu u i c a n . lu c cua Duong Van An (tir the ky XVI),dcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJ

to a r i th u : (tir the ky XVII), P h ii b ie n tC J.-Plu c cua Le Quy Don (ttr the ky XVIII) va
cac nghien ciru cua Krempt A. (1931), Son Hong Dire (1974), 'I'ran Dire Thanh
(1985) va nhimg dieu tra trong nhan dan gan day.
1 . C tia T u ttu «

Nhir da trinh bay, tu nhieu the ky triroc, he dam pha TG-CH chi co mot
cira duy nhat goi la cira Tir Dung (nay la cira Tu Hien), Chi tir nam 1404, cira
Thuan An mo, he dam pha moo co hai cira. Tren thirc te, cira Tir Hien gem 2 cira,
cira chinh do dong hi mo' thong true tiep ra bien 6' Vinh Hien (thon Phil An), va
cira phu 6' Loc Thuy (sat mui Chari May Tay). Hai cira ngan each nhau qua mot
de cat dai 3 km, cao khoang 2-2,5m chay doc bo. Dong mroc tir dam pha ra bien
qua cira phu phai chay vong theo mot lach nong nam sat sau de cat chan. Theo
ph an tich dien bien Itch su va dc}cdi~m hinh thai dong lire thi cira Vinh Hien
ton tai truce, K~ tir khi cira Thuan An mo, dong hrc dong qua cira nay yeu di va
dong boi tich doc bo tao nen mot doi cat phat trien day Ian cira v~ phia nam den
sat mui Chari May Tay. Khi cira Loc Thuy 6' Chari May 'I'ay bi tan do boi lap
dan thi dong III mo' lai cira chinh Vinh Hien. Trang thai cira Tir Hien luon 6''mot
trong bon trirong hop: cira chinh mo, cira phu dong; ca hai cira d~u dong kin; cira
chinh dong, cira phu mo; va ca hai cira d~u mo. Truong hop 1 va 2 hoan toan do
dong lire tu nhien tao ra. Da nhieu Ian cira chinh bi dong, nhan dan t6 chirc dao
nhirng ngay sau do bi lap tro' lai. Lan lap cira gan day nhat vao thang 12 nam
1994 cung vay. Truong hop 3 ton tai khi ca hai cira d~u bi lap va phai tien hanh
dao cira phu sau khi viec khai dao cira chinh that bai, Tren thirc te, chira Ian

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong ngh$, s62(28).2000


36

nao cira phu t\! mo' nhir cira chinh. Truong hop 4 it xay ra va ton tai trong thoi

gian ngan vi ngay sau khi dong hi mo lai cira chinh, cira phu se bi boi lap.
Ngay sau khi cira Thuan An mo, cira Tir Hien bat dau co xu the bi boi lap.
Vi v~y, nam Quang Thuan thir 8 (1467), Tham nghi chau Hoa la Dang Chiem
dang so xin lam viec tien loi 5 dieu, trong do co cac dieu lap cira Eo (Thuan An)
va giu cira Ttr Dung (Tir Hien) va d~ nghi da diroc chap nhan, Dieu do co nghta
la sir ton tai cua cira Ttr Hien da bi de doa ngay tir thoi do va sir de doa nay da
0' Vinh Hien va mot 0' LQc Thuy. Lich su bien
dan den ton tai hai vi tri: motdcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
dong cira Tir Hien diroc tom tiit lai nhir sau:ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
B a n g 1: Bien dQng lap, m d cua Tu Hi~n

do

ve Sl
no tJ

co vip

Vi trf clia

Thai gian
Vinh Hien

L9c Thuy

Narn 1804

Van co

Nam 1811

Ma

Narn 1823

Lap

danl

Narn 1844

Ma

nhu

Narn 1953

Lap

Narn 1959

Ma

Nam 1979

Lap

Narn 1984
Narn 1990

Ma

Narn 1994

Lap

Chva

co

Lap

thu

tran
Ma
Lap

xay

Ma

dam
rat]

Moi Ian bien dong cira d~u gay kh6 khan cho doi song cong dong dan cir
trong khu V\!C.Khi cira bi lap, ngoai viec lam ach tac giao thong va nghe khai
thac bien khoi, con lam thay d6i C (J cau tai nguyen va gia tri tai nguyen sinh vat
trong dam Cau Hai do bi ngot h6a. Sau gan 5 nam ke tir ngay bi lap (12.199411.1999), mac du da diroc ke kha kien co, cira Tu Hien van bi pha mo' vao ngay
2.11.1999 trong CCJnlut the ky khung khiep voi rmrc mroc dang cao 5,94m tai

Hue. Cling voi thoi khoang mo' 4 nam vao 1990-1994, thoi khoang lap Ian nay chi
5 nam, chtrng minh rang nhip dieu lap mo cira mau hon nhieu so voi trtroc day.
2 . C tia T h .u tin . A n

So voi cira Tir Hien, cira Thuan An co C (J che va Itch su bien dong phirc tap
hon. N goai che dQ dQng hrc bien san bang bo, su' bien dong cua cira con lien
quan too C (J che uon khuc cua doan ha hru song HUCJng,thay d6i tirong quan
giira chu hru va chi hru c6 tac dung cua vom nang Phii Yang. Do v~y, cira Thuan
An da tirng ton tai nhieu vi tri cung nhir ten goi khac nhau trong Itch suo

ha b
m al

tiep

hoan
xu h

cua
Thuc
An c
den:

tri tl
Tinh
15m

- Nam 1404, me cira Thuan An va tro thanh cira chinh cua he dam pha c6
ten la cira Nhuyen.

bOi 1

- Nam 1467, do s6' dang cua Tham nghi chau Hoa la Dang Chiem diroc
chap nhan, chinh quyen phong kien sai truyen dan binh lap tro' lai.

dam

T'ilp chi Thong tin Khoa hoc

/a

Cong ngh$, s62(28).2000

chuy


37

~ongthoiponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
- Cho too doi Canh Thong (1498-1504), cira mo tro' lai.

rp.

~b6i lap.

Ig Chiem
LU~n

An)

c6 nghla

a nay del
811

bien

Rat co th~ hie moo mo
do moo co th~ lap lai d~ han
ve sau manh hon, con nguoi
n6 trong the chien hroc kinh

Ian dau nam 1404 cira con nho nen con ngiroi thoi
khau cho too doi Canh Thong. Nhung Ian bien dong
khong du kha nang che ngu va del tim each su dung
te-quan str thoi phong kien,

- Trong khoang thoi gian chimg 200 nam k~ tir nam Giap Ty (1504), cira c6
vi tri & Thai DUO'IlgH~.

- Trong khoang thoi gian chimg .200 nam tiep theo cho too nam 1897, cira
c6 vi tri tai lang Hoa Duan,
- K~ tu nam 1897 too nay, .cira c6 vi tri nhir hien nay - cira Thuan An (Hd
Tan Phan va Ho Th~ Thu Trang, 1991).
Trong thirc te Itch su, ten cira "Thuan An" chinh thirc d<}ttir thoi Gia Long
thir 12 (nam Quy Dau, 1813) va diroc su dung trong thir tich. Nam 1897 la moc
danh dau sir suy tan cua cira Hoa Duan va khai thong cira Thuan An c6 vi tri
nhir ngay nay. Cho too nam 1904 thi cira Hoa Duan moo bi lap him trong mot
tran bao ngay 11 thang 6.

dan cir

e khai
sinh vat
.2.1994-

ao ngay
94m tai
nay chi
day.
tap
'n lien
tIC

g quan
Thu~n

pha co
diroc

Den nam 1931, mot dap da 16'n dai 2.000m, cao trmh dinh dap +2m duQ'c
xay dung ngang qua cira Thuan An vOOmuc dich ngan man tu bien qua cira VaG
dam pha va song ngoi vung dong. bang. Nhirng do d6, den mua lu, viec thoat lu
rat kh6 khan, toan b9 vung dong bang bi ngap chim lau trong lu. Ngiroi ta phai
ha bot cao trinh dinh dap tu +2m xuong O,OOmtren chieu dai 100m roi sau do
mo rong 200m & giira dap. Den thoi giac Phap chiem Hue, cao trinh dinh dap lai
tiep tuc diroc ha xuong d~ tau thuyen qua lai. Tran lut 16'nnam 1953.del pha va
hoan toan dap da va xoay tao ra mot true sau den 21m. 'I'tr d6, cira lach tiep tuc
xu hirong di chuyen len phia bac.
Cira Thuan An thirong xuyen thay d6i vt tri theo chu ky dai va dong' thai

cua n6 chiu sir chi phoi cua trang thai cira Tir Hien. Khi cira Tir Hien me, cira
Thuan An duong nhir thu hep va chay cham. Khi cira Tu Hien dong, cira Thuan
An chay manh hon, bi bien dang, nong clan va di chuyen vi tri gay anh huang
den sa boi luong VaGcang Tan My.
Cira Thuan An chtra Ian nao bi lap nhirng thuong dich chuyen d9t nget vi
tri theo chu ky dai, Nam 1897 cira mo dot ngot & vi tri than Thai DUO'IlgH~.
Tinh tu vi tri dap chan cu (1931) den nay true cira di chuyen len phi a bac
Ifim/nam, con bo lach bi boi Ian dich chuyen ve phia bac c6 cho 40rn/nam. S~ di
chuyen vi tri cira Thuan An tao nen sir khong 6n dinh cua doan bo dai 7km do
boi lap, va anh huang den su 6n dinh cua khu dan cu tai day.
Trong bai viet: "Tac dong moi trirong cua viec lap cira, chuyen
dam pha Tam Giang-Cau Hai" (Tran Dire Thanh, 1997) c6 viet:

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc

va

Cong ngh$,

cira & he

so 2(28).2000


38ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

" H ie r i n a y , c6 n h tin g

d d n li¢ u c h o tlu iy c6 n g u y c o c tc a r r u r la i a o i tr i c ti o a o

tr u c e r u ir n . 1897 a P h ii T h u a n . N g u y c o n a y c a n g ta n g k h i c o o T u H ie r i d o n g la i la m

Sau

gia]

ta n g dcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
rru a : d 9 III lu t. K h i a ~ u n a y x a y r a , lu o n g v a o c a n g T a n M y b i b 6 i la p u a c a n g b i
v o h ie u . h 6 a . T tic d u n g c tia c d u T h iu ir i A n r r u r c o n d u o n g

x u 6 n g V in h H ie r i c tin g

bi

dan

g ia n d o a r i a P h ti T h u a n . v a h e m . th e o d a o l¢ n v ~ g ia o th o n g th u y b ¢ la m r iic r 6 i v ~

do

p h /in . b 6 c o s a h a ta n g . N g o a i r a n h ie m . m a n . tr e r i s o n g H u a n g c6 th e ta n g m a n h " .

Val

Du bao tren del tro' thanh sir that, trong tran lu Ion dau thang
1999, mot cira moo, Ion del mo tai thon Hoa Duan, xa Phu Thuan.

giro
chu
Thl

3. N a n i cua dam

phri cung

t6n

11 nam

ta i

I

don

Tran hi lich su xay ra ngay 1-6.11.1999 del pha mo them 3 cira va dam phaponmlkjihgfedcba
&
dt
thoi diem nay co tat ca 5 cira. Theo thir tir tu bac xuong nam, cac cira do Ian hrot la:
Thl
- Cira Thuan An, la cira chinh cua dam pha, ton tai tir nam 1897, dich
vi tri tu thon Thai DUO'IlgH(,\ den vi tri hien nay. Trong tran lut thang 11,
diroc mo them mot lach moo & xa Hai DUO'Ilg.Nhir v~y, van thoi di~m nay
Thuan An co hai lach thong van dam pha, Lach Hai DUO'Ilgthuc ra la mot
lach rat c6 xira. "

dan
cira
cira
cira

- Cira Hoa Duan, diroc mo ra tai vi tri cu va la cira chinh dam pha triroc
nam 1897 va bi tan trong khoang thoi gian 1897-1904, khi cira Thuan An mo' &
Thai DUO'IlgH(,\.

d¢n

tM

- Cira Vinh Hai, von la mot cira rat c6 bi tan tir lau, dau vet d~ lai la mot lach
trung va mot khu dat thap dang yen ngira phia bac mii Vinh Phong. CO'cira nay
diroc xac dinh theo phan tich hinh thai, chira thay diroc ghi ro rang trong thir tich
c6 nao. Sau CO'IlI~t,cira mo' ra voi chieu rong khoang 200m, d9 sau 1-1,5m.
- Cira Tu Hien, tai Vinh Hien, bi lap van thang 12.1994, sau d6 van nam
1995 diroc ke lai kha kien co va bi pha mo trong tran III vira qua. Day la vi tri
xung yeu va d~' mo cira tro' lai. Co the, neu khong bi ke, cira me lai tir nhirng
nam triroc hoac ngay ngay dau tran III Ion.
Trong dieu kien binh thirong,
Vao cuoi thang 10.1994 (hon mot
khoang 50m, sau 0,5-1m. Sau tran
khoang 600m va d9 sau dat khoang

cira Ttr Hien rong khoang 200m, sau 3m.
thang triroc khi bi lap) cira chi con rong
III Itch su 1999, cira duoc me vOOchieu rong
4-8m.

- Cira L9c Thuy, la cira phu cua cira Tir Hien, nam sat mui Chari May Tay.
Triroc tran III thang 11.1999, cira & trang thai mo' nho cong trinh ke cimg cira
Tir Hien, khai thong lach mroc sau con cat va xay dung mot so ke mo han chong

cat tran doc be tir phia cira Ttr Hien xuong. Tren thirc te, lach cira L9C Thuy rat
nho hep, xam thirc mo' rong hon van mila mira III nhung bi can hep dang k~ ve
mila kho, Nang hrc thoat III va phuc vu giao thong ra bien cua lach nay rat kern.

TC),pchi ThOng tin Khoa h9C va Cong ngh$, s62(28).2000

nh
vir

hu1-2

nar
tha
h6a
ki¢1


39

Sau tran hi, cira rong khoang 200m, sau 2-5m nhirng phan dau lach phia trong,
giap cira chinh Tu Hien nhanh chong bi boi can.

& ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
v i tr i c ti u a o
n d O n g la i la m

Nguyen nhan trirc tiep d~y cac cira lien tuc di chuyen len phia bac a moi pha
dan den lach cira dai ra, ngay cang cat cheo con cat, tan dan va thoat lu kern di la
~ H iln c a n g b i

do anh hirong cua dong boi tich doc be kha manh hirong ve tay-bac k€! ca mila dong
lam r iic r 6 i v J ponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
va mila he do quan he goc lech giua dirong bo va huong song thong tri. Chi vao thoi
Iii m a n h " . zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
gian mila chuyen tiep (khoang thang 2-4 va thang 9-10) dong boi tich doc bo moo di
hang 11 nam
chuyen xu6ng phia nam vOOhru hrong nho hon han, Nhu vay, viec dich chuyen cira
Thuan An lien quan den pharr bo cua dong boi tich cue b(>co xu huong nguoc vOO
dong vi"mo tren toan ven be Hue. Ket qua nay lam luong cira ngay cang dai ra va
va dam pha a
cat cheo he con cat. Qua trinh nay khong chi xay ra hien nay ma ca vOOcac cira
do Ian hrot la:
Thuan An cd trong qua khir, Nhirng pharr tich thuy thach dong' hrc va hinh thai
.897, dich dan
dong' hrc da neu cung phu h9'P vOOdien bien Itch su cua ciraThuan An.
thang 11, cira
Khi cira Thuan An phat trien den thoi gian tan, tao thanh goc cheo rat
di~m nay cira
nho vOOhe con cat chan cira, toe dO dong chay se bi giam han, khong d~y diroc
ra la mot cira
tram tich cat xa stron bo ngam. Ket qua la se hinh thanh nen cac bai cat ngam
lap

va

c a n g bi

chan cira luong va cang lam giam kha nang thoat mroc cua luong.
lam pha triroc

huan An mo' a

Nhir V?y, nguyen
th€! tom tat:

nhan doi chuyen vi tri cira Thuan

An va mo' cira khac co

- Do cira suy tan, thoat mroc kern sau mot thoi gian dai dich xoay len phia bac.

lai la mot lach
19. CO' cira nay

trong thu tich
1,5m.
u d6 vao nam
. Day la vi tri
r lai tir nh ling

- Do co mira cue Ion keo dai gay hi trung vOOthoi gian lap cira Ttr Hien.

4. P lu in tich sub(J

I'm chieu rong
han May Tay.
h ke cirng cira

ma han chong
L(>c Thuy rat

ep dang k€! ve
1 nay rat kern.
l

hu6ng

m o c te a

trong

tr tin .

la Itch su 1-6.11.1999

Chira co tnrong h9'P nao cac van lieu c6 gill nhan dam pha TG-CH co den 5 cira
nhir hien nay. Do la ket qua pha mo' cira manh liet cua tran hi lich SU dau thang 11
vira qua. Pharr tich thay rang, do la mot hien tirong phat trien tv nhien co chiu anh
bat thirong, hiem g?P va tac dong cua cac hoat dong' nhan sinh.
hirong cua cac yeu

to

* Nhir
OOm,sau 3m.
chi con rong

tin h .

da biet, cira Thuan An dich chuyen vi tri va mo cira moi theo chu ky

1-2 the ky, con cira Tir Hien mo' dong theo chu ky 12-20 nam truce kia va 4-11
nam gan day. Lan chuyen cira cuoi cung cua cira 'I'huan An each day 102 nam
va Ian lap cira Tu Hien cuoi cung each day 5 nam. Hien tirong xay ra vao dau
thang 11.1999 vua qua khong phai gap Ian dau ma dien bien theo d?c di€!m tien
hoa tv nhien dll biet cua dam pha va cira cua chung.

*

Lan nay, dieu kien gay ngap lut va pha mo nhieu cira xay ra trong dieu
kien dac biet bat thirong hiem thay, vi:
- Mira Ion keo dai trong nhieu ngay lien tuc. Luong mira 6 ngay (16.11.1999) tai Hue la 2.288mm va tai A LuOOla 2.771mm. Luong mira ngay cao
nhat a Hue vao ngay 3.11.1999 la 978mm. Luong-mira ngay tinh tu 7giO' ngay

Tap chi ThOng tin Khoa h9C va Cong ngh$, s6 2(28).2000


40zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

cua
2.11 den 7gi6' ngay 3.11.1999 la 1.384mm, chua tung gapponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIH
& Viet Nam. Tai Hue,
Gan
mire lu song Hirong dat ky luc 5,94m vao hie 14 gio ngay 2.11.1999, cao hon
199C
mire bao dong III la 2,94m va vuot 1,05m so voi dinh hi Itch sli 1983 (4,89m).
gtan
Trong ngay 2.11.1999, tai Hue co hie cuong suat lu len toi Irn/gio. (Nguyen Van
Tr?I
Hai, 1999, tap chiZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
K h i tu o n g - T h iiy v a n -s o 12.1999).

.
mire
- Mira cue 16n keo dai lai roi dung vao thai gian lap cira Tir Hien, nen kha
cua'
nang thoat mroc hai ngay dau bi giam rat nhieu. Trong khi do luong cira Thuan
char
An da cat cheo qua dai can cat va dong chay song Huong ra bien phdi di theo
4,64
long dan uon qua cong len phia bac.
- Lu 16n lam mire mroc dang cao dQt bien trong dam p a, lam ngap tat ca
cac vi tri cira c6 cua dam pha da c6 von thap, tao dong dan, phat tri~n thanh
dong xung pha tao mot hie nhieu cira.
- DQ't mira lu lon trung vao dip khong khi lanh anh hirong bi1t dau tit ngay
1.11.1999, lam nhiet dQ giam nhanh 8-10°C sau 24 gio, gi6 dong-bac tren dat lien
cap 3-4, van tee gi6 trung binh 5 -7 m J s , ngoai khoi cap 6-7, van tOc gi6 manh nhat
1 9 -2 1 m J s (cap 8-9). Hirong gi6 bac va dong-bac, huong s6ng chu yeu la dong-hac.
Song yen bo cao trung binh 0,50-0,75m, ngoai khoi s6ng cao nhat 3,0-3,5m (cap
V-VI). Den ngay 5.11.1999 lai xuat hien mot ap thap nhiet doi & phia bac quan
dao Truong Sa va chieu toi di chuyen den sat bo Phu Yen-Ninh Thuan, gay anh
hirong mira den khu virc Hue. Dieu kien nay da tang cirong xoi 1&bo bien yen
ngoai dam pha, g6p phan tao xung yeu mo pha ctra do dong III tit dam pha.

*

Khong k~ den cac tac dong lau dai cua con ngiroi & hru vue thirong
nguon, viec xay ke chan cira Tir Hien da g6p phan can thoat hi nghiern trong,
lam dang cao rmrc mroc lu lon, gay ra pha mo nhieu cira dam pha mot hie, Neu
cira Tir Hien mo, duong thoat hi ra bien rat ngan so voi cira 'I'huan An thi kha
nang mo' nhieu cira nhir vira qua se giam di.
IV. Hau qua hip cira, chuyen

mo' cira

dia I

nga;

khu
ke 1
tron
tien

don!
d6i
cua
yen
bien

nhai
m(>t
than
3km

boi I

Mac du so lieu thong ke thieu lien tuc, nhirng trang thai mo cira chinh la
khO'
Thuan An va Tir Hien diroc coi la trang thai 6n dinh tarn thoi keo dai hon ca. C6
voi (
th~ coi nhirng trirong hop dam pha chi co mot cira hoac qua nhieu cira nhir hien

viec
nay la cac trirong hop tai bien, d~ lai nhirng hau qua xau ve moi trirong sinh
tiep
thai va dan sinh-kinh te. Xet theo quan he nhan qua thi: Tai bien ngap hi nang
Moi
ne keo theo dam pha mo qua nhieu cira trong tran lu lich su thang 11.1999 vira
tin d
qua la hau qua cua tai bien lap cira Tir Hien, lam cho dam pha chi co mot cira.dcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONM
1. Hau qua

u ie c la p c u a T u : H ie n

1 .1 . T a n g c u o n g n g a p lu t

Ngap lut & he dam pha TG-CH va khu virc Hue la hien tirong phd bien & ven
bo mien Trung. Tuy nhien, phan tich tir lieu thay ro xu the vao nhung nam d6ng

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong ngh$, s6 2(28).2000

Vi$t
sinh
vao


..+1

T?i Hue,
cao hon
(4,89m).

ly~n Van
nen kha
a Thuan
. di theo
ip tat

ca

thanh

cira Tu Hien, S9 Ian ngap lut nhieu hon, lut thuong Ian va hau qua nang ne hon.
Gan mra the ky qua c6 gan 7 tran lut Ian vao cac nam 1953, 1975, 1983, 1985,
1990, 1995 va 11.1999. Trir tran lut nam 1975, cac tran con lai deu xay ra vao thoi
gian lap cira Ttr Hien, Vao cac nam 1983, 1985, 1990 c6 den 4-5 tran lut moi nam.
Tran lu lich su thang 10 nam 1983 c6 mire hi circ dai 4,89m tren song Hirong (tren
mire baa dong cap III la 1,89m). Trang tran lu ngay 5-9.10.1995 (mot nam sau lap
cira Tu Hien vao thang 12.1994), hrong mira khong qua Ian (325mm trong 5 ngay),
chan lu 0,97m vao 7 gio ngay 5.10, nhanh ch6ng dat dinh 111 sau 39 gio voi bien do hi
4,64m, cuong suat 11,8cm/giG'va dat rmrc VU'Qt baa dong cap III Ian nhat so voi cac
dia phuong c6 hi khac & mien Trung cung dot. Ngay sau do la tran lu thir hai vao
ngay 10-12.10.1995 c6 dinh 111 dat 4,8m, bien do 111 0,44m (Pharr Viet My, 1995)...ZYXWVUTSRQPO
1 .2 . A e h tile g ia o th o n g

Cira dam pha la huyet mach giao thong ra bien cua Thira Thien Hue, vi
khu vue dam pha la hau cir cua van tai bien va khai thac ca bien. So lieu thong
Mtlien
ke 1995 cho thay, chi rieng tau thuyen danh ca 5 huyen yen bien la 8.994 chiec,
nh nhat
trong do khai thac ca bien la 4.300 chiec.'· Rieng huyen Phu Loc co 785 phuong
ong-Mc.

tien tau thuyen khai thac ca bien phai qua cira Ttr Hien. Vi V?y, cira Ttr Hien
5m (cap
dong lam anh hirong nghiem trong den nghe ca bien cua dia phirong. D<;icbiet
~c quan
doi voi huyen Phu Loc, tau thuyen phai vong len phia bac 40km d~ ra bien qua
sayanhponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
.,.,
cira Thuan An. Cira Tir Hien bi lap lam giam kha nang an toan cho tau thuyen
'en yen
yen bien Trj-Thien va Ian can vao dam pha neo tru tranh gio baa, giong to ngoai
bien, Vi vay, kha nang tai nan darn, lat tau thuyen ngoai bien tang len.
thUQ11g
Do nhu cau cap thiet can loi ra vao, moi khi cira chinh Tir Hien bi lap,
trong,
nhan dan phai to chirc khai dao d~ mo' loi. Nhirng ngay sau do (thirong chi qua
ic. Neu
mot dem) cira lai bi lap nhir cu. D~ khac phuc, nguoi ta phai to chtrc dao mo
hi kha
thong cira phu Loc Thuy, sat mui Chari May Tay, qua mot doan luong can dai
3km. Luong va cira phu chi cho phep cac thuyen nho di qua va sau do cung bi
boi lap dan. Lan gan day nhat, mot khoan kinh phi rat Ian da diroc bo ra d~
unh la
khoi dao cira phu Loc Thuy, nhirng hieu qua stt dung tren thirc te rat thap, Doi
ca. Co
voi cuoc song thirong ngay cua cong dong ngir dan nam Phii Vang va Phu Loc,
U hien
viec lap cira Ttr Hien gay ach tac giao thong la mot tai hoa IOn gay tac dong true
g sinh
tiep den doi song kinh te va duoc coi la mot hien tuong huyen bi, linh thieng.
i nang'

Moi khi cira lap, thuong co nhirng Ie nghi cung bai, cau dao mang mau sac me
~9vira
tin di doan va co nhirng anh huong khong nho ve mat tir tirong, xa hoi.
cira.
tir ngay

1 .3 . N g o t h 6 a o u c n u o c

Ctven
dong

H~ dam pha TG-CH nam & vung co IUQng rmra thuoc 101;liIOn nhat yen bo
Viet N am. Do lap cira Tir Hien,' ngot h6a da gay bien doi sau s~c ve moi tnrong
sinh thai yVC mroc pha Tam Giang. Ve mua kho, trong thoi gian lap cira Tir Hien
vao nam 1979 d('>man dam Cau Hai bi giam con 8 -1 1 % 0 so voi nen chung khi mo'

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong ngh$,

so 2(28).2000


42

cira ladcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
20-32% 0. Tuy nhien qua trinh ngot hoa xay ra sau sac VaG mua mira qua Ian
( j khu dam Cau Hai ma xay ra
lap cira VaG thang 12.1994. Sir ngot hoa khong chiZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
tren toan pha Tam Giang. Theo so lieu VaG mua mira thang 1.1993 (khi cira Tir
Hien mo) cac khu VVC cira Thuan An, Ttr Hien va An 'I'ruyen-bac Thuy TU d9 man
10% 0; Cau Hai va gnra Thuy TU co d9 man 5-10% 0; cac khu VVC ctra song Hirong,

cira Dai GiangponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
va mra bac Tam Giang co d9 man ttr diroi 0,5% 0 den 5% 0. Den mua
mira, thang 11. 1995 (khi cira 'I'ir Hien lap), su ngot hoa bao trum len gan toan b9
dam pha. D9 man circ dai 15% 0 chi ghi diroc ( j mot thai di~m ( j tang day tai cira
Thuan An va d9 man cue dai tang mat ( j day cling chi 0,7% 0.
cira Tir Hien, d9
dam Cau Hai, d9 man phd bien diroi 0,2% 0, cue dai chi
man cao nhat chi 0,33% 0.
0,3% 0. Cac khu virc cira song Hirong, phia bac Tam Giang, cira Dai Giang d9 man
diroi 0,1% 0 hiem khi den 0,2% 0. T6ng quan lai, ve mua mira triroc khi lap cira Tir
Hien, d9 man 1-10% 0 dac trung cho toan dam phi, con sau khi lap cira d9 man diroi
1% 0 dac trung cho toan dam pha (Nguyen Chu Hoi, Do Nam va nnk, 1996).

a

a

Su ngot hoa virc mroc dan den thay d6i cau true thanh phan loai va cau
true he sinh thai dam pha. Nhirng thay d6i nay xay ra manh nhat (j khu he
thirc vat. Thanh phan khu h~ nay gom 8,93% so loai mroc ngot dien hinh; 19'va
nhat 12,34%; 19' di~n hinh 0,85%; 19' man (8= 15-30% 0) 72,76% va man 5,10%.
Rieng doi vOOthuc vat phu du co 78,36% trong so 17110ai co nguon goc bien va
19,29% loai mroc ngot, Trong dam pha, khi d9 man giam den 15% 0 chi con 36
loai thirc vat phu du bien, d9 man 10% 0 chi con 25 loai va 5% 0 chi con 6 loai (Ton
That Phap, 1993). Vi v~y khi dong cira 'I'ir Hien, khu he thirc vat phu du bien bi
huy hoai, thay VaG do la khu he mroc ngot, thuong ngheo hon ve sinh khoi.
Dei vOOcac loai co mroc, duoc biet co 11 loai co vai tro quan trong dac biet
vOOhe sinh thai dam pha Tam Giang[6]. Trong do co cac loai co bien ira d9 man
cao (23-30% 0) nhu H y lo p h y lla o v a lis , H a lo d u le tr id e n ta ta ; cac loai co bien thich
nghi mroc 19' (7-20% 0) R u p p ia m a r itim a , H a lo p h y lla b e c c a r i; va loai ira man (1530% 0) C y m m o d o c e a r o tu n d a ta

co sinh khci rat cao va phan bo rong khap trong
dam pha. Khi d9 man diroi 10% 0, cac loai nay deu suy tan, han che phat trien va
khi bi ngot hoa chung chet hang loat, thay VaG do la sir phat trien cue thinh cua
V a lis n e r ia s p ir a lis «5% 0) va N a ja s in d ic a (0-25% 0). Sir huy hoai tham co bien do
ngot hoa dan den thay d6i cau true khu he, dien tich ph an bo va keo theo sir
thay d6i ve phan bo cac doi tirong dong' vat (chu yeu la ca) an chung,

a

Ngot hoa anh hirong dac biet 16'n den khu he ca.
dam pha Tam Giang co
too 230 loai ca, trong do 65% la ca bien, 19,2% ca mroc 19'va 15,7% ca mroc ngot
(Nguyen Nhat Thi, 1998). Da dang sinh hoc nhom ca giam han do ca bien phai di
cu khoi dam pha. Dang chu y la 20-23% loai ca kinh te thich hop dieu kien mroc
19'. Khi d(> muoi giam thap cung anh huong den san hrong thuy san. Tuy nhien,
mot so doi tirong ua mroc ngot va 19' nhat, dac biet la loai ca day ( C y p r in u s

Tap chf Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong ngh$, so 2(28).2000

ceni

d6i
th
tha
b~t

I

Mt

Hi~
chd
h6
Tu
hH
S1!

tin}
chi]
eel

phd
den
chu

Tu
cao
v6'i
di~J

do
77
nll)

h


43ZYXWVUTSRQPON

qua Ian

c e n tr a lis ) , ca d6i ... la ca kinh te lai phat trien manh khi ngot hoa dam pha. Cac
xay ra
d6i tuong giap xac nhu tom su, tom rao, ghe ira man va 19'lai bi suy kiet, Nhimg
cira Tu
thay d6i sau sac ve thanh phan loai con xay ra d6i voi cac dong vat day khac. Su'
!t<)m an
thay d6i C (J cau nguon loi do ngot h6a keo theo sir thuan loi cua cong dong danh
irong,
bat d6i tirong ira ngot nhir nghe keo hroi day, tao nen Sl;1 bat loi cho nghe danh
enmua
bat cac d6i tirong ira man nhu no sao, day (Nguyen LUwan b<)
V6'i nghe nuoi trong thuy san, tac dong tieu cue cua ngot hoa rat ro rang.
tai cira
Hien nay & dam pha c6 khoang gan 900ha nuoi cac 10?i, d6i tirong nuoi trong
lien, d<)
chu yeu la cac loai ira 19'nhu rau cau hoac man nhir tom sii, ca song. Do ngot
dai chiponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
hoa, khong th~ ph at trien manh cac d6i tirong nay diroc. Ngay sau khi lap cira
rr<) man
Tir Hien vao 12/1994, 300ha nuoi tom sii del bi hir hai (Ho Ngoc Phii, 1994).
cira Tu
Viec phan tich anh huang cua ngot h6a d6i voi nghe ca dam pha, ma chu yeu
~du6i
la danh bat tu nhien, kh6 khan vi san hrong thong ke khong chinh xac. Ngoai ra,
sir tang giam s61UQng nghe ca con bi chi phoi boi cac yeu to quan trong khac nhir
va Call
tinh trang danh bat qua mire va khai thac huy diet, a nhiem moi trirong mroc,
II h~
chinh sach quan 1.9'

... Tuy nhien, ve nguyen tac, c6 th~ nhan thay rang nang suat
; 19' va
cac vue mroc 19'thuong cao hon cac vue nuoc ngot, Cac d6i tuong ca kinh te dam
5,10%.
pha phan 16'11la mroc 19',su ha thap d<)man do ngot h6a chac chan anh huang xau
ien va
den san hrong ca. San hrong tom chiern ty l¢ cao trong dam pha cung giam vi
con 36
chung true tiep an thuc vat n6i hoac an dong' vat n6i tieu thu thirc vat ndi,
ai(Ton
1 .4 . G ia m c h a t L u o n g m o i tru o n g n u o c
ien bi
Ngoai ngot h6a manh, chat hrong mroc dam pha giam ro rang sau lap cira
I.
I~c biet
Ttr Hien vao thang 12.1994. D6 la sir tang cao d<)due khu vue Cau Hai, su tang
cao cac chi s6 COD va BODs tren toan dam pha, quy mo a nhiem dau rong 16'11
lo man
voi mire ham hrong cao hon. Gian tiep hon, a nhiem coliform c6 tinh Cl,1Cbl> &cac
1 thich
diem dan CUven dam pha, lien quan den lu lut sau lap cira.
~n(151 .5 . N o n g h 6 a
I trong dcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
.f!

nen va
b.h ciia
lien do
heo su
ang co

rc ngot
bhai di
~ mroc
nhien,
p rin u s

ouc nuoc

,

Hang narn c6 khoang 1,2 trieu tan boi tich duoc dua vao dam pha, trong
d6 cung cap tir song khoang 56,2%, tir bien 2,8% va tir cac con dun them bai yen
ria 41 %. C6 khoang 29,8% boi tich tir dam pha ra bien, con lai 70,2% tirong trng
774 nghin tan hoac 516 nghin m" boi tich lang dong trong pha. LUQng boi tich
nay tao nen toc d<)Iang dong 2,4mm/nam va c6 kha nang lap day dam pha sau
hon 600 nam. N guon boi tich tir cac con dun, them bai yen ria dam pha c6 vai
tro quan trong d~ bdi nong dam pha vi chung la nhung vat lieu cat, it kha nang
bi chuyen ra bien nhir nguon boi tich tir song. Neu khong c6 nguon boi tich nay,
t6c d<) tram tich chi Irnm/nam, c6 the phai den 1.500 nam sau dam pha moi bi
lap day. Vi v~y, bao v¢ bo dam pha khoi x6i 1&va ch6ng cat chay, cat bay la rat
can thiet de chong nong hoa virc mroc.

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc

va

Cong ngh~, s6 2(28).2000


a zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

dam Cau Hai, 16'p bun min & mat day dam

co be mat day 0,5-0,7m, diroc
lang dong tir khi cira Thuan An mo va cira Tu Hien thoai hoa lam cho dieu kien
dong 111cdam yen tlnh hon. Vi the, 500 nam qua t6c do lang' dong tram tich la 11,4mm/mlm .
.811 dong kin cira Tir Hien lam cho Vl1Cmroc Cau Hai khep kin va lam tang
kha nang sa boi tram tich, lam nong hoa Vl1Cmroc. Qua trinh nay xay ra cham
chap, lau dai nhimg gop phan thiic dgy dam pha suy tan.
1 .6 . T (J -o n e n . tin h .

sire thoat hi. cua cira

Thuan An con tot va mira lu chua Ian nao diroc ghi nhan 16'n nhir dau thang
11.1999 vira qua nen dam pha van duy tri diroc che d<)mot cira. Vao dau thang
11.1999, cira Thuan An bi suy thoai, sire thoat lu giam han, cong them viee lap
dieu kien mira lu qua 16'n lam rmrc mroc dam pha dang cao

va dam pha mo' mot hie qua nhieu cira.
2 . H tiu . q u a u ie c dcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
n u r n h ie u . c u a d a m p lu i

811 kien nay moi xay ra nen chira th~ hrong tru6'c diroc het nhung

hau qua

lau dai. Nhung hau qua da nhan thay do la nhirng thiet hai true tiep ve tai san,
nha cira va sinh mang
phan bo

C (J

Thil

nhit

dan
hai
qua
la tJ
cua
cua
Du'

do lu mo cira true tiep gay ra. 'I'iep do la su dao Ion ve

s& ha tang dirong sa, ben bai do dai can cat tir Thuan

Hien bi cat lam ba doan. Giao thong
Thuan

hai
Sau
nhi~

th e p lu i r r u r n h ie u . c tc a d d n i p h ti

Truce day, cira Tir Hien da nhieu Ian bi lap, nhimg

cira Tu Hien trong

Non

dirong b<) tuyen

An den Vinh

nay bi gian

doan, cau

An kern tac dung rat nhieu,

D~ du bao nhung hau qua tiep theo, truoc het phai du bao duoc bien dong
cua cac cira trong nhimg nam gan day nhu sau:
- Cira luong van Thuan An se bi sa boi nhanh chong, tiep theo do cira se bi boi
can va lap. Vi vay, cang Tan

My trong

dam pha c6 nguy

C (J

pha
tun
chiu
Can
cua
thoi
lai 5

ky n

khong sli dung diroc,

- Cira Hoa Duan moi mo vira qua se ton tai cO'the ky.
- Cira Vinh Hai va lach Lee Thuy se bi bdi lap trong thoi gian khong lau,
- Cira Tir Hien lai tiep tuc luan vong me-lap.
Nhir V?y, xu the phat

trien

tv nhien

cua dam

pha

sau con lu thang

11.1999 la se dan di den trang thai chi con lai hai cira: cira Hoa Duan va cira Tu
Hien. Cira Tir Hien tiep tuc luan doi mo' va lap. Nhiem man tren song Hirong va

hie
sinh
thu]

rmrc
va 11

ven ria dam pha se la van de gay giit do d<)man trong dam pha tang cao va ap

lire xam nhap
cau nganh

man tir cira Hoa Duan vao dam pha, ngiroc song Hirong Ion.

nghe

va doi tirong

danh

bat trong

dam pha se thay

doi

Ion.

C (J

Moi

hoa
nh
ngu.,

trirong lo man trong dam pha tao dieu kien phuc hdi he sinh thai, phat trien
nguon loi thuy san t6t hon va dac biet tao c a h<)i moi cho nuoi trong lQ' man.ponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVU

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong ngh$, s62(28).2000


1m, diroc
leU kien
~chla '1-

Nong nghiep ven ria dam pha se gap kh6 khan do he thong de ngan man bi hir
hai va nhiem man gia tang. Cac gia tri bao v~ dat ngap mroc khong bi suy giarn.
Sau d6 tinh hinh d(>man dam pha se giam tir man lo sang lo va lo man, ap lire
nhiem man cling se giam bot mot phan.

am tang
a cham

Do mo nhieu cira dam pha, tinh hinh ngap lut ven bo va dong bang Thua
Thien Hue cling dO'cang thang hon.DCBA
v . K~t lu~n

+ Lap cira, chuyen mo cira bien d(>t ngot la nhung tai bien nang ne gay
nhieu hau qua tieu circ ve moi trirong, sinh thai, keo theo nhirng thiet hai 16'n ve
cua ctraponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
dan sinh, kinh te vao tao ra trang thai phat trien khong ben virng.
II thang
+ Dam pha TG-CH trai qua 3 hinh thai: mot cira (khi cira Tir Hien bi lap),
u thang
hai cira (khi cira 'I'ir Hien mo) va nhieu cira nhir su' kien dau thang 11.199!1 vira
viee U(p
qua. Ba hinh thai nay luan doi, trang thai hai cira thirong dai lau nhat, diroc coi
ang cao

la trang thai binh on. Hai trang thai kia la nhirng tai bien.

qua
tai san,
I$U

) Ion ve
fnVinh
m, cau
fn dong

e bi bOi
lC/C.

lau,
thang

cua Tu
ong va
) va ap
,On. CO'
n. M6i
tridn
~ man.

+ Hinh thai nhieu cira hiem khi xay ra, chu ky cO'the ky. DQ't pha nhieu
cira thang 11.1999 vtra qua la sV trung hop gitra ba yeu to: mira cue 16'n keo dai,
cira Tir Hien bi lap va cira Thuan An biroc sang giai doan suy tan. Cira Hoa
Duan da diroc mo' de thay the cho cira Thuan An va se ton tai cO'the ky.
+ Hien tirong boi lap cira Tir Hien c6 nguyen nhan sau xa tu qua trinh

phat trien tien h6a dia chat he dam pha TG-CH. Trong do, vai tro cira Tir Hien
tir mot cira duy nhat chuyen thanh cira phu va c6 xu the suy tan. Qua trinh nay
chiu tac dong cua cac dong' hrc noi sinh va ngoai sinh lam suy tan song Phil
Cam do vao dam Cau Hai va tang ctrong hoat dong cua song HUO'Ilgdan den mo
cira Thuan An tu nam 1404. Qua trinh boi lap xay ra tir tir va lap d(>tngot 0'mot
thoi diem c6 sir trung hop cac yeu to khi tirong thuy van can thiet. Cira diroc mo
lai sau mot thoi gian khi c6 sir. trung hop giua mot pha x6i 10'be manh voi mot
ky mira lu Ion.
+ Viec d6ng cira Tir Hien lam tang mire d(>ngap lut, ach tiic giao thong ra
bien, ngot hoa virc mroc va suy thoai he sinh thai dam pha, lam giam da dang
sinh hoc, xao dongZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
c o cau danh bat, suy giam hieu qua nuoi trong va khai thac
thuy san. Lap cira Tir Hien con giam chat hrong moi trirong mroc, tang cirong
mire 0 nhiem do hru thong kern, lam tang kha nang sa boi, nong h6a virc mroc
va tang nhanh kha nang suy tan cua dam pha.

+ Trong nhirng tinh huong cO'the ky, viec lap cira Tir Hien la nhan to kich
hoat gay mo nhieu cira nhir vao tran lu lich su thang 11.1999 vira qua, gay ra
nhirng dao Ion Ion ve phan bo c a sO'ha tang, moi trirong sinh thai va d?c biet la
nguy c o nhiem man Ion.

Tap chi Thong tin Khoa hoc va Cong ngh$, s62(28).2000


46ponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

+zyxwvutsrqponmlkjihgfedcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
Chien hroc img xir lau dai phong tranh thien tai va ph at tri~n ben vung
venbo Thtra Thien Hue 1£16n dinh hai cira dam pha voi hai phuong an: CD6n
dinh cira Tu Hien va Hoa Duan; @ 6n dinh cira Tu Hien va Thuan An (cu),

Trong moi trirong hop cira Tu Hien deu phai 6n dinh mo. Viec giu cira Thuan
An hay Hoa Duan 1£1mot bai toan phirc tap phai can ctr vao ba yeu to: dong lire
tir nhien, chi phi dau tir va 1Q'iich kinh te-sinh thai.RQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA

TR

T D T - N C H - N H C DCBA

TAl Ll$U THAM KHAO
1.

Nguyen HO'u Ctr, 1996.dcbaZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA
£ J ;jc d ie ? m d ie c h ;J t M d a m p tu i T a m G ia n g -G a .'u H a i (T h u e T h ie n H u e ) tro n g
H o lo x e n

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