Physique, Fitness, and Performance - Second Edition ppt

Half Title Page
Second Edition
Physique,
Fitness,
and
Performance

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Title Page
CRC Press is an imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Boca Raton London New York
Second Edition
Physique,
Fitness,
and
Performance
Thomas Battinelli, Ed.D.
Professor Emeritus
Exercise and Sport Science
Fitchburg State College
Fitchburg, Massachusetts

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CRC Press
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International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-9197-0 (Hardcover)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Battinelli, omas.
Physique, fitness, and performance / omas Battinelli. 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-9197-0 (alk. paper)
1. Exercise Physiological aspects. 2. Somatotypes. 3. Physical fitness. I. Title.
QP301.B364 2007
612’.044 dc22 2007010015
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Dedication

To my granddaughter Sofia,
the new life in our lives

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Contents

PART ONE

Body Build and Body Composition

Chapter 1

Physique, Fitness, and Performance 3
Introduction 3

Body Build and Body Composition: The Physique Components 3
Conditioning and Training: The Physical Fitness Components 5
General Motor Ability and Specific Motor Ability: The Motor Components 6
Nutrient and Energy Utilization: The Metabolic Components 7
Physical Performance 8
Physique, Exercise, Nutrition, and Heart Disease 9
Summary 9
Glossary 10
References 12

Chapter 2

Body Build and Body Build Indices 15
Introduction 15
Body Types 15
Somatotypes 16
Anthropometric Somatotypes 16
Body Build and Physical Performance 17
Body Size and Body Proportions 22
Factor Types 22
Dysplasia Type Indices 23
Body-Build Indices 24
Body-Build Indices and Biomechanics 24
Body-Build Indices and Physical Performance 27
Summary 27
Glossary 29
References 30

Chapter 3

Body Fat and Fat-Free Composition 35
Introduction 35
Direct and Indirect Methods of Measure 35
Densitometry and Hydrometry 37

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Total Nitrogen and Total Body Potassium 37
Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance 37
Electrical Conductivity and Ultrasound 37
Infrared Interactance and Photon Absorptiometry 38
Air Displacement Plethysmography: Body Pod 39
Anthropometric Methods of Measure 39
Body Composition and Physical Performance 42
Summary 44
Glossary 45
References 46

PART TWO

Physical and Physiological
Conditioning

Chapter 4

Muscular Strength and Muscular Endurance 53
Introduction 53
Muscle Structure and Muscle Contraction 53
Muscle Fiber Types 54
Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance Determinants 54

Strength Training Principles and Practices 59
Muscular Strength and Muscular Endurance Training Programs 61
Flexibility 63
Effects of Resistance Training Programs 63
Summary 64
Glossary 65
References 67

Chapter 5

Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditioning 71
Introduction 71
Phosphagen or Adenosine Triphosphate–Creatine Phosphate System 71
Fast Glycolytic or Lactic Acid System 71
Slow Glycolytic or Oxidative System 72
Muscle Fiber Types 73
Principles of Training 75
Training Programs 79
Effects of Cardiovascular Training Programs 80
Pre-Entrance Program Considerations 82
Summary 82
Glossary 83
References 85

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PART THREE

Motor Learning and Motor Control

Chapter 6

Motor Learning and Motor Control 91
Introduction 91
Generality and Specificity 91
General Motor Ability 91
Specific Motor Ability 94
Motor Control 95
Closed and Open Loop Motor Learning 96
Closed and Open Loop Studies 97
Dynamic and Exploratory Motor Learning Approaches 100
Practice and Motor Learning 100
Motor Ability and Motor Learning 101
Summary 102
Glossary 103
References 104

Chapter 7

Fatigue and Physical Performance 109
Introduction 109
Fatigue and Physical Performance: Past Perspectives 109
Current Physiological Causes of Fatigue 112
Central Nervous System Fatigue 113
Peripheral Neuromuscular Fatigue 115
Fatigue and Motor Learning 116
Summary 117
Glossary 118
References 120

PART FOUR

Nutrition and Heart Disease

Chapter 8

Exercise and Nutrition 125
Introduction 125
Carbohydrates 125
Fats 125
Proteins 126
Vitamins and Minerals 127
Water 129
Carbohydrate and Fat Utilization in Exercise 129
Protein and Performance 132

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Vitamin and Mineral Utilization in Exercise 133
Water and Exercise 134
Summary 135
Glossary 136
References 137

Chapter 9

Nutrition and Heart Disease 141
Introduction 141
Lipids and Lipoproteins 141
Atherosclerosis and Heart Disease 144

Cholesterol Reduction: Nutritional Intervention 147
Dietary Goals and Dietary Guidelines 149
Cholesterol: Norm Levels and Risk Assessment 151
Major Risk Factors 154
The Metabolic Syndrome 156
Biochemical Risk Factors 157
Summary 157
Glossary 159
References 160

Chapter 10

Obesity and Heart Disease 167
Introduction 167
Obesity Types 167
Causes of Obesity 167
Height-Weight Tables 170
Height-Weight Ratios 171
Frame Size 174
Obesity and Heart Disease 174
Summary 175
Glossary 178
References 178

PART FIVE

Appendices

Appendix 1

The Heath-Carter Anthropometric Somatotype:
Measurement and Assessment 185
References 192

Appendix 2

Dysplasia Types and Subtypes: Measurement and
Assessment 193
References 196

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Appendix 3

Body Composition: Measurement and Assessment 197
References 200

Appendix 4

Resistance Exercises: Free Weights 201

Appendix 5

Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditioning: Assessment and
Classification 205

Appendix 6

Nutrition Guidelines 213

Index

221

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Preface

The relationship of structure to function has been substantially studied. Over the
years, research results in this area of interest have well demonstrated this relationship.
While physique essentially encompasses the study of body structure, body size, and
body composition, fitness and performance are descriptives of the applied interaction
of morphological, muscular, cardiovascular, motor, and metabolic component capac-
ities, abilities, and skills that are developed and acquired through exercise and
physical training programs.
This text has been written for undergraduate students in the exercise and sport
studies who major in these fields of interest. Part One serves as the basis for the
study of the structure-function relationships. Such study establishes an understanding
of the history and background of the prevalent interrelationships in the study of body
structure, body size, and body composition relative to fitness and physical perfor-
mance. Part Two and Part Three present an overview of the quantitative and quali-
tative study of physical and physiological conditioning and motor learning and motor
control. Quantitatively, the physical fitness health- and skill-related components are
reviewed relative to training and conditioning. Qualitatively, motor ability, motor
learning, and motor control are reviewed relative to the development of motor skill
within general and specific parameter guidelines. Fatigue, the inevitable result of
exercise and performance, provides a further analysis of the physiological and
psychological training processes. Part Four provides the fundamental understandings

to the physiological processes that occur during exercise relative to nutrient function.
This section also presents coverage on the relationships of nutrition and obesity to
heart disease. Part Five, the appendix section, includes the pertinent figures, tables,
and forms used in evaluation and programming.

Thomas Battinelli

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Acknowledgments

The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of the following individuals in the
preparation and completion of this textbook: Robert A. Foley, M.L.S., Director of
Library, Fitchburg State College; Jeremiah E. Greene, M.L.S., librarian, Fitchburg
State College; Bruce Mc Sheehy, M.A., librarian, Fitchburg State College; Jean W.
Missud, M.A., librarian, Fitchburg State College; Mary E. Leger, Inter Library Loan
Services, Fitchburg State College; Paulette M. Rameau, secretary, Fitchburg State
College; Regina M. Pisa, J.D., managing partner, Goodwin Procter Law Firm;
Stephen Charkoudian, J.D., partner, Goodwin Proctor Law Firm, Zheng-Yi Chen,
Ph.D., assistant professor of neuroscience/researcher, Harvard Medical School and
Massachusetts General Hospital; Elisabeth M. Battinelli, M.D., Ph. D., hematology-
oncology clinical fellow, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center.

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The Author

Thomas Battinelli

is a professor emeritus from the Exercise and Sport Science
Department at Fitchburg State College in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. He received his
Bachelor of Science degree in physical education from Boston University, his Master
of Education degree in educational administration from Boston College, and his
Doctoral Degree in health and human movement from Boston University. Dr. Bat-
tinelli has presented research papers regionally, nationally, and internationally,
authored numerous research studies and articles, and has had two books published.
His research areas range from studies on body build and physical performance, to
motor ability and motor learning, philosophy and physical education, exercise and
nutrition, and administration and athletics. These studies were published in

The
Journal of Human Biology, The British Journal of Sports Medicine, The International
Journal of Physical Education, The Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, The
Physical Educator, Athletic Administration, Rivista di Cultura Sportiva,

and

Annali

.
He also collaborated as a principal investigator for Fitchburg State College with
University of Massachusetts Epidemiological Researchers in studies on Cholesterol
and Calcium.
During his tenure at Fitchburg State College, Dr. Battinelli was a faculty
member for 47 years, athletic director for 10 years, and department chair for 30
years. He has been both college active and community active. In reference to college

activities, he was chair of the Athletic Council and served as a member of the
Academic Policies, the Department Chairs, the Institutional Wellness, and the
Human Studies Committees. As for his community activities, Dr. Battinelli has
been involved in public school physical education advisory work, served as gov-
ernor on the Administrative Board of the Dante Alighieri Cultural Society, and
currently is an operations volunteer for the Somerville Museum. In regard to honors
and awards, Dr. Battinelli has been a recipient of an Honor Award from the
Massachusetts Association for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance,
received two Distinguished Service Awards, and won the Mara Award for Teaching
Excellence from Fitchburg State College.

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Part One

Body Build and
Body Composition

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3

1

Physique, Fitness, and
Performance

INTRODUCTION

The relationship of physique to fitness and performance has been substantially
studied. Over the years, research results in this area of interest have well demon-
strated this relationship well. While physique essentially encompasses the study of
body structure, body size, and body composition, fitness and performance are
descriptive of the applied interaction of morphological, muscular, cardiovascular,
motor, and metabolic component capacities, abilities, and skills that are developed
and acquired through exercise and physical training programs.

2,3

BODY BUILD AND BODY COMPOSITION: THE
PHYSIQUE COMPONENTS

Physique or body build can be characterized by the interactive sum of its parts, body
structure, body size, and body composition. (Figure 1.1).

1,2,3,9

1. Body structure — the distributive component parts of the body
2. Body size — the body mass, volume, length, and surface area of the body
3. Body composition — the fat and fat-free ratio percentage components of
the body
In relation to measurement and assessment, three major interrelated but some-
what dichotomous classification systems of study have emerged through the years
(Table 1.1). The physique rating systems include those of body type, somatotype,
and anthropometric somatotype. These classification forms of study have focused
on the measure of structure, shape, and form through anthroposcopic and anthropo-

metric methods of evaluation. The body build index rating systems include those of
factor type, body type, dysplasia type, and proportionality assessments. These rating
systems are index oriented and utilize anthropometric length, breadth, and circum-
ference methods of assessment to identify and relate body measures to one another
in the form of ratios. Through the use of statistical computations, body build assess-
ments and classifications have been made relative to size, proportionality, and dis-
proportionality. The last, but probably the most recently utilized systems of study,
have been those in the field of body composition. Laboratory and field methods of

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4

Physique, Fitness, and Performance, Second Edition

FIGURE 1.1

Physique components. (From Bioleau, R.A. and T.H. Lohman,

Orthopedic
Clinics of North America,

8, 563–581, 1977. With the permission of the publisher.)

TABLE 1.1
Body Build and Body Composition:
The Physique Components
Composition
Structure
Size

e Physique Components
Body Build Body Build Indices Body Composition
Body Types Factor Types Densitometric
Somatotypes Dysplasia Types Dilutional
Anthropometric Body Size Nitrogen
Somatotypes Potassium
X-Ray
Ultrasound
Anthropometric
Computed
Tomography
Magnetic Resonance
Electrical
Conductivity
Infrared Interactance
Photon
Absorptiometry
Air Displacement
Plethysmography

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Physique, Fitness, and Performance

5

assessment have generally incorporated densitometric, dilutional, nitrogen, potas-
sium, x-ray, ultrasound, anthropometric, computed tomography, magnetic resonance,
electrical conductivity, infrared interactance, photon absorptiometry, and air dis-
placement plethysmography evaluations to measure fat and fat-free body weight.

To date, research in these areas of study have demonstrated the morphological,
biomechanical, and physiological influence of structure, size, and composition on per-
formance.

1,5,7,8,13–22

A summary of these findings generally indicate that:
1. The position of muscular attachments, the structural size of joints, and
the length of bones can either enhance or limit function.
2. Body build can set influential limits for performance but does not control
the capacity for work.
3. Proportionality in size and shape can constitute specific prerequisites for
successful performance.
4. Muscle force is directly related to muscle cross section.
5. Structure–function interactions can be interpreted through length, mass, and
time studies, and their derivatives can be expressed in physiological terms.
6. Environmental, biomechanical, and morphological constraints on perfor-
mance can include the factors of spatial and temporal controls, physical
laws and principles, and overall size and form measures.
7. The amount of fat-free and fat weight can be of positive and/or negative
value in regard to performance.
8. Generally, mesomorphs have been found to be stronger and more agile,
and to possess more muscular endurance than ectomorphs and endomorphs.

CONDITIONING AND TRAINING: THE PHYSICAL
FITNESS COMPONENTS

Physical fitness can be defined as the capacity to do physical work within gradated
levels of performance quantitatively and qualitatively (Table 1.2). The quantitative
training parameters are health related and include the components of muscular

strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance:
1. Muscular strength — the maximal repetitive or sustained exertion of force
against resistance
2. Muscular endurance — the submaximal repetitive or sustained exertion
of force against resistance
3. Flexibility — the functional joint movement of the body and limbs through
a range of movement
4. Cardiovascular endurance — the contributive metabolic energy force that
is descriptive of the physiological work capacity of the body relative to
the performance efficiency of the vascular and respiratory heart and lungs
over extended periods of time

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Physique, Fitness, and Performance, Second Edition

The qualitative training parameters are skill related in nature and include the
components of agility, balance, coordination, speed, and power.
1. Agility — the ability to change direction quickly and accurately while in
movement
2. Balance — vestibular function and the state of equilibrium during static
and dynamic activity
3. Coordination — the learned execution of movement patterns
4. Speed — the repetitive movement of body limbs related to the coverage
of distance or periods of time as quickly as possible
5. Power — the amount of explosive force exerted as quickly as possible
over a designated bodily range distance

GENERAL MOTOR ABILITY AND SPECIFIC MOTOR
ABILITY: THE MOTOR COMPONENTS

Ability or general motor ability can be defined as the inherited and learned capacity
demonstrated in the performance of fundamental skill activities.

11

Components such
as muscular strength, muscular endurance, power, speed, cardiovascular endurance,
flexibility, agility, and coordination were established, and tests were developed as
measures of these factors (Table 1.3). Measures of this type were aimed at the
predictive evaluation of physical performance and the generality and the transfer-
ability of skill activities.

4,5

Later studies in this field of research, however, disputed
such general findings. Subsequent investigations were more demonstrative of the
specificities in movement parameters (Table 1.3). The later theories were more motor
skill and neuromotor centered and considered to be independent and nontransferable

TABLE 1.2
Physical Fitness: The Conditioning and
Training Components
Physical Fitness:
e Conditioning and Training Components
Health Related Skill Related
Muscular Strength Agility
Muscular Endurance Balance

Flexibility Coordination
Cardiovascular Speed
Endurance Power

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