Một góc nhìn về văn học dân gian Thanh Hóa pot

Mpt goc nhln
ve van hoc dan gian
Thanh Hoa
TRAN SINH
Van
hgc dan
gian Thanh
Hda
la mdt bd
phan
ciJa
van
hgc
dan
gian Viet
Nam, la
thanh
qua cua van hgc dan
gian cac dan tgc sinh sdng tren
dja
bin
Thanh
Hda
(Viet,
iviudng,
Thdi
Thd,
Dao, Kha
mii ).
Trong trudng ky Ijch suf,
cac dan tdc tren dat Thanh

da
lien tuc sang tac vd hoan thien
tac pham van hgc dan gian cua
minh,
chung diic thanh nhufng
ndt rieng Thanh Hda. Viec
suu
tam gidi thieu
van hgc dan
gian Thanh
Hda den nay da
phan
nao cho
chiing
ta
thay
dugc dien
mao van hgc dan
gian Thanh Hda phong
phii vd
todt
ien nhiifng vd dep dan gian
gdp phan vdo kho tdng van hgc
dan gian cd nudc.
C
iing nhu ca nudc,
viec td chiic suu
tim van hgc dan
gian Thanh Hda mdt cich toan
dien va khoa hgc dugc tiln

hanh tuong ddi mudn. Trudc
cich mang, viee suu tim gidi
thieu van hgc dan gian chu
ye'u dugc tie'n hinh hinh trong
nd lyc cua mdt sd ngudi yeu
thfeh
van hgc dan gian. Tir sau
1945,
nhat la
til
nam 1960 trd
di,
viec suu tam gidi thieu va
nghien
ciiu
van hgc dan gian
mdi dugc td chiic mdt
each
khoa hgc dudi anh sang dudng
ldi van nghe cua Dang.
Quan niem vl van hgc dan
gian ciing anh hudng tryc tilp
tdi
kit
qua suu tim, gidi thieu
va nghien
cihi
van hgc dan
gian.
Thdi phong kien, tac pham

van hgc dan gian dugc van
dyng trong viec bien soan cac
sich Viet dien u linh, LTnh
nam chich qudi, Dgi Viet
sff
ky todn thu Quan niem van
sir bit phan da khien cac nha
nho coi truyen ke dan gian la
da sir, dan sit
Cac nha suu tim, gidi
thieu, nghien
ciiu
van hgc dan
gian can hien dai (trudc 1945)
lai chi
chii
trgng ngdn
til,
coi
van hgc dan gian la van hgc
ngdn tir chiia dung tu tudng,
tinh cam, dao
diic
cua ngudi
binh dan Viet Nam,
chii
ylu la
van hgc dan gian dan tgc Viet
Nam. Hg chua
chii

y nhieu
din
mdi trudng diln xudng va
cai ndi sinh thanh, tdn tai ciia
van hgc dan gian nhung ding
quy la da giii lai dugc mdt sd
van ban ngdn
til
van hgc giiip
cho viec nghien
ciiu
ngay nay.
Sau 1945, viec sang tac ca
dao,
hd
ve
phye vy
each
mang,
phye vy khang chien trd nen
rim rd. Khii niem van nghe
quan chiing, van nghe dan
gian trd nen phd biln. Cac can
bd suu tam, gidi
tiiieu
van hgc
dan gian da
chii
y tdi phin
diln xudng, ngoai viec ghi

day dil phin ldi cdn khao ta
cic chi
til^t
cd Uen quan den
tac pham dan gian, coi van
hgc dan gian la tic phim nghe
thuat
gin
vdi
tCmg
cdng ddng
dan cu va tdc ngudi cy the;
tit
dd din den viec khoanh viing,
xic dinh mien trong cdng viec
suu tam, gidi thieu van hgc
dan gian. Van hgc
dan
gian
cac dan tdc it ngudi dugc dac
biet
chii
y. Khai niem van hda
dan gian (bao gdm ca van hgc
dan gian) da ndi rdng pham vi
U|Sd322
Thang 4-2011
TLf LIEU TRONG
NLfdC
cdng viec cua cac nhi suu tim, gidi thieu vd'n

van hgc cd truyin cita dan tdc.
Tinh
hinh suti
tam va gidi thieu vdn hpc
dan gian Thanh Hoa
Van hgc dan gian vdn luu truyin tren cira
mieng. Viec cd dinh cac tac phim van hgc dan
gian bing van ban chii viei tuy nim ngoai
phuang thtic sang tic dan gian song lai rat cin
thiet, nhat la tit khi van hgc
viet
ra ddi va phat
trien.
Van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda cd mat rat sdm
trong cac sich chii Han chii Ndm. Sich Viet
dien u linh va Llnh nam chich qudi ed truyen
Dua
hdu.
Do thdng khudng qudc td thdnh
vuang,
Minh chu linh
itng
chieu cdm
bdo
huu
dgi vuang ke chuyen cac nhan vat Thanh Hda
li Mai An Tiem (Nga Son), Le Phyng Hieu
(Hoang Hda) va thin Ddng Co (Dan Ne, Yen
Dinh).
Viec suu tam ghi chep van hgc dan gian

Thanh Hda sdm nhat cd the ke de'n la Thanh
Hda danh thdng luc, Thanh Hda ky thdng va
Thanh Hda quan phong vao dau TK XX.
Thanh Hda danh thdng luc (khuyit danh)
chep lich sir, dia ly tinh Thanh Hda; sy tfch va
tmyin thuyit vl 32 canh dep cita tinh nay: cita
Thin Phil, mil Bfch Lam, ddng Tir Thtic
Thanh Hoa ky thdng (Vuong Duy Trinh)
chep danh lam thing canh va cd tfch cita Thanh
Hda; phong canh, di tfch cac truyin thuyit vi
thi van dl vinh cita cac danh
si
Thanh Hda quan phong (Vuong Duy
Trinh) ghi chep eic bai dan ca phan inh phong
tuc tap quin ciia nhan dan Thanh Hda: mimg
dam cudi,
mutng
nam mdi, mimg dugc mua, ndi
vl cdng viec nha ndng, thdi tiet, vg chdng
khuyen nhau lam dilu tdt, hat giao duyen
Cd the ke den mdt tie pham niia, dd la sich
Thanh Hoa chu thdn luc cua triiu dinh Hue,
bien soan nam Thanh Thai
15
(1903).
Sach ghi
chep hon 700 vi than nam va gin 200 vi than
nii,
trong dd cd nhilu vi thin dugc chep sy tfch
gidng nhu cae truyen kl dan gian.

Nhiing cdng trinh tren xuat hien nham myc
dfeh
khae chii
khdng nim trong muc dich suu
tim van hgc dan gian. Tuy vay, dd ciing la
nhiing tii lieu quy de giiip cho viec kiem dinh
lai eic tic phim van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda
dugc tie'n hanh rim rd, ed quy md tir sau 1945,
nhai li tir
1960
den nay.
Viec
smi
tam rieng vl van hgc dan gian
Thanh Hda thyc su tiln hinh tit sau nam 1960.
Cho de'n nay, ddi ngu suu tim van nghe dan
gian Thanh Hda da cd nhieu ngudi thanh cdng,
nhilu ten tudi dugc liet vao tdc gid folkhore
Viet Nam la hdi vien hdi van nghe dan gian
Viet Nam. Ddi ngii nay, mdt each rat ty nhien,
da chia thanh hai nhdm: nhdm chuyen sau miln
niii
va nhdm chuyen
sau
miln xudi. Hg da cd
sy cdng tac vdi nhau tren nhieu phuong dien va
da lien
kit
vdi nhau thinh cac nhdm tu nhien
trong cdng viec suu tam va gidi thieu vd'n van

hda, van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda, tao ra sy
hda ddng sinh ddng trong hoat ddng nay sudt
thdi gian dii.
Trong he thd'ng eic sich gidi thieu van nghe
dan gian Thanh Hda, md diu la cudn Ca dao
suu
tdm d
Thanh Hda (1963) vi sau dd li cudn
Ddn ca Thanh Hda (1965) cita nhdm Lam
Son. Md dau cho viec suu tim gidi thieu van
hgc dan gian miln
niii
Thanh Hda la cudn
Truyen tha Mudng cita Minh Hieu va Hoanh
Anh Nhan (1966). Cac sich tren dlu do Nha
xuat ban Van hgc an hanh va dugc danh gia cao
vl chit lugng suu tim, gidi thieu.
Mdt loai sich suu tim gidi thieu mdi xuit
hien, dd la eie sich dia chf (timg ling,
tumg
xa,
timg huyen, timg ban mudng ) cd khi liy ten
ggi li Vdn hoa ddn gian truyen thdng hay Vdn
hda truyen
thdng.
Dia chf la loai sach suu tim
tdng hgp, gidi thieu mdt dia ban cu the (lang,
xa ) vl tit ea cae phuang dien nhu lich sii
phat trien, tam thtic chung cita cdng ddng bgc
Id

trong phong tyc, tfn ngudng, tdn giao cho
de'n ldi an, tilng ndi, san vat, nganh
nghi,
van
hgc nghe thuat (trong dd cd van hgc dan gian)
duge mieu ta, trinh bay trong mdi trudng van
hda
a'y.
Dilu dd ciing da giiip cho viec tim hieu,
nghien
ciiu
cac tic phim van hgc dan gian dugc
day dii va chfnh xae hon.
Thang 4-2011
S«322[g
THOMC Tiii
VAN HOA
NnHF
JH'
'AT
Viec suu tim, gidi thieu van hgc dan gian,
van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda duge coi nhu can
bin hoin thinh giai doan diu. Vdn van nghe
dan gian Thanh Hda dugc ghi chep, gidi thieu
thanh sach khi diy
dii
va dugc cd dinh hda
trong cac sach gidi thieu suu tim, li rit ding
quy. Tren co sd dd, cic nhi nghien
ciiu

van hgc
dan gian, van nghe dan gian Thanh Hda dang
lam cdng viec kilm dinh lai cii da dugc suu
tim, gidi thieu, ehinh ly bien soan thinh nhimg
cdng trinh mang tfnh chit tdng hgp vdi cic ten
ggi tuyin chgn , hgp tuyin , kho tang chic
chin se dang cdn li cdng viec lam tiep trong
giai doan suu tim tu lieu hien nay.
Nhin chung, dien mao van hgc dan gian
(van nghe dan gian) Thanh Hda khi hoan
chinh, nhu la
biic
tranh thu nhd cua van hgc dan
gian ca nudc. Mdt dilm khi dac biet la d mgt
sd
thi
loai, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda dugc
danh gia eao, dugc xe'p d vi tri hing diu vi
cting ed
thi
loai duge coi li doe nhit vd nhi.
Sau day, chung ta diem
din
vd'n van hgc dan
gian mi Thanh Hda cd dugc:
Thin thoai: ndi bat nhit li thin thoai vl cic
dng Khdng Ld
Truyin thuyit: dang
chii
y la truyin thuyit

chd'ng xam lang nhu truyen thuyit Ba Trieu,
truyen thuyit Le Hoin, truyin thuyet Cin
Vuong , song hoin chinh vi tieu bilu hon ci
li truyin thuyei Le Lgi va
Ididi
nghia Lam Son.
cd tfch: rit phong
phii,
d miln mii, loai
truyen ed tfch loai vat rit phit trien; d miln
xudi li loai cd tfch sinh hoat, cd tfch phong tyc
gin vdi mdi miln que.
Truyen cudi: d miln niii ndi len truyen
Quay, cdn miln xudi lai ndi len truyen Trang
Quynh.
Sir thi: Thanh Hda cdn giii dugc trgn ven sir
thi De ddt de nudc. Dan toe Mudng edn ed mo
ma (mo len trdi), ngudi Thii cd Toi dm ooc ndm
din.
Truyen tho: eic truyen tho ngudi Thii nhu U
Them Xi Thudn, Khdm
Panli;
cac truyen tho
ngudi Mudng nhu
Hiiy
Nga Hai Mdi, Ndng
Cim
vd chdng Bong Huang, Ut Lot Ho Lieu.
Ve:
the loai truyen Ve d Thanh Hda xuit

hien kha sdm: ve dng Ninh, ve cai Mao, ve Cin
Vuong,
Tyc ngii ca dao: tyc ngii ca dao Thanh Hda
hda chung vio kho ting tyc ngu ca dao chung
ciia
dan tdc. Tuy nhien, ta cung cd the phan biet
dugc sic thai Thanh Hda trong cic cau tyc ngQ
ca dao cd lien quan tdi Thanh Hda, dac biet loai
phuang ngdn Thanh Hda chiem mdt ty le ldn,
la nhiing cau ndi vl: dia danh, con ngudi, san
vat, canh trf thien nhien, phong tyc tap quan,
thd am thd ngir
cau
do: rat phong
phii,
phin ldn gin vdi
canh vat thien nhien va cugc sd'ng Thanh Hda.
Ben canh dd, loai trd choi cd ldi eho tre em
cung rit ddc dao. Phan ldi (van ban ngdn
til)
ciing
lim giiu them vdn van hgc dan gian
Thanh Hda.
Dan ca: dat dan ca trong diln xudng dan
gian tiic li
chii
y phin van hgc (ngdn tit), cac
loai dan ca tieu bieu d Thanh Hda ed
thi
dilm

din
li:
Hd sdng Ma: gin vdi con dd sdng Ma. Phin
ldi (van hgc) trong cac td
khiic
rat sinh dgng,
phan inh lao ddng sdng nudc trong cac chang
cita eon dd: mdi khach, rdi ben, hd dd xudi, hd
dudng trudng, hd mic can, hd vugt thic, hd cap
ben
Hit gheo: gin vdi lao ddng ndng nghiep
(ciy, ciy, gat hii ) hay lao ddng sinh hoat (hii
ciii,
keo sgi vai ). Hat gheo cd nhilu the thiic,
nhilu lan dieu, mang sic thai dia phuong vdi
cic
loai
nhu
diim,
trdng quan lien van, vf gheo.
Xudng, rang
ciia
ngudi Mudng.
Khap cita ngudi Thii.
Hat di nuong, loai hit trong lao ddng, cua
ngudi Dao.
Trd dien dan gian
Cheo chai: thd thanh Bung va Quan gia dd
bac dgc hai bd sdng Ma.
Hit

miia
Vien Khe: thd Cao Hoang d nghe
Sim (Ddng Son).
Trd bdn: thd thanh He (Ddng Son).
Trd xuan phi: thd Ddng Hii long vuong
(Thg Xuan).
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4-2011
TLf
LIEU
TRONG NLTCIC
Cheo thd, boi thd: thd thanh Ludng (Ndng
Cd'ng).
Trd triing: thd Trinh Qud'c Bao va Ddng
Phuang hie quang (Yen Dinh).
Pdn poong cua ngudi Mudng (Bi Thudc,
Nggc Lac, ).
Kin chieng booc
ciia
ngudi Thai.
Sdn khdu ddn gian: nhilu ginh cheo, ganh
bdi (ggi la phudng cheo, phudng bdi) d Thanh
Hda ed ten tudi mang ten dia phuang nhu.
Phii
Khe,
Quy Chu, Ngoii ra edn cd rdi nude d
ling Si (Yen Dinh).
Vd'n van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda suu tim

dugc phin ldn da xuat ban, dd la cdng
siic
vi
tam huyet
ciia
cac nhi hoat ddng suu tim trong
vi ngoai tinh. Cd nhilu cdng trinh dugc gidi
nghien cim
hit
site chii y, vi da giir duge nhung
vien nggc quy ching nhiing d tinh Thanh mi
cdn li cita toan qud'c, cd tim ed qudc te nhu sir
thi De ddt de nudc, tao dilu kien thuan lgi cho
viec tie'n hanh nghien ciru van hgc dan gian
Thanh Hda tren nhieu phuong dien.
Tinh hinh nghien
cihi
van hoc dan gian
Thanh Hoa
Cd the ndi, nhung chuyen dl rieng, nhimg
cdng trinh chuyen khio nghien
ciiu
van hgc dan
gian Thanh Hda dang cdn
Idiiem
td'n. Nhung
nhimg edng trinh nghien
ciiu
vl van hda dan
gian Thanh Hda trong dd phin van hgc dugc

xem nhu la mdt thinh td
eiia
cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
khi phong
phii.
Khi suu tam gidi thieu vd'n van nghe dan
gian, cic nhi suu tim da tiln hanh nghien ciru
de ehinh ly tic pham dan gian nhim gidi thieu
thanh sich.
Cung cin ghi nhan, ttr trudc tdi nay, viec
nghien
ciiu
van nghe dan gian, van hgc dan
gian Thanh Hda dugc tap trung d cac hgi thao
khoa hgc tir dia phuang den trung uong. Cd
thi
dilm de'n cac cugc hdi thio da tien hanh, trong
dd van hgc dan gian ddng gdp mdt phan ndi
dung quan trgng: hdi thao Ba Trieu, hdi thao Le
Lgi vi khdi nghia Lam Son, vl
miia
dan gian,
vl trd choi tre em, vl ll hdi dan gian truyin
thd'ng, vl Hd Quy Ly, vl Dio Duy Tii, vl khdi
nghia Ba Dinh, ve Le Thinh Tdng, ve van nghe
dan gian miln Trung, vl van hda truyin thd'ng
eic tinh Bie Trung Bd,
Ding
chii

y li cic hdi thao tap trung vao
mdt sd hien tugng van hgc dan gian d Thanh
Hda nhu: vl sit thi De ddt de nudc
(1977),
vl
Le Lgi va khdi nghia Lam Son trong dd ndi bat
len truyin thuyit Le Lgi (1982). Hdi thao vl sur
thi De ddt de nudc da budc diu tie'p can vdi tic
pham dd so niy tir nhilu phfa, dd li hinh tugng
cdng ddng bd tdc diing diu la Lang Cun Cin
vdi nhiing bilu tugng thin thoai ky vi, huy
hoing dugc cic nhi nghien
ciiu
dac biet chii y.
Hdi thao vl truyen thuyit Le Lgi da lam ndi bat
len hinh tucmg Le Lgi trong folklore. Trong dip
nghien
ciiu
Le Lgi, cic nha nghien
ciiu
ciing dl
cap de'n nhdm truyin thuyit Nguyin Trai tren
dit Thanh.
Cac cdng trinh nghien
cUu
vl van hda, van
nghe, van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda mang tfnh
tdng hgp cd the ke den nhu Khdo sdt vdn hda
lang xff Thanh
ciia.

Hoing Anh Nhan, Le Huy
Tram, mdt cdng trinh nghien
cUu
tdng hgp, dat
tfnh quy md
ciia
cdng trinh khoa hgc. Cdng
trinh da the hien mdt cii nhin khi toin dien
tren cic hien tucmg van hda, van nghe, van hgc
dan gian Thanh Hda vi da khii quit vl van hda
ling, van hda dan gian
xii
Thanh, lai gin bd
timg ehi tilt, rat miu thit vdi vdn van nghe, van
hgc dan gian Thanh Hda.
Nhin lai khii quit tinh hinh suu tim gidi
thieu vi nghien eiru vl van hgc dan gian Thanh
Hda, chiing ta nhan thay dien mao van nghe
dan gian Thanh Hda kha dd so vl sd lugng,
phong phti vl the loai, da dang vl phong cich
the hien, mang dam sic thai van hda
x\i
Thanh.
Vdi tru lugng dd, viec suu tim gidi thieu vi
nghien citu van hgc dan gian Thanh Hda se md
ra nhilu van dl cdn tiep tuc phai nghien ciru va
hua hen nhieu cdng trinh xuat sic cho dia
phuang vi ca nudc vl van hgc, van nghe dan
gian Thanh Hda
m

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