Báo cáo khoa học: Bước khởi đầu hiện đại hóa nghiên cứu văn học pot

TLf
LigU
TRONG NLfCIC
BU0G khdi
dau hien dai hda
nghien
GIIU van hoG
DUONG THU THUY
H
ien dai hda van bpc Vipt Nam nria
diu TK XX la mpt qui trinh ehuydn
bidn lien tuc tri nhung bude di ban
diu vdi nhidu vudng viu cria ldi nghien erin van
hpc trung dai ddn nhring bude hoin thipn sau
dd. Qua eic cdng trinh nghien crin van hpc giai
doan sau (tri
1930
de'n
1945),
de thiy sy chuyen
bidn manh me cria qui trinh hipn dai hda.
Nhung, cai gi thupc ve khai pha ban diu cung
Ii
eii ding ghi nhan vi ein dupe tran trpng. Vi
vay, vipc tim hieu chinh bude di ban diu eua
boat dpng nghien eiiru van hoc Vipt Nam tri diu
TK XX de'n 1930
Ii
mpt vipc lim ein thiet de
phic hpa nen toan eanh qui trinh hipn dai hda
van hpc dan tpc nria diu TK XX.

Trong nhring thap nien diu cua TK XX, boat
dpng nghien erin van hoc phit trien chu ydu ve
cdng tic bien khao. Nhan xdt vd tinh hinh
nghien criu van hpc d nhung thap nien nay,
Pham Thd NgQ trong Viet Nam vdn hpc su
gidn udc tdn bien
(1965),
cho ring: day
Ii
giai
doan "phdn thjnh vd bien khao", vdi dri cic loai
nhu: bien khao vd kinh hpc, tridt hpc, sri hpc,
van hpc. Trong bien khao van bpc, eic nha bien
khao dac bipt hudng vao van bpc cd Vipt Nam,
nhit
Ii
van ehuang Ndm, tri sao luc, djch thuat
- phien am, hipu dinh, chri giai, phe binh ddn
suu tap vi khao luan tdng quit vd thd cich,
nghe thuat, ljch sri Cd the ke mpt sd cdng
trinh khao cun,
siru
tap cd gii trj nhu Viet Hdn
vdn khdo (1918) eua Phan Kd Binh, Vdn
ehuang thi phd An Nam (1923) cria Ha Ngpc
Cin, Viet vdn hop tuyen gidng nghia (1925)
cua Le Thanh Y, Qude vdn trich diim (1925)
cria Duong Quang Ham, Vdn ddn bdo gidm
(1928) cria Trin Trung Vien Cac cdng trinh
bien khao niy phin nhieu cdn so lupc. each

nhan djnh, danh gia deu khdng vupt khdi khudn
khd ngri van hpc cd didn; cae tie gia cdn
chiu
nhieu anh hudng eua quan niem van chuong
thdi trung dai d chd thien vd danh gia, phim
binh nhidu ban
Ii
phan tich, giai thich cac hien
tupng van hoc; nha bien khao chi cin bidt tdi
van ban vdi nhung thin eri, nhan ty chri it cin
bidt tdi nhirng quan he xa hpi phuc tap da san
sinh ra tie phim. Vdi mpt ndn
qude
van ngay
cang phit tridn, ldi nghien cun truydn thdng
nhu tren khdng thd dap ung nhu cau tiep nhan
cria dpc gia duang thdi,
vi
vay, cac nha nghien
erin da khdng ngirng hpc tap, ap dung cae
phuang phap nghien criu mdi vao viec nghien
cii^
van hpc Viet Nam. Trong nhQng bude khdi
diu cria qua trinh hien dai hda boat dpng
nghien eun van hpc Vipt Nam giai doan nria
diu TK XX, Truyen Kiiu
ciia
Nguydn Du la
tic phim van hpc trung dai dupe tap trung tim
hieu nhidu nhit.

Cring trong nghien criu
Truyen
Kieu thi cac
phuang phap mdi cua phuang Tay lin diu tien
dupe ip dung. Va Pham Quynh cung mdt vai
ngudi khae cd edng khai pha trong
linh
vyc nay.
Trong bii vie't dang tren Nam Phong nam
1919,
Pham Quynh cho ring: " khdng the Iiy cai ti
lp thudng cria van chri Ndm mi xet dupe. Phai
dring phep phe binh khao cun eua van hpc
Tliai
Tay mdi mong phat bidu dupe cai dac sic. bay
td dupe cii gii trj cria mdt nen tuyet tac trong
qud'c van An Nam ta". Va d bai Khdo ve
Truyen Kiiu, Pham Quynh vua van dung ly
thuydt, vria thuc hanh khao sit tie pham theo
mpt trinh ty tri khai quit de'n eu the. Md diu la
ldi gidi thieu chung vd tic phim, sau dd di vao
Sd 304 frr
Thang
10-2009 »
THdMC TIM VAN
H6A
NGHg THUAT
"cdi rd Truypn Kidu", "ljch su tie gia", "van
chuong Truypn Kidu", "tam ly cd Kidu". 6
timg npi dung, Pham Quynh da lam vipe mdt

each rit nghiem trie vi cdng phu.
(Zich
nghien crin Truyen Kieu thien vd van
chuong cria Pham Quynh, trong hoin canh
nude mit vi cic phong trio yeu nude sdi sue,
gap phai phan ring cia eic nhi Nho vdn
dl
quan
nipm "van
dl
tai dao" - trie hudng van ehuang
vio eon dudng ich dung cho dan, cho nude, eho
thd dao nhan tam, hudng con ngudi vao vipc tu
dudng dao drie, chinh khi dd dinh gia tie
phim. Truyen Kieu, bdi thd, bj Ngd Drie Kd,
Huynh Thric Khing coi
Ii
hai ddn phong hda
dao drie, bj coi
Ii
dam thu eung
Ii
didu dd
hidu. Dring nhu Thidu San trong
P/ie
binh vd
edo ludn timg nhan xet vd Huynh Thric Khing
nhu sau: "Truyen Kieu kia ndu bj eoi la mpt
cudn dam thu vi nhung ngudi yeu Kidu vd cii
gii trj van chuong va my thuat cria nd ma bj kdt

in vio tpi me dan hoac chring, ta cring ching
nen phidn trich nha ehi
si
khdng edng bing
khich da tinh thi thien
Ipeh
vd tinh. Nhi chi
si
thi thien lech vd nudc"(l).
Ngoii cic bii nghien cun vd Truyen Kieu,
giai doan niy cdn cd cdng trinh
Sif
nghiep vd
thi vdn cua Uy viin tudng cdng Nguyin Cong
Tru (1928 - in lin thri nhit tai nhi in Le Van
Tan, Hi Npi) ban vd cupe ddi va sing tie cria
nha tho
nay.
Dri ehua dri can eri dd xic djnh day
la mpt cudn sich nghien
cihi,
phe binh van hpc,
nhung dng Le Thudc dupe gidi nghien erin van
bpc trude day, nhu Thanh Lang ching ban, coi
la "ngudi diu tien di bin vao dja hat phe binh,
tuy chua dat dupe ket qua rye rd ". Qua tim
hidu, ta tha'y mac dri cdng trinh cd khudn khd
ldn nhung phuong phip nghien erin cia Le
Thudc vin cdn mang nang tinh giao didu khi da
dya vao mpt sd tieu chuin cd dien vd nghp thuat

trong vipc thim djnh Nguydn Cdng Trri. Ching
ban, nhan xet vd tai van ehuang cia Nguydn
Cdng Trri, dng eho ring: "Van Ndm dng
Nguydn Cdng Trri cd ve dac sic lim, nha't la
van vin (nhu ea
trri).
Ong ehi dring nhring tidng
ngudi ta thudng dpc, thudng nghe, ndi ra trie la
thanh van khdng nin ndt eham gpt nhu cac thi
si
khae. Ldi van vria nhe nhang, vria chit phac:
]
trdng vao khdng tha'y gi la eao ky, ma dpc ldn
y that ddi dao; ldi khdng ehai chudt mi hay, van
I
khdng trau ddi ma ljch: that la ca trri nhit j
gia"(2);
hay khi ban vd
ehi
hudng cria Nguydn i
Cdng Trri, tic gia vidt: 'Ta dpc ddn ldi van eu,
ty nhien sinh ldng hang hii, mudn di, mudn
chay, mudn dem than ganh vac vipc ddi, dd !
girip ddi eho khdi nhring ndi bi ai khdn khd. Ay
cring bdi eu ddi vdi ddi ed cai quan nipm nhu
1
the,
cho nen cu thd
Id
ra mdt ing van ehuang ed

i
khi
lye bring manh, diu ai oan ma khdng lam
cho bi siu, diu
mia
mai ma khdng lam eho dau
ddn. Duong cii thdi dai canh tranh nay, ke thdi
bdn xu qui, ddn ndi quen mat
liem
si, ke thdi
nhu nhupe qui, ddn ndi sanh ra chin ddi, qude
dan ta ndu mudn chin khdi eii tinh thin, bdi
thyc cii khi tidt cho ngay mpt manh me len thdi
cai ldi van
ehuang
bring trang niy ha lai khdng
nen sring bii lim ru (3). Rd rang d day, ngdn
ngri nhan xet cia Le Thudc cdn in dam diu in
cia ldi pham binh cia van hpc ed khi dng xem
van ehuang cia ddi tuong nghien crin la bai hpc
dao drie neu guang cho mpi nguoi. Tie gia ca
ngpi tinh thin lac quan,
ehi
khi manh me cia
Nguydn Cdng Trri trong hoan canh ngat ngheo
va xem dd
Ii
bai hpc cd vu, ddng vien bdi i
dudng nhipt tinh sdng va hanh ddng cria ngudi
dan Vipt Nam trong hoin eanh lric biy gid,

chinh la bay td quan nipm van
dl
tai dao cria
ngudi xua. Dri vay, Le Thudc da cd net mdi
trong nghien crin van bpc d giai doan nay khi
'
dng da la'y cudc ddi cia tic gia dd bipn
mriih
|
cho van nghipp.
\
Nhu vay, qua cic edng trinh nghien
criai
van
!
hpc vua trinh bay, dae bipt la cac bai nghien
curu
vd Truyen Kieu cria Pham Quynh, Ngd
Dtire
Kd, Huynh Thric Khing va tie phim bien khao
phe binh vd Nguydn Cdng Trri cria Le Thudc,
chring tdi nhan ra ring, nghien crin van hpc !
trong nhung bude khdi diu cria qua trinh hipn
dai hda da hpc tap dupe phuang phip nghien
crin cia van hpc
nude
ngoai dd ap dung vao j
nghien
eihi
van hpc nude nha. Tuy nhien, trong I

budi khdi diu nay, nhring du am cria quan nipm j
cd didn vin cdn hipn dipn tren trang vidt cua i
|T|i So
304
Thang 10-2009
'Ji
cic nha nghien
cri^
duang thdi nhu quan didm
tan duang thdi trung dai, quan nipm van
dl
tai
dao
Du vay, nhring bii nghien criu cria cie tie
gia vria neu vin cd gia trj khdng
chi
ddi vdi ljch
sri van hpc (cudc nghien criu tranh luan vd tie
phim van hpc diu tien), ma cdn la nhung gpi y
dd sau nay ngudi ta tidp tue nghien crin tie
phim Truyen Kieu ndi rieng va van hpc Vipt
Nam ndi chung.
Qua vay, sudt miy muai nam qua, Truyen
Kieu cia Nguydn Du khdng ngirng dupe gidi
nghien erin quan tam, tim hidu d nhidu gdc dp
dd khing djnh gii trj cria tic phim. Cie y kidn
ma cie nhi hpc gia lric biy gid dua ra da dupe
gidi nghien curu tidp thu vi tim hidu sau ban d
cac edng trinh nghien
erin

Truyen Kieu sau
nay. Didu nay eho ta mpt lin nria xic nhan vai
trd tien phong cia cac tic gia trong budi diu
nghien erin tie phim Truyen Kieu ndi rieng va
boat dpng nghien erin van hpc Vipt Nam ndi
chung trong giai doan nia diu TK XX.
Cd thd tdm tat dac didm dd nhu sau: Vin
xem nhan vat Thriy Kidu la tim guang luan ly
ran ddi, rd rang cie nhi nghien erin giai doan
nay vin cdn mang nang tu tudng nghien crin
truydn thdng. Du am cia phuang phip nghien
crin cd didn vin cdn in da'u trong nhung nhan
djnh, tan duang mdt chidu, ddi lric qui mric
theo cam nhan tri am. Triy nhien, cic cdng trinh
nghien crin bude diu cria giai doan niy da he lp
dd md ra mdt chang dudng nghien criu mdi, dac
biet la cdng trinh cria Pham Quynh.
Lin diu tien trong boat ddng nghien erin
van hpc Vipt Nam, tic phim Truyen Kieu ndi
rieng vi van hpc Vipt Nam dupe Pham Quynh
nhin nhan d nhidu gdc dd khae nhau vdi mpt
tinh thin khoa hpc khi nghiem trie: tim hidu vd
cpi rd tic phim, ljch sri tie gia, van ehuang tic
phim, tam ly nhan vat.
Cac edng trinh nghien criu cria Vu Dinh
Long, Nguydn Tudng Tam vd Truyen Kieu tuy
vin cdn tinh thin tan duang, nhung bude diu
cic dng da tan duang mpt cich cd ea sd khoa
hoc thdng qua nghien criu ti mi vd ngdn ngri,
tam ly nhan vat, eac thri phap nghp thuat dd

dua ra dupe nhring nhan xdt khi
triih
td, thuydt
phuc dupe ngudi dpc.
TLf
LI$U
TRONG
NLfCtC
Trudng hpp cia Huynh Thue Khang va Ngd
Drie Kd, chring ta cin phii ed cai nhin toan dien
ban vd nhung danh gia cria hai dng dd'i vdi
Truyen Kieu. Lin diu
tien
tren didn dan van
hpc Vipt Nam didn ra cupc tranh luan giria hai
trudng phii dd'i vdi mpt tic phim van hpc qui
khri ma trong tinh rieng cria timg ngudi thi ai
cring vd van yeu mdn. Chring ta khdng qui ngac
nhien khi hai nha nghien cun, vria la hai nha
Nho yeu nude, niy da cd nhung ldi le qua dang
khi phe phan Truyen Kieu. Di lim gi? Thyc
chit la dd chdng lai nhung quan diem qua ding
cria Pham Quynh trong viec de cao Truyen
Kieu vdi muc tieu khdng trong sang. Day ed le
Ii
mpt cupc tranh luan ve quan diem chinh trj
ban
Ii
van bpc, ma Truyen Kieu la cai ed, la
"nan nhan" cria cupc tranh luan iy. Nhung dri

sao,
cupc tranh luan iy vdi tit ca nhung uu
nhupe didm cria nd, rd ring da tao eho
ddi
sdng
van bpc Viet Nam vdn phing lang xua nay mpt
tinh thin nghien cim mdi.
Thoit ra ldi nghien erin tan duang mpt chidu
eua du
am
quan nipm ed didn trong cdng tic
nghien
eihi,
cac nha nghien curu
giai
doan nay,
dd bao ve chinh kidn cia minh, da nhin nhan
Truyen Kieu mpt cich toan dipn va da dang
hon, cd khen cring ed che. Day chinh
Ii
mim
mdng mdi cia mpt phuang phip nghien curu
khoa bpc va toin dipn.
Cd dupe nhung thanh qua bude diu nhu da
neu tren, nhung nha nghien cun giai doan niy
da cd y thric rit rd trong vipc thric diy sy
ehuydn bidn cia boat dpng nghien eiiru van hoc
nude nhi; dat nhung tang di diu tien dd xay
dyng ndn mdng cho mpt phuang phap nghien
criru van bpc mdi, tao co sd dd boat dpng nay

ehuydn bidn manh me d giai doan sau, thric diy
qui trinh hipn dai hda van bpc dan tpc tidn
nhanh vi vring ehie •
D.TT
1.
Thie'u
Son. Thieu San todn tap (tap
1),
Nxb Vdn
hpc.
Ha
N6i,
2003.
2.
Thanh
Lang,
Bdng luac
dd
vdn
hpc
Viet Nam
1862-
1945 (quy^n
ha). Phong trao van h6a xb, Sai G6n.
1967.
3.
Thanh Lang, Phe binh vdn hpc Viet Nam the hi
1932 (tap 2). Phong trao van hoa xb,
Sai
Gon, 1973.

ThSng
10-2009
s6
304 mm