Tổng quan một số nghiên cứu trên thế giới về thái độ và mối quan hệ của thanh thiếu niên với người cao tuổi

TONG QUAN MOT SO NGHIEN CLJU
TREN THE GIOI VE THAI DO VA
MOI QUAN HE OUA THANH THIEU NIEN
VOI NGUOI CAO TUOI
Bai Viet la not phan ket qua nghien ciru cua de tai cap Bg nam 2017 - 2018: Thai do
ciia thanh nien dot vdi ngirdi gia va moi quan he ciia ho vdi ong ba; Vien Tam ly hoc
chu tri; PGS.TS. Le Van Hao Icim chu nhiem.
ThS. Mai Van Hal

Vien Tdm ly hpc
T6M TAT

Bdi viet ndy tien hdnh ddnh gid tdng quan 21 edng trinh nghien ciru ve thdi dp
va moi quan hi cua thanh thieu nien vdi nguai cao tudi. Tren pham vi quan he xd hgi,
thdi do vd moi quan he ciia thanh thiiu niin vdi ngudi cao tuoi it nhieu cdn tieu cue,
dinh kiin. Cdc hoat dpng phdi hap hudng den mue tieu chung ciia hai nhdm giiip thdi
do khong tich cue, xa cdeh mdt di. Trin pham vi quan hi gia dinh, thdi do vd moi
quan hi cua chdu vdi ong bd nhin chung la tich cue, gdn gdi mac dii vdn cd nhirng
vdn de cdn khdc phuc nhu mong muon chdu gdn giii vdi ong bd han, su khdc nhau
trong ddnh gid ve moi quan he cua hg. Thong qua so sdnh lien nhdm, nhirng dgc diem
ldm ly cua ngudi cao tudi nhu tich cue day do, giiip dd con chdu, mong mudn dugc
luang tde vdi con chdu nhiiu han... ciing duac khdng dinh ro net.
Tit khoa: Thdi do vai ngudi cao tuii; Mil quan he giiia thanh thiiu niin vd
ngudi cao tudi.
Ngdynhdnbdi; 2SI&/20n; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi' 25/1/2019.
1. Dat van de
Ngay nay, s i lugng va ty le nguoi eao tuoi trong eo eau ddn so the giai
ngay edng tang len. Niu nhu tuii thg trung binh eiia ddn s i thi gicri miii chi
dimg lai o eon si 32 vao ndm 1800, thi din nam 1950 la 48, ndm 2012 la 70 va
nam 2016 la 72 tuii (nguin: who.int); ciing vcii qud trinh tdng len ciia tuii thg,
ty le ngucri tren 60 tuii trong ea cdu dan si the gicii eiing tdng len khong ngung;

cu thi vao ndm 1950: 8% (200 trieu nguoi), nam 2011: 11% (760 trieu nguai)
va se dat 22% vao nam 2050 (2 ty nguoi) (nguin: ourworldindata.org).

TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, S i 3 (240), 3 - 2 0 1 9

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Tuoi gid, mgt giai doan tdt yeu trong cugc song eua eon ngucri, co nhQng
dac diem tdm sinh ly dae thii. Niu nhu o giai doan thanh thiiu nien con nguai
dang hoan thien, phdt trien khong ngimg ed ve tam sinh ly thi tuoi gia lai bat dau
CO nhung suy giam ca ve the lue, tam ly va xa hgi. Nhung thay doi do thdm ehi
la nhanh chong voi nhiing nguai bucic vao tuii nghi htm. Mat khae, sy phdt trien
noi chung ciia xa hgi khien chg miic sing, chat lugng cugc sing, tuoi thg cOa
con nguoi duge nang len. Nguai cao tuoi, vi vdy, dii da qua do tugi lao dgng va
ddn suy giam a khia canh tam sinh ly nhu da de cap nhung van can minh man,
gidu kinh nghiem sing.... Id nguin lye quy gid cho xa hgi. Ngay cang eg nhieu
eong trinh nghien cim ve ngucri cao tuoi nham cai thien khong ngung chat lugiig
euge sing eila hg, giup eho ngucri cao tuoi eo thi sing vui khoe va e6ng hien
nhiSu nhat eho sy phat trien noi chung eua xd hgi.
Trgng cdc nghien cQu vi nguoi cao tuii, c6 nhieu nghien ciiu so sdnh
voi liia tuii thanh thiiu nien. Do dae thil lira tuii, su phdt trien tam sinh ly...
ngucri cao tuii vd thanh thiiu nien eo nhiiu khae biet v i quan he xd h6i, trdi
nghiem, quan niem song... Nhung nghien cuu so sanh giiia hai nhom tuoi nay,
mii quan he, thai do giQa hai nhom... giup chiing ta co cai nhin day du hon ve
eu6e sing, dac diem tam sinh ly eua nguoi eao tuoi vd thanh thieu nien.
Tit thye te do, bai viet sg ting quan mgt so nghien eiiu tren the gidi ve
thdi dg vd mii quan he cua thanh thieu nien voi nguoi cao tuoi nhu djnh kiin,
thdi dg khgng tieh eye, xa cdeh v6i nguoi eao tuii, long kinh trgng, gan giii, sy
san sang giiip da, tham gia cdc boat dgng ehung vai ngucri cao tuoi... Co the

noi, viec co cdi nhin tong quan nghien cQu ve thdi do vd moi quan h^ etia thanh
thiiu niSn vcii nguoi cao tuoi tren thi gicii Id can thiet, nhdm eung cap nhtmg tri
thiic, ngi dung da dugc quan tam nghien cim, nhimg ngi dung eon chua dugc de
cap nhiiu di tiip tue duge b i sung nhdm dong gop vdo biic tranh ehung ve thdi
do eung nhu moi quan he eila thanh thieu nien voi ngucri eao tuoi.
2. Phirong phap nghien ciiu
Nghien cQu ndy sir dyng phuang phap nghien ciru tai lieu tir nguin tim
kiim: Google, EBSCOweb vol eac tit khoa Id Attitudes toward the elderly,
relationships between youth and the elderly.
Ket qua: 30 bdi bdo, tap chi khoa hge da dugc lya chgn idn thii nhdt. Sau
dg, tde gia tiip tue dgc kl ngi dung ede bdi tap ehi vd su dung 21 bai phii hgp
voi yeu eau nhu: nghien cuu tit goc do tam ly hgc, nghien ciiu vi thdi do giiia
thanh thieu nien va ngucri eao tuoi.
NhQng bdi tap chi da duge lua chgn duge chat Igc tren bdng torn tdt vcii
ede ngi dung eo ban nhu: 1/ Ten tae gia, ten bdi tap ehi, nam xuat bdn; 2/ Khach

66

TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, So 3 (240), 3 - 2019


thi, thiit ki, t i chiic nghien ciru; 3/ Cau hoi/van di/ngi dung nghien ciiu; 4/ Kit
qua nghien ciiu; 5/ Ghi chu. Do giai ban ciia mgt bai tap ehi, bang torn tdt khong
duge trinh bay trong bdi viit nay.
Danh mue 21 bdi t?p ehi duge lya chgn duge liet ke a phdn Danh mue
tai lieu tham khao. Co the noi, nhiing bdi tap chi dugc lira chgn da eung cdp
hire tranh sinh dgng ve thai do cOa thanh thiiu nien vai nguoi cao tuii. Trong
khuon kho bai viet ndy, tde gia trinh bay eac nghien ciiu vi thai do vd mii quan
he cua thanh thieu nien vcri nguoi cao tuii a cdc binh dien: trong cdc mii quan
he xa hgi, trong ede moi quan he gia dinh va nghien cim trong su so sdnh giQa

cac nhom.
i. Ket qua nghiSn cu-u
3.1. Thdi dp vd moi quan he cua thanh thieu nien v&i ngudi cao tudi
trong xa hpi
Gia boa dan so Id van de Ion vd co tinh phi qudt vai nhieu quic gia. Vi
vay, nghien cim ve ngucri eao tuoi noi ehung vd thdi do vcii ngucri eao tuii noi
rieng da dugc quan tam tim hieu tit nhieu thdp ky truoc. Neil Lutsky (1986) dd
tien hanh tong hgp cdc tai Heu, eong trinh cong bo truoc do ve thdi dg vcii ngucri
cao tuii nhu eua Butler (1975), Brubaker vd Power (1976), Rodin vd Langer
(1980), Lutsky (1980)... va cho rang hdu hit ede nghien cim ve thdi do ciia sinh
vien vdi ngucri cao tuoi chi ra ngucri cao tuoi khong phdi Id myc tieu ciia thai do
djnh kien n6i ehung md nhiiu khi ehinh nguai eao tuii nhin nhan ban than nhu
vay. Nghien eiiu nay ggi md each tiep can nghien cim ve thdi dg voi nguai eao
tail theo hucing khong ehi dya vdo ddnh gid cua nhom tre tuoi ma con dya tren
danh gia, suy nght eiia ehinh hg.
Tiip tue xem xet nghien eiiu vi thdi do va moi quan he eua thanh thieti
nien vai ngucri eao tuoi a goc do ede moi quan he xa hgi noi ehung, ta co the
nhan thdy it nhieu thai dg vd mgi quan he khong tieh cue vcii ngucri cao tuoi;
cae hoat dgng phii hgp vi mue tieu ehung eila hai nhom co the Idm giam thai
do tieu eye, giiip moi quan he eila hai nhom tro nen gan gQi.
Clara C. Pratt va Vieki L. Schmall (1989) dd tiin hanh nghien ciiu thai
do cila 290 sinh vien v i vdn di tinh due a nguoi cao tuii. Tde gid da thiet ke
nhung menh di giing nhau nhung khae vi do tuii nhu "Mgt cap nam nQ 25
hiii quyit djnh sing eiing nhau khong dya tren hon nhdn", "Mgt cap 70 tuoi
sing Cling nhau khong dua tren hon nhdn"... di do thdi do voi cac bieu hien
nay. Cdc sinh vien tham gia nghien eiiu se danh gid cae bieu hien noi tren vai 7
mire dg (tu 1 "rdt tich cue" din 7 "rdt tieu eye"). Kit qua nghien eiiu ehi ra yiu
16 lien quan din thai do vcii tinh due etia nguai eag tuoi la nhiing hanh vi, tinh

TAP CHi TAM ly HOC, s i 3 (240), 3-2019

67


huong eu the vd khong lien quan nhieu den do tuoi, gicii tinh... Cae sinh vien
tham gia nghien eQu ddnh gid ngucri eao tuoi song eung nhau khong dua tren
hon nhan theo goc do giiip dcr nhau nhieu ban goc do tinh due. Sy gan gui ve
mat tinh cam veil ngucri cao tuoi cang tdng (vi du ddnh gid vdi ong bd minh) thi
su chdp nhan hanh vi tinh due khong dua tren hon nhan eua ngucri cao tuoi 6
ngucri dugc hoi edng giam.
Ndm 2015, Ychudit Reuvcni va Perla Werner cong b i cong trinh nghien
cuu ciia hg dugc tiin hdnh tren 259 hgc sinh lap 9 tai Isarel ve sy san sang giiip
da, thien nguyen vcii nguai cao tuoi. Ket qua thu duge tu bang hoi eho thay sy
thien nguyen voi ngucri cao tuoi eiia hge sinh la thdp. Tuy nhien, sy san sdng
giup do tang len khi nguoi eao tuoi dugc mo ta la khoe manh. Nhu vay, eo the
thdy, thai do vcri nguoi eao tuoi eiia eae em hge sinh tham gia nghien ciru la
khong tieh cue, khong san sang giiip do nhQng ngudi eao tuoi ma theo hg nhan
thdy la khong khoe manh. Nghien ciru cOng eung cap ty le 60,4% s6 hge sinh
dugc hoi cho biet hg eo moi quan he tot vdi ong bd minh.
Tren co sd thang do Thdi do ky thj vdi ngudi cao tuoi (Ageism Attitude
Scale), Enes (2016) da chgn 337 y ta phdu thuat di nghien citu thdi do eua hg
vdi ngudi cao tudi. Nhin chung, thdi do eila eac y ta phau thuat vai ngudi cao
tuii la tich eye, tuy nhien 1/4 so y td dugc hgi eho biet hg cd vdn di trong giag
tiep vol ngudi eao tudi. Trong nghien eiiu nay, cdc tde gia khong de cap ro
nhung van de trong giao tiep vdi ngudi eao tuoi md cdc y ta phau thuat nhan
thay la gi. Mac dii vay, ket qua nghien ciru van cho thay dii cae y ta tham gia
nghien ciiu the hien thai do tieh cue vdi ngudi eao tuoi thi viee eai thien giao
tiep vdi ngudi eao tuoi la can thiet.
Vdi mue dich lam giam djnh kien, thai dg tieu eye giQa hai nhdm thanh
thieu nien vd ngudi eao tudi, mgt sd nghien eiiu vc moi quan he ciia hai nhdm ndy

va each thitc giai quyet nhimg thanh kien, cam xue tieu cue giua hai nhdm da
dugc tien hdnh. Neu nhu nhung nghien eim eua Neil Lutsky (1986), Mathews vd
Straughan (2014) ma ta da de cap d phan tren hudng din viec thay dii cdeh nhin
nhan ciia ehinh ban than ngudi cao tuii vi tuii tac, hudng din viee ngudi cao tuii
ehu dgng vdi eac ke hoaeh cua ban than khi ve gia vdi thai do lac quan, edi md thi
nhQng nghien ciru nhdm giai quyit thai do tieu cue giua hai nhdm dugc di cap
dudi day lai hucing den cac hoat ddng giao luu, eiing nhau giai quyit eae nhiem
vii chung nham giup hai nhdm hiiu va chdp nhan nhau nhiiu hon.
Cummings va ding nghiep (2003) da chgn 81 hgc sinh lap 4 di tham
gia nghien ciru ve tac dgng cua ehuang trinh lien thi he dii vai ngudi cao tuii
Chuong trinh lien the he dugc: djnh nghia nhu nhimg hoat dgng dugc ti ehitc
giua cae thdnh vien cua hai the he nham tang cuong sy hgp tac va thay dii thai

TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, s i 3 (240), 3-2019


do giOa hai nhom. Ket qua chi ra nhiing em tham gia ehuang trinh lien thi he ed
thai do tich cue vcii ngudi cao tuii ban nhdm dii chimg. Diiu nay thi hien d kit
qua cdc thang do ve thdi do, hanh vi vd nhdn thiie vi ngudi cao tuii ciia tre.
Tiip tue hudng nghien eiiu ndi tren, Jones vd cgng sy (2004) tiin hdnh
nghien cilu thai do eiia nhdm ngudi cao tuii nhan trg cap v i ehd d vd nhdm tre
tuii dang nhan sy h i trg v i tdm ly. Hai nhdm da duge b i tri di tham gia eae
tro choi eung nhau. Kit qua cho thay sy gdn ket, thai do ciia hai nhdm danh
cho nhau da tit len, ky ndng xa hgi eiia hg eung duge cai thien.
Nhu vay, thong qua mgt so nghien ciru ndi tren, ed the thay thai dg eung
nhu moi quan he eua thanh thieu nien vdi ngudi eao tuoi da dugc quan tdm
nghien cilu d nhung ngi dung tam ly ey the. Cac nghien ciiu nay khong chi lam
nii bat moi quan he, thai dg ciia thanh thieu nien vdi ngudi eao tuii ma cdn
ding thdi chi ra nhQng cdeh thiic lam giam thai dg thanh kiin, tieu eye vdi
ngudi eao tudi, nhdm nang eao htm chdt lugng eu6c sdng, hanh phuc ciia hg

hong moi quan he voi chinh minh vd vdi ngudi khdc. Mgt cai nhin lac quan, ty
chii ve tai chinh, cd ke hgach rS rang cho cugc sdng khi vi gid (Mathews vd
Straughan, 2014), tich cue giao luu, boat dgng eung nhau giQa cdc nhdm tudi
se khiin mii quan he ciia ngudi eao tuii va nhdm tre tudi trd nen gan giii, it
thanh kien vdi ngudi eao tuii han.
3.2. Thdi dp va mSi quan he cua thanh thiiu nien vdi ngudi cao tuoi
trong gia dinh
Ben canh nhung nghien ciiu vi thai do, mii quan he ciia thanh thieu
nien voi ngudi cao tuii tren binh dien quan he xa hgi ki tren, nhiiu nghien cuu
eung da quan tam ldm sang td mii quan he vd thai dg eua hai nhdm nay trong
pham vi gia dinh. Niu nhu nhung nghien eiiu tren pham vi xa hgi it nhieu eg
danh gia tieu cue v i ngudi eao tuii thi nhung nghien cim vi moi quan he vd
thdi do giQa thanh thiiu nien vdi ong ba lai eho thdj; mii quan he gdn gui, thai
dd yeu quy dii giQa hai nhdm cd nhQng khae biet nhdt djnh ve dae diem tam ly.
Baranowski (1984) da nghien eiiu tren 184 hgc sinh nam vd 221 hgc
sinh nQ di tim hiiu vi sy khae biet trong tuang tde giQa tre vi thanh nien va
ong bd va chi ra: tre gdi hge ky ndng tir dng bd nhiiu hon tre trai, tuy nhien
khong cd sy khdc biet cd y nghia d hai nhdm nam va nu; thai do ciia hg vdi
6ng ba nhin chung la tieh eye, gdn gui trong ea 6 biiu hien ma de tdi quan tdm
khao sdt gim: lam viec cho ong ba, ndi chuyen vdi ong ba, ndi ve Ijeh sQ gia
dinh, dng bd ki vi b i me hii tre, dng ba vd chdu thdm quan da ngoai cting
nhau vd dng ba dua ra Idi khuyen.

TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, s i 3 (240), 3 - 2019

69


Vdo ede ndm 2010 vd 2013, Vivian W.Q. Lou va ding nghiep da tien
hanh mdt sd nghien eiiu ve ty danh gia sue khde eiia dng ba dya tren moi quan

he dng bd - chdu tai vimg ndng thdn d Trung Qudc. Khae vdi Baranowski
(1984) nghien ciru tren nhdm tre tudi, Vivian W.Q. Lou da phdng van 1.027
ngudi eao tudi (tu 60 tudi trd ten) tai nong thdn Chaohu, Trung Qudc (trung
binh 71,72 tudi) vd khang djnh anh hudng trye tiip theo hudng moi quan he,
thdi do tdt giQa dng ba - chdu ed tae dgng y nghTa tdi ty ddnh gid ve sue khde
eua ngudi cao tuii (2013); sy hd trg tu chdu ddng vai trd y nghia tdi thai do hai
Idng vdi cugc sdng eua ngudi cao tudi (2010).
Mii quan he giQa dng ba - chdu khdng ehi duge tim hieu tir mgt phia ma
edn tiip tue duge nghien cQu vdi su ket hgp du lieu tu cd hai phia (ngudi cao
tuii va chdu). Harwood (2001) da chgn mdu la 180 sinh vien, sau dd de nghj
hg eung cdp dja ehi eua dng ba di giii thu de nghj tham gia nghien cuu khao
sat. 135 dng bd cila cdc khach the sinh vien dong y tham gia. Hai nhdm da trd
Idi doe lap ve mdi quan he gdn gui cua hg. Ket qud cho thay nhdm dng ba ddnh
gia mdi quan he giQa hg va chau minh gan gui, tieh cue hon so vdi nhdm sinh
vien ddnh gid. Tuy nhien, nhom khach the sinh vien lai nhin nhan mdi quan he
nay linh boat, tich eye hon.
Nam 2009, R. Weston va L. Qu da edng bd ket qua nghien eim eila hg
ve mdi quan he dng ba - chdu. Diim khae biet trong each tiip can eiia nghien
cuu nay la khao sat thai do dng ba - chau tu gdc nhin cda cha me. Tde gia da
khao sat qua dien thoai ddi vdi 5.000 cha me ed eon dudi 18 tudi. Ket qud ehi
ra: Hau het cha va me cho rang, mdi quan he giua con cai hg va dng bd Id gdn
giii vd rdt gdn gui (67% - 85%). Ca cha vd me deu cd chung nhan djnh rdng
mdi quan he tinh cam giQa eon edi hg va dng bd khdng thay dii vi sy xa each.
Mdi quan he giOa dng ba - chau trong bdi canh cua sy gia tang cua md
hinh gia dinh hat nhan vdi eon chau khdng sdng ciing dng bd, sy phat triin
biing nd ciia edng nghe thdng tin dugc L. Stasova va E. Krisikova (2014) quan
tam tim hieu. Cdc tae gid da tien hdnh khao sat 202 thanh thiiu nien trong do
tudi 12 - 17 ve mdi quan he giua eac the he vol ede van di eu thi nhu vai trd
cua dng bd trong cugc sdng cua tre, khodng each giua eae thi he ed lam mdt di
mdi quan he truyen thdng cua dng ba - chau hay khdng. Kit qua khao sdt

khdng dinh khdng cd su khdc biet trong moi quan he dng bd - chdu giua hai
nhdm gia dinh cd eae the he sdng ciing nhau vd khdng sdng ciing nhau. Giao
tiep giua dng bd vd chau trd nen thudn Igi ban vdi sy phat triin eiia edng nghe
thdng tin, nhdt la vdi trudng hgp sdng xa each nhau. Da s i khach thi thi hien
thai do tich eye vdi dng ba nhu sy cam on, niem vui vi cd dng ba, nhd cd dng
ba, hg hge dugc nhieu dieu.

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TAP CHfTAM Ly HOC, S i 3 (240), 3 - 2 0 1 9


Gdn day, Hopflinger (2016) da nghien cim mii quan he va tmh cdm giQa
dng bd va chau tren 685 tre til 12 - 16 tuii dang sing d eac vimg dd thj Idn eila
Thuy SI (Geneva, Zurich vd Valais) vd 591 dng bd ciia hg. Nghien cuu cid chi ra:
Nhttng tre sdng d Thuy SI ed tdn sudt lien lac vdi dng bd thdp han nhdm tre cd
dng ba sing d Phap, Dttc vd Ao. Ly do duge giai thich Id ty le eao (37%) dng ba
cua nhQng tre em Thuy SI tidy dang khdng sinh sing tai Thyy SI va nhdm khdeh
thi dng ba eung mong muiii tdn sudt lien lac vdi chdu nhiiu hon. Nhin ehung,
nhdm tre thi hidn tinh cam tit dep vdi dng bd qua cdeh tre md td dng bd minh Id
ngudi tit bung, hai hude, bao dung va bdo phdng. Phdn tich ehi ra 3 nhdm dng
ba theo ddnh gid eiia tre: Nhdm I: Ong bd Id nhQng thanh vien tieh eye trong gia
dinh; nhdm 2: Ong ba tieu eye, khdng thdng cam vdi thi he tre va nhdm 3: Ong
ba hoai cd va khong thich nghi tdt vdi cac thay dii. Da s i tre ddnh gid dng ba la
rat quan trgng (49%) va khd quan trgng (38%); chi ed 13% so tre duge bdi danh
gia it cjuan trgng. Nghien euu tien hanh phdng vdn dng bd va chdu eung chi ra
rapt sd sy khdc biet_trong gia trj nhu: dng ba mong muin vai trd trong h i trg tai
chinh egn chdu, dieu hoa giua bd me vd eon, giiip dd chdu trong tim viee...
Trong khi dd, gidi tre lai khdng mong dgi nhQng gid tri dd. Trong giao tiip giQa
dng ba yd chau, mdt s i ngi dung eung tranh duge de cap nhu tinh yeu, tinh due,

hilt thudc Id.
Tdm lai, ben canh mdi quan he cha me - cgn edi thi mii quan he giQa
ong ba - chau Id mdt trong nhung mii quan he ca bdn trong gia dinh. Vi vay,
mdi quan he dng bd - chau trong gia dinh duge quan tdm, de cap nhiiu hon mdi
quan he giua thanh thieu nien vdi ngudi eao tudi ngoai xa hgi ndi ehung. Tren
binh dien xa hgi, nhdm tre tudi ddnh gid ngudi eao tudi it nhieu deu cd thai dd
tieu eye thi trong pham vi gia dinh, tinh cdm giQa ede the he danh cho nhau
nhin chung Id tieh eye, gdn gui bat chap sy phdt triin ciia gia dinh hat nhdn, sy
thay dii trong each thiic lien lac. Nhan djnh nay eiing da duge nghien cuu cua
Yehudit Reuveni va Perla Werner (2015), da dugc di cap d tren, chung minh:
Thanh thiiu nien ed thi khdng sin sang giiip dd ngudi eao tudi nhtmg danh gia
mdi quan he eua minh vdi dng bd Id tich cue. CQng thdng qua ede nghiSii euru
thai do, mii quan he cda thanh thiiu nien vdi dng bd, cd the thdy nhQng vdn de
lien quan din khodng edeh dja ly giua dng ba vd chau, sy "Igch pha" trong
danh gid ciia hai nhdm vi mii quan he eua hg... edn duge dieu chinh nham
tang them sy hai ldng vdi cugc sdng eua mdi nhdm.
3.3. Nghien cuu so sdnh thdi dp eua thanh thiiu nien ddi v&i ngucri
eao tudi
Ben canh nhQng nghien euu vi thdi do, mdi quan he eiia thanh thieu
nien vdi ngudi cao tudi nhu da di cap d tren, mdt xu hudng nghieti cim khd rd
net la so sanh thdi dd vd mii quan he ndy giua cdc nhdm thanh thieu nien khde

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nhau. Nhung nghien eiiu nay da Idm nii bat ede dde diem tam ly eung nhu that
do, mdi quan he giQa hai nhdm ngudi cao tudi vd thanh thieu nien.
Christoph Randier vd edng sy (2014) dd tiin hanh nghien cQu ve thdi dg

vdi ngudi eao tuii eila tre em Due. Bdng bdi vd mdt s i thang do ddnh gid ve
ngudi eao tudi duge sit dung di khdo sdt 935 hgc sinh tQ lap 5 den Icip 9 (trong
do 458 hgc sinh nam vd 477 hge sinh nu). Nhin chung, khach thi nghien eiiu
danh gid tieh cue vi ngudi eao tuii va ed sy khdc biet cd y nghia giua nhdm
khach thi khi xet theo gidi tinh, Idp hgc va khoang cdeh vdi dng bd theo hudng
nu danh gid tich eye ban nam, tudi edng eao thi djnh kiin vdi ngudi cao tudi
cang cao ban vd tre song gdn dng ba thi ed thai do tich eye ban. Ket qua ndy
mgt idn nQa khdng djnh ndi dung nghien euu da duge edng b i va phan tieh d
phdn tren: Su gdn gui, hoat ddng cimg nhau giQa hai nhdm khien thdi dg, mdi
quan he ciia hg trd nen tieh eye, gan gui ban.
James S. Perry vd cgng sy (1980) eung da nghien euu so sanh thdi do
eua 3 nhdm tuii (tuii tre - tu 19 din 25 tuii, trung nien - tu 35 din 55 tuii vd
tuii gia - tren 65 tuii) vi 10 khia canh cua cugc sdng gdm: hanh phiie, tam
quan trgng ciia an todn tdi chinh, tam quan trgng ciia sQe khde, y nghia ciia
cugc sing, tam quan trgng eua gia dinh, tdm quan trgng ciia cac boat dgng ben
ngoai, tdm quan trgng cila ve ben nggai cila cd nhdn, mue dg ddng thudn, nhu
cdu va nhan thirc nang lye hge tdp. Nghien ciru tien hdnh khag sdt trdn 90
khach thi. Ket qud chi ra nhdm tre tudi ddnh gia ve nhdm gia han it tich eye
hon danh gia ve chinh hg vd nhdm tre ddnh gid nhdm tre eung tich eye hon
nhdm tren 65 tudi danh gia ve nhdm eao tudi. Nhu vay, ed the thdy bdn thdn
ngudi cao tudi eung danh gid nhdm eua minh khdng tieh eye nhu nhdm tre
ddnh gia ve nhdm tre. Ket qud ndy ed phan gidng vdi nghien cim eua Lutsky
(1986) da de cap d tren.
Tiip tue nghien cuu ve vdn de nay, Yuriy Zverev (2013) da sQ dung
thang do eua Kogan de nghien eim thdi do ddi vdi ngudi cao tudi eila 305 sinh
vien nganh dugc vd y td. Ket qua khao sat cho thay hau bet sinh vien duge bdi
(92,8%)) ed thdi do tieh cue vdi ngudi cao tudi. Thai do vdi ngudi eao tuii
khdng bj anh hudng bdi nam hge, ngdnh hge eung nhu gidi tinh ciia sinh vien.
Nam 2012, Andrade D. da nghien ciru sg sdnh giua cdc nhdm sinh vien
la eon mdt vd nhdm sinh vien cd anh chj em rugt ve thai dd vdi dng ba tai

Trung Qudc (N = 380). Nhdm sinh vien cd anh chj em rugt ed thdi do tich cue
vdi ngudi cao tudi ban so vdi nhdm Id con mdt. Ket qud nghien eim nay eung
ggi y de ede nghien eiiu tiep theo ed the lam rd hon mdi quan he giua dng ba
cha me vd eon mdt trong gia dinh bdi hien nay khdng ehi gia dinh hat nhan ma
gia dinh mdt con eung dang trd nen phd bien hem trong xd hgi.

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TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Si 3 (240), 3 - 2019


CQng lien quan din ngudi eao tudi, Mosher - Ashley vd edng sy (1999)
cdn nghien eiiu tri gide eila sinh vien vi do mii 75 cua ehinh hg. Khach thi
nghien cim Id sinh vien thugc 4 ngdnh hgc: kinh doanh (22 sinh vien), tdm ly hge
(30 sinh vien), trj lieu (30 sinh vien) va y td (37 sinh vien). Bang ddnh gia vi thai
do vdi ngudi eao tuii eua Shoemake vd Rowland (1993) duge Mosher - Ashley
va edng sy ehinh sQa va sQ dung. Kit qua nghien cim etia edng trinh ndy khdng
dinh khdng ed sy khdc biet trotig ed nhdm nghi nghiep vd nhdm tuii (tu 18 - 22
toil, tten 22 tudi) khi tri gide ve tudi 75 etia minh. Nhdm tu 18 - 22 tuii thi Men
su quan tam nhiiu ban den tudi tde va cd hai nhdm diu thi hien sy tri giae tich
cue ve tuii 75 ciia chinh minh. Ket qua ndy ro rdng la mgt ggi y theo hucing thai
do, mdi quan he eua hai nhdm ddnh eho nhau se tieh eye hon rdt nhiiu niu hg
dat minh vdg vj tri ciia ngudi khae, ma cu thi d ddy la nhdm sinh vien tre tuii dd
tudng tugng, ddnh gid tieh cue ve tuii gid eua chinh minh.
4. Thao luan va ket luan
Thdng qua ede edng trinh nghien eiiu ke trSn, ed the thdy thdi dd vd mdi
quan he eila thanh thieu nien vdi ngudi cao tudi da duge tien hdnh nghien eiiu
vdi nhiiu ngi dung khae nhau, duge so sdnh tren ede binh dien quan he xa hgi
va nhdm khde nhau. Trong dd, thai do tieu cue, xa each vdi ngudi eao tudi xuat
hien nhieu hon d mdi quan he xd hgi ndi chung; thai do tieh eye, gdn gui xuat

hien nhiiu hon d mdi quan he thanh thieu nien vdi dng bd minh. Cdeh thuc cae
nghien euu dugc trinh bay d tren chi la mdt gdc phan tich, mdt ggi md cho eac
nghien eiru tiep theo can dugc tien hanh tai Viet Nam ve thai do vd mdi quan
he eua thanh thieu nien vdi ngudi cao tudi.
Qua cdc edng trinh nghien cuu ndi tren, ed thi thdy thai do khdng tieh
cue ciia thanh thieu nien vdi ngudi eao tudi se ddn thay ddi trong qud trinh
cimg ngudi eao tuii tuong tac, tham gia cac boat ddng xa hgi bd ieh, dat minh
vao vj tri ciia ngudi eao tuii di thdu hiiu, danh gid; ngudi cao tudi eung ty
danh gia vi tinh trang sue khde eiia minh tit han khi duge tuong tde vdi con
chau nhieu han. Kit qua nghien cQu nay Id mdt ggi y quan trgng de nang eao
hanh philc cila ngudi cao tuii: Su quan tam, tuong tae giua hai nhdm tudi, su
quan tam gdn gui eua con chdu Id niim hanh phile ciia ngudi cao tudi nhat Id
trong bii canh s i lugng gia dinh hat nhan, gia dinh ehi cd mgt eon tdng len
nhanh ehdng. Ben canh do, mdt vdi edng trinh nghien eiru cutig cho thay cugc
sing cda ngudi eag tudi se trd nen lac quan, y nghia ban neu hg ed sy chii
dgng cd vi tdi ehinh, boat ddng hge tap, ren luyen thi chdt eung nhu hgat dgng
thien nguyen.
Cde nghien cim ki tren dd cho thdy thdi do vd mii quan he eua thanh
thiiu nien vdi ngudi eao tuii khdng chi dugc nghien euu IQ mgt phia (dua vdo

TAPCH(TAMLyHOC,Sd3(240),3-2019

' 73


danh gid eua dng bd hoac chdu, ngudi cao tudi hoac ngudi tre tudi) md edn dya
tren ket qud eiia ca hai nhdm, bode ddnh gid mdi quan he nay dya tren y kien
eiia nhdm cha me. Cdeh tiep can nhu vay se eung cdp day du, khdeh quan han
ve thai dg giua hai nhdm danh eho nhau. Cdeh tiep can nay eung ggi md hucing
nghien cuu, theo dd, mdi nhdm se danh gid ve vai trd, vj the etia minh trong gia

dinh, xa hgi va so sdnh vdi ddnh gid cda nhdm khde.
Xet ve dja ban nghien euu, nhieu nghien ciiu ve thdi do vd mdi quan he
ciia thanh thieu nien vdi ngudi eao tudi dd dugc tien hdnh d cdc nude phdt
trien, ed dieu kien phiie loi xa hgi tdt nhu DQc, Thuy SI, Singapore; trong khi
cdn it nhQng nghien cuu d cae nude dang phdt trien. Vi vay, can thiet cd them
nhieu nghien eim tren cac khdeh the Id ngudi cao tudi tir cd ndng thdn, thdnh
thj vd nhieu ngudi trong sd hg tham chi khdng cd che do hiru, khdng dugc
tham gia bao hiem, sdng ciing con chau tai ede viing ndng thdn vdi nhieu khd
khdn ve thu nhap, mue sdng... Nhung nghien eiiu ndy se phdn anh mgt buc
tranh da dang ve ngudi eao tuii vdi diiu kien kinh te cu the.
Cac nghien cim ki tren eung da sir dung nhiiu phucmg phap, hinh thQc
khdo sat khae nhau nhu su dung thang do dd dugc ehudn hoa v i thdi dd ky thj
vdi ngudi gia (Enes, 2016); su dung eac menh de dd duge thiet ke gidng nhau vd
khdo sdt d nhdm dng ba va chau mgt edeh dde lap nhdm so sdnh danh gia eila hg
ve eung mgt mdi quan he (Harwood, 2001), khao sat qua dien thoai (Weston va
cgng sy, 2009), khdo sat bang thu khi duge cac sinh vien eung cap dja chi etia
dng ba minh (Harwood, 2001)... Nhung cdeh tiip can da dang nhu vay mdt mdt
cho thay su linh boat trong viee nghien cuu vi ngudi cao tuii eung nhu mdi
quan he giua hai nhdm; mat khde eung la ggi y eho cac nghien eiiu tiip theo
trong viee so sanh thdi do cua hai nhdm vdi ede ndi dung tim hiiu tuang tu
nhau. Cdeh tiep can nhu vay se giiip eho nha nghien cuu ndm bdt duge thai dg,
sy ddnh gid eua ca hai nhdm ddnh cho nhau eung nhu sy ddnh gid v i ehinh ban
thdn nhdm minh trong su tucmg tae vdi nhdm khdc.
Tdm lai, qua tdng quan mdt sd nghien ciiu tren thi gidi, ehung tdi nhdn
thay, ede nghien euu iJa tap trung lam rd thdi do, mii quan he giOa thanh thiiu
nien vdi ngudi eao tuii, each thuc lam gidm thdi do tieu cue giQa hai nhdm...
vd thuong duge tiin hanh d ede nude phuang Tay vdi dde thii iii sing, giao
tiep nhat dinh. Vi vay, viec tiin hanh nhung nghien eim vi chu di ndy trong
cac nen van boa phuong Ddng vdi dde thu di cao chQ hiiu, truyin thing trgng
lag... de so sanh vdi nghien cim d phuang Tay se ddng gdp khdng nhd cho biic

tranh chung vi thai dg vd mii quan he cua thanh thiiu nien vdi ngudi cao tudi
trong ddng chay nhQng edng trinh nghien cuu tren binh dien todn cdu.

74

TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Si 3 (240), 3 - 2019


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