Phân tích khó khăn tâm lý ở trẻ em sống trong cơ sở bảo trợ xã hội qua hai trường hợp điển cứu

PHAN TICH KHO KHAN TAM LY
6 TRE EM SONG TRONG
CO SO BAO TRO XA HOI
QUA HAI TRUONG HOP OIEN CQU
Nghi6n ciiru ndy di/oc tai trg bdi Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi trong 66 tdi ma sd QG. 16.41.
TS. Nguygn Ba Dat
Khoa Tdm ly hpc, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hoe Xd hdi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hpe Qudc gia
Ha Npi.
I
T6M

TAT

Thdng qua hai trudng hap diin eiiu, nghiin aiu dd ehi ra rdng, khd khdn tdm
ly a tre em cd hodn cdnh dgc biit khd khdn dang dugc nudi duang trong cdc ca sd
bdo trg xa hpi Id nhiing hifn tugng tdm ly bdt lgi. cdn trd hogt dpng cua tre. Trudng
hgp thd nhdt, khd khdn tdm ly ciia tre Id su uc che cdm xdc mdi khi gdp mf de khien
cho su gdn giii giiia hai mf con bi cdn trd. Trudng hgp thir hai, sir nhdn thiic tiiu cue
vi hogt dpng the chdt ddn den tre khdng lua chgn vd uu tien hogt dpng ndy trong
cupc sdng. Kit qud nghien ciru gpi md mpt so hudng nghien cuu mong tinh hi thong
vd chuyin sdu ve nhiing khd khdn, rdi logn tdm ly. cdc yiu td nguy ca vd bdo vf gidp
Ire trdnh gap phdi nhiing khd khdn, rdi logn tdm ly.
Tir kh6a: Khd khdn tdm ly; Tre em; Casd bdo traxa hpi
Ngdy nhgn bdi: 19/9/2016; Ngdy duyft ddng bdi: 25/10/2016.
1. Dat vin de
Khd khin tim ly li nhihig hi?n tupng lim ly bit Ipi, can trd c i nhin thuc
hi?n hoat dpng cd myc dich. Trong Tim ly hpc lim sang v i Tim benh hpc, cd
mpt so khii ni?m lidn quan vdi nhau nhu khd khin tam ly, rdi loan tam ly, rdi
nhieu tam ly. Npi him ciia nhiimg khii nidm niy trong tieng Vi?t cd sy giao
thoa, dan xen v i bd simg cho nhau. Chiing ta cd thd xem xdt cic khii nidm niy
tir gdc dp chirc ning, chin doin lam sing vi vin hda x i hpi.

Xdt vd mil chiic ning, cac khd khin tam ly ddu giy ra su khd chju v i
cin trd c i nhan thyc hi^n cic chirc ning. cic hoat dpng Uong cupc sdng hing
ngiy. Tuy nhien, miic dp khd chiu v i cin trd c i nhin thyc hidn cac chirc ning,

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hoat ddng do cic hien nrpng tam ly niy gay ra la khic nhau. Khd khin tam ly
mang tinh tinh hudng, can ud ci nhin thuc hidn mot hoat dpng cy thd. Uong
timg bdi cinh. Trong khi dd, rdi loan tam ly lam suy giim vi gay rdi l o ^ chiic
ning [1], cin Ud ca nhan thyc hien cic hoat dpng khae nhau uong cupc sdng,
lir hoat ddng hpc tap, lao dpng, vui choi, giai ui ddn hoat ddng ve sinh ca nhan.
Ching han nhu uim cim - mdt dang rdi loan lam ly cd thd cin u* ci nhan thuc
hidn mpi boat ddng.
Vd mil chin doin lim sing, khd khan lim ly dupe danh gia gin vdi cic
linh hudng, boat ddng cy the. Rdi loan lim ly cd tieu chuin chin doin ch|it che.
theo DSM-V hoic ICD-10, thdng qua cic cdng cy nhu quan sal, phdng vin lam
sing hoic cic thang do, trie nghidm lam sang. Rdi loan tam ly mang tinh lip di
lip lai, keo dii uong mdt khoang thdi gian nhit dinh.
Xet ve mil vin hda xi hdi, khd khan lam ly mang tinh ci nhan, gin vdi
cic ydu to lam ly ea nhin. khdng bj dinh gia theo cic chuan muc dao dOrc xi
hdi. Ngupe lai, roi loan tim ly vira mang tinh ci nhan vira mang tinh xa hpi.
Paul Bennett (2003) cho ring, rdi loan tam ly mang tinh khic bi?t, hidm gip,
sai Idch, vi pham cic chuin myc dao dire xa hpi [2]. Do vay, rdi loan tam ly
thudng hi dinh gii theo cic chuin myc dao diic xi hpi.
Vi?c khic phue va can thidp khd khin tam ly vi rdi loan tam ly ciing
khic nhau. Khd khin tam ly, ci nhin cd thd ty vupt qua dupe thdng qua qui
trinh lap luydn, thi diu vi hpc hdi. due nit kinh nghi|m. Rdi loan lam ly, d mirc

dp nh^ ci nhan ed thd tu didu chinh va khic phyc, d miic dp ning rat cin sy
can thidp. chim sdc, giup dd ciia cic nhi tham vin, Ui lieu lam ly. Khi rdi lo^n
tim ly trd ndn trim Upng dupe chin doin li rdi loan tam than, rat can sy can
thidp ciia y td.
Trdn the gidi, nhihig nim gin day. rdi loan tam ly cua Ue em cd hoin cinh
A^c bidl khd khin dang dupe nudi dudng Uong cic co sd bio trg xi hpi Ii chii dd
thu hiit dupe nhieu sy quan tim eua cic nhi nghien ciru. Tidu bidu nhit cd the ke
ddn nghidn cihi ciia Jozefiak et al. (2016) [3]; Bronsard et al. (2016) [4]; Janssens
vi Deboutle (2009) [5]; Attar - Schwartz (2008, 2009) [6, 7].
Cic nghidn cihi d Viet Nam vd rdi loan lim ly d Ud em cd hoan cinh die
bi?l khd khin dang dupe nudi dudng trong cic co sd bio trp x3 hpi di dupe
thyc hien Uong nhihig nim gin day. Nghidn ciru ciia Tran Thj Tii Anh vi ddng
nghi?p (2014) ehi ra ring, tie em md cdi sdng tai cic trung tam bio trp xi hpi
d thinh phd Hue cd ty Id rdi nhieu tam Iy cao hom so vdi nhdm trd em sdng
cimg gia dinh d khia canh cam xuc, hinh vi img xur vi rdi nhieu tam ly. 1 rong
tnrdng hpp ud md cdi cd mirc dp rdi nhieu tim ly cao vi keo dii, cin cd sy
tham gia ho Up vd mil chuydn mdn sau cua cic nhi lim ly hpc, bic sT tam thin

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nhi [8]. Nghidn ciru vd sy ty danh gia ciia tie gia Biii Hdng Quan (2014) cho
thay. tre em lai cic trung tam bao Up xa hpi d thanh phd Hd Chi Miiih ty daiih
gii cao vd die didm thd chat, ning lyc hpc tap va ty danh gia thap vd giao tidp
xi hpi so vdi tre em cd hoin canh gia dinh binh Ihudng dang hpc d Trudng
Hermann Gmeiner. Tuy nhidn, mirc dp phu hpp Uong ty dinh gii cua hpc sinh
Trudng Hermarm Gmeiner vd die didm thd chit, nang lyc hpc tip, giao tidp xi
hpi cao hon so vdi tre tai cic tnmg lam bao Up xi hdi [9].

Qua tdng quan cic nghidn ciiru mi chiing tdi tidp can dupe, chiing tdi
nhin thiy chua cd nhidu nghidn ciiru chuydn sau vi he thdng vd khd khin tam ly
giy ra nhiimg Ud ngai, cin Ud Ud dupe nudi du()ng Uong cic co sd bio Up xa hdi
thyc hidn cic boat ddng cQng nhu chua cd nhiing nghidn cim mang tinh he thdng
ve cac ydu td anh hudng ddn cic khd khan lam ly ciia Ud. Chinh vi vay, nghidn
ciiu niy dil ra nhidm vy phit hidn nhirng khd khin tam ly d mdt sd Ud dang
sdng uong cic co sd bio tig xi hpi, tip trung vao tra ldi hai cau hdi: (1) Tre em
dang sdng Uong cic co sd bio up xi hpi gip nhihig khd khin lim Iy Uong
nhihig boat dpng nio?; (2) Nhihig ydu Id nao anh hudng ddn tihihig khd khin
tim ly dd?.
2. Khung ly thuyet vi gia thuyet nghien cihi
Trong nghidn ciiu niy, chiing tdi tidp cin van dd nghidn ciiu lir ly thuydt
nh$n thirc hinh vi cua CotUaux vi cpng sy (1985). Theo Iy thuydt niy, cic tinh
hudng, cic boat dpng: hpc tap, sinh hoat nhdm, thd dye - thd thao, vd sinh mdi
tnromg sdng xung quanh, phan img cua mpi ngudi xung quanh tic dpng ddn
hinh vi ciia Ud dupe xem xdt. Mil khic, didn bien lim Iy bdn trong ciia trd d
cic khia canh nhu sy dy doan, cam xiie, nhan thiic, hinh vi iimg xii ciia trd
Uong mdi tinh hudng, boat dpng cy thd dupe xem xdt. Nghidn cihi niy xuat
phit tir luan didm cho ring, lam ly ciia con ngudi ludn phan inh thd gidi khich
quan thdng qua chii thd vi trong thd gidi khich quan dd, tam Iy cua con ngudi
dupe bpc Ip ra bdn ngoai. Trong nghidn ciiu niy, khd khin tam ly d trd em mo
cdi dang dupe nudi dudng tai cic eo sd bao Up xi hdi dupe bidu hi^n qua
nhihig cim xiic, suy nghi vi hanh vi bat Ipi, can trd ue thyc hien cic boat dpng
mang tinh myc dich. Khd khin tam ly ciia ue khdng phii la nh&ng hi$n tupng
tim Iy bit bidn, nd cd thd thay ddi do anh hudng cua cic ydu td ci nhin nhu
gidi tinh, dp mdi, chidn lupc Ud siir dyng dd duong dau vdi cic sy ki?n giy
cing thing Uong cupc song, cic sang chin tam Iy tic Ak tiki qua, sy ngupe dii
mi tie phai chiu dyng, cic rdi loan tam ly cua tii; do anh hudng ciia cic ydu Id
ben ngoii nhu mdi quan h? giiia Ud vi ngudi chim sdc, phuong phip chim
sdc, giio dye ciia cic cd bio miu, me nudi, mdi quan he vdi ban, co sd vit chit

cua trung lim. Khung Iy thuydt cua nghidn ciru niy dupe so do hda trong hinh
1 theo Iy thuydt nhin thirc hinh vi ciia CotUaux va cdng sy (1985).

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Sir d\r doan

Tinh hu6ng/hoat dpng

$
Cam xuc

Nh§n thutc

Hiinh vi

Phan img cua
nhiing ngudi xung quanh

Hinh anh

Hinh 1: Cdu true tdm ly theo ly thuyit nhdn thirc hdnh vl cua Cottraux (1985)
3. Phtforng phap nghiSn ciru
Nghidn cim niy sir dyng phuomg phip nghidn ciiu trudng hpp trong Tim
ly hpc lim sing. Hai Ud em cd hoin cinh die bi?t khd khin, Uong dp tuoi tir 12 13 mdi, dang dupe nudi dudng lai Ling Trd em SOS Hi Npi, dupe lya chpn lim
mau khio sit. Dd thu thip dupe nhiimg thdng tin vd hoin cinh gia dinh, nhihig
khd khin, rdi loan lim Iy ciia tie, quan sit vi hdi chuyen lam sing, thang do

didm m ^ , diem ydu (SDQ) di dupe lya chpn lim cdng cy nghidn ciiu.
3.1. D^c diim chung eua hai tru&ng hgp diin cdru
Hai trudng hpp dien ciiu Uong nghien ciiu niy li nhihig Ire em cd hoin
cinh die bidt khd khin. Cic em md cdi cha tir nhd. Sau khi cha cic em mat,
cic em sdng vdi dng ba npi, hoin cinh kinh td - xi h$i khd khin, m? tai hdn
ho$c di lim xa khdng lidn lac vi chu cip thudng xuydn cho cic em. Cic em^
m
dupe Ling Trd em SOS Hi N$i ddn vd nudi. Mpt em sdng trong Ling dupe
nim, mpt em sdng Uong Ling dupe 5 nim.

I

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3.2. Ngi dung vi cong cu khio sdt
Xuit phit tir khung ly thuydt va gii thuydt nghidn ciiu neu Uen. nghien
cihi nay tip trung khio sit cic ndi dung sau: (I) cic boat dpng ciia trd didn ra
uong Ling Tre em SOS Ha Ndi: sinh boat tap thd, phy giup cac cd bao mau
chuan bj cic bira in, dpn dep nha ciia, vd sinh mdi trudng sdng xunh quanh, vd
sinh ca nhan, hoat dpng the chit, boat ddng vin hda - vin nghe, giao tidp cua tte
vdi nhirng ngudi xung quanh; cac boat dpng dien ra bdn ngoii Lang: hoat dpng
hpc tap d trudng, giao luu ban be, di thim ngudi thin; (2) didn bidn tim ly trong
mdt sd hoat ddng bieu hidn d cac khia canh sy du doin, cam xiic, nhan thirc,
hanh vi vi phan irng ciia mpi ngudi xtmg quanh; (3) cic yeu td lim gia ling khd
khin lam ly cua ttd ttong mdt sd linh hudng, boat ddng cy the.
(Juan sal, phdng van lam sing vi bing hdi diem manh, didm yeu (Strengths
and Difficulties Questionnaire: SDQ) li nhiing cdng cu dupe siir dyng ttong vide

khio sit cic ndi dung nghidn ciiu ndu ttdn. Mdt bing quan sit mdi quan he ciia
hai trd vdi nhiing ngudi xung quanh di dupe thidt ke va su dung ttong nghidn
curu. Mpt bing hdi bin ciu tnic tim hidu cac hoat ddng ciia trd didn ra ttong vi
ngoii Lang. Kel qui quan sit, phdng vin lim sing dupe nhdm nghidn ciiu ghi
chdp lai mpt each ti mi vi cd he thdng. Ngoii quan sit vi hdi chuydn lam sing
true tidp hai trd, chung ldi cdn hdi chuydn vi hudng din me nudi ciia cic em
lim bing hdi SDQ.
Bing hdi diem manh, diem ydu (Sttengths and Difficulties Questionnaire:
SDQ) dupe Goodman R. thidt kd va cdng bd nim 1997. Bing hdi danh gii nhihig
van dd cam xuc, hanh vi, sy ting dpng, nhimg khd khin Uong vide hda nhap xa
hpi, nhihig ddng gdp cua tre [11]. Den nay, bang hdi nay ud thinh mpt cdng cy
sing Ipc, dupe nhidu tic gia sii dungttongnghidn cihi vi thyc hinh lim sing [12].
Phan lo^ii didm sd SDQ ddi vdi tte em tir 4 ddn 17 mdi nhu sau: tdng diem
khd khin tir 0 - 13 diem, nguy co tte bj rdi loan tim ly d mure dp thap; tir 14 - 16
didm, nguy eo d mire dp trung binh; tir 17 - 40 didm, nguy co d miirc dp cao [13].
4. Ket qua nghien ciru
Trong hai ttd em dupe lua chpn lim miu khio sit, cd mdt trd nam vi
mpt tre nii, cic em sinh ra vi Idn ldn d Thii Nguyen, hien dang dupe nudi
dudng tai Ling Trd em SOS Hi Ndi.
4.1. Tru&ng hgp thu nhdt
Nguydn V.N.' li mpt thidu nien nam, 13 mdi, sinh ra d Thii Nguydn, vio
Lang Trd em SOS Hi Ndi tir khi 8 tudi. Hoan cinh gia dinh ciia N., cha em
mat tir khi em mdi 3 tudi. Trude khi vao Lang, N. d vdi dng bi npi, me em d
vdi em gii ciia N. sau khi chia tay vdi ngudi chdng mdi. Do dng bi npi di ldn
'HQ va len ciia Ire trong bdi viel ndy da dugc thay ddi de ddm bdo tinh bdo mgt.

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m hoin canh kinh td gia dinh khd khan, N. di dupe Lang Trd em SOS Ha
Npi ddn vd chim sdc va nudi dudng.
Sdng trong Lang Ttd em SOS Hi Npi, N. dupe sip xdp d ttong mpt gia
dinh^ cd 7 anh, chj, em, ttdn N. li mpt chj, dudi N. cd 5 em. 7 anh, chj, em dupe
chim sdc dudi bin tay cua mdt ngudi me. Trong gia dinh, nhidu khi cun| xiy ra
nhihig chuydn xich mich giira anh, chj, em vdi nhau. Moi lin nhu vay, deu dupe
me phan xir. N. khdng ed mau thuin vi xung dot vdi anh, chj, em nio ttong gia
dinh. Hing ngay, N. dupe me phan cdng niu com va chim sdc cay, vudn rau
xung quanh nhi. N. cho bidt, "Chdu ldm nhirng viic ndy mpt edeh thdnh thuc vd
thodi mdi": Trong Iiic rinh, N. tham gia di bdng ciing cac ban ttong Lang, choi
ciu Idng, choi cd vua, cd hidng, du quay. N. tu dinh gia. "Chau dd bdng & mm
trung binh, chdu khdng gidi vd khdng duge chgn vdo dpi tuyen eua Ldng di di
thi ddu". Hi?n tai, N. dang hpc ldp 8, Trudng Hermann Grneiner Hi Npi. N. cho
bidt, "Viie hgc eua chdu diin ra tdt, chdu ed khd ndng tiip thu bdi vd hiiu bdi
cudi ndm ehdu dgt hgc sinh tiin tiin hogc gioi. O tru&ng, chdu choi v&i tdt cd
cdc bgn trong lap"
Cam nh|n vd cupc sdng ttong Lang Trd em SOS Ha Ndi, N. chia sd: "Chdu
cdm thdy rdt hgnh phiic, cd ddy dii mgi thu, anh, chi, em trgng gia dinh ed
hodn cdnh gidng nhau, mdi khi bi dm hode met dugc me nudi chdm sdc". Khi
dupe hdi vd moi quan he vdi m? nudi, N. dinh gia: "M^ rdt thdn thifn vd gdn
gUl v&i chdu vd ede anh, chi, em trong gia dinh. Hdng ngdy, chdu vd m? ndi
chuyin vol nhau vi vipe hgc tap vd cdng vipe trgng gia dinh"
Trong thdi gian d Ling, N. vd thim dng ba npi mpt nim hai lan vao djp
Tdt vi hd. Nhihig lan ve thim gia dinh d Thii Nguyen, N. cam thiy rit vui khi
gip I^i dng bi ndi. Khi dupe hdi sau vd moi quan h? vdi m? dd, N. cho biet:
"Mdi ldn ggp m?, chdu chdng biit ndi gi Luc do, ehdu cdm thdy cd diiu gi dd
nghfn lgi trong long khiin ehdu khdng biit ndi gi v&l me. Nhiing Idc din thdm mf,
ehdu cdm thdy buon hem Id vui Lue do, chdu nghT rdng, hai me con lau ngdy xa
nhau nen khdng biit ndt gi voi nhau Hai me con chdu khdng ndi ehuypn v&i nhau

nhiiu" Theo nhu ldi chia se cua m? nudi: "Sau khi cha N. mdt, may ndm sau mf
Lang Tre em SOS Hd Npi chdm sdc vd nudi duong tre em iheo md hinh gia dinh. Trong mpt
gia dinh, cd mgt mf va 7 - 10 ngudi con. Ngudi mf thudng Id phu nii khdng cd gia dinh rieng
dkipc Lang Tre em SOS Hd Ngi tuyen dung. Sau mgt Ihdi gian ldm viic trong Ldng hp si dupe
nhgn chdm sdc 7 • IQ ire, tir do hg trd thdnh mf ciia nhiing Ire ndy. Hg cd nhifm vif chim sdc
va nudi duoTig, gido due, qudn ly tre. Tre ggi hg Id mf. Trong mgt gia dinh, cd Ire nam va nir, a
cac dg tudikhdc nhau. Tre ldn tuoi nhdt dupe ggi Id anh (chi) cd, sau do din cdc em tiiy theo
tuoi ciia mdi Ire. Mgt gia dmh trtmg Ldng Tre em SOS Hd Npi cd mgt ngdi nhd rieng bift, dupe
xdy hai timg cdliri -4 phdng ngii, cd phong vf sinh vd phdng hep. phdng khach rieng. Trong
nha cd ddy du tifn nghi nhu bdn ghi ngdi uong nude vd Hep khach, bdn hgc. giuang, ti vi...

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N. di ldy chdng, dugc mpt th&i gian hg chia tay nhau Sau khi me di ldy chdng
m&i, N. sdng vol dng bd ngi Mac dit phdi xa me tir nho nhung N. cQng khdng cd
su hdn thit, trdeh cirgime nhu mpt sd tre khde trong Long".
Ket qui khio sit bing bing hdi diem manh, diem yeu do N. ty tra ldi nhu
sau: tdng didm khd khin tim ly (diem ydu): 4. Trong dd, diem sd vd cim xiic: 1;
hanh vi: 0; ting ddng: 0 vi hda nhap: 3; tdng didm vd ddng gdp xi hdi (didm
manh): 10. Bang hdi diem manh didm ydu do me nudi ciia N. tra ldi cd kdt qui
nhu sau: tdng didm khd khin tim ly: 7. Trong do, diem sd vd cim xiic: 1; hinh
vi: 1; ting dpng: 4; hda nhap: 2; tdng didm vd ddng gdp xi hpi: 10. Kdt qui khio
sit bing SDQ cho thay, rdi loan tam ly d N. dupe dy bio d miic dp thap.
Kdt qui quan sat su giao tidp cua N. vdi nhihig ngudi xung quanh cho
thay, N. dd dang tidp xiic, ndi chuydn vdi me nudi, cic anh, chj, em cimg nhi
tai Ling, vdi cic cin bp chim sdc, giao dye khic trong Lang, vdi cic thinh
vidn doin nghidn ciiru. N. khdng td ra qui vd vip ttong giao tidp hay cd sy Ore

chd vi riit lui khdi sy giao tidp. Cim nhin ciia chiing ldi, do Ii mpt tte vi thinh
nidn than t h i ^ vi gin giii ttong giao tiep.
Tir kdt qua quan sat, hdi chuydn va dinh gii bing bing hdi diem m^nh,
diem ydu (SDQ) cho thay, N. khdng cd nhihig rdi l o ^ lim ly, N. chi cd m^t
khd khin tam Iy trong mdi quan h^ vdi m? de. Dd la su lie chd vd mit cim xiic,
can ttd vi^c ndi chuydn, gin gui vdi me mdi khi em ddn thim m?.
4.2. Tru&ng hgp thur hai
Thii T.M., 12 tudi, nO, din tpc Tay, vio Ling Trd em SOS Hi Npi nim
2014 cimg vdi em gai. Hi?n nay, M. dang hpc ldp 7, Trudng Hermann Gmeiner
Hi Npi. Cha cua M. mit khi em dupe 4 tudi. Nhi cd bdn chj em gii. M. li thii
Ba. Chj ci ciia M. di di lay chdng vi da ly hdn, hi^n di lim in xa. Chj thiir hai
dang hpc d trudng npi tni cua huy?n. M. vi em gai dupe Lang Trd em SOS Hi
Npi ddn vd nudi. Theo nhu ldi m? nudi ciia M. tai Lang kd, "Cha cua M. bi ban
chit trong rimg khi di sdn. Sau khi cha M. mdt, chi lan di ldm, chi hat dl hgc
xa, mf cUng di ldm xa, M. vd em gai & vdi dng bd npi. Cupc sdng cua hai chf
em rdt khd khdn, bira ddi, bHa na". M. ke: "Mf chdu di ldm xa, gdn nhu khdng
chdm sdc vd dgy bdo duge gi cho chdu. Me di ldm nhung cOng khdng cd tiin,
thinh thoang moi giri mpt chut tien ve cho hai chi em chdu dn hgc". Hi^ nay,
M. vin thinh thoang lidn l^c vdi m^, kd cho m? nghe cupc sdng ciia hai chj em
oLing.
Vd cupc sdng t^ii Ling, M. chia sd: "Cupc sdng & day rdt tdt, chdu dugc
dn uong day dit, ngdy babHa, khong cdn phdi nhin ddi, mac dd dm vd dugc mf
nudi chdm sdc, hudng ddn, chi bdo nhirng vipe con gai nin ldm vd nhiing vipc
khdng nin ldm". M. tam su: "Trong nhd, nhiiu khi cdc anh, ehi, em cd xich mich
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v&i nhau, me nudi mdng vd qudt, doi khi cdn cho may cdi roi nhung chdu thdy

thi Id tdt O nhd, ehdu khdng bao gia dugc me hu&ng ddn, dgy bdo diiu gt"
Me nudi ciia M. cho bidt, "Khi m&i xudng ddy, hai chi em nd bi suy dinh du&ng,
gdy gd, dm yiu Sou mpt ndm, dtia ehi da tdng dugc 9kg, bd^ gi& nd rdt khde
mgnh. Nd dd biit ldm mpt sd viic nhu ndu cam, ldm nem, ndu thirc dn vd ldm
vir&n. Khi moi xudng, nd Id mpt tre cd cd tinh, rdt mgnh rne. Hdi con & nhd, no
dd tirng ddnh nhau v&i ede bgn cimg tudi. Khi moi xudng Ldng, nd rdt hiiu
thdng vd sdn sdng cai nhau, ddnh nhau v&i ban. Sau mpt th&i gian dugc tdi kem
cap vd chi bdg, bdy gi& nd da thudn tinh di nhiiu"
Khi dupe hdi vd cic hoat ddng didn ra tai Lang, M. cho bidt: "Chdu Id
mpt hgc sinh cd khd ndng tiip thu vd hieu dugc bdi O lap, chdu chai v&i tdt cd
cdc bgn. Trong lap, cdc bgn cung cd hodn cdnh khd khdn nin mgt ngu&t thdng
cdm vd dodn kit vol nhau Cdc hogt dpng vui chai, van hda, van nghp tgi Ldng,
chdu tham gia tich cue vd vui ve. Riing v&i hogt dpng thi due, thi thao, chdu
khdng choi nhiiu nhu cdc bgn khde trong Ldng. Moi khi ndi den viec di tgp thi
due, thi thao, ehdu ludn tuong tugng ra rdng, tr&l oi buc, ra md hoi nhiiu ddn
din mil mdi Chdu nghi rdng, thi due, thi thao khong hgp v&i ehdu. Cdc bgn
trong nhd ru chdu choi cdu long, ehdu da tic choi Co nhiiu ldn, cdc bgn da
khdng ru chdu chat cim^'
Kdt qua khio sit bing bing hdi diem manh, diem ydu do M. ty tra ldi
nhu sau: tong didm khd khin tam ly (didm ydu): 11. Trong dd, didm sd vd cim
xuc: 4; hinh vi: 1; ting dpng: 4 vi didm sd vd hda nhap: 2; tong diem vd ddng
gdp xi hpi (didm manh): 5. Bing hdi di^m manh, diem ydu do m? nudi ciia M.
tti ldi cd kdt qui nhu sau: tong di^m khd khin tim ly: 17. Trong dd, diim so
vd cim xiic: 5; hinh vi: 6; ling dpng: 4 vi diem sd vd hda nhap: 2; t6ng diim
vd ddng gdp xi hOi: 9. Ket qui khio sit bing SDQ cho thiy, diem so ve hinh
vi theo ty dinh gii ciia M. vi me nudi ciia M. khdng cd sy ddng nhit. Do v|iy,
khdng the dy doin dupe miirc dp nguy co bj roi loan tim ly d M.
_ Kdt qui quan sit mdi quan h? ciia tii vdi nhOmg ngudi xung quanh cho
thiy, M. edi md, than lhi?n vdi me nudi, cic anh, chi, em cimg nha lai Ling, vdi
cic cin bp chim sdc, giio dye khic ttong Ling, vdi cic thinh vidn doin nghidn

cim, M. khdng td ra cing thing hay thu minh trong giao tidp vdi mpi ngudi.
Qua quan sit vi ttd chuydn lim sing vdi M., chiing tdi nhin thiy M. g$p
khd khin tim ly ttong hoat ddng thd dye, the thao. Nhihig khd khin vi rdi loan
tam ly khic cin dupe theo ddi vi quan sit thdm bdi cd sy khic bidt ttong kdt qua
hdi chuy?n lam sang mi chiing tdi thu dupe tir cupc trd chuy?n vdi M. vi m?
nudi ciia em, kdt qui bang hdi SDQ do M. vi m? nudi tti ldi cung khic nhau.

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TAP CHl TAMLy HQC Sdi I (212), 11 -2016


5. Thao luan
Tir hai trudng hpp cu thd ndu tren, chiing ta nhan thay mpt sd didu lidn
quan ddn khd khin tim ly ciia ttd em dang dupe nudi dudng trong Ling Tre
em SOS Hi Ndi ndi ridng, cic co sd bao tig xa hpi ndi chung.
Khd khin lam Iy khdng nay sinh va can ttd lit ci cic boat ddng ttong cupc
sdng hang ngiy ciia trd. Chiing chi xuit hidn d mdt boat ddng cy thd, khidn cho
hoat dpng dd didn ra mot cich khd khin hon. Ching ban, ttudng hpp thii nhaL
khd khin tam ly niy sinh ttong mdi quan he ciia tre vdi me dd, dd la sy lie chd ve
mit cim xiic mdi khi ttd gip me. Trudng hpp thir hai, khd khan tim ly cua M. niy
sinh va gin lien vdi boat dpng thd dye, thd thao khidn cho boat dpng niy khdng
phai Ii boat ddng ydu thich vi dupe trd lya chpn. M. nhin thiic ring, the due, thd
thao khdng hpp vdi bin than, cd tip nhidu ciing khdng thd gidi bing ban. Phin
tich dien bidn tim ly ttong nhihig tinh hudng trd ed khd khin tam ly theo Iy thuydt
hanh vi ciia Cotttaux (1985) cho thiy, sy dy doin, cim xiic, nhin thirc va hinh vi
ciia ttd thudng mang tinh bit Ipi, cin ttd hinh dpng. Vi du trudng hpp N., khd
L khin tam Iy nay sinh ttong linh hudng N. den thim me dd. N. bj lie chd vd mil
cim xiic. Mdi khi ddn thim me dd, N. cam thiy cd didu ^ dd nghen lai ttong Idng
khidn em khdng ndi chuydn dupe vdi me. N. nghi ring, hai me con liu ngiy xa

nhau nen khdng bidt ndi gi vdi nhau. Vdi tam trang vi suy nghT nhu vay, N. im
l^ng, khdng ndi gi vdi m^. Sau nhimg lin nhu vay, hinh inh nhihig lan gip me
Uong tam tri ciia N. budn hon li vui. Sy iire chd vd mil cam xiic ttong mdi quan he
giiia trd bi bd roi vi cha me dd di dupe Kelly J.B. vi Johnston J.R. (2001) md la
ttong mpt nghidn cuu vd mdi quan he ciia trd vdi cha m^ sau khi cha m^ ly hdn
[14]. CJ trudng hpp thiir hai, sy dy doin trude ve boat ddng thd dye "Tap thi due,
thi thao ra nhiiu md hdi mpt" din ddn M. ngai, khdng thich boat ddng niy. Sdng
Uong Ling, cic em dupe hudng din lim nhiing cdng vide gia dinh nhu lim bdp,
dpn v^ sinh nhi ciia, lam vudn, dupe day bio nhihig didu ndn lam, phii hpp vdi
liira tuoi vi gidi linh. Cic em dupe di hpc vi lham gia cic boat dpng vui choi giii
tti tai Lang vi trudng hpc. Dd Ii nhiing ydu td dupe Taussig H.N. (2002) xem li
cic ydu td bio v? tre ttinh bj tdn thuong lim Iy [ 15].
6. Nhihig ggi md cho cac nghien cuu tiep theo
Kdt qua dinh gia lim sing hai trudng hpp neu trdn gpi md mpt sd hudng
nghidn ciiru siu vi cd tinh he thdng vd trd em cd hoin canh die bidt khd khin
dang dupe nudi dudng ttong cae eo sd bio ttp xi hdi: (1) nghien ciiu vd nhihig
khd khin tam ly niy sinh trong mdi quan he cua trd vdi cha hoic me dd, chi ra
sy inh hudng ciia sy bd roi ciia cha me ddi vdi tinh cam ciia ttd dinh cho cha
m?; (2) nghidn ciiru nhihig rdi loan lam ly d ttd va cic ydu td anh hudng; (3) so
sanh miirc dp khd khin tim Iy, rdi loan lim Iy d trd em sdng ttong Ling Trd em

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 11 (212), 11-2016

63


SOS Ha Ndi vdi ttd em sdng Uong cic co sd bio ttp x i hpi cong I?p; (4) nghidn
cihi cic ydu td bio vd. giiip ttd ttinh gip phii cic khd khin tam ly. rdt lo?n torn ly.
Tuy nhien han chd ciia nghien ciiu niy xuit phat tit miu khio sit. Sd
luong ttudng hop diin cim dupe ttinh bay ttong nghidn ciiu cdn it. C i hat ttudng

hop ddu dang duoc nudi dudng tai Lang Trd em SOS Ha Npi, khong co ttuong
hop nao dang duoc nudi dudng tai cic co sd bao ttp x i hpi cdng lap, do v?y,
khdng cd su so sinh, ddi chidu giiia hai nhdm ttd dang dupe nudi dudng o hai
hinh thiic chim sdc cd nhidu didm khic nhau niy. Nhihig khd khin tam ly cua
ttd gin vdi hoat ddng hpc lip, ttong cic mdi quan he vdi me nudi, cac b^n trong
v i ngoii co sd, cic ydu td inh hudng chua dupe khai thic.
7. Ket luan
Kdt qui nghidn cihi d i dua ra nhihig bing chimg tti ldi cho cic ciu hdi
nghidn cuu. Gii thuydt vd khd khin tam ly la nhiing hidn tupn§ tain Iy bat Ipi,
cin ttd ho?t dpng cua ttd dupe khing dinh mdt phin. Gii thxx^et yd cic ydu td
inh hudng den khd khin tam Iy chua cd nhidu bing chiing de khing dinh hay
bic bd. Nghidn cuu niy chi mang tinh gpi md cho cic hudng nghien ciiu tiep
theo vd chu de niy.
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