Thấu cảm và hành vi ủng hộ xã hội ở thanh niên

THAU CAM VA HANH VI
UNG HO XA HOI 6 THANH NIEN
Nghien ciru nay di/ac tai tro bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hoc va Cong nghe Quoc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de tai: Hanh vi ung ho xa hoi d thanh nien Viet A/am; Ma sd: VI1.12012.09; PGSTS. Le Van Hao lam chu nliiem.
PGS.TS. 06 Ngpc Khanh
Trudng phong Phong Tdm ly hgc Idm sang, Vien Tdm ly hgc.
*

TOM TAT

Nghien cuu ndy duac thuc hien tren ! 200 thanh nien (tuoi tir 15 den 26. tuoi
trung binh todn mdu 18,31), dang sinh song & Hd Noi, Tuyen Quang, Binh Dinh, thdnh
phd Hd Chi Minh vd An Giang, nhdm tim hieu muc do thdu cdm cua thanh nien vd
mdi tuang quan v&i hanh vi ung ho xa hoi cua ho Ket qud nghien ciru cho thdy, mire
do thdu cdm ciia thanh nien, cd ve mat nhin nhdn tic quan diem cua ngudi khdc Idn
quan tdm thdu cdm, dat mire trung binh khd Mire do thdu cdm cua thanh nien khdc
nhau theo gidi tinh, nai cu tru, lira tuoi Cd moi tuang quan thuan gitea muc do thdu
cdm v&i hanh vi ung ho xd hoi, dgng ca hanh vi img ho xa hoi vd mire do lap luan ve
mat dao due khi dua ra quyel dinh hanh dgng cua thanh nien.
Tu- khoa: Thdu cdm; Hanh vi ung ho xd hoi; Thanh nien.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 6/6/2016; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi - 25/5/2017.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted on 1,200 young people aged 15 to 26 years old, with
the average is IS 3! living in Hanoi, Tuyen Quang, Binh Dinh. Ho Chi Minh City and An
Giang, to examine their level of empathy and its correlation with pro-social behaviors
The results showed that the empathy among surveyed youth, both from the perspectivelaliing and sympathetic rea.soning was al medium level. The levels of empathy among
youth varied by gender, cultural background and age This study found a positive
correlalion hcnvven levels of empathy and pro-.social behaviors, motives of pro-social
behaviors, and moral reasoning when it comes to decision-making
Keywords: Empathy. Social support; Youth
Dat van de

Da CO nhieu nghien cuu chi ra tam quan trong cua ihiu cam trong vice hinh

thanh hanh vi ung ho \a hoi. Nghien ciru cua Jusenbcrg va Musscn (1978) cho

36

TAP CHI TAM LY HOC, So 6 (219), 6-2017


thay, kha nang dat minh vao dia vi xa bdi cua ngudi kbac la ylu td quyet djnh
bong pbat biln banb vi ung bg xa bdi va nang lire xa hdi cua con ngudi. Theo
tbuylt Nban thirc xa hdi, viec dat mmh vao dja vj xa bdi cua ngudi khac la dita
kita can tbilt cbo su thich nghi xa bdi ciia be em khi idn Ita (Kohlberg,
LaCrossse va Ricks, 1972). Viec dat minh vao dja v j xa bdi cua ngudi kbac la viec
dat minh vao dja vj cam xuc va nhan thiic cua ngudi do dl hita cam xuc va suy
nghi ciia bg (Kaplan va Arbuthno, 1985). Dat minh vao dia vj cam xiic ciia ai do
cdn dugc ggi la su tblu cam, la mgt thanh td quan bong eiia nhan thirc xa hoi, la
su nhan biet cam xuc cua ngudi khac va chia se cam xuc nay (Kalliopuska, 1983).
Tir 200 nam nay, cac phan irng cua con ngudi budc trai nghiem ciia ngudi
khac - hita brgng than cam (empathy) - da dugc chu y va ban chat da chilu cua nd
cung dugc fbira nban (Davis, 1980). Cd nhilu each hilu va dinh nghTa khai niem
than earn. Cd the dinh nghia thau cam ve mat nhan thuc, lita quan den hita ngudi
kbac, thiiy dugc quan diem ciia ngudi kbac. Vi du, Hogan (1969) md ta thau cam
nhu "su nam bat ve mat tri tue va hinh dung dugc cac dita kita hay trang thai tam
ly ciia nguiri khac ma khdng can phai trai nghiem thuc te cac cam nhan cua ngudi
dd" (din theo Davis, 1980, Vc. 308). Mat khac, thau cam ciing cd the duge djnh nghia
la su tiing kich thich ve mat cam xuc hay ddng cam bong phan img ddi vdi bai
nghiem hay cam nban cua ngucri khac, dd la "su phan ung tang cao Ita, su dap img
nhiet tinh ddi vdi trai nghiem cam xuc cua mdt ngucri khac" (Mehrabian va Epstein,
1972, tr. 526). Cudi cimg, nbita ngudi di theo hudng tiep can tich hgp giira each

tiep can nhan thiic va cam xuc de nghien cim thau cam. Theo nghTa dd, thau cam
dugc xem xet nhu mgt khai niem da chieu. Diem quan trgng la cac chieu canh dd
dta lien quan den phan img cua mijt ngudi ddi vdi trai nghiem ciia ngucri khac. Day
la each bep can hgp ly cho nghien cim ve thau cam va hanh vi iing bd xa hdi d
thanh nien ma chung tdi thuc hita. Mgt mat. thau cam la mot trang thai cam xuc, sy
phan irng nhanh ve mat cam xiic ciia mot ca nhan trudc trai nghiem ciia ngudi khac
(Davis, 1983); mat khac, thau cam la kha nang dat minh vao dja vj nhan thirc ciia
ngudi khac, cd nghTa la kha nang cua ca nhiin hita nhan thirc ciia ngudi khac, hita
suy nghT su cd gang va dgng co ciia hg hay don gian la kha nang nhin nhan tir quan
diem cua ngudi khac. Vi vay, thau cam la mdi ngudn quan trgng ddng gop cho
hanh vi vi tha va giup dd (Eisenberg va cdng su, 1987).
1 lanh \ i iing hi) xa hdi, trong dd hanh vi mang linh vj Iha (vi ngudi khac) la
mire do phat trien cao ciia than cam (Batson, 1998; HolTman, 2000). Batson (2000)
da dua ra gia thuyet (sau nay dugc nhieu nghien ciru chimg minh, khSng djnh)
mdi lien he cimg chita giira thau cam va hanh vi \ i tha Theo dd, "su thiu cam vdi
ngudi dang can giiip do se khoi day dgng co giiip do ngudi dd. Trong banh ddng
nay. muc tieu cudi ciing cua viec giiip do khdng phai la liim Igi cho ban than; dd
chi la cac he qua ngoai y djnh" (Batson va Shaw. 1991. ti, 114), Phan img hay

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 6 (219), 6 - 2017

37


bilu hita xdc cam, hilu sau vl mat xuc cam (cOa ngudi dang gjp khd khSn) va
dat miiJi vao hoan canh bay vai trd ciia ngudi khac da dugc chiing minh la nhimg
yiu td du bao manh cho banh vi ling bg xS hoi (Roberts va Sfrayer, 1996). Hai tac
gia nay ciing dua ra md binh vl thiu c4m va banb vi ung ho xa hoi nhu binh I
dudi day:

Hinh I; Thdu cdm vd cdc bien sd lien quan (cdc nguyen nhdn vdyeu to du bdo
hanh vi iing ho xa hdi}: Mot md hinh ly thuyit (Roberts va Strayer, 1996)
Ngoai ra, cac phan irng thau cam cd lita quan dta cac ddnh gid (ve ddi
bdi cua tinh hudng, ngudn luc tir ngudi khac, trang thai cam xiie cua ngudi khac
va ban than, cac kha nang phan irng thay the) va cac quyet dinh (lira chgn va
thuc hita mdt phan img). Nhu vay, thau cam ddng vai trd thuc day phan irng
iing hg xa hdi, dac biet la d ngudi Idn. Sir can du ve mat cam xijc trong thau cam
tao dgng luc cho eac hanh vi ung hd xa bdi. Mdt sd ngbita cim cbo thay, so sanh
hai nhdm thanh thieu nita pham phap va thanh nita binb thudng cbo thSy hanh
vi ung hd xa bdi cua nhdm thanh nita pham phap hoac tre cd rdi nbita hanh vi
thap hem thanh nita binb thudng la do sir thiu cam eiia bg tblp hem (Chandler,
1973; Schonert-Reicbl, 1993; Cohen va Strayer, 1996).
Mgt sd ngbita ciiu khac cQng chi ra mdi tucmg quan giOa mire do nhin
nban br quan diem cua ngudi kbac va dat minh vao dja vj xiic cam cua ngudi
kbac vdi lap luan dao dire cua thanh nita vl banh vi ung hg xa hoi. Kalliopuska
(1983), Selman (1971), Eisenberg-Berg va Mussen (1978), Eisenberg (1987, 1991,
1995),... cbo thay, ngudi cang cd kha nang nhin nban ttr quan dilm ciia ngudi
kbac tbi cd mire do lap luan dao dire cang cao.
38

TAP CHITAM Lf HOC, Sd6 (219), 6 - 2017


Ban vl thau cam, cac nha ngbita ciiu cdn dl cap dta mdi quan tam mang
tinh chit thiu cam - ggi ngin ggn la quan tam thiu cam. Quan tam thau cam theo each hilu cila Batson (2008) - la phan img cam xuc djnh budiig vao ngudi
kbac va dap img igi ich ciia ngudi dang gap khd khan. Quan tam tbiu cam mang
tinh chat djnh hudng vao ngudi kbac, lien quan din cam nban vi ngudi kbac. Nd
bao gdm cam giac thdng cam/thuong cam, ddng Idng ttSc kn, sir nban hau va cac
cam giac tuong tu. Nhu thi, quan tam tbiu cam kbac vdi sir lay Ian cam xiic bay
cdng hudng xiic cam.

Batson (2008) lap luan rtag, su quan tam thIu cam vdi ngudi dang gap
khd khan se tao ra dgng eg vj tha lam giam nbe khd khan dd. It nhat cd 3 kba
nang lien quan din Igi ich cua chu tbI banh vi cd thi dung ly giai banb vi giup
dg do thau cam tag ra. Thir nhat, lam nhu vay de giam cam giac tang kich thich giam mdi quan tam thau cam do chiing kita mdt ngudi kbac dang gap khd khan.
Thir hai, de tranh bj trirng phat ve mat xa bdi bay tu trirng pbat ban than (vi du,
cam thiiy ay nay, tdi Idi). Thii ba, de tim kiem phan thudng - thu dugc phta
thudng tir ngudi kbac hoac chinh minh (vi du, cam thay hanh dita). Batson va
nhimg ngudi theo quan dilm cua dng khdng phu nhan cac Igi ich vita liet ke
nhung bg cho rang, lam Igi cho ban than khdng pbai la muc tita eudi ciing cua
hanh vi giup do do thau cam tao ra, neu cd thi dd chi la he qua khdng nam trong
y dinh. Nhirng ngudi iing hg cho lya chgn vj ky khdng ddng y vdi each ly giai
trta. Hg cho rang, mdt hay hon mgt trong sd cac Igi ich vj ky vira neu tren chinh
la muc tieu eudi eiing - la ddng luc tao ra mdi quan tam thau cam.
2. Phu'gng phap nghien cii'u
Mdu chpn:
Mau nghien ciiu gdm 1.200 thanh nien (tudi tir 15 den 26, tudi trung binh
loan miu = 18,31; do lech chuln = 2,24); ty le nam la 48,2% va nir la 53,8%;
dang sinh sdng d Ha Ndi, Tuyi;n Quang, Binh Dinh. thanh phd Hd Chi Minh va
An Giang; 47,2%o la hgc sinh trung hgc pho Ihdng dp tudi 16 - 18, sd cdn lai
dang hgc trung cap. cao dang va dai hgc.
Thang do
Thau cam la mgt khai niem da chieu. lai chiu anh hudng cua thuyit Nhan
thirc do Piaget (1932, dan theo Davis. 1980) de xudng, vi vay, each tilp can tieb
hop dc do luimg thiiu cam da hinh thanh. Ve ca ban, eac phan img thta cam mdt
each day dii khdng chi phu thugc vao nang luc nhdn biet (ve mat tri lyc/nhan
thirc) cam xuc cua ngudi khac. ma cdn phu thugc vao phdn img cam xiic cua
ngudi thiiu cam. Tir quan dilm nhu vay, nghien cuu nay diing thang do Thlu cam
ciia Davis, trong dd cd 4 tieu thang ddc lap, nhung cd lien he vdi nhau, la: kha
nang ludng lugng (hinh dung trang thai cua nguiri khac) (fantasy), nhin nhan tir

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, Sd6 (219), 6-2017

39


quan dilm cua ngudi kbac (perspective taking), quan tam thau cam (empatbebc
coneem) va su budn khd ca nban (personal disfress). Mdi tita thang cd 7 menh de
(Davis, 1980). Mdi tilu thang do ludng mdt khia canh cua khai niem thau cam
tdng thi.
Thang do dugc thilt kl dang Likert vdi 5 mire tra Idi, rtr 0 diem "hoan toan
kbdng dung" cbo tdi 4 dilm "hoan toan dung". Do tin cay (test-retest) dugc Davis
bao cao dao ddng bong pham vi tir 0,60 din 0,70, cdn he sd Alpha cua Cronbach
(do nhit quan ben trong) la tir 0,75 din 0,83 (Davis, 1980). Trong nghita cuu nay,
do tin cay Alpha cua Cronbach cua tilu thang Nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia ngudi
khac la 0,68, cdn Quan tam thIu cam la 0,59 - kbdng pbai la chi sd ly brdng
nbung d mire chap nhan dugc.
Khi xir ly, cd mgt sd mtah de dugc tinh diem ngugc, eac mire tra Idi cho
nhirng mtah dt nay da dugc ma hda lai diem cho thuan chita vdi cac menh de
khac. Dilm trung binh cua tirng tieu thang do dugc xac djnh dl xem xet mire do
nhin nhan tir quan diem cua ngudi khac va quan tam thau cam. Diem trung binh
cang cao thi mire do nhin nhan tir quan diem cua ngudi khac va quan tam thau
cam cang cao.
3. Ket qua nghien ciiu
3.1. Nhin nhan tic quan diem cda ngudi fihdc
Bdng I: Nhin nhdn tir quan diem ciia ngtrdi Ichdc (% vd DTB)
Hoan
loan
khong
dung

Mot
ehiit
diing

Mot
phan
dung

Kha
dung

Hoan
loan
diing

DTB

1. Tin rang moi van deu c6 liai trial va
toi CO gang xem xel ca hai

1,2

5,0

10,4

28,7

54,7

3.31

2 Khi kho chiu vai ai do, loi co gang
d.at minh vao dta vi cija ho niot luc

6.5

14,3

23,9

34,9

20,4

2,48

.1, Toi CO gang \cm xet cilc khia canh
tiat dong cua mgt nguoi truoc khi dita
ra qu>'et dinh

1.6

11,0

25,0

39,3

23,1

2.72

4 Dot khi lot kho nhin Ihay nhiing
titit tit quan diem ctta nguoi khac {-)

10.8

24.0

31,4

27,0

6,8

1,95

5 Truoc khi chi trich mot at do, toi co
cam nhan \eni minh thay nhu th^ nao
neu toi o vao vt tri cita ho

4,8

14.9

22,1

30,3

27.9

2,61

Menh d^

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 6 (219), 6 - 2017


S._ Neu toi chac chan rang, minh dung
ve mot di6u gi do thi toi khong mSt
thdi gian lang nghe cac ly le cOa moi
agu-di (-)
7. Doi khi toi c6 hieu ban cua minh
hon bang each hinh dung moi vi^c
trong the nao tir quan dilm ctia ho

10,1

16,4

21,5

22,8

29,2

2,45

3,8

13,6

26,9

36,7

19,0

2,53

Chung

2,58

Ghi chu: Doi vdi nhihig menh de co ddu (-), diem s6 da dugc doi ngugc lai cho cimg chieu.

Thanh nien trong m§u nghien ciiu nay co muc do nhin nhan tir quan diem
ciia ngiroi khac a miic trung binh kha (DTB - 2,58/4).
Menh de c6 diem cao nhat la "Toi tin rang moi van de deu co hai mat va
toi CO gang xem xet ca hai" (DTB ^ 3,31/4) va menh de co diim cao thii hai la
"Toi CO gang xem xet cac khia canh bat dong cua moi nguoi truoc khi dua ra
quyet dinh". Ca 2 menh de nay deu noi ve su co gang xem xet van de theo cac
chieu canh khac nhau di co the hieu van de mot each day du nhat. Nhu vay, ket
qua nay cho thay, thanh nien trong mau chon thuong co gang cong bang, co
gang nhin nhan cac van de mot each bao quat.
Ca 3 menh de the hien ro mong muon dat minh vao vi tri cua nguai khac de
nhin nhan quan diem cua nguoi khac nhir: "Khi toi kho chiu vai ai do, toi co gang
dat minh vao dja vj cua ho mot luc", "Truoc khi chi trich mot ai do, toi co cam nhan
xem minh thay nhu the nao neu toi 6 vj tri ciia ho" va "Doi khi toi co hieu ban ciia

minh hon bang each hinh dung moi viec frong the nao tir quan diem ciia ho" deu co
DTB gan nhu nhau, a miic do trung binh kha, tir 2,48 den 2,61.
Diem trung binh thap nhat thuoc ve menh dc "Doi khi toi kho nhin ihay
nhiing thir tir quan diem cua nguoi khac" (DTB =^ 1,95). Ket qua nay cho thay,
di tir nhan thirc den hanh dong !a mot buoc rat dai. Nhan thiic ro dupfc quan
diem cua nguoi khac trong mot nen van hoa giao tiep theo phong each gian tiep,
moi ben dugc cho dgi la phai "tinh y" hay "nhay cam" voi quan diem cua ben
kia la dieu khong de dang. Trong khi thanh nien - ve mat nhan thtic - deu mong
muon nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia nguai khac bang each dat minh vao dja vj cua
hp de hieu hp, tuy nhien, thuc tc phiic tap hon nhieu va doi hoi phai co ky nang.
3.2. Miic dl) quan tdm thau cam ctia thanh nien
Miic dp quan tiim thau cam ciia thanh nien thap hon mire do nhin nhan tir
quan diem cua nguai khac, tuy nhien van a mire trung binh kha (DTB = 2,50).

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, So 6 (219), 6-2017


Bdng 2: Miic do quan tdm thau cdm ciia thanh nien
Hoan
toan
khong
dung

Mot
chut
dung

Mot
phan
diing

Kha
diing

III

0TB

1. Toi thucmg kha xuc dong vdi nhiing gi
toi thSy

4,7

16,6

24,4

28,7

25,6

2,54

2. Khi toi thSy ai do bi dii xir khong cong
biing, doi khi toi khong cam thay thuong
hai ho (-)

16,6

17,8

15,1

20,1

30,4

2,30

3, Doi khi toi khong cam thay thuong ngudi
khac khi ho gap van de (-)

8,9

12,3

17,0

25,6

36,2

2,68

4, Toi ihtrong co cam giac quan tam doi
vol nhung nguoi kem may man hem toi

3.0

9,7

21,4

36,8

29,1

2,79

5, Nhung dieu khong may man cua ngudi
khac thuang khong lam phien toi (-)

5,0

11,8

17,2

32,4

33,6

2,78

6, Doi khi thay ai do bi lam dung, toi cam
thay nhu muon bao ve ho

2,8

9.7

21,0

37,9

28,6

2,80

7, Toi CO the mo la ban than minh nhu
tuot nguai CO trai tim yeu duoi

26,5

24,0

20,7

16,2

12,6

1,64

Menh de

2,50 1

Quan tam thau cam (tieu thang 2)
Ghi chu: Doi vdi cdc menh de dm linh. diem ,SYj cla duac doi lai cho cung chiiu.

Mtah de ed diem trung binh thap nhat va dudi mire trung binh la "Tdi cd
the md ta ban than minh cd mgt trai tiiu yeu dudi" (DTB = 1,64), Kit qua nay cd
ve khdng nhat quan vdi nhirng gi hg md ta ban than bg nhu ngudi bilt thuong
cam nhirng ngudi kem may man hon minh, Cd thi, khach thi nghita ciru chua
hieu rd ban chat cau hdi. hg khdng lien he trai tim ylu dudi ddng nghTa vdi viec
nhay cam trudc ndi dau cua ngudi khac, ma don gian chi hilu ylu dudi chimg td
ban than hg khdng manh me (mtah de nay cd tuong quan ngugc vdi cac mtah
de khac trong thang do).
3.3. Khdc biet theo mot s6 bien sd
Theo giai tinh
Ket qua so_ sanh t-test giira nam va nir theo mite do thIu cam ddi vdi
ngudi khiic cho thay. khdng cd sir khac biel cd y nghia thing ke vl mire do nhin
nhan lir quan diem cua ngudi khac giua nain va nu. Tuy nhien, mire do quan lam

TAPCHITAM LyHOC, Sd6 (219), 6-2017


thau cam ddi vdi ngudi khac ciia nir cao hon nam (t-test = 4,68; p = 0,00). Ket
qua nay phu hgp vdi kit qua cua nbilu ngbita ciiu bta thi gidi cho thay, nO gidi
cd kba nSng nhay cam cao hon nam gidi, vi vay, sir quan tam thau cam ctia hg
cao hon nam gidi (Davis, 1980; Kalliopuska, 1983; Hofftnan, 1977).
Bdng 3: So sdnh muc do thau cdm theo gi&i tinh
Gioi tinh

N

DTB

T-test

Mirc V nghia

Nhin nhan tir quan diSm cua ngudi
khac

Nam

553

2,56

-0,995

0,32

Nil

646

2,60

Quan tam thau cam

Nam

553

2,43

-4,685

0,00

Nu

646

2,57

Nam

553

2,49

-3,549

0,00

N6

646

2,58

Chung 2 tieu thang

Theo tuoi
Bdng 4: So sdnh mirc do thdu cdm theo tuoi

Tuoi

N

Mean

t

Mu-c
V nghia

Nhin nhan tir quan dtem cua nguoi khac Diroi 18

640

2,5514

-1,893

0,05

Tren 18

559

2,6145

Duoi 18

640

2,4854

-1,324

0,18

Tren 18

559

2,5267

Duoi 18

640

2,5180

-2,078

0,03

Tren 18

559

2,5704

Quan tam thau cam

Chung

Ket qua so sanh l-tcsl cho thay, nhom Ihanh nien tren 18 ludi cd mirc do
nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia ngudi khac cao hem nhdm thanh nien dudi 18 tudi,
trong khi muc do quan lam thau cam khdng cd sy khac biet cd y nghTa giOa hai
nhdm tudi, Kha nang nhin nhan tir quan diem ciia ngudi khac khdng chi phu
thuoc vao nhu cau cua thanh nien. ma cdn phu thugc rat nhieu vao kbit nang
nhan thirc. Thye te hi nhieu thanh nien mudn dat minh vao dja vi ngudi khac dl
xem xet quan diem cua hg, nhung it nguiri cd the hieu dugc quan niem ciia neudi

TAP CHI TAM Vi HOC, Sd 6 (219). 6 - 2017

43


khac. Tudi cang cao thi kha nSng nhan thirc cila con ngudi ducrc pbat trita tot
bon do cd nhilu kinh nghifm hom, mdi trudng song da d ^ g , phuc tap hon, do
vay, hg cd kha nang nbm nhan tir quan diSm ciia ngudri khdc tot hon.
Ket qua nghita ciiu ctia chung toi phii hgipvdi kit qui nghita ciiu 6 nude
ngoJi. Nghita ciiu ciia Kalliopuska (1983) trta miu gdm 342 thanh thiiu nita tit
9 din 12 tuoi cho thiy, thSu cim cd tuomg quan thu|n ydi dd tti6i or ca miic dg
nhin nhSn tir quan dilm cua ngudi khac ISn quan t4m thiu cam. Ellis nghita cuni
so sanh nhdm thanh nita pham phip va thanh nita binh thudng cung cho thSy,
mirc do thiu cam cd lita quart din liia tuSi, a nhdm thanh nita binh thudng miic
do tbta cam tang theo Ifta tudi (Ellis, 1982).
Theo noi cu trti
Kit qua khi so sanh bai nhdm thanh nita cu tni or hai dja bta ndng thon
va do tbi cbo thSy, muc do quan tam IhSu cim ciia thatih ni6n ndng thon cao hon
thanh ni6n do thi mgt each cd y n ^ a vl mat thong k6, trong khi mirc dd nhin

nbta tit quan dilm ctia nguoi kbac khdng cd sir khic biet cd y nghTa. Hallos,
Cowan (1973) va Nabir, Yussen (1977) cho ring, thanh thiiu nita d mdi tnidng
ddng dta cu, cd tinh cdng ddng cao, cd mirc do nhin nh$n tir quan dilm ciia
ngudi khac tdt hon, d Viet Nam, ndng thdn li noi cd tinh cdng ddng cao, ngudi
dta thucmg sdng lau ddi vdi nhau, tinh di chuyin thip, hiu nhu moi ngudi bilt
nhau, vi vay thanh nita ndng thdn cd miic d0 quan ttai thiu cim Idn bon thanh
nita do thi.
Sang 5: So sdnh miic do thdu cdm theo nai cu tru
Nofi cir trti
Nhin nh^n tir quan dilm cua nguai khac Nong th6n
Do thi
Quan tam thau cam

Chung

N

DTB

t

MIIC y nghia

757

2,6028

1,734

0,08

442

2,5430
2,000

0,04

2,428

0,01

Nong thon

757

2,5285

Do thi

442

2,4639

Nong thdn

757

2,565$

Doth!

442

2,5025

Mdi tuang quan giiia nhin nhdn tit quan diim cita nguai khdc, quan tdm
thau cdm vd hanh vi img ho xa hoi
Phta tich tuomg quan Pearson cho thiy, hanh vi ling hd x i hdi cd tuong
quan thuta vdi nhm nhin tir quan diem ciia ngudi khic v i quan tim thiu cim.

44

TAP CH( TAM ly HOC, sa' 6 (219), 6 - 2017


Thanh nita ed mire do nhin nhan tir quan dilm cua nguiri khac cang tdt va quan
tam thiu cam cang cao tbi etag ed xu hudng thudng xuyta thirc hita hanh vi
ung hd xa bdi.
Bang 6: Tuang quan giu:a thdu cdm vd hanh vi iing ho xa hoi

Hanh vi ung hg
xa hoi

Nhin nhan tu-quan
diem cua ngiroi khac

Quan tam thau cam

0,276(**)

0,I37(**)

Tuang quan
Pearson

Ghi chii- (**) Ichi mucy nghTa < 0,01 (2 duoi).

Mdi tuang quan giua thdu cdm vd ddng co hanh vi iing hd xd hdi
Trong nghita ciru nay, nhimg ddng co btab vi ung hd xa hdi sau day
dugc quan tam tim hita: mong mudn dat dugc su tbita nhan ciia xa hdi haif cdn
ggi la dat dugc su tta thtah cua ngudi kbac, vd tu (ta danb), giai quyet vta de
cam xiic cua ca nhta, vi Idng vi tha, do tinh hudng tham khdc va chieu theo y
ngudi khac.
Bdng 7: Mdi tuong quan giira thdu cdm vd ddng co hdnh vi ung hd xd hoi
Dong ca hanh vi ling ho xa hoi
Tinh
huong
tham
khoe

Chieu
theo y
ngiroi
khac

0,10**

0.14**

0,15"

0.11"

0.16"

0,16**

Dat dirffc
sir thira nhan
\a hoi

An
danh

Cam
xiic

Vitha

Nhin nhan tu" quan diem
nguai khac

-0,04

0,17*«

0,10"

Quan lam thau cam

-0.08"

0,11"

0,16"

Djnh htrong thau cam

Ghi chii * * luang cjuan c 6 y ngliTa a mirc ltd 0.01 (2 duoi)

So sanh luimg quan Pearson giira thiiu catn vii dgng co hanh vi iing hd xa
hdi cho thay. ed mdi tuong quan thuan cd y nghia thdng ke giira mirc do nhin
nhan tir quan diem ciia ngudi khac va quan tam thau cam vdi ddng co In danh,
vi cam xuc, vi tha. phtj thudc vao mirc do tham khdc cua tinh huong va chilu
theo y ngudi khac (phuc tiing). Tuy nhien, giua mirc do nhin nhan tir quan dilm
ciia ngudi khac va ddng co dai dugc su tan thanh cita ngudi khac khdng co
tuimg quan cd >' nghTa va mirc do quan tain ihau cairi cd luong quan nghich vdi

TAP CHI TAM LyHOC. So 6 (219). 6-2017

45


ddng CO dat dugc su tan thanh eiia ngudi khac. Ket qui niy thdng nhit vdi kdt
qui nghita cim cua Davis (1987) khi dng cbo ring, banh vi chilu theo y ngudi
kbac, phu thudc vao miic do tbim khdc cua tinh hudng va in danb cd biong
quan thuan vdi miic dd nhin nban br quan dilm ctia ngudi kbac.
Mdi tuang quan giiia thdu cdm vd lap luan dao diic
Ngbita cim niy quan tam din nhiing kilu lap luan ve m|it dao diic cua

thanh nita, ly giai tai sao bg lai lira chgn banh dong. Cd nhung kilu lap luan sau:
1. Binh hu&ng thdu cdm la giiip do vi sir ddng cam hay thiu cam, vi trach nhiem
va gia bi (dilu ma minh coi ttgng). Vi dii, "Tdi se lim dilu dd bdi vi cd iy dang
bj dau"; 2. Binh hu&ng theo nhu cdu cua ngudi Ichdc li dua vao nhu cau cua
ngudi khac lam co sd hgp ly, chinh dang cho viec giiip do nbung it bing chimg ve
su cam thdng hay cam giac tdi Idi vi da khdng giiip dd. Vt dvt, "Tdi mudn giiip bdi
vi cd Sy cin giiip dd"; 3. Binh hudng gid tri da nhdp tam/ndi tam hda la lap luta,
ly giai vita giiip dd hay kbdng giiip dd dua trta gia tri ndi tim, chuta muc, niem
tin, tin ngudng da dugc nhap ttat. Vi du, "Himg giiip do vi ngbi rang dd li viec hi
tl cin phai lam"; 4. Binh hu&ng bdn thdn chi quan tam tdi bta thta mmh, tdi nhu
ciu ritag cua minh. Hanh vi gidp do d trudng hgp niy thucmg xay ra khi su giilp
dg cd Igi cho bta than chu tbi hanh vi; 5. Binh hudng lehuon mdu thi hien sit
quan tam dta viec minh dugc ngudi kbac chip nhta hay rap khudn, lim theo
khudn mau eua moi ngudi. Nta tdi lam gidng nhu thi thi la tdt v i ngugc lai. Vi
du, "Me tdi se hai Idng vl tdi vi di giup do ngudi khac".
Bdng 8: Mdi tuong quan giUa muc do thdu cdm vd cdc kieu lap luan dao dire
Dinh huwng
thau cam
Nhin nhan tir quan
diem cua nguai khac
Quan tam
thau cam
Mirc do thau cam
noi chung

Ban
than

Cac kieu I3p luan dao dire
Nhu cau cua Theo khudn

Thau
ngtrdi khac
mSu
cam

Gia tri da
nhSp tam

-0,13"

-0,02

0,00

0,13"

0,19"

-0,06'

0,08"

0,016

0,10"

0,21"

-0,12"

0,038

0,01

0,15"

0,25"

Ghi chu **.• immg quan coy nghia dmirc < 0,01 (2 duoi).

Ket qua ngbita cim cho thay rd mdi tuong quan thuan giOa mirc do thiu
cam cua thanh iiita ndi chung, kba ntag nhin nhan tir quan dilm cua ngudi khac
vi quan tam thau cam ndi ritag vdi lap luta dao dire dinh hudng thiu cam vi
dinh hudng gia bi da nhap tam hda (bai mirc do cao cua lap luta d?io dire). Nhu

46

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC, S6' 6 (219), 6 - 2017


v?y, thanh nita cang cd kha ntag nbm nhan tir quan dilm cua ngudi khac hoac
quan tam thiu cam tbi cing cd xu hudng lap luan dao diic dinh hudng thau cam
v i dinh hudng gia bi da nhap tam hda cao v i ngugc lai. Kit qua cung cbo thay,
mirc do thiu cam btcmg quan nghich vdi lap luan dao dire djnh hudng vj ky
(djnh hudng ban than), nhimg thanh nita cing cd khi ntag nhin nhta tit quan
diem eiia ngudi khac va quan tam thiu cam thi it cd xu hudng djnh hudng vao
ban than khi hg dua ra quylt djnh cd giup do ngudi kbac hay kbdng.
Tom lai, miic do thiu cam eiia thanh nien trong miu nghien cuu, ca ve
mat nhin nhta tir quan dilm eiia ngudi khac Ian quan tam thau cam, dat mirc
trung binb kba. Mirc do thiu cam cua thanh nien kbac nhau theo gidi tinh, mdi

trudng vta hda, lira tudi. Nil cd mile do quan tam thau cam cao hon nam,
nhdm trta 18 tudi cd mirc do nhin nhta tir quan diem ciia ngudi kbac cao hon
nhdm dudi 18 tudi. Thanh nita ndng thdn ed mure do thau cam Idn hon thanh
nita do thj. Cd mdi tuong quan gitJa mirc do thta cam vdi htah vi iing hd xa
hdi, ddng eo ciia hanh vi ung bd xi bdi va lap luta dao dire cua thanh nien.
Thanh nien cd mirc do nhin nhta tir quan diem cua ngudi kbac va quan tam
thta cam cang cao thi cang cd xu hudng thudng xuyen thuc hita hanh vi ung
hd xa bdi; cang cd xu hudng htah ddng vdi ddng co ta danh. vi cam xiic, tinh
hudng thim khdc va phuc ttag; cang cd xu hudng lap luan dao due dinh hudng
thau cam va djnh hudng gia tri nhap tam hda cao.
Tai lieu tham khao
1, Batson C D . , Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D.T, Gilbert, S T, Fiske, & G,
Lindzey, 1998,
2, Batson C D , & Shaw I„L,, Evidence for altruism; Toward a pluralism of prosocial
motives. Psychological Inquiry, 2, pp, 107 - 122, 1991,
3, Chandler M J,, Egocentric and antisocial behavior; The assessment and training oj
social perspectve - taking skills. Developmental Psychology. 9, pp, 326 - 332, Cohen
and Strayer (1996), 1973^
4, Davis M H,, A mullidimentional approach lo individual difjerences in empathy,
JSAS Catalog oi" selected documents in Psychology, 10, pp 85, 1980,
5, Eisenberg N, ct,al , Prosocial development In lale adole.icenee A longitudinal study.
Child Development, 66, pp, 1,179-1 197, 1995.
6, Eisenberg N. el.al , Prosocial developinenl in adolescence
Developmental Psychology, 27, pp. 849 - 857, 1991.

A Umgiludinal stiiilv.

7, Eisenberg N. cl.al,. Prosocial development in middle childhood. A longitudinal .study,
Devcloptnenlal Psychology, 23. pp, 712 - 718. 1987

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47


8. Eisenberg-Berg N. & Mussen P., Empathy and moral development in adolescence,
Developmental Psychology, 14, pp. 185 - 186, 1978.
9. Elasehuk C.L., Prosocial moral reasoning, empathy, perspective-taking and social
behavior: A comparative study of delinquent and nondelinquent youth. The Master
thesis of Arts, University of British Columbia, 1998.
10. Ellis P.L., Empathy A factor in antisocial behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child
Psychology, 10, pp. 123 - 134, 1982.
11. Hallos M. & Cowan P.A., Social isolation and cognitive development; Logical operations
and role - taking ability in Norwegian setting. Child Development, 44, pp. 630 - 641,
1973.
12. Hoffman M.L., Sex differences in empathy and related behaviors,
Bulletin, 84, pp. 712 - 722, 1977.

Psychological

13. HotbnanM.L., Empathy and moral development; Implications for caring and justice.
New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
14. Kaplan P.J. & Arbuthnot J., y4^crive empathy and cognitive role - taking in delinquent
and nondelinquent youth, Adolescence, 20, pp. 323 - 333, 1985.
15. Kalliopuska M., Relatiomhip between moral judgment and empathy. Psychological
Reports, 53, pp. 575 - 578, 1983.
16. Kohlberg L., The cognitive developmental approach lo moral education. Phi Delta
Kapp, 56, pp. 670 - 677, 1975.
17. Kohlberg L,, LaCrosse J, & Ricks D,, The predictability of adult mental health from
childhood behavior. In B,B, Wolman, Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research,

pp, 1,217-1,284, New York: M c G r a w - H i l , 1972,
18. Mehrabian A, & Epstein N,, The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/
antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, pp, 324 - 344, 1972,
19 Nahir H,T, & Yussen S,R, Tiie performance of kibbutz and city - reared Israeh children
on (M'o role-taking tasks. Developmental Psychology Schonert - Reichl (1993), 1977,
20, Selman R L,, 77ie relation of role taking to the development of moral judgment in
children. Child Development, 42, pp, 79 - 91, 1971,
21, Roberts W & Strayer J,, Empathy, emotional expressivenes and prosocial behavior.
Child Development 67. pp, 449 - 470, 1996,

48

TAP CHI'TAM LV HOC, So 6 (219), 6 - 2 0 1 7