Khó khăn về tình cảm và ứng xử của cha mẹ có con tự kỷ

KHO KHAN VE TINH CAM VA
Q N G X(J CUA CHA ME CO CON TLJ KY
Nghien cCru nay di/gc tai tra bdi Quy Phat trien Khoa hpc va Cdng nghe Qudc gia
(NAFOSTED) trong d^ tai: Nghien cifu nhifng kho khan tam ly cua cha me cd con bt tif
k^, Ma sd: VI1.6-2013.21; PGS.TS. Di/ong Hai Himg l^m chu nhiem.
GS.TS. Tran Quoc Thanh
PGS TS. Di/ong Hai Hung
Trumig Dgi bgc Su phgm Hd Ngi.

TOM T \T
Bdi hdo ndy trinh hay ket qud nghien ciru khd khdn ve itnh cdm vd irng xir cua
1 000 cha me cd con lir ky a 6 tinh. thdnh phd cua i 'let -\am Kcl qua khdo .sdt cho
thdy. cha me cii con tu ky gdp nhieu khd khdn ve iinh earn vd hdnh vi irng xir vdi eon
vd viri nhirng ngirdi xung quanh. Khi cd con tu ky. ho ndy sinh nhirng tdm trgng buon
chdn. lieu cue vd gap khd khdn trong viec khdc phuc cdc cam xiic lieu circ cua han
thdn; trong vli'c gidi quyet nhirng cdm xitc lieu cue cua cdc thdnh vien Irong gia dinb.
ban be vd cdng ddng. khd khdn trong viee chdm sdc gido due con bi lu ky. khd khdn
trong quan he vdi cdc thdnh vien trong giu dinh. khd khdn trong viec giai quyel dinh
kien vd k)' thj ciia gia dinh. ban he vd cgng dong din vai dira con tu ky cua minh
Tu- khria: Khd khdn ve tinh cdm vd irng xir; Cha me cd con tu ky.
Xgdy nhdn bdi- 16/12/2016; \gdy duyet ddng bdi 25'1'2017.

ABTRACT
'This article presenh .\liiiiy findings of emotional <£ behavioural difficulties of 1.000
parents of children with autism in 6 provinces 'cities in Vietnam. "The siin-ey results show
that the parents have lots of emotional and hehm-ioiiral difficulties with their children and
people in the community..! v parents of children with autism they experienced nagative and
sadm(H>d. they found it not easy to overcome this situation They also experienced difficulties
in dealing with nagative emotions of family members friends and people in their
communities: difficulties in caring and educating their auiisiic children, in the relation.ships
of family members, in coping with discrimination and prejudice toward the autistic children

from tnends. family members and communities
Kc>->vords: Emotional and behavioural difficulties. Parent with autistic child.

TAP CHI

TAM

l y HOC, S6 2 (2! 5). 2 ^ 2017

45


1, Dat van de
T rong nhirng nam gan day, sd lupng Ue ty ky yen the gidi cung nhu d
nudc ta tang nhanh. Hdi chimg ty ky cd anh hudng ldn den hpc lap. sinh hoat xa
phat trien nhan each cua dua tre. lam giam chat lupng sdng cua tre. ticu tdn
ngudn lyc tai ehinh ciia gia dinh \a x3 hpi. Ddi vdi nhirng gia dinh cd Irc ty kx.
hp gap phai rat nhieu khd khan. Ngoai nhimg khd khan ve mat nhan thirc nhihig
dSc diim cua tre tu kx. each cham sdc x a giao due Ire tu kx. cha mc cd con tu ky
cung gap nhiiu khd khan trong ddi sdng tinh cam cua chinh minh. khd khSn
trong giai quyel cac mdi quan he gia dinh: quan he giira hp va cac thanh xicn
trong gia dinh. khd khan trong giao ticp vdi cdng ddng. Mpt sd truimg hpp da cd
sy kx thi. phan biet ddi xir vdi nhirng dira tre ty ky va chinh bd me cd con bj ty
kx cung bi xa lanh. Trong khi chua xac djnh rd dupc nguyen nhan cua Irc ty ky.
X lee nghien eihi de xac djnh nhifng khd khan lam ly cua cha me cd con ty ky chi
rd lung mat bieu hicn va mire dp khd khan cua hp la can thiet. Trong cac bai
cung vc ehu di} nay. nhdm nghien cim da xac dinh khd khan x i} tinh cam va hanh
X i ung xu la nhtmg khd khiin lmi nhiil d cha me cd con ty ky [ 1 ]. Vi vay. nghien
ciru sau nhCTng khd khan trong mat bicu hicn nay dc hieu rd ndi dung x i\ mirc dp
khd khan cua cha mc cd con ty kx. tir dd. cd cac bien phap trp giup hp khjc phyc

X ii giam thieu nhimg khd khin ve tinh cam va hanh vi ilng xu dc hp dn djnh
eude sdng. ty lin cham sdc va giao due tre ty ky. de tre ty ky bdt di cac thict thdi
Irong cudc sdng gia dinh xa cdng ddng.
Khd khan vc tinh cam cua cha mc cd con ty ky dupc hiiu la nhOng trd
ngai trong vice khae phuc cac cam xuc ticu cyc ciia ban than, khd khan trong
X ice giai quyet nhirng cam xuc lieu cyc, khd kh5n trong vice eham sdc dira con
bj ty ky, khd khan trong vice giao due dira con ty ky, khd khan trong vice giai
quyet xung dot vdi cac thanh vicn trong gia dinh va hp hang vi vin di ty ky
cua Ire, khd khan trpng vice giai quyit thai dp djnh kiin va ky thj eua gia dinh,
han hi- va cdng ddng ddi vdi dira con ty ky cua minh (4).
2. Khach the xa phuang phap nghien eiiu
2.1. Khiich thi nghiin ciru
Nghien ciru dupc thyc hicn tren 1.000 cha/me cd con ly ky tai 6 thanh
phd: c i n rho. thanh phd Hd Chi Minh. Da Nang, Hui, Ha Ndi va Cao Bang. Do
dieu kicn ticp xuc ban chi nen ehung tdi chi khao sal moi gia dinh cd con ty ky 1
phieu hdi danh cho cha hoac mc. Ndi dung cac phieu hdi xoay quanh cac khd
khan tam ly cua cha mc cd con ty ky vc cam xuc ciia ban than hp va eac phuong
phap eham sdc Ire ty kx.

46

TAP CHl TAM L f HOC, Sd 2 (21.-i), 2 - 2017


2.2. Phirang phdp nghien ciru
Phuang phap chU xiu dupc su dung la phuong phap dicu tra bang bang
hdi. phdng vin sau x a quan sat cha mc cd con ty ky. Cac sd lieu thu dupc dupc
xu ly bang phin mim thing ke loan hpc SPSS 16.0. Cach tinh diem nhu sau:
khd khan: 3 diim; it khd khan: 2 diim; khdng khd khan: I diem. Diim trung
binh (DTB) la trung binh cdng cua tit ca cac y kien tra ldi.

3. Ket qua nghien cihi
3.1. Cdm xuc eda cha me khi cd con ttr ky
Ket qua khao sat tai bang 1 cho thay. cha me cd eon bj ty ky gap nhieu
cam xuc lieu cyc. Dieu ma hp cam thay khd chju nhat chinh la thai dp kx thj ciia
mpt sd ngudi xung quanh ddi vdi tre. Tre ty ky cd dac dii;m la rat hay hanh ddng
theo y minh nen ddi khi nhirng ngudi xung quanh cho rang Irc hu x a khdng nghe
ldi. Chang ban. trucmg hop chau Tr.M.D.. con trai chj Th. d Ha Ndi rat thich dd
dung dicn tu nen cir nhin thay ai cd dd diing nhu ipad. iphonc la chau Iai lao tdi
de nhin. sd. ngam. do xay nhicu nguiri td ra khd chju. cd ngudi cdn djnh bao
hanh. Bdi ihco cam nhan cua hp. nhin chau Tr.M.D. hoan loan binh thuirng.
khdng cd khiem khuyet gi x c mat than the nen di gay cho bp cam nhan dax la
dira tre hu. "Vai nhirng tri khuyit tgt khdc cd the nhdn duac sir cdm thdng tir
ngtrdi ddi diin song Ire tu ky lai khdng dupc nhu vdy do khdng phdi ai ciing
nhgn biit vd hiiu dtroc cdn binh ndy" (chj 1"h. ndi).
Bdng I: Thirc Irgng cdm xuc tiiu cue cita cha me cd con bi tu ky

TT

Cac cam xiic ticu cue

Tone
dii'm

mil

Thubac

1

l a m tranji buoti riiii. than nan lliudnpinrc

2.721

2.72

2

2

Hav khoe

2 382

2.38

9

3

Cam piac tuyet xanii. tieu eirc

2.469

2.47

5

4

Cam piae vo dune, hiit luc va tu ironp thap

2.392

2.39

8

5

Mat di Ihu v u i . kha nanp tan hudnp

2 154

2.15

10

6

Buoiip .xiioi. mac ke. den dau thi den

2 453

2.45

6

7

Thieu nSnp luonc. met moi

2.549

2.55

4

8

Mac cam vi thai dp kv thj cua nhCmp npudi xunp quanh

2.784

2.78

1

9

Khonp dam than tho vdi ban be. npudi thiin

2.623

2(i2

3

10

Co y nghT l u l u \ a,'ho^c Ihir lir lir

2.443

2..I4

7

Chung

TAP CHi TAM LVHOC, So 2 (215), 2-2017

2.50

47


Chj T.ll.. mdt ngucri me ed con ty kx khdng giiu dupc nudc mat: "Do tip
lire xd hpi nin hiiu trirong bupc phdi nhdn con tdi vdo trtr&ng. Con tdi khting
dirpc ddi xir binh ddng nhir cdc bgn khdc. Chdng hgn. khi trtrdntg td chirc di tlidm
quan. con tdi bupc phdi a nhd vdi ly do chdu se ldm xdu hinh dnh cita truong. Rdi
nhimg budi ddng dien thi due dtrdi sdn tnrong. tdt cd diu dtroc xudng .sdn trmmg.
chi din' nhdt con minh buoc phdi & trin lop. Cd ai mudn sinh con ra bi khuyit tdi
ddu. cdi bpn tre cdn Id sir chia se. ddng cdm chir khdng phdi nhimg khdu liiiu lut)'
lid quit".
"Tam trang budn rau. chan nan thudng tryc" cung la cam xuc lieu cue
thudng xuxcn xuat hien o cha me cd con ty kx. l.am cha mc. ai cung niong con
minh khde manh. phat trien binh thudng nhu bao dira Ire khac. Tux nhien. khi
nhan thay con cd cac bicu hicn ty ky thi nhCrng ngudi lam cha. lam me sc cam
thax lo au. budn rau xa chan nan. Chi N.T.H. d Ha Ndi cho biet: "Khicon mdt
tudi, tdi nhdn thdy con phdn irng rdt chain vol cdc hdnh dpng bin ngodi. chdu

it cudi. chgm ndi, chi thich choi mdt sd dd choi quen thupc mpt minh. Tdi quvil
dinh cho con di khdm bdc sT. tdi bdng hodng khi nhdn kit qud con mdc chirng
lir ky"
Cam xuc ticu cyc xep x i tri ticp theo la "khdng dam than thd vdi ban be.
ngudi than". Khi cha mc nudi con ma gap nhirng hal thuirng thi cha mc hay
chia sc dc hoc hdi each ung xu. Nhung khi biit con minh bj ty ky. cha me
thuimg dau budn x a ngai ngung. khdng dam than thd vdi ban be. ngudi than.
Mpt so cam xuc ticu cyc khac ciing xuiit hien d cha mc cd con bj ty ky
nhung d tan suat thap him. Chang han: "cam giac xd dung, bit lyc va ty trpng
thap"; "hay khde " hax "cam giac mat di thu vui. kha nang tan hudng"...
Qua dd cd the thax'. eac cam xuc lieu eyc bj tac dpng bdi ngoai canh cd
mue dp xual hien eao him eac cam \ue mang linh ehu quan, Cae bac cha mc
can nhan thiic va xupt qua dupc cac khd khan nay thi mdi cd tam ly nhe nhdm.
thoai mai di; hd tro Ire. Irong khi cham sde cho con. cac bac cha mc phai cd
tam Ix virng xang thi mdi trd thanh diim tya vitng chic nhil cho con minh.
3.2. Khd khdn trong viic khdc phuc nhirng cdm.xiic tiiu ctcc cua hdn Ihan
Kcl qua khao sal x c nhirng khd khan cua cha mc cd con ty kx Irong x iec
khae phuc nhCrng cam xuc ticu cyc eua ban than thu dupc d bang sd lieu 2.
Sd lieu bang tren cho thay. diem trung binh ehung eua loan thang do o
mirc tren trung binh (DTB •= 2.3.5). Trong dd. nhiiu khd khan vupt mirc trung
binh xa cd khd khan d muc cao. Cu the. trong 20 trang thai cam xue cUa cha mc
ed con bj ty kx ihi "cam giae cd ldi vi sinh ra con bj ty kx" gii) cho eha mc cua
tre khd khan nhat xe mat lam Ix. Cac nghien ciru hien nay deu ehua dam khing

TAP CHITAM Lf HOC, S<>
' 2 (21 .•)), 2 - 2(117


djnh nguyen nhan chinh xac ciia chung ty ky. Mdt sd gia thuyet cho rang, ty kx
cd ngux en nhan tu cac yiu td sinh hpc hpac mdi trudng hoac ca hai. bao gdm ca

cac xiu Id nhiem khuin liic mang thai, cac khiem khuyet cua he thdng mien
djch, gen, Gia thuyit xe nao ciing dupc dua ra, xi dy nhu sy phat trien khdng
binh thuimg eua nSo ngay tir thdi k\ bao thai hoac van de bat thudng cua tuan
hoan nao, thiiu cac chat sinh hda trong nao (xi du nhu lupng sereton). lux
nhien. hien nay. lat ca nhihig gia thuyet dua ra van chi dCmg lai d muc dp gia
thuyet. Chinh vi nguyen nhan tre tu ky chua dupc xac djnh rd rang nen khi cha
me sinh eon bj ty ky thi cam giac bj dan vat rat nhieu. phan \ i thuong con. phan
vi thay ban than cd idi sinh ra con bj tat. Chinh xi xax. day la khd khan ldn nhat
X c mat cam xuc ddi vdi cha me cd con ty ky.
Bdng 2: Khd khdn cita cha m^ cd con tir ky trong viic khdc phuc
cdc cdm xitc tiiu circ cua bdn thdn
TT

Cac t r a n g thai cam xiic

Tong
diem

DTB

Thir
bac

1

Lo lanp cho luong lai ciia con

2.391

2.39

8

2

1 loanp mang vi khong r6 tuong lai gia dinh the nao

2.212

2.21

17

3

Ban khoan khong biet con Co khoi du(?c khonp

2.489

2.49

6

4

Mac cam vdi moi ngudi xung quanh

2.513

2,51

5

5

Cam giac co loi vi sinh ra con bi tu ky

2.809

2,81

1

6

M§c cam voi gia dinh va ngudi than

2.679

2,68

2

7

Co quen hoan canh ciia minh

2 121

2,12

18

8

Chap nh^n vi do la so phan

2.292

2,29

13

9

Duong xuoi den dau thi den

1.907

1,91

20

10

Buon phien. chan nan. khdng thiet tha gi nua

2.091

2,09

19

1 1

Ngai khong muon chap nhan con minh tu kx x i cho rang
do la su trimg phat

2313

2,31

1 1

12

Cho rang minh co loi Irong \ iec con tu ky nen khong
muon cho nguoi khac biet

2.241

2.24

15

13

Npai cho ngudi khac biet, sg bj che cudi do khong biet
cham con nen de con bj l u kv

2.382

2.38

9

14

So cha m? chong cho r5ng, minh co loi trong vice con tu
kv

2 524

2.52

1

15

Sgr ho hang cho rang, minh co loi tnxng viec con nr k\

2 287

2.29

14

TAP C H I T A M LV HOC. Sd' 2 (2151. 2 -

2017

49


12

16

So ban be che cudi vi co con l u kx

2.3 1 1

2.31

17

So hang xom \ a lanh vi cd con l u kx

2.466

2.47

7

18

Khong dam smh liep vi sg con lai hi benh

2.213

2.21

16

19

Muon g i u kin chuyen con minh bj Iir kx

2.514

2.51

4

20

T i n rang con minh se trd lai hinh thugng

2.377

2.38

10

Chung

2J5

Khd khan thu 2 la "mac cam vdi gia dinh x'a ngudi than". Vdi kinh nghiem
hon 10 nam tu van, dieu tri cho Ue ty ky, TS.BS. I.a Thj Budi. Tiudng phdng

Phdng kham Ngpc Minh (phd Vpng, Ha Ndi) nhan djnh: sd Ire ly ky dupc phat
hicn ngay cang nhieu do tien bp y hpc va nhan thirc ciia ngudi dan dupc nang cao
dan den phan loai benh ngay cang gan va sat hon. Tuy nhien. d Viet Nam. cac bac
eha me vi thieu thdng tin va mac cam mudn giau benh cua con nen da mac nhieu
sai lam Irong vice dua con di tham kham va dieu tri. Mat khac. x i so ngudi than
len an va cung vi tam ly sp con minh bi phan biel ddi xu nen cac bac cha me
thudng giau benh cua con nen dan tdi cac nha chuyen mdn gap rat nhieu khd khan
yong tri lieu cho Ire. Tat ea nhirng dieu nay la do mac cam cua cha me gay ra.
Khd khan thu 3 la "sp cha me chdng cho rang, minh cd ldi trong vice con
ty ky". Mdi gia dinh cd hoan eanh khac nhau, ngudi may man, cd diiu kien, sy
cam thdng chia sc cUa nhicu ngudi than se la ddng luc giup Irc tiin bd nhanh.
Nhung khdng it gia dinh d xa. dicu kicn khd khan, phai bd ca cdng vice, nha cua
de tim vc cac trung tam dieu trj cho con. Ddi khi chinh ngudi than trong gia dinh
lai khdng hicu va chia sc. khien viec cham sdc. giao dye con gap nhiiu trd ngai.
Khd khan thy 4 va thu 5 ma eac cha me cd con ty kx gap d muc dp tren
trung binh la "mudn giO kin chuyen con minh bj ty ky" va "mac cam vdi nhCrng
ngudi xung quanh". Day la hai khd khan cd quan lie chat che x di nhau. Vi ngudi
cd con ly ky xua mudn giau chuyen cua con do mac cam lai vira mudn dupc
chia se ddng vien cho nen chung ta cung cin hiiu day vira la khd khan vira la
mdt mau thuan trong tam tu eua nhirng ngudi cd con ty ky. Mpt mat. hp mac
cam. sp bj che cudi nen ngai cho ngudi khac biit chuyen cua eon minh. Mat
khac. hp lai mudn dupc chia se, dupe sy an ui ddng vien cua ngudi than va
nhCing ngudi xung quanh. Hon nira tam trang khdng vui cua hp khd cd thi giiu
dupc nhiimg ngudi xung quanh nen ddi khi dupc hdi. hp lai mudn chia sc xdi
nhimg ngudi khac. Vi vax. nhimg ngudi than cin hiiu hp di ed thi giup hp chia
se eho nhe bdt tam trang nang nc va cd each dpng vicn, an ui hp.
Ngoai ra, cae cha me cd con ly ky cdn gjp rit nhiiu khd khan khac
nhung deu d mirc trung binh. Nhirng khd khSn nay cung cin dupc quan lam di
50

TAP CHf TAM LV HOC. S<>
' 2 (215), 2 2(117


CO bien phap giiip hp khac phuc dd cham soc con lot hon \a giir cho ho co cupc
s6ng 6n dinh. Chi Th., mpt ba me co con tu ky da chia se tren dien dan rang:
"Nha lgi cdch day 3 nam, khi minh nhgn thdy con trai da 27 thdng ma chua biet
noi. goi khong biet quay lgi. khong phdn ung bdi cu lai noi. ggi hoi han ciia ai.
Theo do, minh da dira con di khdm d Vien Xhl thi m&i biet do la ddu hieu cua
benh tu ky. Minh chit lang, tgi sao la minh. lgi sao Id con minh. minh da ldm gi
sai... Minh hoan todn suy sup tinh thdn, dau dan nhin dira con be dai tha ngdy
ngdy mot khdc so vai cdc bgn citng trang lira, con minh co toi gi chir... Gia dinh
luon cdng thdng, vg chong do loi cho nhau, tuang nhir khong con cdch gi giiip
duac con".
3.3. Kho khan trong viec chia se cdm xuc vd t'tng xir v&i tre
Ket qua khao sat vc kho khan ciia cha me co con tii ky trong viec chia se
cam xuc \ oi tre dupc the hien a bang 3.
Bdng 3: Thuc trgng cdc kho khan trong viec chia se cdm xuc
vai tre cua cha me

TT

Cac kho khan

Tong
diem

DTB

Thii

bac

1

Thugng con nhung khong bi^l lam the nao cham con

1.903

1.90

10

2

Khong hiet con muon gi de dap ung

1.780

1.79

11

3

Khonp bict con nphl pi de d^y con

2.392

2.39

1

4

Khong ai inuon pii'ip minh v i np^i co the bi lay

2.138

2.24

5

5

Khong dam dua con thSm ong ba ngi/ngoai vi sg ong ba
khong vui

2.009

2,01

8

6

Khong dam dua con ve tham gia dinh cha m^ de vi sg cha
m? khong vui

1.982

1,98

9

7

Khong dam ndi ve con moi khi g§p ban be, nguoi than

2.071

2,07

7

8

Cac eg sg cham soc tre tu ky khong pho bien kien thirc
cham soc vi sg mill khach

2 232

2,23

4

9

Khong biet phugng phap d^y tre nhung khonp dam hoi ai

2.357

2,36

2

10

Gia d'mh khonp tbong cam nhunp khong biet each piai thich

2.291

2,29

3

1 1

\ ' g chong khong thong nhat Irong vi?c dua con den Irung
tam cham soc Ire

2.173

2,17

6

Chung

TAP CHl TAM LVHOC, Sd 2 (215), 2 - 2 0 1 7

2,12

51


Ket qua thu dupc d bang 3 cho thay, diim trung binh chung ciia loan
thang do la 2.12. Trong 11 khd khan dupc liet ke thi khd khan ldn nhat cua cha
me cd con ty kx la "khdng biet con nghi gi de day con" (DLB = 2.39). Tre ty ky
cd the hicu cac tir ngir thdng thudng de trao ddi vdi eha me. Nhung tre gap khd
khan Uong x icc tao ra cac dau hieu phi ngdn ngir dc bicu hien x mudn cua minh.
Hoac cd the tre bieu hien theo each hieu cua cac em. Do dd. cha me cua tre ty kx
rat khd khan yong vice hieu irc mudn gi de dap img nhu cau cua tre. de hudng
dan tre.
Tre ty kx se khd kicm che dupc cam xuc. Cac cm se cd nhiing rdi loan
ve cam giac (Sensory processing disorder). Day la mot rdi loan than kinh g;i\'
khd khan trong qua trinh xtr ly va phan ung lai thdng tin cam giac tir mdi
trudng ben ngoai xa ben trong chinh co the gdm: thj giac. thinh giac. xuc giac.
khiru giac. x j giac. ticn dinh va rdi loan xir Ix cam giac. Chinh vi x ;i\. nhieu khi
cha me tre gap phai khd khan tam ly xi khdng "giai ma" dupc nhirng cam xiic
ciia Ire" de lya chpn phuong phap tac dpng tdi tre.
Khd khan thu 2 vc cam xue x a iirng xu la "khdng bicl phutmg phap day
tre nhung khdng dam hdi ai". Da sd cac cha me khi bicl con bj ty kx diu giiu
dicm viec con bj ty kx hoac mirc dp benh cua con. Nhicu gia dinh cd linh khdng
chap nhan sy that hoac cd tinh giiiu dicm chirng ty ky eua con. vi sp sy gicm
pha. sp nhtmg anh mil hieu kx. thuang hai hay le hon la kx thj xa xa lanh cua
nhimg ngudi xung quanh. Chinh vi vay. khi thay cae bicu hien eau gat. khd giao
licp cua tre thi eha mc ngai trao ddi x di ngudi khac nen thucmg gap khd khan,
loay hoay x di phucmg phap dax irc ty kx. Day la mdt khd khan ma nhiiu cha me
cd con ty kx khd vupt qua.
Khd khan thir 3 dupe danh gia o mirc dp tren trung binh la "gia dinh

khdng thdng earn nhung khdng biii each giai thich". Day la khd khan di nhan
thay d nhicu eha mc cd con ty kx xi hp ehua hiiu diy du xi benh ly ky. khoa
hoe ciing chua khang djnh dupc nguyen nhan tre tu kx nen hp khd giai thich cho
nhimg ngudi than hicu x'c benh cua con. l.ai sin mac cam nen hp cang khd khan
trong X ice chia sc cam xuc va giai thich cho nhCJng ngudi trong gia dinh hiiu va
thdng cam vdi hp. I Ion nura. nhiiu ngudi trong gia dinh cung chua hicu vi benh
ly kx xa cd the cdn djnh kien xdi con chau minh nen cha mc cd con ty kv cang
khd giai thich cho hp hiiu x a thdng cam.
Ngoiii ra. cha me cd con ty kx cdn gap khd khan x di trung tam cham sdc
tre ty ky xa ngudi xung quanh trong ung xu. Dd la hp cho ring, trung lam cham
soc tre khdng mudn phd biin kiin thue x i sp hp ty chain con d nha. khdng din
trung tam nira. Va cho rang nhCrng ngudi xung quanh khdng mudn giup minh vi
sp bj lay. Thyc lc. day la nhCrng khd khan do cha mc cd con ty kx chua hiiu biit

TAP CHI TAM LV HOC. Sd 2 (215). 2 2017
-


dix du xi benh ly ky va nhirng gi trung lam cham sdc tre dang lam nen mdi cd
sux nghT nhu x'ax. Khd khan nay se dupc giai tda khi cha me cd con ty kx va
nhimg ngudi xung quanh hiiu vi benh ty ky x a cha me cd con ly kx hieu edng
X iec cua trung tam cham sdc tre ty kx dang lam.
3.4. Khd khan trong viec img .xtr vdi con vd nhung ngirdi xung quanh
Ket qua nghien ciru ve khd khan cua cha me cd con ty kx trong xicc img
xir X di con x a vdi nhirng ngudi xung quanh dupc trinh bay d bang 4.
Bdng 4: Kltd khdn trong viic img xir v&i con vd v&i nhirng ngiroi xung quanh
TT

Cac kho khan

Tong
diem

DTB

Thii
bac

1

Tim each hieu eon de biel each cham soc con

2.112

2,11

12

2

Co du Ihdi gian danh cho con

2.170

2,17

10

3

Trao doi dugc vgi con

2.360

2,36

5

4

Duac sir ho Irg tir gia dinh

1.090

1,09

16

5

Chong hoac \ g ho irg khi cham con

1.220

1,22

14

6

Moi nguoi xung quanh thong cam

1.120

1,12

15

7

Khach den nha biet con minh tu kv

2.052

2,05

13

8

Dua con di choi ngoai dugng

2,162

2,16

11

9

Dua con den tham ban be

2.543

2,54

4

10

Dua con den Iham ong ba ngi/n.eoai

2 574

2,57

3

11

Tim dugc ngugi thong cam de chia se

2.322

2.32

6

12

Hieu biet ve cac hoi chirng lu k> d Ire

2,251

2,25

7

13

Cd nguoi giai thich ro ve cSn nguyen va hau qua cua benh
Hrky

2.682

2.68

2

14

Mat nhieu thdi plan nen can kien nhan

2.234

2.23

8

15

Cach nh^n bicl su lien bo ciia con minh

2.193

2.19

9

16

Cach tu tham kham budc dau cho con

2.~S'-

2.79

1

Chung

TAPCH(TAMLVH0C, Sd 2 (215), 2-2017

2,12

53


Diim trung binh eda loan thang do khd khan cua cha me cd con ty ky
trong viec img xvt vdi con va vdi nhOmg ngudi xung quanh la 2,12. cd nghTa la

khd khan ma hp gap phai d mire trung binh. Thyc ti tim hiiu cho thay. hau het
cac cha me cd con ty ky gap nhieu khd khan Uong viee img xir vdi con x ;'i vdi
nhflng ngucri xung quanh. Cac khd khan kha da dang va the hicn d tat ca cac mdi
quan he: vdi con, vdi vp hoac chdng, vdi ngudi than trong gia dinh xa cac thanh
vien cita cdng ddng. Da sd cac khd khan chi d mirc trung binh nhung nhimg khd
khan nay khdng ddng diu. Cd nhihig khd khan cha me gap phai d muc thap. Hp
nhan dupc sy hd trp tir gia dinh. dupc chdng hoac vp. dupe mpi ngudi xung
quanh thdng cam. Diiu nay cho thay, da cd sy cam thdng va chia se lit chinh
ngudi than va nhung ngudi xung quanh ddi \ di hp, Vi vay, eha me cd con ly kx
khdng gap khd khan qua nhiiu khi can sy hd Up cua gia dinh va ciing khdng
vudng mic nhiiu khi irng xu vdi nhCTng ngudi xung quanh, Trong suy nghi cua
cha me ed con ty ky cd the e ngai nhflng ngudi xung quanh nhtmg trong hanh vi
img xir hp gap khd khan chi d mirc thap.
Tuy nhien. Irong sd 13 khd khan edn lai. cha me cd con ty ky gap khd
khan d mirc kha cao trong viee lim hieu de biel each ty tham kham budc dau cho
con. khd khan trong vice trao ddi thdng tin vdi con, khd khan trong vice dua con
di tham gia dinh hay ban be, khd khan trong viec tim kiem ngudi cam thdng de
chia sc.. Lue dau, cha me cd con ty ky gap khd khan trong vice tim hieu de biet
each tham kham budc dau cho con. Mdt phan vi hp khdng du hicu biet de tham
kham nhung lai mudn giau x ice con bj ty ky nen cang gap khd khan. Cung vi
the, cha me cd con ty ky khdng bicl tim ai dii hieu biet de giai Ihich cho hp ve
nguyen nhan va hau qua cua hpi chimg nay. Khi bj ty ky, dudng nhu Ire cd mdt
the gidi rieng ma nguiri idn khd xam nhap dupc vao the gidi dd. Vi vay, cha me
cd con ty ky khd trao ddi xdi con. Ddng thdi hp cd mac cam minh cd loi khien
tre bj ly kx nen ngai ngan khi dua con den Iham ngudi than, ban be va tim ngudi
chia se. Day la cac khd khan vupt trpi (cd dicm trung binh > 2.3) ma cha me cd
eon ty ky gap phai. Trong dd cd hai khd khan trong img xu vdi con va bdn khd
khan trong img xu vdi ngudi xung quanh. Ket qua khao sat cho thiy, cha mc cd
con ty ky x ,^n ehua du kicn thite x a ky nang cham sdc con nen hp cdn lung liing
trong viec hieu va eham sdc con, Ddng thdi, cha me cd con ty ky vin cdn gap

khd trong vice lim ngudi tin cay di giai thich cho hp hiiu xi tre ty ky va each
cham sdc con. Hp cung gap khd khan trong vice ung xu vdi ngudi than va ngudi
xung quanh khi phai trinh dicn dira con mic benh cua minh. Diiu nay mdt phin
do ban than hp cd mac cam xdi van de cua con. Mat khac ap luc tu nhCrng nguiri
xung quanh van cdn djnh kicn hoac sy thieu hieu biel vi hdi chung nay lam hp c
ngai. Cac khd khan cdn lai cua cha mc cd con ty ky trong vice img xti vdi con va
vdi nhimg ngudi xung quanh deu d muc trung binh.

TAP CH(TAM LV HOC, Sd 2 (215), 2 - 2017


4. Ket luan
Trong bk cd boat dpng nao con ngucri cung co the gap phai cac kho khan
lam l> can tro boat dpng cua minh. Khi con ngucri thich ung dupc voi boat dpng
thi kho khan co th^ giam di. Nhung nhihig kho khan tam ly ciia cha me co con tu
ky sc rat dai ding va rdt kho mat di vi dira tre tu ky luon hien huu trong cupc
song ciia hp. Trong cac kho khan do, cac kho khan ve tinh cam va hanh vi img
xir voi con va voi nhiing nguoi xung quanh bieu hien ro rang \ a 6 muc tren
trung binh. Cha me co con tu ky thucmg nay sinh tam trang buon chan va rat kho
khac phuc cac cam xuc tieu cue do cua ban than. Hp cung gap nhieu kho khan
trong \ iec giai quyel nhung cam xuc lieu cue cua cac thanh vien trong gia dinh,
ban be va cpng dong. trong viec cham soc giao due con. khac phuc su ky thi ciia
gia dinh, ban be va cpng dong doi voi dira con tu ky ciia minh.
Tai li^u tham khao
1. Duong Hai Hung. Thi/c trgng khd khdn tdm ly cua cha me cd con tu ki' a Cdn Tha.
Tap chi Tam ly hpc. So 12/2015.
2. Le IChanh. Tre lu ky - Nhirng then thdn bdt hanh. W B Phu nit, 2004.
3. Quach Thiiy Minh, Hdi ddp vi benh tu ky. \XB Y hpc. 2009.
4 Vu Thu Trang, Khd khdn tdm ly cua cha me ed con tu k\. Tap chi Tam ly hgc, So
12/2015.

5. Atlfield E. and Morgen H., Living with autistic Spectrum disorder, Sage/Pauld
Chapman Publications, London, 2006.

6. Miles J.H., Takahashi T.N., Bagby S., Sahola P.K.. Vaslow D.F., Wang C.H., Hillman
R.E. & Fanner J.E., ILssenlial versus complex autism Definition of fundamental prognos
subsiylesy Americal Journal of Medical Genetics, 135. pp. 171 - 180, 2005.
7. Plimlc\ L. and Bowen M.. Autistic Spectrum Disorders in the Secondary School,
Paul Chapman Publishing. London. 2006.
8. Plimley L.. Bowen M. and Morgan H., Autistic Spectrum Disorders in the early
years. Paul Chapman Publishing. London, 2007.

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