Thái độ của nông dân đối với việc thu hồi đất nông nghiệp của nhà nước

THAI DO CUA NONG D A N DOI VOI
VIEC THU HOI DAT NONG NGHIEP
CUA NHA NUOC
PGS.TS. Nguygn Thi Minh Hang

Trttdng Dgi hgc Khoa hgc Xd hpi tk Nhdn vdn - Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Npi.
)

TOM T A T

Bdi bdo trinh bdy ldm ldi kid qud nghien citu ve Ihdi dp cua ndng ddn ddi vdi
chinh sdch thu hdi ddt cita Nhd nude the hien d cdc mat ca bdn id: a) Ddnh gid cita
ngudi nong ddn ve elm truang, chinh sdch thu hoi ddt ndi chung, ve cdc khdu trong
qud ninh ti-ien khai thifc hien thu hdi ddt d dia phuang, mdc den bu ddt; chinh sdch
hd trg tdi dinh cu vd chuyen ddi nghe nghiep cho ndng ddn sau khi bi thu Itdi ddi: mu
dich sif dung ddt sau khi bi thu hdi: b) Tdm ttgng chit dgo ctia ngucti ndng ddn sau kh
hi thu hdi ddt vd chimg kie'n hieu qud cda viec su dttng ddt dd thu hdi; c) Cdc hdnh
dpng cu the cita ndng ddn trong qud Irinh Ihuc hien chinh sdch Ihu hdi ddi: dj Cdc
ye'u id dnh hifdng den thdi dd cda ndng ddn ddi vdi chinh sdch thu hdi ddt

Ttt khoa: Chinh sdch Ihu hoi ddi; Thdi dp cua ndng ddn; Tdm trgng eita ndng
ddn; Hdnh dpng cita ndng ddn.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 10/12/2012; Ngdy duyel ddng bdi: 25/1/2013.
Trong thdi ky edng nghidp hda - hidn dai hda (CNH - HDH) dang didn
ra nhanh chdng trdn pham vi ca nude nhu hidn nay thi cdng cu sin xuit quan
trong nhit cila ngttdi ndng dan li rudng dit dang din din trd ndn It di. Dd la
mdt thuc td. Theo bio cio ciia Hdi Ndng dan Viet Nam, mdi nam ca nude cd
gin 200.000 ha rudng dat ndng nghiep hi chuyen ddi mue di'ch su dung. Theo
dd, udc tinh mdi hd gia dinh ndng dan cd \.!> ngudi mit viee lam. Do vSy,
chi'nh sach thu hdi da't cua Nhi nude da thu hut duge su quan tam ciia ddng (jao
ting Idp ndng dan. Cau hdi ma chung tdi quan tam la ngudi ndng dan cd thai

de nhu thd ddi vdi chi'nh saeh thu hdi dit ciia Nha nude hidn nay?
Dudi gdc do cua khoa hoc tam ly, thai do duac hieu la he thd'ng cic tam
the, mong dgi va dinh httdng eiia mdt ca nhan hay nhdm xa hdi, thdng qua do
ca nhan/nhdm nhin nhan va danh gia the gidi xung quanh; thai dd quy dinh xu
hirdng phan ttng cua ei nhan/nhdm va dugc the hidn thdng qua nhan thtt'c, xue
cam va hanh vi ctia ho.
38

TAP CHiTAM Lt HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013


Trong nghidn ciiu nay, thdi dp ciia ndng ddn dd'i vdi chinh sdch thu hoi
ddt ndng nghiep cua Nhd nude duac hieu Id he thdng cdc tdm the, mong dai,
dinh hucfng va su ddnh gid ciia ndng ddn vi' chinh sdch thu hSi ddi ciia Nhd
nude, bieu hien thdng qua nhdn thiic, xitc cdm, hdnh vi ctia hp va cd idc dt4ng
quy dinh xu hudng phdn idtg ciia ho trong nhiing tinh hud'ng cu the lien quan
din qud trinh thu hoi ddt.
Vdi each hieu ndu tren, thai dd ciia ndng dan dd'i vdi chi'nh saeh thu hdi
da't eiia Nha nude duge danh gia trfin ba mat:
* Nhan xet, danh gia eiia ndng dan dd'i vl chi'nh sach thu hdi da't eiia
Nha nude va thuc te viee thuc hien thu hoi da't d cac dia phuong.
* Tam trang ciia ndng dan dd'i vdi chi'nh saeh thu hoi dat ciia Nha nude
cung nhu viec thuc hifin ehinh sach nay tren thuc td'.
* Nhimg hanh vi ciia ndng dan lien quan de'n viec thue hien ehinh sach
thu hdi dat.
Ngoai ra, nhihig yeu td anh hudng de'n thai do ciia ndng dan dd'i vdi chii
trucfng, chinh sach thu hdi da't ciia Nha nude cung se dugc phan tieh.
M 4 U khach the va phuong phap nghien cutu
Nghien ciiu dugc tien hanh tren 1.840 ngudi (trong dd cd 1,810 ndng
dan va 30 can bd huyen, xa) d 3 tinh: Thai Binh, Quang Nam, Tiin Giang. Day

la ba vung trdng lua trong diem ciia 3 mien BSe, Trung, Nam, dong thdi nhiing
noi day da va dang diln ra qua trinh dd thi hda kha manh. Khao sat thue liln
duge tidn hanh tii thang 11 nam 2011 de'n thang 4 nam 2012.
Dl nghien cihi thai dp eiia ndng dan dd'i vdi chinh sach thu hdi dat ciia
Nha nude, chiing tdi sii dung phd'i hgp cac phuong phap nghien cuu: phuang
phap sir dung bang hoi, phuong phap phdng va'n sau, phuong phap thao luan nhdm.
Ke't qua nghien curu
1. Nhdn xet, ddnh gid cua ndng ddn ve chinh sdch thu hoi ddt cua
Nhd nude vd thuc te viec thuc hien thu hoi ddt d cdc dia phuang
Kdt qua nghidn ciiu cho thay, cd 50,9% sd ngudi dugc hdi khdng dong
tinh vdi quan niem "rupng ddt Id ciia ddn, do cha dng de lai, khdng ai co quyen
thu hdi, ke cd Nhd nuac". Nhu vay, cd thi ndi nhirng ngudi ndng dan nay da
nhan thiie diing ve luat phap lien quan de'n dat dai. Ben canh dd, cd 33,1% sd
ngudi ndng dan dugc hdi ddng tinh vdi quan diim "rudng dat la ciia dan, do
cha dng dl lai, khdng ai cd quyen thu hdi, ke ca Nha nude". Thuc ra, nhan thuc
nhu vay la chua diing vdi luat phap ciia nude ta va chua phil vdi Igi ieh ehung
cua Qudc gia ciing nhu xu the phat trien eua da't nude bdi Dieu 5 va Dilu 6
trong Luat D^t dai nam 2003 quy dinh rd "Ddt dat thupc sa hiat todn ddn do
TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013

39


Nhd nude dai dien chu sd hOu" vi "Nhd nude thdng nhdt qudn ly ve ddt dai:'.
Nhu vay, Nlia nude cd quydn quydt dinh miic di'ch sil dung da't, quy dinh vd han
mtte giao dit va thdi han stt dung dit; quyd't dinh giao dit, eho thue di't, thu hdi
dit, eho phep ehuydn mue dich stt dung dit; dinh gia dit... Tuy nhien, cd mdt
thue te khach quan la nhidu nOi tren dit nttde ta, viec mdt sd can bd ed ehttc
quydn va cd tham quydn, edng tie trong bCi may Nha nttde da vi pham chfnh
sich quan ly nha nude vd dit dai nen da gSy ra khdng it bttc xue eho ngudi dan

ndi chung vi ndng dan ndi ridng. Thdm vio dd, edn phai kd dd'n mdt nguydn
nhan khae ntta dan dd'n ty Id kha ldn ngudi dan nhan thtte chua dung vd ehii
trttong, chi'nh sich cua Nha nude la LuSt Dit dai hien hanh (2003) chua quy
dinh vi giai thich rd mdi quan he gitta "sd httu toan dan vd dit dai" vi "Nha
nude thd'ng nhit quin ly dit dai". Nhung didu nay da duae cae dai bidu Qudc
hdi ndu ldn rit nhieu trong cic ky hop Qude hdi nam 2012, dac bidt li trong ky
hop thtt tu vtta qua (22/10 - 23/11/2012). Thuc te nay cho thiy cdng tic tuyen
truydn vd chii truang, chinh saeh eung nhu eae van ban phap luit lien quan ddn
dit dai cua Nha nude dd'n vdi ngttdi dan edn rit han chd. Theo sd lidu thu dugc
ttt khao sat thuc tidn, 80,3% sd ndng dan dugc hdi ddng y ring "Nha nude
thdng nhit quan ly dit dai, giao cho dan stt dung, khi ein thie't Nha nttde cd thd
thu hdi"; sd cdn lai khdng ddng y nhtt vay.
Cd thd ndi, nhttng nam gin day cd fit nhidu vin dd nay sinh lidn quan
dd'n dit dai ndi chung va viec thu hdi dit ndi rieng, nhtmg mdt trong nhiing vin
dd gay bttc xue nhit dd'i vdi ndng dan vi cung la mdt nguydn nhan hing diu
gay ra cac vu khid'u kidn lau dai va ddng ngudi la vide ddn bu cho nhttng ngucri
bj thu hdi dit. Kd't qua nghidn cuxi eho thiy cd dd'n 66,1% y kid'n ngttdi dSn
hodn todn khdng ddng y vdi each thtte ddn bu theo kidu "Nha nude ddn phttOng
dua ra eae mtte ddn bu eho ngudi bi thu hdi dit, 19,9% sd y kid'n khdng ddngy
nhieu han ddng y, chi cd 8% so ngttdi dttge hdi ddng -y vdi each don phtttjng
dinh ra mtte ddn bii dit ttt phia Nhi nttde. Nhtt vay, da sd ngttdi ndng dSn dugc
khao sat khdng ddng tinh vdi each thtte den bu dit ma hg khdng dugc tham gia
y kid'n. Chinh vl thd, cd ddn 95,3% sd ndng dan dugc hoi cho ring "Nhd nude
edn trao ddi, bdn bgc vdi ngudi ddn ve mdc din bu ddt cho ho".
Nhtt trdn da ndi, trong qua trinh hidn thuc hoa mue tieu cdng nghiep hoa
- hien dai hda thi dd thi hda la mdt xu hudng tit ydu, khdng thd dao ngttgc. Qua
trinh dd thi hda d nttde ta da dem lai nhidu Igi ieh eho dit nude va ngttdi din.
Cu thd, bd mat dd thj dep hon, md rdng hon, khang trang hon, hd thd'ng giao
thdng va ha ting co sd dugc nang eip va hidn dai hda, tao didu kidn giao
thucmg thuan Igi gitta eae dia ban khac nhau; ngudi tian cd thdm nhidu vide lam

mdi, ed thu nhap eao han va nang eao dugc chit lugng cudc sd'ng. Tuy vay, qui
trinh dd thj hda eiing ed nhidu mat trii eua nd nhu suy thoai vd mdi trudng, can
ki?t tai nguydn, bie'n thii van hda truydn thd'ng, bie'n dibng trong ddi sd'ng tinh
thin cua ngudi dan... Cd the ndi, mdt trong nhiing dd'i tugng bi anh hudng ldn
40

TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013


nhit ttt qui trinh dd thi hda la ngudi ndng dan bi mit da't. Trong tinh hinh
ehung dd, nhidu ngudi dan nhan thtte dttge ring qua trinh dd thi hda li mdt xu
thd tit yd'u, Nha nude phai thu hdi mdt sd didn tieh dit dd phuc vu cho nhung
muc tidu CNH - HDH cua da't nude, nhung eung cd mdt bd phSn ngudi dan
chua that thiu hidu y nghTa va tim quan trgng eua vide thu hdi dit. Ket qua
nghien cttu thuc tidn cho tha'y hon 80% sd ngttdi dttge hdi ed nhan thtte dung vd
y nghTa va tim quan trgng eia chinh sich thu hdi dit cua Nhi nude. Hg cho
ring, ehinh sach thu hdi dit "giup day nhanh qud trinh CNH - HDH. md cda
vd hpi nhdp vdi qude ti", "ldm cho nude ta nhanh chdng thodt khdi ngheo ndn,
lgc hdu". "ldm eho kinh te nude ta phdt trien nhanh vd ben vdng theo hudng
Men dgi". Tuy nhien, bdn canh dd cd khoang gin 20% sd ngudi dugc hdi cdn
ma hd ve f nghia va tim quan trgng cua chinh sach thu hdi dit eua Nha nttde.
Bdng 1: Ddnh gid cua ngudi ndng ddn ve mdc dp cdn thiet
cua viee thu hdi ddt ndng nghiep ddnh eho cdc muc dich khde nhau
Muc dich thu hoi dat

Rat
cin
thiet

Can

thiet

Can
thiet
nhieu
hon

Khong
can
thiet
nhieu
hon

Hoan
loan
khong
can
thiet

DTB

1. Xay dung khu cOng nghiep

33,9

43,2

12,7

7,8

2,4

3,99

2. xay dung nha may chfi' bife'n nong
san

34,6

42,4

15,8

5,3

1,8

4,03

3. xay dung cac cOng uinh giao thOng.
an ninh. qudc phong

45,9

37,7

12,7

3,2

0,4

4,25

4. Xay dung trung tam thuong mai

15,7

30,3

21,5

21,0

11,5

3,18

5. xay dung c6ng vien. khu vui choi
cho c6ng ddng

18,8

20,0

23,8

23,3

6,2

3,30

6. xay dung khu tap th^ cho cOng
nhan, nha 6 cho ngucri thu nhap tha'p

20,9

25,2

19,1

23,5

11,3

3,21

7. xay dung trucfng hoc, bSnh vien

57,8

27,5

11,3

2,8

0,7

4,39

8. Xay dung cac khu do thi, chung cu
cao cap

0,6

2,4

6,1

20,7

70,2

1,42

9. xay dung san van dOng danh cho
c6ng ddng

17,9

30,5

18,9

23,7

8,9

3,25

10. xay dung san golf, nha hang,
khach san
11. Chia 16, ban lai dai

0,3

1,4

1,8

9,3

87,2

1,18

0,8

1,3

2,3

1,6

88,0

1,19

Ghi chd: DTB cdng cao thi cdc not dung dugc ddnh gid la cdng cdn thiel va ngugc Igi

TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013

41


Cd su khae bidt ri't ldn trong danh gia cua ndng dan vd su ein thie't ciia
nhttng muc dieh stt dung di't sau khi thu hdi. Cd 85,3% sd ndng dan dugc hoi
eho ring "Xdy trudng hge, binh viin" la mue tieu cin thidt hang diu (85,3%,
DTB = 4,39); mue dich stt dung ein thidt thtt hai la "Xdy dung cdc cdng trinh
giao Ihdng, an ninh, qudc phong" - cd 83.6% ndng dan eho li rit ein thid't va
cin thid't (DTB = 4,25); tidp dd li ddn cae du in nhu "Xdy nhd mdy ehi biin
ndng sdn" (77% ndng dan eho la cin thid't, DTB = 4,03); "Xdy khu edng
nghiep" (77,1% ndng dan eho la rit ein thid't va cin thid't, DTB = 3,99). Ngttgc
lai, ed nhung muc dieh stt dung dit thu hdi ttt ngudi dan ma ndng dan eho li
hoin loan khdng cin thid't nliu "xdy sdn golf, nhd hdng. khdch sgn" (87,2%,
DTB = 1,18); "chia Id. hdn Igi ddt" (88%, DTB = 1,19); "xdy dung cdc khu do
Ihi. chung eu cao edp" (70,2%, DTB = 1,42). Nhung muc dich stt dung dit ma
ndng dan eho li khdng cin thid't phin ldn la nhttng dtt in, khdng thid't thuc vdi
cudc sdng cua ngudi ndng dan. Trdn thue td, nhttng du in nhtt vay mgc ldn rit
nhidu d cac vung ven dd d cac dia phuang vi rit nhidu trong sd dd la nhttng dil
an treo, gay ling phi rit Idn.
Nhu vay, qua nghidn eun niy ehung ta thiy da sd ndng dan da hidu ring
chu truang thu hdi da't eua Nha nude li cin thid't ddi vdi cdng cudc CNH HDH dit nttde. Ndng dan cho ring, Nhi nude thu hdi dat dd stt dung vio mot
sd miic tidu quan trgng hang diu phuc vu ddi sd'ng dan sinh (xay benh vien,
trudng hgc) hoac phit tridn kinh te (cic edng trinh giao thdng, khu cdng
nghidp) hoac cae edng trinh an ninh, qudc phdng... li rit cin thiet; trong khi
dd, hg khdng ddng tinh va tham ehi la phan dd'i vide thu hdi dit dd xay cae khu

chung cu eao cap, xay cie san golf, xay nhi hing/khach san vi cho la khdng
cin thid't, khdng thid't thuc vdi cudc sdng ciia hg, tham ehi la gay khd khan va
ed hai cho cudc sd'ng eua hg.
2. Tdm trgng cda ndng ddn ddi vdi chinh sdch thu hdi ddt cua Nhd
nude cung nhu viec thuc hiin chinh sdch ndy tren thuc te
Trong sd 1.840 ngudi dttge didu tra ed 430 ngudi bi thu hdi dat. Kd't qua
nghidn cttu vd xue cam cua nhdm ndng dan nay sau khi bi thu hdi dit thd hien
trong bing sd 2.
Bang sd lidu 2 eho ta thi'y tam trang noi trdi nhit ctia ngttdi ndng dan
sau khi bi thu hdi da't la "bdn khodn, lo lang vi mat dd'i trong khi khdng cd nghe
gi thay thi" (DTB = 3,39). 6 nhidu noi, ngudi ndng dan ehua kip vui mttng khi
nhan dugc sd tidn den bu thi da budn lo vi nai hg dugc chi'nh quydn bd tri tai
dinh cu khdng du eae dieu kidn thie't yd'u dd sd'ng va sinh hoat: thidu dit de
eanh tie, thieu dudng giao thdng, thidu nude, thidu trttdng hgc clio tre em, thidu
cic eo sd y Id. Day la mdt thiie trang kha phd bidn d nhidu dia phuong trdn ca
nude. Do vay ma khi bi thu hdi (lit rdi ndng dan "budn vui lin ldn" (DTB =

42

TAP CHiTAM LV HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013


3,24). Tidp theo dd, "Hoang mang, lo ldng khdng biit ldm gi vdi sdddt it di cdn
lai" (DTB = 3,11); "Cdng thdng, mil mdi" (DTB = 3,11). Nhttng xue cam trdn
ddu la nhttng xue cam tidu cue, nang nd ma ngudi ndng dan trai nghidm. Cd thd
tha'y ring, mac du phin ldn ndng dan nhan thtte dugc ring vide thu hoi dit cua
Nha nude hay Vide hg phii nhudng mdt phin hay tit ca rudng dit, nha ctta cua
minh dd phuc vu eho sir nghiep chung ciia dit nude, cua dia phudng la tit ydu
nhung hg vin cam tha'y nang nd vi hoang mang, lo ling cho cudc sd'ng sau khi
bi thu hdi. Kinh nghiem thuc tidn cho thiy, d dia phuang nio chinh quyen lam

tdt edng tic tuydn truyen eung nhu ddn bu dit dai, hd trg vide chuydn ddi nghd,
hd trg chd dinh ett mdi, thttdng xuyen tham hdi/ddng vidn ngttdi dan thi hg se
yen tam va bdt lo ling cho tttOng lai ciia ban than va gia dinh. Ngugc lai, nhttng
dia phuong lim khdng td't dieu nay se lam cho ngudi dan hoang mang, lo ling,
bi quan cho tuong lai... Song, trdn thuc te, nhidu dia phuong da khdng lam td't
cdng tic nay.
Bdng 2: Tdm trgng cda ndng ddn sau khi bi thu hdi ddt (%)
Tam trang

Rat
dung

Dung

Cd
phan
dung

Cd
phan
khong
dung

Hoan
loan
khdng
dung

Pha'n khoi vui ve vi dugc den bu mdt
khoan tidn ldn

13,8

7,0

18,4

27,9

32,9

2,4

Tu hao vi da tao didu kien thuan loi di
Nha nude thu hdi dat

10,2

10,0

30,7

30,7

18,4

2,6

Bai binh trudc hien tuong Ung xii chua
dan chu, chua cdng bang trong viec

thu hdi dat d dia phuong

DTB

24,7

19,2

18,5

9,5

28,2

3,0

Bai binh trudc hanh vi bi chup mu
chdng dd'i

10,8

18,5

U.3

10,6

48,8

2,3

Ban khoan, lo lang vi mat dai trong
khi khdng cd nghe gi ihay the'

14,4

34,4

35,6

7,2

8,4

3,39

Hoang mang, lo lang khdng bidt lam
gi vdi sd dat it 01 cdn lai

14,2

26,5

26,0

23.5

9,8

3,11

Vui budn lan ldn

17,7

29,0

23,1

20.3

9,9

3,24 ,

Cang thang, mdt mdi

13,1

36,0

13,6

23.9

13,4

3,11

Ghi chu. DTB cdng cao tin ldm Irgng do cdng ro.

Trong cic cudc phdng vin cua ehung tdi vdi ndng dan tai eac dia ban
didu tra cd nhung cau chuydn dugc kd lidn quan dd'n vide mdt sd ngiudi dan
TAP CHI'TAM Lt HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013

43


khieu kidn vi thic mic vi ed nhttng bidu hidn chua dan ehu, chua cdng bing
trong vide thuc hidn chinh saeh thu hdi dit. Didu nay cung thd hidn bing cac
con sd sau day; cd 43,9% ndng dan duge hdi cho ring hg bit binh va bttc xiic
trttdc hidn tttgng "dng xii chua ddn ehu, chUa cdng bdng trong viee thu hdi ddt
a dia phuang" (DTB = 3,0). "Phdn khdi vui ve vi duae den bu mol khodn tien
Idn" va "Ttf hao vi dd Igo dieu kien ihudn li/i de Nhd nttde thu hdi ddt" la
nhttng tam trang it gap ban d ngudi ndng dan bi thu hdi dit so vdi nhttng xiic
cam am ti'nh da phan tich d trdn.
Khi ngudi dan chip hanh bin giao lai dit ndng nghidp eho Nha nude la
hg da chip nhan hy sinh quyen Igi ridng tu dd phuc vu cho nhttng mue di'ch
chung cua dil nude va loan dan tdc. Vi vay, tam trang, xue cam cua ndng dan
cdn phu thugc vao vide muc di'ch thu hdi dit cd dugc thue hidn khdng. Ne'u
nhttng muc dich thu hdi dit dugc thuc hien nghidm tuc nhu da thdng bao ban
diu va chung thtte su la nhttng edng trinh phuc vu die lue eho cdng cudc CNH
- HDH thi ndng dan se ydn tam va tin tudng vao chinh sich cua Dang vi Nha
nude. Ngttgc lai, neu nhttng mue dieh ban diu khdng duac thtte hidn trdn thuc
te ma thu hdi dit de ehuydn sang nhung muc dich khac nhu xay nhi d, chung
cu cao cip hoac chia Id de ban va thu Igi nhuan gap nhidu lin so vdi mtte den
bu eho ndng dan thi hg se cam tha'y bat binh, phin no hoae budn.

^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^•44 2
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196

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Bieu do 1: Xiic cdm ciia ngucfi ndng ddn kht chung kien
hieu qud cua vice si'f dung ddt dd tliu hdi (%)
Nhu vay, tren thuc te, ty le ngucri nong dan cam tha'y buon khi chimg
kien hieu qua thu hoi dat chiem den 44,2%; biuSn nhieu hem vui: 17,1%; chi co
II,4% so ngu&i duac hoi cho biet la hp vui va 19,6% vui nhiiu han buon vi dat
bi thu hoi duac su dung dung muc di'ch; Dieu gi iam cho cam xue buon lai bao

triim len tam trang ciia ngudi nong dan khi chirng kie'n hieu qua sii dung dait da
thu h6i? Mot n6ng dan cho bie't: "Nghe noi Id ddt bi thu hoi semd rang dudng

44

TAP CHI TAM l y HOC, So 2 (167), 2 - 2013


giao thdng vd xdy khu cdng nghiep gi do. Con cdi chiing ldi se duac di lam
trong nhd mdy cua hp. Mdy ndm trudc thdy hp dua mdy ve san mat hdng, ddo
xdi gi do rSi thdi. Mdy ndm nay ddt vdn de dd chua thdy Idm gi cd. Chting tdi
xin hp cdy lam khoi xdt ddt nhung xd noi khdng dugc. Khdng biet bao gid ho
mdi ldm vd Idm cdi gi d dd". Do cung la m6t thuc te diln ra 6 kha nhieu dia
phuong hien nay, tao nen nhiing du an treo nhu chung ta van thucfng nghe phan
anh tren cac phuang tien thong tin dai chung. O mpt sd dia phuong khac thi da't
sau khi da thu h6i lai bi chuyen ddi muc dich sir dung so vdi muc dich thong
bao ban ddu cho ngu6i dan.
Ket qua nghien cuu neu tren cho tha'y tam trang n6i troi nha't ciia ngucfi
nong dan bi thu hoi da't la lo lang, tham chf la hoang mang vl khong bie'l lam gi
de song khi da't da bi thu hoi ma nghe nghiep m6i thi chua co. Hcfn the, gdn
mpt nijfa sd nong dan duac dieu tra cam tha'y biic xiic vi co nhiJng iing xii chua
c6ng bang, dan chii 6 dia phuong trong qua trinh thuc hien viec thu hoi da't; hp
buon va xot xa vi da't thu hdi bi sir dung sai muc di'ch so vdi muc dich da dupc
thdng bao ban dau.
3. Nhitng hdnh vi cda nong ddn lien quan den viec thifc hien chinh
sdch thu hoi ddt
Thai dp ciia nong dan ddi v6i chu truang, chfnh sach thu hdi dat ciia Nha
nude ciing nhu viec thuc hien chii truang do cua chfnh quyen dia phuang cac
cap bi^u hien ro nha't thdng qua hanh ddng ciia hp. Chiing toi tim hi^u van de
nay thdng qua hanh dpng cua ngudi dan ca trudc va trong qua trinh thirc hien

thu hdi da't.
Theo do, hanh vi ma ngudi dan thuc hien nhieu nha't la "Tham gia cdc
budi hpp ciia chinh quyen vi' thu hoi ddt" (DTB = 4,25); "Tim hieu nhCfng vdn
bdn CO liin quan di'n chinh sdch thu hdi ddt" (DTB = 4,1). Dd la nhiing hanh vi
tfch cue, phan anh su quan tam ra't ldn ciia ngudi dan ddi vdi chfnh sach thu hdi
da't ciia Nha nude va qua trinh trien khai chfnh sach dd tai cac dia phucfng. Dieu
do de hieu bdi nhiing ngudi ndng dan duoc hdi la nhiing ngudi cd dat bj thu
hdi, do vay chfnh sach dd anh hudng true tiep de'n cupc sdng va tuong lai ciia
hp va gia dinh hp. Ben canh dd, hp cung thudng xuyen "thuyet phuc ba con ldi
xdm chap hanh chu truang, chfnh sach thu hdi da't ciia Nha nude", khdng thd a,
lanh dam vdi nhiJng viec xay ra xung quanh minh. Nhu vay, ngudi ndng dan da
cd nhieu hanh vi tfch cue de hudng iing chu truang thu hdi dat cua Nha nude,
ddng thdi giam sat viec thuc hien chinh sach tren thuc te va hp cung khdng
ngan ngai da'u tranh cho quyin lai cua ban than va cong ddng; khi hp nhan thay
viec triin khai chfnh sach thu hdi da't diing phap luat, ho lai la nhihig ngudi tfch
cue di van dpng ba con ldi xdm chap hanh chinh sach cua Nha nude.
Ket qua khao sat cho tha'y, noi trpi nha't la nguyen nhan "Do ngucti ddn

TAP CHI'TAM Ly HOC, So 2 (167), 2 - 2 0 1 3

45


khdng duae gidi ihich rd vi chu truang thu hdi ddt cua Nhd nude" (DTB =
4,28). Co mdt thuc td la d nhidu dia phttong, khi tridn khai chfnh sach thu hdi
da't, ngudi dan khdng dugc thdng bio ehi tidt va cdng khai ta't ca mgi thdng tin
lidn quan. Didu nay ddi khi la do su tie trich cua chi'nh quydn vi eae cin bd dia
phttOng ed thim quydn thu hdi dit da khdng ph6 bidn, tuydn truydn giai tht'ch
eho dan bidt, nhtmg eung cd luc lai la su chii y cua hg nhim lam cho ngudi dan
"thie'u" thdng tin dd dd gay ra nhttng rie rd'i, phttc tap cho cdng vide cua hg.

Mdt nguydn nhan rit quan trgng thtt hai din dd'n khidu kidn la "Do
khdng cd chinh .idch hd trg ngudi ddn tdi dn dinh cupc sd'ng sau khi thu hdi
ddt" (DTB = 4,02). Theo cliii truong cua Nhi nttde, nhttng ngttdi dan bi thu hdi
da't phai dugc ehinh quydn bd tri tii dinh ett va phai dam bao cho cudc sd'ng cua
hg cao han hoac bing noi d cu. Tuy vay, trdn thuc td rit it ngttdi dan bj thu hdi
dit 'dugc dam ijao quydn Igi chinh dang vi mang tinh phip ly nay. Chang han,
d khu tai dinh cu thuy dien Ban Ve (Thanh Chuong, Nghd An), ngttdi dan c6
dugc xay nhi d nhung vi khdng cd ngudn nude sinh boat (chtta ndi ddn nude
sach), khdng cd trudng hge, khdng cd eae ea sd y td' vi dac biet li khdng ed dit
dd canh tic m i ngudi dan thi khdng bidt lim nghd gi khic. Do vay, ngttdi dan
bd cac khu tii dinh ett de quay vd noi d cD du noi d cu khdng cdn nha ctta va
rudng vudn nhtt trudc nua. Rit tide, thtte trang nhu vay khdng chi didn ra le te
mdt vai noi mi nd lai kha phd bie'n d nhidu dia phuang trdn ci nude.
Theo sd ndng dan dugc didu tra, hai nguydn nhan cung dung d vi tri thtt
ba (cung cd DTB = 3,93) din de'n khid'u kidn vd dit dai la "Do viec thu hdi ddi
khdng dung muc dich" va "Do chinh sdch den bu ddt ehua thda ddng". Ca hai
ly do nay eung la nhttng hidn tttgng phd bien d nhidu dia phuang trong qua
trinh thtte hidn chinh sich thu hdi dit. Chinh quydn dia phuang va nhttng ngudi
cd tham quydn thu hdi dit thdng bao cho dan ring thu hdi dit nhim miiC dich
xay eae cdng trtnh cdng cdng hoac xay cie khu edng nghidp, nha miy va htta
hen eho con em ndng dan vio lim tai eae nha miy dd... Tuy nhidn, sau khi da
hoan tit vide thu hdi dit thi ngudi ta khdng gitt ldi htta nhu ban diu, thay vi xay
nhi miy, hg lai chia dit thinh cic Id de ban lai vdi gii eao, thay vi xay bdnh
vidn hay trudng hgc, ngudi ta lai xay nhi ehung ett... Hidn tugng gii ddn bu dit
dai cho ngudi dan thi re nhu eho, trong khi dd dit dai thu hdi dugc cua ndng
dan lai dugc chia Id bin vdi gia eao gip ea tram, tham cht la ngin lin. Didu nay
khdng cdn li nhttng hien tugng ridng le nua ma li mdt thue trang ai eung bid't.
Nhutig nguydn nhan khieu kidn khic nhtt "Do viec chua ddn chd. cdng
bang khi thuc hiin chinh sdch thu hdi ddt" nhan dugc su ddng tinh eao ciia
ngttdi dan (DTB: 3,85). Trong tjui trinh thuc hien chi'nh sich thu hdi dit, Luat

Dit dai nam 2003 da bdc Id nhidu bit cap va nhidu ke hd ed the bj Igi dttng.

46

TAP CHI'TAM ly HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013


Bdng 3: Nhitng hien tuang da diin ra trong qud trinh thu hoi
6i ddt
d cdc dia phuang (%)
TT

Cac viec l^m da di^n ra

Diing

Khong
dung

1

Chfnh quySn don phucmg dmh gill d€n bh
Chinh quy^n c6 b&n viSi ndng dfln v^ giS d^n btl nhung chi 111
hinh thiic

37,0
39,6

63,0
60,4

3

Chinh quydn trao cho ngudi bi thu h6i dai mOt khoan tidn ddn
bil, h6 Irq nhung khiing c6 k^ hoach hudng din b^ con su dung
hcfp 1^

40,1

59,9

4

Chinh quydn, doin thd ban bac vdi dan rai ki vd gia ddn bu, vd
cic kd hoach ho tra chuydn ddi nghd nghidp
Ddn bil cho ngudi bi thu hdi dai vdi gia tha'p, sau nha th^u dem
ban vdi gia cao dd thu ldi nhuan
Co su thdng ddng ciia mdt s6 ke co hdi vdi chi'nh quydn chid'm
dai cdng ban kid'm 161

45,8

54,2

38,8

61,2

36,7

63,3

2

5
6

Ngttdi ndng dan dugc hdi cho bid't cic hidn tugng dugc kd ra tren day
ddu da didn ra d dia phuong hg d eae mtte do khae nhau. O mdt sd noi ngttdi
dan dttge thdng tin diy du, chi'nh quydn ed ban bac ky vdi ngudi dan vd gia ddn
bu, vd kd hoach hd trg tii dinh cu, hd trg ehuyen ddi nghd nghidp. 45,8% sd
ngudi duge hdi eho li nhu vay. Tuy nhidn, ty Id nay chua phai la cao. Nhin
chung, nhttng hinh ddng khdng dttng vdi quy dinh eua vide trien khai thu hdi
da't nhu "Chinh quydn trao cho ngudi bi thu hdi dit mgt khoan tidn ddn bii, hd
trg nhtmg khdng cd kd hoach hudng din bi eon stt dung hgp ly"; "Chi'nh quydn
ed ban vdi ndng dan vd gii den bu nhttng chi li hinh thtte"; "Den bu eho ngudi
bi thu hdi dit vdi gii thip, sau nhi thiu dem bin vdi gii cao dd thu Igi nhuan";
"Cd su thdng ddng cua mgt sd ke co hdi vdi chinh quydn chid'm dit cdng bin
kiem ldi"... ddu didn ra d cic dia phuang ma chung tdi didu tra. Dd chinh li
nhttng mim mdng din ddn cic vu khieu kien vd dat dai phd bidn trong nhttng
nam gin day.
4. Cdc yeu td dnh hudng den thdi dp cda ndng ddn ddi vdi chinh sdch
thu hoi ddt cua Nhd nude
Dua vio nhttng kd't qua nghidn cilu da dugc phan tieh d trdn, ehung ta
nhan thiy ndng dan da bdc Id kha thing thin thii dd cua hg vd chii truang,
ehinh sich thu hdi dat vi qui trinh tridn khai thuc hidn chi'nh sich dd trdn thtte
te d eac dia phuang. Cung theo nhan dinh eua ndng dan thi ed nhidu yd'u td anh
httdng dd'n thai dd eua hg dd'i vdi cae vin dd ndu trdn.

TAP CHI'TAM ly HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013

47


Biiu dd 2: Cdc yeu td dnh hudng din thdi dp eua ndng ddn
ddi viri chinh sdch Ihu hdi ddt (DTB)
Ghichu.
1. Cac chinh sach cua Dang va Nha nude vd thu hdi dai.
2. Cach thiic t6 chiJc Ihuc hidn cac chi'nh sach ciia Dang va Nha nude thu hdi dtft.
3 Su tuydn truydn cua cac phuong tidn truydn Ihdng dai chung vd chinh sach thu hdi dat.
4. Su tich cue cua chi'nh quydn dia phucmg dd'i vdi vide thu hdi dai.
5. Su thoa dang eUa chinh sach ddn bu.
6. Ke xa'u xuydn lac chfnh sach thu hdi dat.
7. Nhan thUe cua ndng dan vd chfnh sach Ihu hdi dai.
8. Phong tuc, tap quan dia phucfng.
9. Nidm tin vao chfnh sach thu hdi dat ciia Dang va Nha nude.

Theo dd, nhttng yen td inh httdng nhidu nhat den thai do eua ndng dan
ddi vdi chinh sich thu hdi dit li "Su khdng thod ddng eiia ehinh sdch den bu
ddt" (cd 83,6% ndng dan dttge hdi ddng tinh vdi didu niy, DTB = 4,41); "Cdc
chinh sdch eua Ddng vd Nhd nude ve thu hdi ddt" ed nhttng didm quy dinh
ehua rd rang va sat vdi tinh hinh thue tidn cung la mdt yd'u td anh hudng quan
trgng (78,3% ndng dan ddng tinh, DTB = 4,15); "Su tieh cue ciia ehinh quyen
dia phuang" - didu niy ehu yen lien quan den nhttng sai sdt trong qua trinh
thue hien ehinh sich thu hdi dit d cie dia phuong (73,3% ndng dan cho la nhu
vay, DTB = 4,13). Cic ydu td khie lin lugt li "Phong iiie, lap qudn dia
phuang" (DTB = 4,11); "Sif tuyin truyin cua cde phuang lien truyen thdng dgi
chung ve ehinh sdch thu hdi ddt" (DTB = 4,10); "Cdch Ihite td chdc thue hiin
cdc chinh sdch eiia Ddng vd Nhd nude ve thu hdi ddt" (DTB = 4,03); "Niem tin
vdo ehinh sdch thu hdi ddt ctia Ddng vd Nhd nude" (DTB = 3,8); "Nhdn thtic

eua ndng ddn ve ehinh sdch thu hdi ddt" (DTB = 3,76); "Ke' xdu xiiyin tgc
ehinh sdch thu hdi ddt" (DTB = 3,71).

48

TAP CHiTAM Lt HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013


Ta!t ca cac ye'u td tren d^u anh hudng manh de'n thai dp cua ndng dan ddi
vdi chinh saeh thu hdi da't cua Nha nude (deu ed khoang 70% sd ngudi ndng
dan dupc hdi ddng tinh va DTB d^u cf miic cao). Dieu nay hoan toan logic vdi
nhiing ket qua nghien cihi da dupc phan tich d tren va thuc te didn ra trong
nhiJng nam g^n day.
Ke't luan
Ket qua nghien cihi cho tha'y, da sd ngudi nong dan nhan thirc dung v^
chu truang, chfnh sach thu hdi da't ciia Nha nude. Tuy nhien,. ben canh dd cung
cdn mdt bp phan ngudi ndng dan chua hi^u ro chfnh sach nay, hp eho rang deft
dai la sd huxi eua ngudi dan, khdng ai ed quyen dupc la'y, Ngudi nong dan cho
rang, viec thu hdi da't da't nghiep de sii dung vao nhung muc dieh nhu xay
trudng hpc, benh vien, xay dudng giao thdng hay cae edng trinh an ninh, qude
phong hoac xay cac nha may che' bie'n ndng san cho dan la hap ly; nhiing mue
dfch khac nhu xay nha d, chung cu cao ea'p, khu vui ehai/giai trf, san golf... la
hoan toan khdng phii hop. Rieng dd'i vdi nhiJng ngudi bi thu hdi d^t, phdn ldn
hp cam tha'y hoang mang lo lang vi khdng biet lam gi de sdng, vui budn lan Idn
va eang thang met mdi vi khdng biet tuang lai se ra sao; Hp cam tha'y budn,
biic xiie khi ehutig kie'n hieu qua svs dung dat thaip va sir dung dat da thu hdi sai
muc dfch. Trong qua trinh thuc hien ehfnh sach thu hdi d^t, ngudi ndng dan da
chu dpng tim hieu nhieu va'n de lien quan true tie'p vdi hp nhung do cdng tac
tuyen truyen cua chinh quyen va nhiing ngudi cd tham quyen cdn han che' nen
viec tie'p can vdi thdng tin cua ndng dan cdn khd khan.

Ket qua nghien eiJu cung cho tha'y Luat Da't dai ban hanh nam 2003 ndi
ehung va chinh saeh thu hdi da't ndi rieng bdc Id nhieu bat cap, han che va chua
theo kip vdi nhieu dien bie'n thue te^ eua qua trinh thu hdi da't d cac dia phuang
tren ca nude. Ben canh dd, edng tac tuyen truydn chfnh sach cua Dang va Nha
nude chua tdt, chua kip thdi va chua den dupc vdi tiing ndng dan.
Chu thich
K6't qua nghien ciiu duoc trinh bay trong bai vi€t nay la mOt ph^n cua d£ lai "Doc diem tdm ly
- xd hoi cua ndng ddn trong thdi ky md cifa vd hpi nhdp qud'c re" do PGS.TS. Nguy6n Huu
Thu lam chu nhiem, Trudng Dai hoc Khoa hpc Xa hoi va Nhan van, Dai hpc Qu6'c gia Ha N6i
la CO quan chii tri, Quy Phat tri^n Khoa hpc va CPng nghe Quoc gia (Nafosted) ca^p kinh phi.
Dg tai dapc tie'n hanh trong thdi gian til 2011 - 2013.

Tai li^u tham khao
I. Lim Song Ha (chu bien), Dieu tra diem tdm ly nong ddn bi thu hoi ddt ldm khu cong
nghiep, Sach chuyen khao, NXB Tiir di^n Bach khoa.

TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2 - 2013

49


2. Calvin S.Hall, Inttoduclion lo Theot-ies of Personality, John Wiley & Sons, 1985.
3. hnp://vanban.chinhphu.vn/portal/page/porlal/chinhphu/hethongvanban?cla,s,s_id=l&mode=
detail&dcx:iimem_id=32479.
4. hnp://tuoitre.vn/Chinh-(ri-Xa-hoi/.'il2l29/Khieu-kien-dal-dai-%E2%80%9Cral-nghiem-trong
%E2%80%9D.html,
5. hnp://www.lhanhlravietnam.vn/vi-VN/Home/maga7.inestory.aspx?lD=.'i59.

^°

TAP CHI TAM Lt HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013