Các sự kiện gây căng thẳng của học sinh trung học phổ thông

CAC sa KIEN GAY C A N G THANG CUA
HOC SINH TRUNG HOC PHO THONG
Th.SBd Thj L6 Hang
Vien Tdm ly hgc.

TOM TAT
Kei qud nghien cdu cho thdy, su kien gdy cdng Ihdng cho hge sinh phd Ihdng
trung hgc (FTTH) hien nay khd da dgng, Irong dd stf kien lien quan de'n hgc tap dug
cdc em nhdc den nhieu nhdl. Tuy nhiin. stf kien lien quan de'n bgn be Id stf kien mang
de'n mdc dp cdng ihdng cao han so vdi cdc stf kien khdc.
Tir khoa: Hgc sinh THPT; Cdng Ihang; Sif kien gdy cdng thdng.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 21/11/2012; Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 25/1/2013.

1. Dat van de
Trong nhip sd'ng eia xa hpi hien dai, cang thang Id diiu khdng thi tranh
khdi. Cang thdng khdng loai tri bat ky dp tudi ndo, mdi ngudi trai nghiem eang
thing theo nhttng cdch khdc nhau. Mdi dp tudi do dac thi boat ddng chinh chi
phdi md cdc ngudn gay cang thdng khac nhau, d nhttng mic dp cang thing
khac nhau, each ung phd khdc nhau, cac ngudn hd trp cho viec ung phd cung
khac nhau. Vay dau Id nhttng ngudn chi yiu gay cang thing cho hoc sinh? Bai
vii't ndy di cap de'n cac su kien gay cang thing cua bpc sinh PTTH.
2. Khach the va phuong phap nghien ciu
Nghien ciu tiin hdnh khao sat tren 639 hpc sinh thupc 5 trudng FTTH
tai Ha Ndi: Trudng PTTH Nhan Chinh, FTTH Pham Hdng Thai, PTTH Viet
Die, PTTH Trdn Nhan Tdng, PTTH Nguyin Trai. Tidu chi chon mdu Id mdi
khd'i lira chpn 1 Idp, khdng phai Id cdc Idp chuydn, Idp diim cia trudng. Tren
CO sd dd mdi trudng ching tdi Idy ngdn nhiin 3 Idp thudc 3 khd'i 10, 11, 12.
Tdng sd cd 15 Idp thude 5 trudng tham gia nghien ciu, mdi khdi cd 5 Idp. Bdn
canh dd, chiing tdt edn su dung phuong phap phdng vdn sau dd'i vdi hpc smh,
phu huynh vd gido vien nhim bd sung nhttng thdng tm cdn thieu ma khao sat
dinh lupng khdng thi cung cap.

TAP CHI TAM Lf HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


3. Kit qua nghien curu
3.1. Khdi niem cdng thdng vd cdc tdc nhdn gdy cdng thdng
Til "cang thing" ldn ddu tiin dupc s i dung d thi ky XIV d i chi nhihig
khd khan, nghich canh hoac phiin nao (Lumsden, 1981). Theo tiing Latinh,
cang thing duoc bdt ngudn t i "strictus" vd mdt phdn cua t i "stringere" cd
nghia Id cSng thing, nghich canh, bdt hanh, de nin.
Trong tiing Anh, cang thing cd nghTa la nhdn manh. Thuat ngO nay
dupc dung trong vat ly hpc di chi sic nin ma vat liiu phai chiu. Sau dd, nam
1914, W.B. Cannon s i dung trong sinh hpc vdi ^ nghia la cang thing cam
xic (ddn theo 12, tr. 21). Nam 1935 trong mdt cdng trinh nghiin ciu vi cin
bang mdi trudng bin trong d cac ddng vat cd vi trong cdc tinh hud'ng gd bd,
nhdt la trong diiu kien thay ddi nhiit dd, dng da md ta cdc nhSn td cam xic
trong qua trinh phdt triin mdt sd binh vd xac djnh vai trd cua hi thdng thdn
kinh thuc vat trong cac tinh hud'ng khdn cdp. Ban ddu, cang thing duoc dung de
chi phan ing binh thudng cia co the vd midu ta cac trang thdi cia cd nhan ddi
V(5i cdc diiu kien ben ngodi d cdc mic dd sinh 1^, tam 1^ va hanh vi.
Trong nhiiu nam, thuat ngu cang thing da dupe su dung theo nhiiu each
khde nhau tuy thudc vdo cdc trudng phai ly thuyit. Mdt sd nhd nghiin ciu xem
cang thing nhu mdt su kiin ki'ch thich trude nhiing yeu cdu/doi hoi khd khan
(vi dti nhu ly hdn), trong khi dd mdt sd ngudi khae lai coi cang thing nhu mdt
su phan ing cia tinh thdn t i nhttng stt kiin khd khan (Whitehead, 1994). Sir
ddng nha't giua cac nha nghiin ciu vi cang thing khdng phai Id tdc nhan kich
thich cung khdng phai la su phan ing md Id su tuong tdc dac biit gitta kich
thich - phan ing ma trong dd cd nhan cam thdy bi de dpa vd vuctt qua kha nang
ung phd cia hp. Su de doa cd thi lam anh hudng true tii'p di'n su an todn vi mat
tinh thdn, tu tin hoac su an binh trong tam trt cua con ngudi (MacEwn, 2000)

Hien nay, thuat ngtt cang thing dupc hiiu theo nhiiu nghta khdc nhau. Dudi
day Id mdt so khai niim ve cang thing:
- Cohen vd Herbert (1996) vd Lazarus (1993) da dua ra dinh nghTa vi
cang thing (eang thing): "Ld mpt trgng thdi cam xde tiiu cue xudt hiin nhdm
phdn ung Igi cdc su kiin dugc xem Id ddi hdi sif cd gdng hogc vuat qud cdc
ngudn life hay khd ndng dng phd eua mpt ngudi". (idc tac gia nay da nhdn
manh vai trd quan trpng cua nhan thic vd kha nang ddnh gia cua mdt ngudi vi
cdc su kien gay ra cang thing (Hockenbury, 1994). Mdt su kiin cd thi lam cho
mdt sd ngudi bi cang thing nhung ngudi khde thi khdng.
- Mdi lien he cia con ngudi vdi mdi trudng xung quanh, via la tac nhan
kich thi'ch, via la phdn ing cia eo thi trudc tdc nhan dd (M. Ferri ddn theo
Nguyin Dinh Hda, 1997).

TAP CH(TAM LV HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


Mpt qua trinh tuong giao gitta con ngudi vd mdi trudng sd'ng (A
Lazarus, 1966).
- Su nd luc cua co thi di thi'ch nghi vdi nhflng ddi thay. CSng thing cdn
la thuat ngtt chi su qua tai vi mat thi chdt vd tinh thdn (Bac sT Erie Albert).
- Nhttng nit khdng dac bieu cia nhttng biiu hiin sinh If va tam ly cia
CO thi, nay sinh trong mpi phan ing cia co thi (dinh nghta cua L.A.
Kitaepxmux din theo Judith Lazaraus, 2001). Theo dng, ti'nh khdng dac hiiu
cua cdc qua trinh thich nghi tam Iy vd sinh ly thi hien - cd tieu cue ldn tich cite
- khi gap cdc tdc ddng khdc nhau vi cudng dd, trudng dd vd tdm quan trpng cia
nd dd'i vdi chi thi.
- Phan ing thi'ch nghi cia co thi ching ta vdi nhttng rang budc ben
ngoai. Nd cho phep tdi lap su can bing ndi tai hoac dam bao su sinh tdn
(Philippe Loron, nhd thdn kinh hpc ngudi Phdp).
Cdc sit kien hay tinh huiSng cang thing dupc gpi la cac tac nhan gay

cang thing (stressors). Cang thing xay ra t i nhiiu nguydn nhan khdc nhau.
Tam ly hpc da xdc dinh mdt sd nguyen nhan quan trpng ching ban nhu cac su
kien cudc sd'ng hang ngay, xung dot vd cac yiu td xa hdi va van hda
(Hockenbury, 1994). Ngodi ra cang thing cdn cd thi xudt hien do nhiiu
nguyin nhan khdc.
Ke' tbia dinh nghia cia cac nhd nghien ciu di trudc, trong nghien ciu
nay, chung tdi coi: Cdng thdng Id trgng thdi khdng thodi mdi ve mat tdm ly xudt
hiin khi cd nhdn tri gidc sif kiin, hodn cdnh ben ngodi nhu nhiing tdc nhdn cd
tinh chdt de dga ve mat the chdt hogc tinh thdn.
Hiin nay vdn ehua cd mdt khai niem cu thi nao vi cang thing cua hpc
sinh THPT. Dua vao khai niim, dac diim cia cang thing vd dac diim lia tudi
cia hpc sinh THPT ching tdi dua khai niem:
Cdng thdng eua hgc sinh THFT la irgng thdi khdng thodi mdi vi mat
tdm ly khi hge sinh trt gidc nhiing sif kien liin quan din bdn thdn nhu: dp life
hgc tap, mdi quan he vdi cha me, bgn be, thay ed gido vd nhiing tinh hudng khd
khdn, bdt thudng... trong cupe sdng hdng ngdy, doi hdi hgc sinh su ed gdng
hoae nhiing bie'n cd ndy vugtt qud cdc ngudn life vd gdy hgi cho minh.
Hpc sinh PTTH d Viet Nam, phdn Idn cdc em trong dp tudi t i 16 di'n 18
tudi. 6 giai doan tudi ndy cd nhiiu each gpi khdc nhau nhu tre vi thanh niin,
cudi tudi vj thanh niin, dau tudi thanh nien. Id giai doan chuyin tiep t i tre con
sang ngudi ldn. Theo cac nhd tam ly hpc thi day Id thdi ky dat dupc su trudng
thdnh vi mat co thi, khac vdi giai doan tudi thiiu nidn va cung Id thdi ky phat
triin tuong tidi em d ve mat sinh ly. Viec xdc djnh dupc cdc tdc nhan gay cang

TAPCHITAM L?HOC, Sd2 (167), 2 - 2013

91


thing vdi hpc sinh PTTH se giip cho cac nhd tam ly hpc, cac nhd quan ly gido

due xay dung cdc ky nang ing phd tich cue vdi cang thing cho hpc sinh d cdp
hpc nay.
3.2. Nhang tinh hud'ng gdy cdng Ihdng cho hoc sinh THPT
De tim hiiu nhttng tac nhan gay cang thing cho hpc sinh PTTH, chung
tdi dua ra can hdi md di nghi cdc em Hit ki nhung su kiin trong cudc sd'ng
hang ngay lam cho cac em cam thdy cang thing. Vdi cdu hdi ndy cac em dupc
ttt do Hit ke nhung su kiin da titng gay eang thing cho tide em.
T i viec tdng bap ket qua thu dupc cho thdy, sit kien gay cang thing cho
hoc sinh THPT la kha da dang. Di thuan tiin cho viec phan ti'ch, ching tdi
nhdm cdc su kiin gay cang thing thanh 6 nhdm: (1) Sir kiin liin quan din hpc
tap (SK_HT); (2) Su kien liin quan din ban be (SK_BB); (3) Su kiin liin quan
din gia dinh (SK_GD); (4) Su kiin liin quan din ban than (SK_BT); (5) Su
kien lien quan den vi pham ndt quy cia nhd trudng, vi pham phap luat
(Sk_VP); (6) Su kiin khac (SK_Khac) (xem biiu dd 1).
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Nh6mSK_HT Nh6mSK_G0 NhomSK.BT NhdmSK_BB

Nh6mSK_VP NhomSKIlhac

Cllli thich: Sdlieii trong bdt viei nay dugc Irich td bp sd lieu ldm ludn dn nghien cdu smh ctia
Idc gid nam 2012.

Biiu dd 1: Nhdm ede sif kiin gdy edng thing cho hge sinh THPT

92

TAP CHi TAM LY HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


Bieu dd trdn sip xip cac nhdm su kiin gay cang thing cho hoc sinh
THPT t i nhiiu nhdt di'n it nhdt. Cd thi tha'y nhdm su kiin dupc nhiiu hpc sinh
lua chpn nha't la nhttng nguyin nhan liin quan din hpc tap, gdn 50% hoc sinh
dupc hdi ndi ve nguydn nhan ndy. Nhdm su kiin gay ft cSng thing ban ca la
nhdm nhttng su kiin lien quan de'n vi pham ndi quy trudng bpc, vi pham luat
giao thdng chiim khoang 2,9%.
Khi xem xit cac nhdm su kiin gay cang thing eho hpc sinh theo gidi
tinh cho thdy, d ca hpc sinh nam vd hpc sinh ntt, nhdm sir kiin lien quan din
hpc tap gay eang thing chiim ti le cao hon so vdi cac nhdm su kien khdc. Tuy
nhien, khi so sdnh ti li cdc nhdm su kiin gay cang thing cia hpc sinh nam vd
hoc sinh nu, ching tdi nhan thdy cd sir chinh lech vi ti le gitta cae nhdm su
kien ndy eia hpc sinh nam vd bpc sinh ntt.
Bdng 1: Ti li sif kiin gdy edng thdng giita hgc sinh nam vd hgc sinh nd
Cac nhom sir kien gay cang thing
Nhdm su kien hoc tap

Nam

Nil

53,6

45,3

Nhdm su kien ban be

8,6

12,0

Nhom sir kien gia dinh

14,1

24,0

Nhom su kien ban than

16,8

12,2

Nhom su kiSn vi pham

4,6

1,8

Nhom su kien khac

2,4

4,7

Trong 6 nhdm su kien gay cang thang, nhdm sir kien hpc tap cia hpc
sinh nam chiim ti le la 53,6% trong khi dd ti le nay d hpc sinh nu la 45,3%.
Nhu vSy ti le nam hpc sinh ddnh gia su kien hpc tap gay cang thing cho cdc em
cao hon ti le hpc sinh ntt khi cung ddnh gid ve su kien nay.
Nhttng vdn di lien quan din gia dinh gay cang thing cho hpc sinh ntt cd
ti le cao dung thi 2 sau sir kien hpc tap vd ding thi 3 trong danh gia cia nam
gidi. Ti le hpc sinh ntt danh gid vi su kiin nay la 24,0% cao hem 10% so vdi ti
le nam hpc sinh khi danh gid vi su kiin gay cang thing nay.
Dd'i vdi nam hpc sinh ti le danh gia cao thi 2 la nhttng su kien lien quan
din ban than chiim 16,8%.
Diim khdc nhau cdn ndi din trong cae su kiin nay la ti le bpc sinh nam
liin quan din vi pham ndi quy nhd trudng, vi pham luat giao thdng... cao hon
so 2 ldn vdi ti li hpc sinh ntt ldn lupt la 4,6% so vdi 1,8%. Vdi nguyen nhan

TAPCHITAM LY HOC, Sd2 (167), 2 - 2013

93


nay cang thing xudt phdt t i ban than cdc em gay ra c h i khdng phai t i bin
ngodi mang di'n.
Trin day Id cde nhdm su kiin dupc cac em liit k i nhu nhiing ngudn gay

eang thing. Di tim hiiu sau hOn trong sd cdc sit kiin gay cang thing thi sit ki^n
ndo ddi vdi hpc sinh Id gSy cSng thing nhdt? Chung tdi dua ra cau hdi yiu cdu
cdc em ki lai mdt su kiin da Idm cho cdc em roi vao trang thdi cang thing ma
cdc em nhd nhdt. Cdch tinh sd lieu cua phdn nay chi dua tren nhttng sil.kiin ma
gay cang thing nhdt, dn tupng nhdt vdi cdc em. Ki't qua thu dupc cho thiy, vdi
cdc em su kien lien quan din cang thing nhiiu nhdt va eung Id su kien lam cho
cdc em cam thdy met mdi nhdt tap trung nhiiu di'n stI kien hpc tap (64,3%),
tie'p din Id sir kiin liin quan din gia dinh (13,7%), ding t h i 3 Id nhdm cdc stt
kien lien quan din ban than (9,1%). Day Id 3_ nhdm nguyin nhan ding ddu
trong sd cdc nhdm nguyin nhan gay ra cang thing di lai dn tupng cho cdc em
hpc sinh (biiu dd 1).
Trudc khi tiin hdnh khao sat tren diin rdng, tdc gia nghiin ciht da tiin
bdnh la'y y kiin vi ngudn gay cang thing trin 120 hpc sinh thudc 3 khd'i Idp
PTTH dan lap Dinh Tiin Hoang (Dd Thi Li Hdng, 2012). Khi so sdnh ki't qua
nghiin cin t i hoc sinh PTTH dan lap Dinh Tiin Hoang vdi kit qua nghiin ciu
trin dien rpng, chung tdi nhan thdy khdng cd su khac nhau trong viic dua ra
cdc ngudn gay cang thing cua cdc em hpc sinh cdp 3. Su khac nhau cd thi nhan
thdy duoc la ti le ddnh gid dd'i vdi ting ngudn gay cing thing khdc nhau. Niu
theo ddnh gid cua cdc em hpc sinh THPT dan lap Dinh Tidn Hoang thi ngudn
gay cang thing cua cac em ldn luot la nhdm su kien hpc tap (76,4%), nhdm su
kien hdn quan din ban than (56,4%), tiip din la nhdm cac su kien thudc vi gia
dinh (44%), ding sau nhdm su kien gia dinh la nhdm su kien ban be (ban be vd
ban khac gi(5i) 40%, nhdm su kien vi pham (22%) va sau cung la su kien khdc
(14,3%). Nhu vay diing thi hai sau nhdm su kien hpc tap la su kien lien quan
de'n ban than dupc hpc sinh THPT dan lap Dinh Tien Hoang danh gia khd cao,
cao hon so vdi su kien gia dinh.
Diem khdc nhau nua dupc neu ra la ti 16 hpc sinh Trudng Dinh Tien
Hoang bi cang thing bdi nhiing hanh vi vi pham ndi quy nha trudng cung nhu
vi pham quy tic xa hdi nhiiu hon so vdi cdc em trudng cdng lap trong nghiin
ciu nay. Ti Id chenh lech kha Idn giia ddnh gia 22% cua hpc sinh THPT dan

lap Dinh Tien Hoang so vdi 2,9% bpc sinh thudc 5 trudng trong nghien ciu.
3.3. Ddnh gid cda hgc sinh ve mdc dp cdng thdng tit cdc tdc nhdn gdy
cdng thdng tren ddy
Cd the tha'y ngudn gay cang thing cua hpc sinh trung hpc phd thdng rdt
da dang. Mic dp eang thing do cdc ngudn nay gay ra cung khdc nhau. Di tim
hiiu mic dd cang thing eia cdc em hpc sinh d mic ndo ching tdi d i nghi cdc

94

TAP CHfTAM Lt HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


em cho diem mic dd eang thing dd'i vdi su kiin ma cdc em md ta vdi 0 diim Id
khdng thdy bi cang thing va 10 diim cam thdy rdt cang thing. Biiu dd dudi
day cho thdy mic dp cang thing cia hpc sinh trong mdu nghiin ciu cung nhu
mic do cang thing dd'i vdi timg nhdm tdc nhan gay cing thing.
Ke't qua thu dupc cho thdy, mic dp cang thing theo danh gia cua hpc
sinh DTB = 7,11 diim. Trong dd gdn 1/4 em dupc hdi danh gia mic dp cang
thing d 8 diim (21,9%). Niu ti'nh tren chudi diim t i 0 di'n 10, diim 0 Id khdng
cd cang thing hoac khdng cam thdy cang thing vd 10 diim la mic cang thing
cao thi 7 diim d mic dp cang thing kha cao. Cd thi thay, theo cam nhan cia
cac em thi cdc su kiin gay cang thing tii lai dn tupng cho cdc em la khd cao.
Biiu dd 2 cho tha'y rd hon tdc nhan nao gay ra mic dp cang thing cao d cac em.

SK_Khac

SK_GS

Bieu dd 2: Miie dp cdng thdng ctia timg nhdm tdc nhdn gdy edng thdng
cho hge sinh THPT

Niu nhu tren day sd lieu eho ching ta thdy ngudn gay cang thing chmh
cho hoc sinh la nhing su kien lien quan din hpc tap, sau dd de'n cdc su kien gia
dinh va ding thi ba Id cdc su kien cia ban than. Trong ddnh gid ve mic dp gay
cang thing cia cdc su kien phdn ldn cdc em hpc sinh cho rang su kien lien
quan de'n ban be mang lai mic dp cang thing cho cac em nhiiu hon. Qiia day
cd the tha'y, ban be ddng mdt vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sd'ng xa hdi cia cac

TAP CHi TAM LV HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013

95


em hoc sinh PTTH. Kit qua nay hoan loan phi hop vdi ly thuyit phat trien lia
tudi khi cho ring bin canh boat ddng chi dao Id hpc tap thi hoat dpng liin quan
din ban be d dd tudi ndy ddng mdt vai trd rdt quan trpng.
Tii'p di'n Id nhdm su kiin khdc, nhdm su kiin nay bao gdm nhttng tinh
hud'ng bdt thudng cd thi xay ra vdi hpc sinh. Day dupc xem la ngudn gay cang
thing khd Idn vdi hpc sinh bdi su bdt ngd, bdt thudng cua cdc sir kiin. Dac biit
vdi hpc sinh PTTH dang d dd tudi t i 16 - 18 tudi kinh nghidm sd'ng chua nhiiu.
It va cham, bdn canh dd, cdc em chua cd nhiiu ky nang di ing phd vdi nhttng
tinh hud'ng nay. Kit qua nghiin ciu ndy hoan todn gid'ng vdi nghiin ciu trudc
day dupc cdng bd trong bai vii't Cdng Ihdng vd sdc khde tdm thdn cua hgc sinh
(Ky yiu Hdi thao qud'c t i tam ly hpc dudng, 2009). Trong bai nay tdc gia
nghien ciu cung da chi ra tinh hud'ng bdt ngd mang den cang thing khd cao 6
hpc sinh THCS va hpc sinh THPT. Trong dd hpc sinh THCS vdi kinh nghiem it
hon nen ehju cang thing t i nhing tinh hud'ng nay cao ban hpc sinh PTTH.
Mac du nhiing su kien lien quan din hpc tap vd su kien cia ban than
trong danh gia tren day cia hpc sinh thudng gay ra cang thing, nhtmg mic dp
cang thing do nhttng su kiin nay gay ra thdp hon so vdi mic So cang thing do
nhing su kien lien quan den ban be, vdi diim trung binh va dd lech chudn Idn

lupt la DTB = 7,04, DLC = 1,995 so vdi DTB = 7,7; DLC = 2,665.
Ddnh gid mic dp cang thing theo tiiu chi nam vd ntt chung tdi nhan
tha'y hpc sinh ntt ddnh gia mic dp cang thing cua ban than cao hon so vdi bpc
sinh nam. Theo ddnh gid cua hpc sinh ntt mic dp cang thing cua cac em cd
DTB = 7,45, DLC = 2,026 cao ban hpc sinh nam la 0,71 diim. Stt khac nhau vi
mic dp cing thing gitta 2 nhdm hpc sinh theo gidi tinh cd y nghia vi mat
thd'ng ke(p = 0,00001).
Bdng 2: Diem trung binh mdc dp cdng thdng theo ddnh gid cua hgc sinh
Cac nhom su kien
gay cang thing

DLC

DTB

DLC

Micy
nghia

SK_ Hoc tap

6.64

1,980

7,44

1,832

0,00001

SK Ban be

6,82

2,580

8,35

1,849

0,04

SK Gia dinh

7,21

2,472

7,71

1,860

SK Ban than

6,96

2,646

7,00

1,860

SK_Vi pham

7,33

2,062

6,20

2,280

7,89

1,537

7,63

1,506

6,74

2,267

7,45

2,026

SK Khac
Chung

96

Nat

Nam
DTB

0,00001

TAP CHITAM LY HOC, Sd 2 (167), 2-2013


Xem xet cu thi ban vi diim trung binh trong ting nhdm su kiin gay
cang thing, trong hdu hi't cac ddnh gid cua hpc sinh ntt vi mic dd cang thing
diu cao hem so vdi hpc sinh nam. Tuy nhiin sd lieu chi cho tha'y cd su khdc biet
mang y nghT thd'ng ke gitta ddnh gia cua 2 nhdm hpc sinh theo tiiu chf gidi d
ngudn su kiin hpc tap va su kiin ban be.
Nhin chung, tdc nhan gay cang thing cho bpc sinh PTTH kha da dang,
din t i nhiiu ngudn khac nhau nhu hpc tap, gia dinh, ban be, ban than... Trong
dd, cdc su kien lien quan din hpc tap dupc ddnh gid Id su kien gay cang thing
chu yiu ddi vdi hpc sinh. Cdc em ddnh gid vi mic dd cang thing cua ban than
d mic khd cao trin 7 diem. Su kien liin quan di'n ban be mang di'n cho cdc em
mic dp cang thing cao hern so vdi cac su kien khac. Hpc sinh nu danh gia vi
mic dp cang thing cia ban than cao hon so vdi cac em hpc sinh nam.

Tai lieu tham khao
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