Đánh giá khả năng phát triển của kẻ tự kỷ ở một số trường chuyên biệt tại thành phố hồ chí minh thông qua trắc nghiệm PEP3

DANH GIA KHA NANG PHAT TRIEN
CUA TRE TL/ KY 6 MOT SO TRUONG
CHUYEN BIET TAI THANH PHO HO CHI MINH
THONG QUA TRAC NGHIEM PEP 3
TS. Ngd Xuan eiep
Tnrdng Dgi hgc Khoa hpc xd hoi vd Nhdn vdn, Dgi hgc Qudc gia thdnh pho Ho Chi Minh.
TOM TAT
Trdc nghiem PEP 3 dugc phdi triin di ddnh gid su khdng ding diu vi hgc
igpva cac yeu^ kem dgc Irung cig tri phi lu ky vd Iri cd rdi hgn phdt triin khdc
PEP 3 cung cgp nhiing chi bdo ve khd ndng phdt Iriin ky ndng vd cdc Ihdng lln hOu
i^cho VI fc chdn dodn, cing nhu xdc dinh mtic do nghiim uong cua uieu chung Cdng
viic ddnh gid nhdm Ihu thdp nhiing Ihdng lin lir hai nguin (bi sung) quan Irong: Diu
lien, thang do la mpt cdng cu lieu chudn hda dugc thiit ki di ddnh gid suphdt triin
cac ky nang giao Ilip vgn dpng vd hdnh vl kem Ihich nghi cia tri lu ky. nghl ngd bl
IV ky vd tre co rdt logn phdt uiin Ign Ida khdc (PDD). Thd hai, thang do Id mpt phuang
phdp chmh Ihuc dugc si dung de Idy Ihdng tin hiiu ich lu cha me hogc ngudi chdm
soc ire. Trong nghien cim nay. ching tdi nghiin cim trin 32 Iri lu ky, kit qud cho Ihiy.
hdu het. Iretukyd mic thiiu h,t In^ng binh. ki din Id thiiu hgt ndng vd Ihliu hul nhe
Rdi It ire phdi triln binh thudng.
Tir khda: Rii logn phi tu ky: Cdng cu ddnh gid: PEP 3
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 11/8/2016; Ngdy duyil dang bdi: 25/9/2016.

l.Oatvinde
Theo Hidp hpi Sde khde Tfim thin qudc tl: Rdi loan pho tu ky (Autism
Specttum Disorder-ASD), dupe hieu nhu Rdi lojn phfit ttiln Ian tda (Pervasive
Developmental Disorder-PDDs), nguydn nhfin bdi su suy gifim trim trong vfi
bao phu sv suy nghT, cfim giic, ngdn ngtt vfi khfi nfing quan he vdi ngudi khfic
Nhttng roi lojn dd ttidng ttiudng dupc chfin dofin trong thdi tho iu, ggi lfi rdi
lojn lu k^, tidp ttieo la Rdi loan phit ttiln Ian tda khdng dfic hieu va ed nhilu
djng nhe han nhu Hdi chdng Asperger va hai rdi lojn hilm gfip khac la Hdi
Chung Rett va Rdi lojn tan rfittidittioau (Chantal Sicile - Kira, 2004).

Hgi Chung tir ky lfi mgt hgi chdng da khuylt tfiL bidu hidn su rdi loan
phat mentixinghfinh vi. nhjn Uiuc, ngdn ngtt va quan he xa hdi. Tre tir ky muin
TAPCHfTAMLynoCSd 10(211), 10-2016


ddng kin Uil gidi ridng cda minh, khdng quan tam ddn ttid gidi xung quanh, khdng
mudn giao tilp lien Ijc vdi ngudi khfic. Do do, ttd tir ky rat han che ttong vide
hilu bilt mdi ttudng xung quanh, cac chuin muc xa hdi ndi chung vfi nhflng
quy tic, ky nfing dng xu qua Iai gifl-a eon ngudi (Ngd Xuan Diep, 2009). Dd xic
dinh khi nfing phit tiiln cda tid tii ky, eung nhu gidp cic n h i chuydn mdn xfiy
dpng chuong trinh can ttiiep, ttiang dfinh gifi PEP 3 dupc cho la cdng cp hftu
hidu cho vige ttipc hidn hai nhiem vu nay.
D I xfic djnh kha nfing phfit Oiln cua tie tu ky, ttong bii vidt niy, ehdng
tdi dfi tiln hanh nghien cdu tten 32 tte tv ky tai mgt sd midng chuydn bigt tren
dja bin Uiinh phd Hd Chi Minh nhfim nhjn ra nhttng vin d l tixing linh vvc phit
triln cua tie tv ky. Nghidn edu nfiy gidp cfic nhfi chuyen mdn, cfic chuydn vidn
ean Uiiep ed efich nhin cu till ban vl khi nfing phit tridn cda ti-e tp ky. Tren co
sd dd |idp eho cfie ea sd giio due ung dvng each thdc can thigp phd hgp, hiju
qui nhfim nang cao khi nfing cho tte tv ky.
2. Tong quan cfic nghidn cihi v l kha nfing phfit t r i l n eiia trd t p k^
Cfie nghidn cdu v l khfi nfing phat ttiln cda tre tv ky chi ra rfing, tre tv ky
khae nhau bj nhihig khidm khuylt vl phfit tridn khfic nhau va didu nay inh hudng
trpc tilp din hojt ddng edj tre. Trudc het, hojt dgng tti tug chju inh hudng true
tilp tu khi nfing gific quan eda trd. Theo TS. Stephen M. Edelson, hfiu hdt tte tp
ky bi suy gifim d mgt hojc nhidu gific quan: thinh giic, thj giac, xdc gific, vj gific,
khuu gific, tidn dinh v i cfic gific quan nhjn cfim. Cfic co quan cfim giic niy ed the
qufi nhjy cfim hojc ttiiiu nhjy cfim. Dilu nfiy gjy ra cho ngudi til k^ khd khfin
ttong vide xd Iy Uidng tin tu mdi tnidng (Cau Ijc bd Gia dinh cd trd tv k^, Tmng
lam Dfio tjo v i Phfit niln gifio dpc djc bijt, Vidn Nhi Qudc gia, 2003). Nhftng
nhfi n ^ i d n cuu dua ra gifi Uiuyit lfi nfio cda tte dudng nhu khdng thi tjo dugc sp

can bfing cho nhttng cfim gifie (Vd Nguydn Tinh Vfin, 2002), cd nhttng ti-d khdng
bao gid ttiich dugc dm i p nen tid rit hjn cbl ttong eim nhjn giic quan (mjc giic)
vi phit ttiln xdc cim - tinh cam (Howlin P., Baron - Cohen S. v i Hadwin J., 1999)
Mdt so tid khic tiiich quan sit nhiing ehuyin dOng quay ttdn vfi nhttng phin nhd
cda dd vjt mfi khdng quan tfim din nhttng sv kign dang dien ra xung quanh tte,
dieu nfiy eung din ddn nhttng hjn che vl nhjn ttiuc Uil gidi... Do dd, ttong tii l i ^
ttd tir ky, ngudi ta cflng quan tfim nhilu din ttj liju gific quan (sensory Uierapy).
Lidn quan din cfie tinh hudng giao tilp, theo Les Roberts, trd hf ki gifi
khd khfin tixing vide hidu biet cfic tinh hudng lidn quan din quan hd xfi hgi nhu:
khdng giao tiep bfing mfit, hinh thdc giao tilp nghdo nin, khd khfin ttong vije
hieu cic ttjng thfii tam Iy eua ngudi khfic, khd khfin ttong vigc dofin bilt nhttng
nhu cau, y mudn vfi tiifii dd eda ngudi khfic; khdng hilu nhttng trang tiifii tinh
cfim phuc tap nhu hfinh dijn, tv hfio, ngugng ngjp; khdng hilu nhOng diln biln

32

TAPCHfTAM L y n o c s a ID (211), 10 - 2016


logicttxmgqua ttinh giao tilp xfi hdi ndi chung va giao tilp vdi ngudi khic ndi
ridng (Vd Nguydn Tinh Vfin, 2002). Theo nhung nhi nghidn cuu Uiugc Hidp hgi
Sue khde Tam tiian qudc tl, da sd tte tti ky cd khd khan Idn vl hgc cich Uiam
gia vao cic boat dpng tiiong tfic xa hgi vdi con ngudi hing ngiy (Poweis M.D.,
Tre tv ky cflng gap nhung khd khan nhfit dinh lidn quan din tiidng hiong.
Theo TS. Vd Nguyen Tinh Vfin (2002), tie tu ky cd mgt sd vin dd vl nhjn thdc
nhu: tid khdng nhjn bidt dupc nhttng tinh hudng vui dda, gia vd, chai tiidng
tugng, chai ddng vai. Loma Wing (1998) cho ring, ttd tii ky khdng phit ttiln ttd
Choi gia vd va cic boat dgng mdng mgng gidng nhu ttd bmhttiudng.Nhttng tte
khi hom cdttidcd nhung boat ddng mdng mgng nhung khi quan sit kittiinhttng
hgjt dgng niy cung Ijp di Ifip Iai, ngay ca khi n« bidt chai cung tte khfie Uii hoat

dpng hidng mpng cflng do chdng til nghT ra vfi bit tte khfic Iam di lim Iai boat
dgng dd, chd chdng hiu nhu khdng lim tiieo su mdng mang cua ngudi khic
(Wing L., 1998). Nhu vjy, ttd gap nhttng khilm khuylt khfi'nghidm ttong ttong
^ n tilde ly tinh, dfic bidt Ifi choi mdng mgng, choi ddng vai, gifi vd. Tre hiu
^M gfip khd khfin ttong lien kit gittattiuctai vi mdng mpng.
Lidn quan din tir phuc vp ci nhfin, tiieo Powcis, trd m ky khdng quan
tfim den vigc hgc hdi nhung ky nfing sdng. Cdng vdi cfie vfin dl ngdn ngtt vi
giao tidp. ttd til ky Uiudng gfip khd khfin ttong vide hilu cac ky nfing tp gidp
bfinttifin.Mgt cdng vigc don gifin Ifi hgc cich su dung nhi vd sinh cd Id cflng Ii
tta ngji Idn ddi vdi nhidu ttd tu ky (Wing L., 1998). Do do, giao dpc ti^ tit ky,
ttudc het phii giio dpc khi nfing ttr phuc vp vi vd sinh ci nhfin, dfiy Ii ndi dung
can dugc quan tam hing dfiu (Lovaas O.I., 1981).
Nhidu tte bj rdi lojn hi k} tilp nhjn nhflngtfidngtin bing eich nbd miy
mdc. Nhflng tte niy nhd tat nhidu Uidng tin nhu so vi chu khi chdng chua din
tudi di hge vi chdng eg till kl Iji nhflng ciu chuydn chinh xac tung txi hofic cd
kha nfing nhd tdng ttie hoan chinh mgt cfich ehinh xac vl ngdn ngtt, nhu nhd
nguyen vfin cfiu ndi cda ngudi khie. Khdng nhu nhflng ttd binh ttiudng khi hgc
ndi li ttd bfit dau ndi tung m mdt rdi tiln din hai tit vi cfiu ngfin, mgt sd nd tp ky
hgc not bfit diu Ifi nhfic Iji nguyen cfiu cda ngudi khic, ddng Uidi ttd cd xu hudng
nho mgi didu lien quan den tinh hudng (Sussman F.. 1999). Cd nhttng tre tu ky
hgc tdt qua quan sit (visual), nhttng tid nay tiiich xem sich, bfio vfi ti vi Theo
iihttng nha nghidn cdu vd tu ky, hiu hit nhttng ttd cd khd khfin vl ngdn ngtt hgc
tfiong qua quan sfit dd vjt tdt ban hgctfidngqua nghe, vi vdi tre nfiy tiij gific lfi
giac quan nhay cim nhat. Ngofii ra, hpc ttidng qua thao tfic cflng la dilm mjnh
cua mgt sd ttd tii ky, dje didm ndi bjt d nhttngtt*niy Ifittiichnhin cac nut bim
dong mo cda. sfip xep nhttng dd choi Uianh hang, ndi chung, tte hgc tdt hati
Uidng qua dpng chjm cac do vjt (Sussman F., 1999).
TAP CHlTAMLynOCSd-10 (211), 10-2016

Hdi chdng m ky la mdt djng rdi loan phit tiidn, mdc dg, djc dilm vfi tinh
chfit nhjn tilde cda tte tit khic nhau (Slater A. vi Bremner G., 2003). Trong khi
hiu hit cic ttd bj chjm phit tiiln m' md cd cic ky nfing ngdn ngtt vi giaotiepxfi
hdi phu hop vdi kha nang m' me cda tte thi ttd tp ky Iji cd nhttng ky nfing giao
tilp xa hdi vfi ngdn ngtt d dudi mde nhttng kha nfing khic ttxmg phfit ttiln
(Poweis M.D., 2000). Theo Robert, nhflng khilm khuylt nay Iam cho ttd tp ky
khdng hilu dupc ddi sdng xdc cam,tinhcfim cda ngudi khac. Tuy nhien, mgt sd
ttd tu ky Iji cd khfi nfing nhd ky dieu mgt sd ITnh vuc ttd ydu thich. Do dd raa
bin chit nhjn thdc eda ttd tu ky cd tinh chit khic bigt Vi vay, dilu quan ttgng
li phai nhan ttiuc sp khic bidt cda mdi ca nhan tri trong qua trinh hgc tap, tilp
tiiu (Cfiu lac bd Gia dtoh cd tre tir ky, Trang tam Dfio tao vi Phit ttidn giio dpc
djc bidt, Vidn Nhi Qudc gia, 2003). Theo tic gifi Bryna Siegel, mditiTidnghpp
tv ky till hijn mgt khia cjnh khac nhau vd Idifi nfing hgc tjp vfi nhflng bit lpc
ttong bgc tjp. Mdi khfi nfing hgc tjp vfi mdi bit Ivc hgc tap cd thi anh hudng din
ttd tv ky ttieo cfich dfic bidt (Volkmar F.R., Paul R„ Klin A.. Cohen D., 2005).
VSn dl djt ra lfi hgi chdng tv ky inh hudng ddn nhttng ttd khac nhau theo nhftng
efich thdc khic nhau nhu the nao: Mdt sd tte cd khfi nang thdng minh trang binh
hojc ttdn trang binh, ttong khi nhttng tie khfic Iai cd nhttng mdc dd khfic nhau
vl chjm phfit trien m' mj. Cd nhflng trd tp ky tp rdt lui va ttinh giao tilp, trong
khi nhflng tre khic hgc ttidng qua giao tilp xfi hOi nhilu hem... Didu nfiy giii
thieh cho tfit ci nhthig ylu td cd the inh hudng din sp phit triln liu dii eda tie
(Powers M.D., 2000). Mgt nhjn xdt khfic Ifi trd tp ky nhu Ifi su mit khi nfing hgc
tjp, vdi mgi ttiju chdng khfie nhau sS bao gdm mOt nhdm sp ylu kdm hgc tjp c6
lidn quan xuit hijn hay "mat khi nfing hgc tap chuydn bigt cda chdng tp k^". De
Uivc hidn mgt chuong trinh giao due: Budc diu ein kiim tra cu thd sp mfit khi
nfing hgc tjp cua mdt dda ttd lp ky. Budc ttid hai cin khio sat nhttng chiln lupc
dilu ttj, nhflng chuong ttinh dilu tti hidn tji va nhttng gi cd thi dua ra cich tilde
day chi tilt cho sv mat khi nfing hgc tjp dfic trung d cfi nhan ttd m ky xfic djnh
(Siegel B., 2003).
Hiu hit, ttd tv ky cd nhttng rdi lojn trong vide cim nhjn giac quan, tre

cd the thieu nhjy cfim hay qufi nhay cam ddi vdi mdt gific quan hay nhilu gific
quan, ngudng cfim giic cda tri ed thi lfi qufi eao hay qui tiiip khiin cho tre
khdng ttld tri gific chinh xic su vjt, hijn tugng xung quanh hofic tri giic qufi
khic thudng. Trd tv ky khdng thieh giao tilp cflng nhu trii nghidm cic tinh
hudng xfi hdi, tre ttiich choi mgt minh hon li choi vdi ban cdng Ilia. Chinh vi
Iy do dd mfi tre khdng bao gid quan tam din vijc hge cic chuin mpc xfi hOi
eung nhu nhttng ky nfing dng xd vdi ngudi khfie, dilu nfiy lira cho khi nfing
nhjn thuc efic tinh hudng xfi hgi eda tte rfit ban cbl. Hfiu hit trd tp k* gfip khd
khfin trong hidu vfi bieu djt ngdn ngtt. Khfi nfing choi mdng tugng hay gifi vd
Ifi mgt van dd khd khfin ddi vdi trd tv ky. Khfi nfing cda tu duy nhu phfin tich.
'"

TAPCHlTAMLynOCSd 10(211), 10-2016


tdng hgp. truu tupng hda vfi khai quit hda... it duac sd dpng ttong khim phi
vfi nhjn biet the gidi cua tte tp ky. Do ttd tv ky khdng quan tam din giao tilp
vfi quan he xa hgi ndn trd gjp khd khan ttong vide hilu vfi bidu djt xuc cam,
tinh cim, cimg nhu cic ky nang sdng va tv phpc vu ban than.
Tu nhttng djc dilm trdn, chdng ta thiy tid tu ky cd nhttng khic bidt nhit
dinh vd khi nang tilp nhjn thdng tin, ITnh hdi thdng tin va xu Iy thdng tin... so
vdi trd binh tbudng. Nhu vjy Ifi tre tu ky co khfic bidt vl cac lihh vuc phit tiiln.
3, Phuomg phap nghien ciru
3.1. Thang cong cu do ludng PEP 3
Tiae ngbiein PEP 3 Ii ttic nghidm dugc xay dpng tidn nin tang Iy thuyit
•'vung phfit tridn gin" cda L.S. Vugdtidd. Ly thuyit nay la mdt ttong nhttng quan
diem chd dao ve Iy lujn hpc tap dugc fip dpng dua ttdn ba vung nhjn tilde cua
ttd. Ba vdng phit triln dugc khii quit la: Vdng Uid nhit: vung hr lap (ttrong dng
vdi tidu chi ludn ludn Ifim dugc = 2 dilmttxmgPEP 3), ttd em dfi cd khi nfing
^ 1 mdt minh, hgc mdt minh, khdng cin sp gidp dd hofic khich Id cda mgt ngudi

^ J V u n g ttld ba: vimg xa lg (tuang dng vdi tidu chi cliua bao gid Iam dupe = 0
didm ttong PEP 3), tid em khdng cd khfi nfing tp ddng nhan tiiuc vin dl, eho dd
CO su giup dd vfi khich Id tdi da eda mdt ngudi Idn; Vdng did bai, nim d gitta
hai vung ttdn, vimg hpc tap hay vung phdt Iriin gin (mong dng vdi tidu chi ldc
Ifim dupc ldc khdng = I didm ttong PEP 3), ttd em cd till lam chd kiln ttidc
chua bidt vdi sp hudng dan cua mpt ngudi Idn (Nguydn Vfin Thfinh, 2006).
Cho ddn nay, PEP 3 vin Ifi edng cu tdt nhit tiang vide dfinh gifi sp phfit
tiidn eda tre tii ky, cung nhu vide tim ra cac hfinh vi kem ttiich nghi ttong nhdm
ttd tp k^ (Eric Scholcr, Margaret D. Lansing, Robert J. Reichler, Lee M. Marcus,
2005). De dua ra cfic dtt lieu khoa hgc ttong ndi dung nghien cdu nay, chdng tdi
dS sd dpng bg cdng ep PEP 3 do muc do phfit tiiln.
PEP 3 dupc ttiiit kl dl ho ttg cie nhi giio dpc ttong vide Ijp kl hojch
xay dpng chuong ninh can ttiidp vfi dfinh gifi ttd ni ky hay ttd cd rii lojn phfit
ttidn Ian tda khfie. PEP 3 bao gdm hai phfin chinli. Phin tiipc hfinh dng dvng
dinh gifi vfi quan sfit tiuc tilp ti*. Phin nfiy bao gdm 10 tiiu test, ttong do cd 6
tidu test do kha nfing phfit ttiln va 4 tidu test do muc dp kemfliichnghi cda ttd.
Phan dinh gii cda ngudi chfim sdc cd 3 tiiu test vdi muc dieh ghi Iji cfic phfin
dng hfinh vi cda ttd cflng nhu mpt sd ky nfing ttidng thudng ttd djt duge thdng
qua phin tti Idi cda cha me hay ngudi nudi dudng n* (Eric Scholer, Margaret
D. Lansing, Robert J. Reichler, Lee M. Marcus, 2005).
Phfin cac tiiu test vl phit tiiln gdm: Tiiu les, 1: Nhjn thuc cd Idi/tiudc
Idi, cd 34 bfii. tjp tnmg vfio nhjn tilde vfi tti nhd m. Cac item nay do khfi nfing

TAPCHfTAM Ly HOC, Sfi' 10 (211), 10 - 2016

35


giii qu;lt vin dl, gpi tdn, sfip xep va phdi hgp tti gific van ddng. Tiiu test 2:
Ngdn ngtt didn djL cd 25 bfii, do ludng khfi nfing trong vide the hign Idi ndi

hofic cd chi cda tte. Tiiu test 3: Tidp ttiu ngdn ngtt, cd 19 bfii, nhim do ludng
khfi nang hilu ngdn ngfl ndi cda tte. Tiiu test 4: Vjn ddng tinh, cd 20 bii,
nhim danh gifi muc dp cda tte ttong viec phdi hpp cac bd phjn khac nhau tten
CO the. Tliu test 5: Van dgng thd, cd 15 bii, nhfim dinh gii kha nfing cda tid
ttong vide kiim sofit cfic phan khic nhau cda co thd. Tiiu lest 6: Lidn kit tay mfit, cd 10 bii, nhim danh gia khfi nfing bfit chudc cda tre ttong vide phdi hgp
thj giac vi vjn dgng.
Phan cfic tidu test ve hfinh vi kem thich nghi gdm: 77ew les, 7: Diln dat
cfim xdc, CO 11 bfii. nham do ludng mdc do tre the hidn phan dng tinh cam ttiich
hpp, bao gdm sd dung net mjt hofic hs till co thi. Tiiu tes, 8: Tuong tic xa hji,
cd 12 bii, nhfim do ludng khfi nang tutmg tfic xfi hgi cda tie vdi ngudi khfic. Tiiu
,est 9: Nhttng hinh vi van dgng dfic tiung, cd 1S bii, nhfim do ludng nhttng hanh
vi xdc giac vfi cam gific diln hinh eda tie tu ky. Tiiu test 10: Nhflng hinh vi loi
ndi djc tiung, cd 11 bai, nhfim do ludng khi nfing ndi mgt each thich hpp vdi sp
Ijp Iji tdi thilu hofic bjp bg eda tie.
Phfin dfinh gifi cda ngudi chfim sdc gdm: Tiiu test 11: Cfic vin dl vl hinh
vi ed 10 bai, nhfim tim hidu nhttng hanh vi, ngdn ngtt, giao tilp, quan hd xfi hji
bat thudng d Ire. Tiiu test 12: Tinh tu ljp cd 13 bfii, nhfim tim hilu cic ky nfing
tp phuc vp cda tie nhu cic ky nfingfinudng, ngd, di vd sinh, mfic quinfio,tfim...
Tliu tes, 13: Hfinh vi thich dng cd 15 bii, nhfim Hm hilu khi nfing ung phd eua
ai vdi nhidu linh hudng da djng ttong cugc sdng.
3.2. Cdch thuc hipn trie nghipm PEP 3
Trfic nghijm PEP 3 dupe do irdn ttd Id 30 din 72 thing tuoi tji mgt so
tradng chuyen bigi tten tiifinh phd Hd Chi Minh. Cic tre niy dang duoe can
Uiigp tji cic ttudng chuyen bijt vi da dugc xic djnh la tre tu ky bdi kit qua
chfin doin cua cie bie sy Iji mdt sd bgnh vijn: Bjnh vien Nhi Ddng 1, Bjnh
vien Nhl Dong 2, Bdnh vijn Tam than thinh phd Hd Chi Minh...
... .< ^f" '^''' ^"""^ ' ^ """"g y <^"^ &" iJinh vi cic tradng chuydn bidt, chdng
101tidnhanh trie nghigm PEP 3 trdn trd. Cic edng vide dfi lira: Lien hg cfi?
ttudng eho viec lam trfic nghidm, xfic djnh si tre cin Iam trie nghijm mii
r d ^ „ ! ; , ^ y : h = t ° S'^,"™'! !^° "•* '*™ We nghiem, Ijp kl hojch vfi xfic dinh

Ji^ thr " i s
• ' "^'^"^ " ^ 8 « , thuc hijn do djc tren trd, thu thap sd
I l.hidm H r " K ' "^".''"' "•"•'^'""' P"*'/"™ ' " " '^^ ^ho tt^ig tilumpe
I (Raw Score) sang diem tieu chuin (Standard Score), tinh dilm bfich nhfin
rcho mng tieu mpc cdattficnghiem, xfic dinb mdc dO pkt ttiln t ^ g till, rllpc

TAP CHlTAM Ly HOC, S« 10 (211), 10 - 2016


va dira ra kdt luan cho timg ndi dung phfit ttiln, xic dinh mdc phit ttidn chung
va mdi phat ttidn cua cfic ngi dung, tdng hgp vi xu ly sd lieu.
De dua ra kdt luan nghidn cdu cho timg tte, nhdm ttd vi tung ITnh vuc
tre djt duac, chimg tdi sd dung chi sd bach phan vi dl xic dinh chung eho cic
cbl so phat trien cda ttd.
Bang 1: Diem bdch phdn vixdc dinh mirc dp phdt h-iin/thich nghi
cia h-e tu ky trong PEP 3
T b g hang bach phan vi

Mng do pbat trien/tbich nghi

Binh thudng
Thieu hut nhe

75-89

Thidu hut tmng binh

25-74

Thieu hut nana

^ . Eric Scholer. Margaret D. Lansing RobenJ. Reichler. Lee M Marcus. 2005

4. Kit qui nghien cthi
* /. Ddnh gid chung vi khd ndng phdt Iriin cua Ire ttr ky
. Tv ky Ii mgt hdi chdng nfim ttong rdi lojn phfit triln Ian tda ndn nhttng
tre mic pha. hgi chdng nfiy sd cd nhttng phfit ttidn bit Uiudng vl nhilu ITnh
vp-c. faific vdi tte Cham phfit trien 14 bj suy gifim chung vl moi mfit, tre m ky
cho thay sp roi lojn timg phan ttong nhan Uidc: cd nhttng mfit ire bj chim phit
trien, eo nhttng mjt khdng chjm phit ttiln, tham chi phit ttiln vuot ttdi so vdi
ttd bmh tiiuang. Nhu vjy, tte bj rdi lojn phfit ttiln cd mdc dg phit ttiln khic
nhau tten timg mfit nhat djnh vfi dd lfi dfic dilm dfic ttung cua ttd tu ky
Batlg 3: Ddnh gid chung vi cdc ITnh virc phdt triin cua tre ttr
ky
Mtedft

ThlJu
hift
"IllB
Thifn
hgi
mAr
IniaB
Mnh

J.

Linh Wft nhli Iriin

CVP

EL

KL

FM

GM

V.MI

AE

SR

CMB

fA'B

SL

11

M

7

S

13

12

7

7

6

19

IS

%

34

49

22

25

41

38

22

22

19

59

56

25

16

SL

20

18

20

23

17

19

IS

21

20

12

16

23

72

53

59

56

66

38

SO

72

63

ib

TAP CHf TAM Ly HOC, Sd'10(211), 10-2016

PB

37


bet

BUb

SL

I

0

5

I

1

1

2

4

3

0

I

s

4

%

3

Q

16

3

3

3

6

12

9

0

3

16

12

SL

0

0

0

0

'

5

0

3

1

0

3

'

0

3

0

16

0

9

3

0

9

0

%

0

0

0

Kit qua tiic nghiem tten 32 tte tu ky cho thiy, ttd gap khd khfin d hau
hit cfic linh vpc phfittiiln,tixingdd phfin Idn si trd roi vao muc ttiieu hpt tiung
binh vfi tiiilu hpt nfing. 6 mdc ttiiiu hpt trang binh chilm so phan ti4m cao nhjt

Ifi 72,0% d cfi hai ITnh -vuc hdnh vi thich ting vi v.ttifip nhit Ifi 38.0% d ITnh vpc nhirng hdnh vi l&i ndi dgc tnmg; tdng si dilm
phantifimdjt dupc ttang mdc dp nfiy 14 57,7%. Tilp ttieo, d muc ttiiiu hut nfing,
chilm ty Ij eao nhfit 14 59,0% d ITnh vpc nhOng hdnh vi l&i ndi ddc n-img va tiia
nhit 16,0% d ITnh vuc hdnh vi thich ing; ting si dilm phfin tifim djt dugc d
mdc dg nfiy la 32,5%. (3 mdc ttiiiu hpt nhg vfi binh Uiudng (khdng thidu hpt) cd
ty lg tbip mong dii ddng diu nhau, ting dilm phan trfim dat dugc Ifi: mdc dj
thilu hpt nhg dat 6,7%, mdc binh thudng djt 3,1%.

- - . . TH Tnina binh

..^

ninhtf

Bieu di I: Cdc tinh vuc phdt Iriin cia h-i Ur ky
Hilu dd trdn eho UiSy, vdng ngofii cuns rdng nhit la vdng thd hijn cho
phfin trfim so trd tp ky djt dupe d mdc phfit trien tiung binh, vdng rgng thu 2 Ii
vdng cho Uiay phfin ttfim si tre tu ky d mde dp njng, vdng tiep ttieo Ifi vdng
38

TAPCHlTAMLynoCSd 10(211), 10-2016


cho thay i^iln tram tre phat tri&i a muc do nhe \^ v«ig hep nhat the hioi pfain
tram tre co mijc dp phat trien binh thuong. Nhu vay, sd tre dat dugc muc (rfiat
trien binh thucmg (nhu tie binh thucmg) la rat tfaSp va sd tre co miic thi^u hiU
trung binh chiim ty le cao n ^ t or ca 13 lihh vuc |rfiat tri&i. Tu day, chung ta
ket luan la: hdu het tre tu ky nmn a muc thieu hut trung binh, ki din la thiiu
hill ngng va thieu hut nhe, rdt it tri phdt triin binh thucmg.

4.2. Khd ndng phdt trien cua tretuky xet theo gi&i tinh
Cac nghten ciiu tren thi gioi cho ftiy, s6 tre nam mSc tu ky cao g ^ tu 3
d&i 4 ISn tre nu". Tuy nhien, khi n ^ e n cuu ve kha nang nhantfiiicva phat triln
khong cho thay su khac nhau co y n^Ta gitta 2 nhom nay. Trong nghien cihi
nay co 24 tre nam \'a 8 tre nu, voi tj le \n (nfi/nam).

ô *

-

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*"
M

ô"
ILl

*"
US

ã
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B7

nô
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ôJ
ô

sa5
ôU

ằã*
US

M5
KJ

SIS
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soj
SJ I

BISu do 2: Suphdt triin cia Ire nam vd tre nU
CSn cd vio vide xic dinh mdc dp phat ttiln dua ttdn dilm bich phan vi,
nghien cdu cho ttiay, eac ttd ni ky nam phit niln tit hon ttd ntt d cac linh vuc:
nhung hdnh vi van dpng dgc mmg (CMB = 53,5d) vi rjJiA tu lap (PSC = 5 l,5d).
Didu niy cho chdng ta ttiiy, du li ttd tp ky hay ttd binh ttiudng ttu khi nang vjn
dgng eua tt* nam diu tdt hon ttd ntt, day la sp phit ttiln dfic ttung mang ti'nh
sinh hpc. Tuy nhien, mdt dilu khfie biet d day la khd nang nr % cda nd nam Iji
tdt hon ttd ntt, ttong khi dd, dii vdi ttd bmhtiiudng,ttidngttiudng,kha ning niy

cda ttd nu tdt hontirenam. Kit qui cung cho ttily, cie ttd tu ky- ntt Iji ndi ttdi
TAPCH(TAMLyHOC,S510(211), 10-2016

39


hon tre nam 6 cac ITnh vuc: tuang tdc xa hoi (SR = 49,0d), hanh vi thich irag
(AB = 53.Id), Kit qua nay phan anh mot thirc tl bao gicr tre nir cung phat triln
t6t hem tre nam cr cac hoat dong lien ket, giao tilp, quan he xa hoi noi chung, \i
tre nu luon luon nha\ cam hon tre nam a Imh v\rc nay. Do tre nft nhay cam 6
linh vuc giao tilp xa hoi nen tre nu cGng se phat triln tdt a ITnh vyc hdnh vi thick
tmg. Vi hai ITnh \arc nay co quan he chat ch€ vai nhau.
Tuy nhien. qua bieu do tren cung cho thay, mpt sir tnung hgp ro rang la
so diem bach phan vi thap nhat ciia ca nhom tre nam va mt a hai ITnh vyc la:
nhirng hdnh vi lai noi ddc trung (CVB nam dat 24,8d va nu" dat 22,8d) va cdc
vdn de vi hdnh vi (PB nam dat 23,5d va nil dat 24.3d). Ket qui nay khSng djnh
sir thieu hut ciia tre \ e ngon ngu va hanh vi la ihieu hut dac trung cua nh6m tre
ty ky noi chung. cac thieu hut nay la nhiing thieu hut cSn ban nhat cua tre ty ky.
Nhu vay. ket qua nghien cuu cho th2y, trd ty ky nii thilu hut hon tre
nam 6 cac ITnh vyc nhihig hanh yi van dong dSc trung v^ tinh ty lap, trong khi
d6. cac tre nam l^i phAt trien thieu hut hon c^c tre nii d cac ITnh vyc tuong t^c
xa hpi vk hanh vi thich iing. Tuy nhien, ca hai nh6m tre diu co miic dO thilu
hyt tram trpng nhat a hai ITnh vyc: nhiing hanh vi I6ri noi dSc tnmg \k cac vdn
dl ve hanh vi.
4.3. Khd ndng phdt triin cda tre /(f ky xit theo dg tudi

38

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;

32

3fr4B

'^''
39

ô-72

35

"

"'ã

' "

V"'

AE

34

32

31

38

31

43

43

37

34

56

"'^

Sô

CMB

54

54

ã%

CVB

PB

25

25

PSC '

47

' AB

54

Biiu d6 3: Sir phdt triin cua tre tic 36 din 72 thdng tudi

TAPCHfTAMLyHQC.Sd 10(211), 10-2016


Chuan theo dp tudi li chuan dupc cho la quantidingnhit ttong xic djnh
cic vin dl phat ttiln cda ttd em. Thuc tl cho ttiiy, tie cang Idn ttii khfi nfing
phfit tridn cang eao vl cic ITnh vuc nhu: vjn ddng. tti tud, nhan thdc, hinh vi,
giao tiep...
Kdt qua tiidng kd ttdn 2 nhdm ttd tu ky cho thiy. nhdm ttd tu 49 din 72
thing tiidi phit tiiln tit hon nhom ttd tii 36 ddn 48 tfiing tuii d cic Ilhh vuc:
van dpng Itnh, van dpng thd, diin dgt cdm xic, tuang tdc xd hpi, nhung hdnh
vi vdn dpng ddc trung vi, tinh hr lap, cdn hiu hit cie ITnh vuc khie phfit tridn
tuong ddi ddng diu nhau. Kdt qufi nay cd thi Iy gifii Ii do tre tii ky Idn tuii
dupc cantiiidpthdi gian dai ban cic ti^ nhd; do cac tie nhd mdi dupc can ttiidp
nen khi nfing phat tiidn cda ttd kein hon. Dilu nay eing khfing dinh y nghTa to
Idn cda su canttiidpchoti*tiiky, nhfit la canttiidpvl mat tam ly, giao due eho tid.
Kdt qui ttdn eho fliiy, trd tp ky trong nhdm tiidi Idn ban phfit tiiln tit
ban d eac ITnh vpc nhu: vjn ddng tinh, vjn ddng tiid, dien djt cfim xuc, hiang
tic xfi hdi, nhttng hfinh vi vjn dgng dfic tiimg va tinh tu Ijp.

S. Kit luan
Qua nghidn cuu vl khfi nang phfit Uiln cda tre ni ky, chdng tdi thiy sp
phit trien nhjn thdc cda tri chjm han nhilu so vdi tri binh ttiudng, ding thdi
sp tien Uidn rttian thdc cung khdng phat tiiln ttieo Idgic ttidng thudng, vi ngoii
chjm phat tiidn. tte edn cd biiu hidn iii loan phfit ttiln.
Kdt qufi trie nghigm PEP 3 eho ttiiy, hiu hit ttd tu ky nim d mdc thilu
hpt tiung binh, kc ddn Ifi thidu hpt njng vfi thilu hut nhe, rit it tri phfit ttiln
binh ttiudng. Qua nghidn cuu cho ttiiy, ttd tu ky ntt thilu lipt ban trd nam d cfic
lmh vpc nhung hfinh yi vjn dgng djc trung vfi tinh tu Ijp, ttong khi dd, cic ttd
tp ky nam Iji phit tridntfiieuhut hon cfie trd ntt d cfic ITnh vuc tirong tfic xfi hgi
va hfinh vi ttiich dng. Tuy nhien, ci hai nhdm trd ddu cd mdc dd thilu hpt trim
trgng nhit d hai ITnh vpe: nhttng hinh vi Idi ndi dfic trung vfi' cic vin dl vl
hinh vi. Xdt tren khia canh dp tudi khic nhau. kit qua nghidn cuu eho thfiy, trd
tp ky trong nhdm tiioi Idn hon phfit tiiln tdt ban d cfic ITnh vpc nhu: vjn dgng
tinh, vjn dpng ttld, didn dat cim xde, tuong tie xfi hdi, nhung hanh vi vfin ddng
djc tiung vfi tinb tu Ijp.
Thdng qua tiic nghidm PEP 3, chung tdi dfi xfic dinh tiiong ddi cu till cac
Imh vpc phfit ttidn cda ttd tp ky. Kdt qua nfiy li dilu kien quan ttong gidp chung
toi xay dpng chuong ttinh canttiidpmdt efich phd hpp nhit vdi klifi nfing eua tte
tjo didu kign tdt eho vijc cii ttiien phat tiiln, gidp tie nhanh ehdng hda nhap
edng ddng.

TAPCHlTAMLyHQCSd 10(211), 10-2016

4,


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TAP CHfTAM Ly HOC, S6 10 (211), 10 - 2016