Tôn trọng quyền tự quyết của thân chủ trong hoạt động tham vấn tâm lý

TON TRONG QUYEN Tii QUYET
CUA THAN CHU TRONG HOAT DONG
THAM VAN T A M LY

Nghien ciiu nay duoc tai trg bdi Quy Phat triln Khoa hoc v^ Cdng ngh6 Qufic gia
(NAFOSTED) trong de tai: Nghien cCm thi/c trang hoat dong tra giup tam ly nhkm xa
dimg Bo tieu chuan Dao dire nghe nghiep cho cdc nha tam ly htx Viet Nam; M§
vil.1-2013,10; GS.TS, Tran Thi Minh Dure lam chii nhi6m.
PGS.TS. Bui Thj Hdng Thai
ON. Vu Thj Thuy
Khoa Tdm ly hoc. Trudng Dgi hpc Khoa hpc Xa hpi va Nhdn vdn, Dgi hpc Qudc gia
Hd Ndi.
TOM T A T
Nghien cuu cho thdy. cdc nhd tham vdn cd xu hudng tdn trpng quyen Ur quyet
ciia than chu the hien qua cdc khia cgnh nhu thiic day sir lu do cua than chit trong
vifc l{ra chpn cOng nhu chdm dirt su trp giup, khdng dua ldi khuyen hay lira chpn gidi
phdp cho thdn chii. Tuy nhien, cd mdt sd bieu hifn ciia khia cgnh thdng tin vi hogi
ddng thgm vdn vd ddc hifl. viec gidi thieu thdng lin bdn than lien quan den cdng vifc
thgm vdn cdn dang bi xem nhf.
Tit kh6a: Tdn trpng: Quyen tu quyet; Thdn chu: Nhd tham vdn.
Ngdynhgnbdi: \9/9/20\6; Ngdy duy?l ddng bdi: 25/11/2016.
1. Mpt so van de ve ton trpng quyen ty quyet cua than chu trong
ho^t dpng trgr giiip tam ly
Vdi bat cir nghd nao, ldn chi boat dpng hay dao diic nghd la dieu quan
trpng dg duy tri, phat trign nghg va hudng din nhCtng ngudi lam nghg vg gidi
h^n, trach nhiem eua hp ttong cdng viec. Digu nay khdng la ngoai I? vdi nghg
Tam ly hpc, nhat la khi cdng viec ciia cac nha tam ly lign quan Iryc tigp dgn
con ngudi. Cae vin dg lign quan dgn dao dire hanh nghg lam ly dugc nghien
cim phd bidn d nhiing nude phuong Tay va Bic My. Tuy nhien, nhtimg nghidn
cim nay cdn kha han chg d Viet Nam. Cac bp quy didu dao diic nghd lam ly d
cac nude nhu My, Canada, Phap, Anh, Singapore, Philippin dd cap ddn nhiing

nguydn tac cu thd ma nha tam Iy can tuan theo Irong hoat dpng nghd nghi?p

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TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016


nhu sy tdn ttpng pham gia eon ngudi, trach nhidm chu> en mdn. trach nhidm xa
hdi, v.v... ciia nha lam l\' hpc. Trong khudn khd bai bao nay, chiing tdi chi ban
vd sy ldn trpng quydn ty quydt ciia than chu ttong boat ddng tham van lam Iy d
mdt sd nha thyc hanh tham van d Viet Nam. Vdi sd lugng khach thd khidm tdn
do nhiing dSc thu trong >gu cau lya chgn khach thg (la nhiing ngudi tdt nghiep
nganh Tam ly hpc va chi lam tham van tri lieu, khdng linh dgn nhiing ngudi
eham chua ttg ty ky). chung tdi chi md la thyc trang \an dg ma chua cd didu
kidn tim hidu cac ydu td tac dpng ddn \'iec nha tham van tdn ttpng quydn ty
quydt cua than chu.
Carl Rogers (1952) cho rang, boat ddng tham van khdng chi dimg lai d
vide giup than chu cd ldi thoat. ma cdn hudng ldi muc tidu nang cao kha nang
ly nhan thdc va tu giai quydt van de cua hp. Cdn theo Patterson (1954), nha
tham van can su dung kidn thirc hidu bidt ve tam ly dd giup than chii cd the ty
giai quydt van dd va cai thidn siic khde tam than (din theo Biii Thj Xuan Mai
va Nguydn Td Nhu, 2013). Dd dat dugc muc lieu nay, nha tham van phai tdn
trpng quydn ty quyet cua than chu trong qua trinh tham van. Hai khia canh vd
t||l trpng quydn ly quydt ciia than chu dugc dd cap trong nghien cim la: Tdn
trpng quydn lua chpn djch vu tham van ciing nhu eham diit mdi quan he tham
van va tdn trpng quydn lya chpn each thiic giai quydt van dd cua than chii.
Sit ton trgng quyin lua chgn dich vu vd quyen eham dut moi ^uan hf
tham van dugc thd hidn trude lien qua \'iec than chu tu ngu\dn chap thuan
tham gia vao mdi quan he tham van. Didu 9, Bd Quy didu dao dure hanh nghd
cua cac nha tam iy hpc Phap ghi rd: "Bat eii sy can thi^p nao tir phia nha tam ly

ddu phai dugc sy ddng y ciia than chu hoac nhiing ngudi cimg tham gia" (din
theo Luu Huj Khanh, 2003). Nhiing trudng hgp than chii la Ire em hoac nhiing
ngudi ban chg vg nang lyc tam than, ngudi khdng cd kha nang dua ra cac thda
thu^in thi nha tham van can cd nhiing giai thich va thdng bao eu thg dg tim
kigm sy thda thuan, chap nhan tham gia vao mdi quan he trg giup tir nhihig
ngudi cd trach nhiem (bd me, nhiing ngudi bao trg). Nha tham van can giup
than chu nam dugc thdng lin, higu vg ban chat cua mdi quan he trg giup dg hp
cd thg dua ra sy lya chgn phii hgp vdi muc dich va nhu cau ciia ban than. Do
dd, viec gidi thieu vg kinh nghiem, ITnh vyc tham \an, bing cap gan vdi cdng
viec nha tham van dang lam dugc xem nhu nhiing thdng tin co ban ban dau ma
nha tham vSn can ndi cho than chu. Bgn canh dd, nha tham van cung cin thdng
bao cho than chii \c ndi dung, each thirc tign hanh, cac cdng cu hd trg, chi phi
cho mdi budi lam vice \a canh bao cho than chii bigt vg nhiing rdi ro cd thg gap
phai ttong qua trinh tham van. Vg khia canh nay. Digu A.2.b ttong Bd (Juy digu
ciia Hiep hdi tham van Hoa Ky (ACA) ciing nhan manh ring: "Nha tham van
thdng bao cho khach hang vg muc tigu, ky thuat, each thirc, nhiing gidi ban va

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nhiing nii ro cd thg xay ra cung nhu Igi ich ciia djch vu trg giup. Cac thdng tin
lign quan dgn nang lyc ciia nha tham van. chiic danh nghg nghiep. kinh nghiem
lam viec... cung dugc thdng bao cho than chii" (ACA, 2014).
Vg quydn ty do chim diit mdi quan he, Didu A.2.a cua ACA khang djnh:
"Than chii cd quvdn ly do lya chpn hoac eham dirt mdi quan he tham \an"
Ngay ca khi mdi quan he trg giiip da tridn khai, than chu cung cd quygn eham
dirt nd bit cir liic nao hp mudn. Tuy nhign, Irong trudng hgp nha tham \an
khdng dii nang lyc chuyen mdn, digu kien thdi gian hay siic khde. hp cd thg

khdng dap iing ygu ciu mudn dugc trg giiip ciia than chii nhu nhac nhd trong
Digu A.l 1 .b ciia ACA: "'Ngu nha tham vin nhan thiy minh khdng cd kha nang
ttg giup than chii, nha tham vin khdng dugc nhan than chii dd. Vdi kinh
nghiem lam viec cua minh, nha tham van can gidi thieu than chii de tim mpt
djch vu hd trg khae thay thg" Hanh ddng nay ciia nha tham van nhim bao ve
quygn Igi cho than chu, hudng dgn viec giiip than chii dugc hudng djch \u
tham van lot nhat cd the.
Sir ton trgng quyen lua chgn cdeh thuc gidi quyet van de eda than
ehd duge Carl Rogers Iy giai tir gdc dp than chu la ngudi ly chju trach nhi?m
vg vin dg ciia ban than, dii hp lim dgn mdt ai dd dg nhd giup dd, song sy lugng
gia va quygt djnh van thudc vg chinh hp (din theo Tran Thj Minh Diic, 2014),
Nha tham van can khuygn khich than chii lim ra nhiing mdi quan tam, nhu cau,
lgi ich ciia hp va tranh nhiing mdi quan he cd thg lam gia tang sy phu thupe cua
than chu vao nha tham van; trao quygn cho than chii cung tham gia phan lich
cac mat uu, nhugc digm cua mdi giai phap dg ra, tir dd than chii ty quygt djnh
lya chpn giai phap phu hgrp nhat dg giai quygt van dg ciia hp nhu ndi dung cua
Digu B. 1 trong Bp Quy digu dao diic ciia Hiep hdi Tham vin va trj lieu Canada:
"Nha tham van hgp tac vdi than chii dg phan lich, dua ra kg hoach tham van,
nhimg bao dam vc thanh cdng trong gidi han van de va kha nang ciia than chii"
(CCPA, 2007). Ndi each khae, vice nha tham vin khdng dua ra ldi khuygn cho
than chu vg lya chpn each giai quygt vin dg ma khuydn khich than chu ty lya
chpn sg giup thuc diy d than chii kha nang tu duomg diu vdi hoan canh, khdng
ehi la hoan canh khidn hp tim ddn djch vu tham vin tam ly ma kha nang nay
cdn dugc phat huy ttong nhimg didu kidn khae. Tren co sd ciing than chii phan
tich lam rd nhirng uu didm ciing nhu han ehd cua mdi giai phap, nha tham vin
giup than chu nhan ra tidm nang cua ban than dd ty tin vdi quydt dinh ciia
minh. Nhu ghi nhan cua Hidp hdi Tham vin Thuy Sy: "Muc dich eiia qua ttinh
tham van la mang lai sy ho trg sao cho than chii trong hoan canh roi nhieu co
thd ly huy dpng dugc nhimg tidm lyc de giai quyet vin dd ciia minh vdi tu
each la mpt ca nhan, mdt thanh vidn cua xa hgi" (SAC, 2000).

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TAP CHf TAM l y HOC Sd 12 (213), 12-2016


Mdt didm cin dugc tach biel d day la sy khae nhau giua vide cung cap
thdng tin va dua ldi khuydn cho than chu. Ndu \idc dua ldi khuyen khdng dugc
iing hd ttong qua trinh tham \ an thi \ iec cung cip thdng lin la didu ma cac nha
tham van cin lam, vi theo Neukrug, dd la '"mot dap irng cung cap cho than ^ H
thdng tin khach quan cd gia trj ma than chii khdng bidt vd nd, thdng tin nay ^
lao didu kidn thuan Igi cho sy hidu bidt va sy Idn Idn ciia than chii" (dan theo
Tran Thj Minh Diic, 2014). Tuy nhidn, ttong mdi vai trudng hgp ngoai Id thi
vide cac nha tham van dua ra ldi khuydn la didu cin thidt. Dd la khi than chu
khdng cd kha nang xem xet van dd ciia minh do cd rdi loan lam Iy hay than chii
la trd em thi tiiy thudc vao miic dp va linh chit vin dd ciia than chu ma cac nha
tham van cd thd dua ldi khuydn iryc tiep hoac cd thd thao luan vdi nhiing
ngudi bao hd cua than chii vd nhiing ldi khuydn trude khi dua ra cho hp. Hoac
nha tham van cd thd can thidp vao cac quydt djnh cua than chii khi cac quydt
djnh ay gay hai cho chinh ban than than chu hoac nhiing ngudi xung quanh.
Didu nay da dugc dd cap ddn d Didu 5, muc Trach nhidm vdi than chii cua Bd
Quy didu dao dure AIOSP: "Trong trudng hap than chii cd bidu hidn chdng ddi
xa hdi. nha tham van can sii dung cac gia trj nghd nghidp dd gidi ban lai cho
an chu vd nguygn lac xa hdi" (AIOSP, 1995).
Trong bai bao nay, hai khia canh vg tdn ttpng quygn tu quygt ciia than
chu ma chiing tdi vira trinh bay d ttgn dugc cu thg hda qua 5 loai hinh boat i ^ |
cua nha tham van: 1/ Gidi thieu thdng tin vg ban than lign quan dgn cdng vice
ttg giiip, 2/ Thdng lin chung vg boat ddng trg giup trude khi tign hanh trg giiip,
3/ Thuc day than chii ty do lya chpn sy trg giiip, 4/ Khdng dua ldi khuygn va lya
chpn giai phap cho than chii va 5/ Thao luan giai phap cung than chu.

t

2. Phirong phap nghien ciru
Nghign cim bang bang hdi dugc tign hanh d 30 nha tham van vaj
van sau 6 nha tham van. Gin mdt nira sd khach thg (12 ngudi) chuygn lam viec
vdi trg em, sd cdn lai chuygn lam vice vdi thanh thigu nign va ngudi trudng
thanh. Hinh thirc tham van chu ygu la tham van ca nhan va lam trye tigp hoac
qua dien thoai. Nhirng van dg cac khach thg ihudng lam la tham van hpc dudng
va nhiing cang lhang ttong cude sdng.
Thang do 31 menh dg dugc xay dyng nham xac djnh miie do thyc hien
cac boat ddng thg hien sy ldn trpng quygn ty quygt ciia than chu ttong thyc
hanh ttg giiip lam ly. Dp lin cay cua thang do dat chi sd a = 0,88. Digm cac
phuong an tra ldi cho timg menh dg la: 1 digm - khdng bao gid thyc hien; 2
digm - thinh thoang; 3 digm - thudng xuygn; 4 digm - lign luc. Nhiing menh dg
ngugc chigu da dugc ddi digm trong qua ttinh nhap sd lieu. Digm trung binh
cua menh dg cang cao cho thay mirc dp tdn trpng quygn ly quygt ciia than chii

TAP CHf TAM ly HOC, Sd 12 (213). 12 - 2016

65


cang Idn va ngugc lai. Thang do cd didm trung binh chung la 2.45 \a dp lech
chuin la 0,36. Viec xgp cac mde dp thg hien sy tdn trpng quygn ty qu>ct ciia
than chu dugc phan djnh nhu sau:
- DTB < 2.09: sy tdn trgng d miic thip.
- 2.09 < DTB < 2.81: sy tdn trgng d mirc trung binh.
- 2,81 < DTB < 4: sy tdn ttgng d miic cao.
3. Ket qua nghien ciru

Phin nay trinh bay cae kgt qua khao sat thyc lien vd tdn trpng qu>dn ty
quydt cua than chu trong hoat ddng tham van thd hidn qua \ iec nha tham \an
thyc hidn 5 loai hinh boat dpng ma chiing tdi ndu d ttgn.
3.1. Gidi thieu nhiimg thong tin vi bdn than nhd tham van lien quan
din cong viie trg gidp
Trgn CO sd nhiing thdng tin \'g ban than lign quan dgn boat ddng trg giup
ma nha tham vin cung cap, than chii cd thg can nhie dg dua ra quyet djnh tham
gia hay khdng tham gia vao hoat ddng trg giiip, lya chpn nha tham van ma hp
mong mudn.
Bdng I: Mirc dp giai thieu thdng tin ve bdn than nhd tham vdn
lien qugn den cdng viec Ira giiip
Cac thong tin dmrc gioi thieu cho than chii

Xep miirc

DTB

DLC

Nhihig ITnh virc co the trtjr giiip cho than chij

2.77

0,77

TB

Tuoi dai cija ban than

1,97

0,85

Thap

BSng cap gSn vtji cong viec trgr giiJp lam ly

2,00

0,83

Thap

Bing cap cao nhal ciia ban than du bjng cap ay khong gjn
vai cong viec trijr giup tam ly

1,13

0,35

Thap

Tham nien cong tac ciia ban than Irong ITnh virc trgf giiip
lam Iv

2,03

0,85

Thap

Trong 5 thdng lin vg ban than ma nha tham vin gidi thi?u cho than chii,
ehi cd duy nhat thdng tin \ c nhiing bing cip ma khdng gin vdi cdng vi?c trg
giiip tam ly la khdng cin thigt. Do dd, viec cac nha tham vin khdng cd xu
hudng gidi thieu vg bing cip nay la hgp Iy (DTB =1,13 tuong img vdi mire dp
thyc hien la thip). Tuy nhign, nhirng thdng tin lign quan dgn bing cip gin vdi
cdng vide trg giiip tam ly va tham nign cdng tac trong ITnh vyc trg giiip tam ly

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TAPCHlTAMiyHOCSd 12 (213), 12-2016


cung khdng dugc cac nha tham \ an chu ttpng gidi thieu cho than chii. Miic dp
gidi thieu cac thdng lin na\ ciing chi dat miic thip. Ly giai vg digu na%, cac nha
tham van ihudng cho rang, ban than than chii khdng quan tam ngn hp khdng
gidi thieu vg ca nhan minh: "Thdn chit cOng khong qud quan tdm den nhimg
thdng tin do" (Bign ban phdng van sau sd 3) hay: "Khi thdn chu tim den minh.
hp ludn cd xu hudng ndi thdng vdo vdn de cua bdn thdn. Hp chi qugn tdm den
viec hp cd dang duac ldng nghe hay khdng. Cdn nhung thdng tin nhu tudi ddi,
kinh nghiem hay bang cap cua nhd tham vdn ddi vdi hp khdng quan trpng"
(Bidn ban phdng van sau sd 1). Nhu vay, lir thyc id cdng vide ttg giiip, cac nha
tham van cho ring, vide cung cap cac thdng tin vd ban than lidn quan ddn cdng
vide trg giiip la didu khdng can thidt. Du\ chi cd thdng tin lidn quan ddn nhiing
ITnh vyc ma nha tham van cd thd ttg giup cho than chu dugc thyc hidn d miic
trung binh vi: "Viec gidi thieu vdi thdn chu ve tinh vuc minh cd the tra giup
duge nhdm dem lgi cho thdn chit su tin tuong ddi vdi ngirdi trg gidp'" (Bidn
ban phdng van sau sd 3).
Tim hidu thdng tin trdn cac website cua mdt sd trung tam tu van tam ly
tai Ha Ndi, chung ldi nhan thay cd rat it trung tam danh ridng muc gidi thidu vd

ckc chuydn gia lu van cua hp vdi day du cac thdng tin lir tudi ddi, ITnh vuc ttg
giiip, kinh nghidm lam vide. Trung lam lu van Linh Tam va Cdng ty ed phan
Tham van. Nghidn cim va Tam ly hpc cude sdng Share la hai ttong sd nhirng
trung tam, theo tim hidu ciia chung tdi, cd gidi thieu mdt each ti mi, day dii vg
dpi ngii nha tham van, thyc hanh tai eo sd. Cdn lai phan Idn cac trung tam chi
gidi thieu mdt each chung chung ma khdng cd hudng dan cu thg vg cac chuygn
gia tham van ciia minh. Digu nay cd thg gay khd khan cho than chii ttong viec
lya chpn nha tham van theo mong mudn ciia ban than.
Nhin chung, cac kgt qua khao sat cho thay, cac nha tham van cdn dang
xem nhe viec gidi thieu thdng tin vg ban than, dac biet la nhiing thdng tin lign
quan dgn boat ddng trg giiip.
3.2. Thong tin chung vi hogt dgng trg gidp tru&c khi tiin hdnh gidp dd
Nhirng thdng tin chung vg boat ddng ttg giup nhu muc tigu ttg giup, chi
phi. lieu trinh, ttach nhiem mdi bdn \.v... nham giiip than chii sang Id ban chat
cua boat ddng ttg giiip va cd thd ty can nhac vd vide tham gia hay khdng tham
gia vao mdi quan hg ttg giup dd. Kgt qua digu tra cho thay, cac boat ddng
"Thdng bao vg each thiic lign hanh trg giiip" (DTB = 3,06), "Thda thuan each
thiic lign hanh trg giiip" (DTB = 3,2), "Thda thuan %g cam kgt ttach nhiem eua
cac bgn khi tham gia vao mdi quan he ttg giup" (DTB = 3,13), "Thda thuan vdi
than chu vg muc tigu dat dugc sau moi budi lam viec" (DTB = 3,06) va "Thdng
bao \ c kdt qua dy kien dat dugc sau qua trinh ttg giiip" (DTB =^ 2,90) ddu dugc

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67


cac nha tham \ in thyc hidn ihudng xuydn ttong boat ddng ttg giiip ciia minh.
Nhiing \iec lam nay la hoan loan can thidt ddi vdi mdi cupc tham van. ngay ca
khi than chu da timg cd kinh nghidm lam tham vin tir trude Ihi \ ice cung cap

nhime thdng lin co ban la didu can thidt. Nhu chia sd ciia mdt nha tham van:
•Ddy^ld nhimg thdng tin ca bdn nhdl cd the giup thdn chii mir&ng tiromg ra hog
dpng ciing nhu cdeh thirc md tdi se tiin hdnh tro giup cho hp" (Bidn ban phdng
van sau sd 3).
Bdn canh nhiing thdng tin vd kdt qua. muc tidu, each Ihiic ttg giup da
dugc cac nha thyc hanh chia sd vdi than chu trude khi bit diu qua trinh trg
giup, cdn mdt sd thdng lin dugc cac nha tham van thyc hidn nhung d miic dp
khdng Ihudng xuvcn, Cac boat ddng nhu: "Quydt dinh so budi lam vide trdn co
sd vin dd cua than chu" (DTB = 2,80) \ a "Thdng bao vg chi phi ciia moi budi
trg giiip" (DTB = 2.70) dgu dugc cac nha tham van thyc hien nhung d mirc dp
khdng thudng xuyen, Mac du \ay. cac nha tham van thg hien y thirc coi trpng
\ ice dua nhimg thdng lin nav dgn than chii vi: "Viec cimg thdn chit dug rg thda
thudn ve sd budi Idm viec cSng nhu kinh phi cho mdi budi the hien mot phdn
linh lu quyet ciig thdn chu trong ke hogeh giiip do vd phdn ndo tgo ra cho thdn
chu su thodi mdi. khdng gd bd, guomg ep trong qud Irinh tra giup cho hp" (Bign
ban phdng van sau sd 3). d mdt sd trung tam khae, nhiing thdng lin vira ndu
dugc hidn thj ngay trdn hgp ddng tham van vdi than chii: '"Trong budi gap ddu,
sau khi cd ddnh gid ddu tien, tdi se thdng bdo lai than chii Idt cd cdc thdng tin
ve muc lieu, cdeh thirc, phuong phdp. Id trinh, muc tieu eu the eiia lirng budi
cung nhu chi phi Idm viec vdi thdn chit. Tdt cd cdc thong tin ndy deu hien thi
tren hpp ddng Idm viie vdi than chu" (Bidn ban phdng van sau sd 6).
Nhu vay. cd thd thay cac nha tham van da tdn trpng quydn ly quydt ciia
than chu thdng qua vide thyc hidn cac boat ddng thdng bao cho than chii bidt
\ e nhirng thdng tin lien quan ddn qua trinh trg giup.
3.3. Thue day than ehd lu do lira chgn su trg giup
Bidu dd 1 ghi nhan vide thyc hidn cac boat dpng nhim thuc diy sy ty do
ciia than chii trong vide lya ehpn sy trg giup.
Trong 3 bidu hidn vc sy thiic diy sy ly do ciia than chu trong vide lya
chpn djch vu trg giiip. vide "Ddng y giup dd than chu dii vin de khdng thupe
chuven mdn chi vi than chii ydu ciu" la vide trai vdi Quy didu dao diic. Cae Bp

Quv didu ddu nhie nhd cac nha tham vin tam Iy chi lam \ iec trong ITnh vyc
phii hgp V di chuydn mdn. da qua dao lao va dugc giam sat dd thyc hi?n cdng
V ice dd. Do vay, vide cae nha tham vin khdng cd xu hudng nhan ldi giiip dd
than chu khi chuyen mdn eua hg khdng dap img (DTB =1,43) la didu hoan loan
dung dan va giup bao ve quydn Igi eua than chu. Trudng hgp nha tham vin

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TAP CHf TAMiy HQCSd 12(213), 12-2016


khdng dii didu kidn giiip dd than chii thi hg hudng tdi vide "'Giiip than chu tim
kidm nha tham vin phii hgp vdi vdu cau cua hp" (DTB = 2,80). Vice lim kidm
nha tham van thay thd phu hgp vdi quv chudn dao dire nghe ddi hdi nha tham
van phai cd mang ludi cac ddng nghidp ma hp tin tudng cd thd giiip dd dugc cho
than chu. Chia sd vd didu nay, mdt nha tham vin cho bidt: ".\eu em ban hogc
nhdn thdy minh khdng gitip dugc vdn de aia thdn chu thi em nhd ddng nghiep
giup. Trong thdnh phd ndy, cd khoang 6 den 7 ngirdi la em tin tudng vdo ndng
lire Idm thgm vdn tri lieu eua ho de minh chuyen thdn chu" (Bidn ban phdng van
sau sd 5). Cudi cung, "Chi lam vide vdi than chu ty nguydn tham gia qua ttinh
ttg giiip" (DTB = 2,97) dugc cac nha tham vin thudng xuv en thue hidn.

Chi 1 ^ viec vdi than chu tu nguyen tham gia qui
trinh trg giup

1

2.97

Giup than chu tim kiim nhd tham vin phij hgp vdi

y£u cau cua hp

2.80

»
Ddng y giup dd than chu dii van dl khdng thupe
chuyen mdn vi than chu yeu chx

1.43

2.!!

3.S

Biiu do 1: Muc dp thue Men cdc hogt ddng thuc ddy quyen tu do
lug ehpn su trg giup cua thdn chu
3.4. Khong dua ldi khuyin vd lira chgn gidi phdp cho than chu
Trong mdi quan he ttg giiip, nha tham van la ngudi hd ttg cho than chu dd
hp ed thd huy dpng dugc tidm lyc cua ban than v a hudng ddn vide ty giai quydt
dugc van dd ciia minh. Trdn thyc td, khdng it than chu khi di tham van, trj lieu
ludn mong ehd vao vide dugc nha tham van cung cap ldi khuydn va giiip hp lim
giai phap nao tdt nhat cd thd. Tuy nhidn, trach nhidm ciia nha tham van chi la ciing
than chu ban ve ckc giai phap, mat thuan Igi ciing nhu ban ehd ciia mdi giai phap
dd va ngudi cudi cimg lya chpn giai phap la than chii. O ca 4 loai boat ddng thd
hifn sy v i pham quygn ty quygt ciia than chu nhu "'Quydt djnh thay cho than chii
khi thav hp dang phan van chua bidt phai lam gi"' (DTB = 1,37). "'Dua ldi khuydn
giup than chu giai quydt vin At cua hp" (DTB = 1,80), "'Dua ldi khuydn khi than
chu tha thigt xin ldi khuygn cho vin dg ciia hp" (DTB = 1,70) va "Khuygn than

TAP CHf TAMiy HOC, 5612(213), 12-2016

69


chu lya ehpn giai phap ma nha tham vin cho la tdi uu nhat" (DTB = l,70^vci
qua digu tta cho thay. cac nha tham vin ttong nghien cihi khdng cd x u ^ H I
quygt djnh thay hay khuygn than chii ngn lam gi. Ndi each khae. nha t h a r n P ^
da thg hien sy tdn trpng d mure cao ddi v di v iec lya ehpn giai phap cua than chii
vi: "Viec quyit dinh thay se kim ham su chu dpng cua thdn chu n-ong viec gidi
quyit cho chinh nhirng khd khdn md hp dgng gap phdr'{B\en ban phdng van sau
sd 3) va: "Niu nhu minh cho ldi khuyen cd nghia Id minh da dp dgt nhirng quan
diim ed nhdn len thdn chu. Hode ddi khi nhimg ldi khuyen cua minh se Idm cho
hp cd thi khdng phdt huy dugc hit tinh tu chu cSng nhu liem ndng ciia hp. Nhu
vdy Ihi muc tieu Idm tham vdn tri lieu ciia minh chua duac hieu qud cao nhdt Id
giiip cho hp tu khdm phd bdn thdn vd lu gidi quyet vdn de ciia minh" (Bign ban
phdng van sau sd 4).
3.5. Thao lugn gidi phdp cdng than chu
Ngu nhu viec khdng cho than chu ldi khuygn vg each thirc giai quyet
V an dg la hoan loan hgp ly thi nha tham van trong qua trinh trg giup can ciing
than chu thao luan v e cac giai phap, uu digm va han chg cua timg giai phap.
Digu nay khign than chu khi lya chpn giai phap nao, hg chic chin la da higu r6
vg giai phap dd va ciing hieu iv do cho sy lya chpn ciia hp.

Di than chii l\f quyit djnh giai phip nga\ ca khi nha
tham vin tin rflng l^a chpn cua than chu chua phai
li toi uu

2,40

Bin vi uu. nhu^c diem cua timg giai phip

3.30

Khuyin khich thin chu lu lira chpn giii phip

3.43

0

0.5

1

I.S

2

2.5

J

3,5

4

Biiu do 2: Muc dp thao lugn gidi phdp cimg thdn chu (DTB)
Viec "Khuvdn khich than chu ty lya chpn giai phap" (DTB - 3,43) va
"Ban ve uu, nhugc diem ciia timg giai phap' (DTB = 3.30) dugc cac nha tham

70

TAP CHf TAM l y HOC Sd 12 (213), 12 - 2016


van tdn ttgng va thuc hien d mirc cao (bigu dd 2). Dieu nay ciing phii hgp vdi
tieu ehuan dao diic lien quan dgn sy tdn ttpng quygn ty quygt cua than chU. Nhu
chia sg eiia mdt nha tham van: "Tdi thudng cimg hp phdn tich nhiing dieu thugn
lgi vd bdt lgi cug timg gidi phdp de ho lua chgn cho minh gidi phdp tdi iru
nhdt"{E'\cn bkn phdng van sau sd 3). Chi cd vice "Dg than chii quvgt djnh giai
phap ngay ca khi nha tham van lin rang lya chpn ciia than chii chua phai la tdi
uu" (DTB = 2.40) cd miic dp thyc hien d mirc ttung binh. Thyc tg. quygn quygt
djnh la cua than chu va ehi cd than chu mdi higu rd nhat v i sao hg dua ra lya
chpn cua minh. Ngay ca khi nha tham van tin ring lya chpn cua than chu chua
thyc sy tdt nhung digu nay hoan loan xuat phat tir nhan quan. nhiing gia trj va
nigm tin cua nha tham van. Bdi vi: "Vdn di cug mdi ngudi se ed nhimg cdeh gidi
quyet khde nhau ung vdi nhimg truong hgp khde nhgu Cd the cdeh gidi quyet
ciia tdi dua ra, vdi tdi, la phii hgp nhung ddi vdi than chu ed the lgi khdng phu
harp" (Bign ban phdng van sau sd 2). Do dd. nha tham vin cd xu hudng tdn trpng
lya chpn cua than chu.
Tuy nhign, ttong qua trinh ttg giup, vide dua ra ldi khuydn lai la can thidt
ttong mdt sd trudng hgp dac bidt khi than chii khdng cd kha nang xem xdt van
dd cua minh do cd rdi loan lam ly hay than chu la tre em. Trong nhirng trudng
hgp nay, nha tham van cd xu hudng ""Dua ra cac giai phap trdn co sd thao luan
vdi cha me hay ngudi giam hd eiia tre ttong trudng hgp than chii la ire em"
(DTB = 3.03). Ngoai ra, cae nha tham van cd xu hudng thyc hidn d muc dp
trung binh ddi vdi cac v ice "Dua giai phap cho than chu la ttd em va ngudi ed
rdi loan tam than" (DTB = 2,10) va "Can thigp vao nhiing quvet dinh cua than
chii khi quygt djnh dd gav ldn hai cho ban than hp va ngudi khae" (DTB = 2,67).
Nhin chung, cae kgt qua ttong phan nay cho thav. nha tham van da thg
hien sy ldn trpng trach nhiem thao luan giai phap cung than chii dg than chii cd

thg lya chpn giai phap phii hgp nhat cho minh d mirc cao v a linh boat theo timg
hoan canh cu the,
4. Ket iu^n
cac kgt qua trinh bay d trgn cho thay. trong 5 loai hinh boat ddng the
hifn sy ldn trpng quygn ty quygt cua than chii ma nghign cihi dg cap ldi, cac
nha tham van thg hien xu hudng ldn trpng d miic cao ddi vdi cac khia canh
thuc day than chii ty do lya chpn sy trg giup, khdng dua ldi khuygn va lya
chpn giai phap cho than chu va thao luan giai phap cung than chu. Ddi vdi khia
canh gidi thieu thdng tin chung ve boat ddng trg giup trude khi lidn hanh giup
dd thi ed nhiing bieu hidn nhu thda thuan vd each thirc tidn hanh trg giup. trach
nhidm ciia mdi bdn. muc tidu trg giiip, kdt qua dat dugc dugc cac nha tham van
thyc hidn thudng xu> en. thd hidn mirc do tdn trgng cao nhimg nhimg khia canh

TAP CHiTAM ly HOC, Sd 12 (213). 12-2016

71


lien quan ddn chi phi hay cdng cu trg giup lai it dugc nha tham van ban vdi
than chu. Cudi ciing. khia canh gidi thieu vg ban than lign quan dgn cdng vice
trg giup cdn dang hi xem nhe.
Do hien nay. chung la chua cd Bd Quy digu dao dire hanh nghe Tam Iv
hpc. cac kgt qua trgn phin nao cho thiy sy nd lyc cua cac nha thyc hanh tam ly
trong V iec trg giiip cho than chii v a dap img cac tigu chuan dao diic nghd bang
vide tham khao cac bd tidu chuin trdn the gidi. Tuy nhidn, thyc lg nay cung dat
ra sy cin thigt phai cd nhumg hudng din cu thg cho ckc nha thyc hanh nghg
tam Iv d Viet Nam, dg giiip hp higu rd va ton trpng nhiing v gu ciu dao dire
nghg, khdng chi trong viec tdn trpng quygn ty quygt cua than chii ma cdn la
nhimg khia canh khae nhau nhu van dg trinh dp chuygn mdn, mdi quan he v di
Id chirc/ddng nghiep. v .v... trong boat dpng nghd.

Tai lieu tham khao
1. Biii Thi Xuan Mai, Nguvcn Td Nhu. Gido Irinh Tham vdn trj lieu nghien. NXB Lao
dong xa hpi. Ha Noi. 2013,
2. Luu Hu\ Khanh dich, "Dgo ly hdnh nghe tdm ly" (Nhirng dieu khoan quy dinh Dao
ly hanh nghe cua cac nha tam l\ hpc Phap). Thong tin khoa hpc (1 2), Trung tam
Nghien cim Tarn Iv \a Tam benh ly tre cm, 2003.
3. Dang I loang Ngan luge dich, Oiiy dieu dgo due Vien thdn chii trpng tdm (IFEF).
4. Tran Thi Minh Dire. Gido Irinh Tham vdn tdm ly. NXB Dai hpc Qudc gia Ha Noi.
2014,
5. Amcricain Counseling Associaiion. Code of Ethics, http://\vww,counscling. org/docs/
dcfault-sourcc/librorv-archivcs/archivcd-codc-of-ethics/codeethicsOS.pdf? slVrsn=4. 2014.
Tmy cap ngay 4 5 '2016.
6. Code dconlologie dc LAIOSP, />Iang^l&menu=l&submenu=2, 1995, Truy cap ngay 10/5/2016.
7. Canadian Counselling and psychotherapy associaiion, />\Np-comeni/uploads/2014/10/Codcon;thics_cn.pdf, 2007. Truy cap ngay 10/5/2016
8. Swiss Association for Counselling (SGfB) (n.d.-a), php?
option=com frontpage<emid=l&lang=francais, Truy cap ngay 15/4/2016.

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TAP CHf TAMiy HOC Sdi 2 (213), 12-2016