Các mô thức của tính cá nhân tính cộng đồng ở việt nam

CAC MO THQC C U A TINH CA NHAN
TINH CONG DONG 6 VIET NAM-"
TS. L6 Van Hao

Trudng phdng Phdng Tdm ly hpc vdn hod, Vic-n Tdm ly hgc.

TOM TAT
Cdc nhd nghiin cdu diu nhd'l Iri rang, tlnh cdng ddng Id mdt dgc diem ndi trdi
ciia ngudi Viet, dii tinh cd nhdn ciing song song tdn tai. Kit qud nghien ciru d nhiiu
nen van hda khac dd phdt hiin ra 4 md Ihilclmdu hinh cd nhdn vd cdng ddng: cd nhdn
binh ddng vd thd bdc: cdng dong binh ddng vd thirbcic. Kit qua nghien cim trin mdl
mdu chon 739 ndng ddn (tudi trung binh Id 49) tir Hd Tdy, Thdi Binh, Hue. Long An,
Cdn Tha cho thd'y cdch thdc hdnh ddng, img xu theo chieu hudng cgng ddng thir bac
dugc ddnh gid cao nhd'l, hay duac sir dung nhd'l. cdn cd nhdn llut bdc dugc ddnh gid
thdp nhd't, it dirge sir dung nhdt. Tir viin cdnh qudc li'vd Viit Nam, bdi viet cimg bdn
lugn vi'xu hudng phdt trien cua tinh cd nhdn vd tinh cdng dong a Viet Nam trong bdi
cdnh xd hdi dang cd nhieu biin ddi.
Ttr khoa: Tinh cd nhdn, Tinh cgng ddng: Md thdc tinh cd nhdn: Md thiic linh
cdng dong: Cd nhdn binh ddng: Cd nhdn Ihu bdc: Cdng ddng binh ddng: Cpng ddng
thu bdc: Ndng ddn Viet Nam.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 311012012: Ngdy duyet ddng bdi: 2011012012.
1. Dat van de
Cac nha nghien cun nhu Dio Duy Anh, Tran Qud'c Vuong, Phan Huy
Le, Trin Dinh Hugu, Ha Van Tin, Phan Nggc, Hflu Ngoc, Nguydn Hdng
Phong, Dd Long, Trin Nggc Thdm vi nhidu ngudi khic - true Hep hay gian tidp
- ddu nhi't trf ring tfnh cdng ddng li mdt dac didm ndi trdi cia ngudi Viet Nam,
cua van hoa Viet Nam. Mat khac, mdt sd nghien cflu khae cua Young (1998,
tr. 147 - 155), Dd Long vi Phan Thi Mai Huang (2002), Le Vin Hao (2005)
cho thi'y, ngudi Vidt cung the hien ci tfnh vi mdt sd bidu hien khae cia tinh ci
nhin. Nhidu nghien cuii trong tim ly hpc vin hda vi xuydn vin hda (Triandis,
1995; Le Van Hao, 2005) da chihig minh ring, tfnh ca nhin va tfnh cdng ddng

eung cd thd ldn tai song song, tuong phin nhung khdng loai irtt nhau. Vd y nay.

TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012

13


Triandis so sanh tinh cdng ddng va linh ci nhin vdi hinh anh cia nude va bing.
Tinh cdng ddng gidng nhu nude, cdn tfnh ca nhan gid'ng nhu bing. Cic phin tut
nude ed thd chuydn hda thinh bing da, nhung bing di cung cd thd lan ra thinh
nude. Vi the ma tdn lai cac kidu loai tfnh edng ddng vi ci nhin khac nhau, phu
thupc vio su uu trdi cua cac phin t i li nude hay li da ehuydn hda thinh bing.
Quan didm nay dugc dinh gii li mang tfnh bidn ehiing va da duge ehung minh
bang kdl qua nghidn cihi ttt nhidu nude trdn thd gidi nhu An Dd, Trung Qudc,
Nhit Bin, Han Q u d c . (xem chi licI Ld Vin Hio, 2005).
Trong ly thuydl vd tinh ei nhan/cdng ddng cua minh, Triandis (1999) dd
xuat khii niem ci nhin/cdng ddng ndn dugc hidu theo mdt ciu true da chidu,
biii ngay ci nhan luin vi edng ddng luin cung cd cae kidu loai khac nhau
mang dac didm vin hda xa hdi cu thd. Vi du, tinh cdng ddng cia cic xa hdi nhu
Nhit Ban hay Han Qudc khac vdi tinh cdng ddng d Israel (kibbutz) hay ti'nh
cdng ddng o Xd Viet trudc diy (cic ndng trang tip thd). Tuang tu, tfnh ea nhin
cia ngudi My khic vdi linh ca nhin cia ngudi Thuy Didn vi mdt vii nude Bic
Au. Tfl thuc Id niy, Triandis (1995) dua ra 4 md thflc eua tfnh ea nhin/cdng
ddng: tfnh cdng ddng va ca nhin theo chieu ngang va chieu dgc. Vd dai thd, md
thflc flng xu theo chidu ngang (du li mang tinh cdng ddng hay ca nhin) la md
thflc trong dd coi "cii tdi" It nhidu ddu gid'ng ngudi khic, nha'n manh ddn su
binh ding. Cdn Irong md thflc ung x i theo chidu dgc thi coi "eai tdi" khic vdi
ngudi khae, nha'n manh den thfl bic, trat tu trdn dudi. Nhu vay, chung ta co 4
md thflc khac nhau: tfnh cdng ddng binh ding vi thfl bic, tinh ci nhin binh
ding va thfl bic. Qua thuc te kidm nghiem, cac nhi nghien cun vd tfnh ci

nhin/cdng ddng trdn the gidi ddu ed su nhi't tri cao vd quan didm niy va cho
ring vide nhin manh den mdi quan he xa hdi theo chidu ngang hay chidu dgc la
mdt dac diem quan trpng nhat cua linh ca nhin/cdng ddng.
Cu thd hon, tinh cd nhdn binh ddng (CNBD) the hien qua vide con ngudi
mud'n ddc lap vi ed ban sic rieng, theo dang "Tdi mud'n lim cic cdng vide cia
rieng minh, theo cich cua rieng minh". Tfle li rit dde lip, "tfl tn" nhung khdng
dac biet quan tam de'n viec phai cd vj thd cao han ngucri khac, ft canh tranh htJn.
Trong khi dd, ngudi cd tinh cd nhdn thd bdc (CNTB) lai quan tim den viec
minh phii thit khac biet vdi ngudi khac, phai ed vj thd cao' thdng qua canh
tranh vdi mpi ngudi, cd xu hudng mud'n "tdi li sd 1". Trong md thflc theo tinh
cgng ddng binh ddng (CDBD), moi ngudi ddu coi minh la gid'ng nhu nhau (mdi
ngudi mdt phidu) va nhin manh den mue dich chung, de'n su phu thude liu
nhau, nhung hp khdng dd ding luin theo ap dit cua quydn luc. Vdi tinh cgng
ddng thii bdc (CDTB), ngudi ta nha'n manh ddn tfnh loan ven eua nhdm ndi, sin
sing hy sinh muc dfch ea nhin cho mue dfch cia nhdm ndi, ing hd viec canh
tranh cua nhdm minh (nhdm ndi) vdi nhdm ngoai. Vi Igi ieh hay vi thd didn cia
nhdm ndi, ca nhin theo md thiic nay dd dang tuin theo y chi cua quydn luc cho

14

TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


dii hp khdng thfch. Cic nghien cflu trdn thd gidi sau niy chflng minh ring quan
didm ciia Triandis phi hgp vdi thuc td bidu hidn cua tinh ca nhin/cdng ddng d
nhidu nude khae nhau.
Kdt qua nghien cuu tfnh ca nhin/cdng ddng 6 nhidu nude da cho thi'y
mpt sd didm khic biet ly thu theo khia canh thfl bic va binh ding. Cin cfl vao ti
le lua chgn cua 4 each ung x i tren diy, cae nhi lim ly hpc cd thd lip mpt "hd
so van hda" cho tflng nude. Vi du nhu "hd sa van hda" cia Australia (qudc gia

mang xu hudng ci nhin d mflc cao) nhu sau:
CNBD > CDBD > CNTB > CDTB (ca nhin binh ding hay dugc s i dung
nhi't, cdn cdng ddng thfl bic it dugc su dung nhit). Trong khi dd "hd so van
hda" cua Hdng Kdng (nai dugc cho la mang xu hudng cdng ddng d mflc vfla
phai) li CDBD > CNBD > CNTB > CDTB (khac vdi Australia, d Hdng Kdng,
edng ddng binh ding hay dugc s i dung nhit, edn edng ddng thfl bac it duoc sfl
dung nhi't).
Ciu hdi dit ra "hd so van hda" niy d Vidl Nam ra sao, dac biet trong bdi
cinh hien dai hoa, trong dd cd thay ddi dinh hudng gia In d Viet Nam lfl coi
trpng cdng ddng sang coi trgng ci nhin (Thii Duy Tuydn, 1994; Nguydn
Quang trin, Nguydn Thac va Mac Van Trang 1995; Le Thi, 1-997; Dd Nggc
Ha, 2001; Pham Minh Hac, 2002; Doan Dflc Hidu, 2003) ti'nh ci nhin/cdng
ddng d ngudi Viet thd hien theo cac md thflc nio theo chidu canh binh ding vi
thfl bic vfla trinh biy trdn diy? Md thflt nio chie'm im the?
2. Phuong phap nghien ciru
Phuceng phdp
Chung toi s i dung thang do gdm 24 item dugc rflt ra va chinh sfla ttt
nghidn cflu cia hai tic gia Triandis vi Gelfand (1998). Thang niy gdm 4 tidu
thang, mdi tidu thang cd 6 item do ludng 2 chidu canh cia tfnh ca nhin va cdng
ddng, cu thd li ca nhin binh dang, ci nhin thfl bic vi cdng ddng binh dang,
cdng ddng thfl bic. Thang nay da dugc djch ra tidng Viet, didu chinh va su
dung trong mdt nghidn cflu trudc diy (Le Van Hao, 2005). Trong nghien cflu
nay.Cronbach's a CNBD = 0,66; CDBD = 0,72; CNTB =0,68; CDTB = 0,71.
Chgn tndu
Miu nghidn cun 739 ndng din (ludi trung binh la 49), ti le nam ntt gan
bang nhau (nam 49,7%, ntt 50,3%), dang sinh sd'ng d cic vung da vi dang dd
thi hda d Ha Tiy (chiem 16% trong miu ehpn), Thii Binh (18,6%), Hud
(27,4%), Long An (19,9%), Can Tha (18,2%). Trong loin miu, ti Id lam ndng
nghiep chidm 76,0%, nghd phu 10,0%, budn bin vit 6,3%, kinh doanh 2,4%,
lam thud 8,8%, djch vu 0,7%, can bd nha nude 8,6% vi nghd khac chidm

11,0%.

TAP CHI TAMiynCiG, S d l l (164), 11-2012

15


3. Ke't qua va ban lu$n
Kdt qua nghidn ciiu thuc td dugc trinh biy chi tidt trong bang 1 dudi diy.
Bdng 1: Tinh cd nhdn, tinh cdng ddng theo 4 md thuc (N = 710)

Noi chung, TOI...
ca nhan binh dang (A)

Didm trung binh ciia 6 item

Didm
trung
binh

Cd lech
chuin

1,88

0,60

i. Lam "viec rieng cia minh". it ii
1,35

1,12

2. Phin 16n dua vfio ban than minh v& fl dua v^o ngudi kh^c

2,17

1,00

3. Lfng xii (suy nghi, n6i nang, hinh ddng) mOt each th^ng than khi
trao d6i, thao luan v6i ngu6i khac

2.54

0,74

4. Dura vao chinh minh han la vao ngu5i khde

2.49

0,80

5. Tin rang nhimg gi xay ra vdi ngudi khde la viec ciia ho. khSng phai
viec CLia 161

1,29

1.08

6. Hanh dOng nhu the' nao khOng phu thude vao viec ngu6i khac nghi

gi, noi gl

1.37

1,08

C6ng d6ng binh dang (B)

Didm trung binh ciia 6 item

2,28

0.56

I. Giup ho hang (theo kha nang ciia minh) n^u hp hang gap khd khan
ve tien bac

2.46

0,74

2 Duy iri su hai hoa irong cac nhom ma minh la thanh vien

2,30

0.91

3. Ludn lam gi dd de duy tri siJc khoe cua ban be/d6ng nghifip/hang
xdm (nhu cham sdc hoac hd trd ho vl mat tinh cam)

2,42

0.79

4. Hay trao ddi va tham khao y kie'n cua ban than trudc khi dua ra mOt
quyei dinh

2,34

0,85

5. Chia se nhung thii nho nhd (dung cu, bat dOa, td bSo...) vdi hang
xdm

2,15

0.95

6. Hop tac vdi ngudi idiac, danh thdi gian lim gi dd cDng vdi ngudi
khac

1.97

0,95

a nhan thil bac (C)

Di^m uung binh ciia 6 item

1,65

0,65

1. Cd gang pha'n da'u dd lam Id'l hdn ngudi khac

2,39

0,80

2. Th£[y khd chiu khi ngudi khde lam Idt hon minh

0,85

1,09

3. Cd' gang lam viec trong cac tinh hudng cd sir canh tranh vdi ngudi
khac

1.63

4. Cho rang canh tranh la qui luat tu nhien

2,03

16

1,09
1,07

TAP CHITAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012

5. Cam tha'y cang thdng va bi khua'y ddng khi ngudi khac 1km tdt hdn
minh

0,92

1,02

6. Cho rang ne'u khdng cd canh tranh thi se khdng th^ cd mdt xa hdi
tdt dep

2,00

1,10

Cdng ddng thU bac (D)

0,56

Didm trung binh ciia 6 item

2,29

1. Cd thd Iam viec gi dd dd gia dinh vui ldng, cho dti rai khdng thich
viec iam dd

1.94

2. Day con cdi minh phai dat bdn phan, trach nhiem cao hdn viec

hudng thu cua ban than

2.59

0,76

3. TU bo hoat ddng m i minh rit thich thd (nhu xem li vi, dil bdng...)
ne'u nhu gia dinh khdng ddng y

1,70

1,10

4. Tuan theo quyei dinh ciia tap th^

2.53

0.75

5. Hy sinh quyen loi ca nhan vi quyln loi cua tap thd

2,40

0,80

6. Cham sdc gia dinh ngay ca khi phai hy sinh nhiJng dilu minh mud'n

2.58

0,70

1,00

Ghi elm- Pligm vi diem: 0 - khdng diiiiglmi vol' tdi: 1 - diing mdt phdn nhe?: 2 - dimg phdn ldn
va 3 - dling.

Ke't qud chung
+ Trudc he't, each thflc hanh dpng, flng x i theo chidu hudng cgng dong
thit bdc (diem trung binh (DTB) = 2,29) dugc ddnh gid cao nhd't, hay dugc sii
dung nhd't, con cd nhdn thti bdc (DTB = 1,65) dugc ddnh gid thdp nhdt, it dugc
sudung nhd't. "Hd so van hda" vd tfnh ca nhin, tfnh edng ddng cua cu dan ndng
thdn Viet Nam nhu sau: CDTB > CDBD > CNBD > CNTB (xem chi tidt bing 1).
Hai tidu thang do ludng xu hudng cdng ddng cd didm trung binh cao
han 2 tidu thang do ludng xu hudng ci nhin. Didu niy cd thd hidu la ca tinh
cdng ddng vi tfnh ci nhin cung tdn tai song song, nhung xu hudng cdng ddng
dugc thd hien uu trdi han. Didm trung binh cia 2 tidu thang do tinh cdng ddng
gin nhu nhau (2,28 vi 2,29) ggi y ring, ca chidu eanh cdng ddng thfl bic va
edng ddng binh dang ddu dugc ua chudng d mflc do tuong tu trong flng x i lidn
ei nhan vi gifla ci nhin vdi cdng ddng. Ndu chia didm sd ttt 0 ddn 3 theo 3
mflc dd: tfl 0 ddn 1 li miic thip; 1,1 ddn 2 la mflc trung binh vi 2,1 ddn 3 la
mflc cao thi thiy didm Irung binh cia hai lieu thang do ludng ti'nh cdng ddng
(2,28 vi 2,29) nim trong pham vi cao nhung d gin nguong dudi cia mflc niy.
Cdn didm sd trung binh cua hai lidu thang do ludng linh ci nhin (1,65 ya 1,88)
roi vao mflc dd trung binh d gan nguong tren. Diem trung binh cua 2 lieu thang
ca nhin co khic nhau: ci nhin thfl bic thip hon so vdi ca nhin binh dang v6i
khoang each kha ro (1,65 so vdi 1,88). Kdt qua niy ggi y rang, gidng nhu tit ca

TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012

17

eac din toe khic, ngfldi Vidt Nam cung cd tinh ca nhin nhung tinh ea nhan
binh ding dugc ua chudng han tfnh ci nhin thfl bic. Ndi each khac, xdt vd mit
van hda ung x i trong cae hinh vi xa hdi, ngudi Vidt mud'n cd ddc lip, ban sic,
mud'n tu lip, tu cudng (cd le xuit phat ttt truydn thdng tu cip, tu tuc) nhung it
eanh tranh hon. khdng die bidt quan tim dd'n vide phii li sd mdl, phii thil khic
biet vdi ngudi khic. Nhttng hinh vi canh tranh thd hien "loi la sd 1" dd hi qui
gin li "tdt ldi", "chai trdi" dd bj ghen ghet hay dd ky). Die didm nay vin tidp
lue tic ddng dcii hinh vi cua ngudi Vidt, it nhi't la nhflng ndng din sdng 6 vung
ven dd dang dd thi hda hicn nay trong mSu chgn cua nghidn cflu niy.
-t-+ Trong so 24 item cd 4 item dgt diem trung hinh cao nhdt vdi DTB > 2,50
tren thang 3 didm. Trong sd dd cd 3 ilem thude linh cdng ddng, 1 item Ihudc
tinh ci nhin. Ba item thude nhdm ilem do ludng tinh cdng ddng li "Day con
cai minh phai dat bdn phin, trach nhidm eao hon vide hudng thu cua ban than"
(DTB = 2.59); "Cham sde gia dinh ngay ca khi phii hy sinh nhflng didu minh
mudn" (DTB = 2,58) vi "Tuin theo quydt djnh cua tap the" (DTB = 2,53). Ca 3
item ddu xoay quanh mdl didm chung la vi ngudi khde, ddt sii hdi hda trong
nhdm vd led ich ciia ngtriri khde cao hon ciia minh. Til nhidn, ngudi khic trong
trudng hgp nay chi ydu li thinh vien gia dinh, tfle li nhdm ndi. Du sao thi diy
cung li mdt die diem lim ly ri't tfch cue dugc hinh thanh va hun due liu dai
trong Ijch si. Chung tidp luc ddng vai trd tich cue trong vide gan kdl gia dinh,
ddng hp vi rdng han li cdng ddng.
Cung vdi ilem do ludng tinh ci nhin via ndu ("ung x i - suy nghT, ndi
nang, hinh ddng mdl each thing thin khi trao ddi, thao luin vdi ngudi khic"
vdi DTB = 2,54), ba item khac cung thupc tidu thang do tinh ca nhin li "Dua
vao chi'nh minh hon la vio ngudi khic". DTB = 2,49; "Phin ldn dua vio ban
thin minh vi ft dua vio ngudi khae", DTB = 2,17 vi "Cd ging phi'n diu de lam
td't hon ngudi khic", DTB = 2,39 cung thude sd cac item cd didm trung binh
cao (DTB > 2). Diy la mdt di'u hieu thd hidn mdt xu hudng quan trgng trong

phit tridn con ngudi Viet Nam trong giai doan cdng nghidp hoa, hidn dai hoi
theo hudng tu luc, tu cudng, phat huy sfle manh cua mdi ca nhin va cia loan
cpng ddng. "Cd ging phan dau lim td't hon ngudi khac" cung phan inh su sin
sing eanh tranh nhu mot yeu td lit ye'u cia kinh td thj trudng da dugc tidp nhin
trong hon 20 nim qua, die bidt trong bdi cinh loan ciu hda, dd thj hda hidn
nay. Cd le diy li ndt mdi tidp nhin, mdi Ihay ddi trong nhflng nim ddi mdi vi
hdi nhip?
Kdl qui nhu phin tfch vua ndu giup hinh dung cu the han theo hudng
khing dinh xu hudng ci nhin/cdng ddng cung tdn lai, nhung tfnh cdng ddng
(theo ea hai ehidu li thfl bic va binh ding) dugc the hien trdi hem.
+-H- Hai item cd diem trung binh thip nhi't (va cung 6 trong ngudng
thip < 1) trong tdng sd 24 item li "Tdi thi'y.khd chju khi ngfldi khae lim tdt
18

TAP CHI TAMiy HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012


han minh" (DTB = 0,85), "Tdi cam thi'y cang thing vi bi khui'y ddng khi
ngudi khie lam td't hon minh" (DTB = 0,92). Diy la cam giic "chip nhin" su
khac biet trong cude sd'ng vd'n ngiy cing mang tfnh canh tranh vi phin hda
hon. Diem sd cing thi'p (gid'ng nhu thuc te via ndu), thi cang cd xu hudng
khdng chip nhin duong diu vdi canh tranh. Ndi each khic ngudi khae ed lim
tdt han thi tdi vin khdng cim thi'y "khd chju" hay "cang thing", bdi tdi khdng
mang tinh chi't canh tranh, ganh dua. Kd tidp, 3 item "Tdi tin ring nhttng viec
xiy ra vdi^mpi ngudi la viec cia hg" (DTB = 1,29); "Lam "vide ridng cia
minh", ft dd y ddn viee cia mpi ngudi" (DTB = 1,35); "Hinh ddng nhu thd nio
khdng phu Ihudc vao viec ngudi khic nghT gi, ndi gi" (DTB = 1,37) cung dat
didm d mflc trung binh gin vdi ngudng dudi (< 1,50/thang 3 didm). Tuang ttr
nhu 2 item vfla ndu trdn, ehung ddu thude sd cac item do ludng tfnh ca nhin,
vdi didm cang cao tinh ca nhan cang cao va ngugc lai. Mflc diem & mflc trung

binh gin vdi ngudng dudi cflng cd nghTa la ngudi tham gia nghidn cflu nghieng
ve phia phdn ddi nhieu hon Id ddng y. Kdl qua nay phin anh tinh cdng ddng
trdi hem tinh cd nhdn vd "sd'ng chi bie't minh" khdng dugc coi trgng.
Kdl qua trinh bay d bang 1 cho bidt xu hudng chung cua ti'nh ca nhan va
cdng ddng. Cau hdi bay gid li sd lugng vi li le khach thd phan bd theo tflng
mflc dd (tha'p, trung binh, cao) thd nao? Dd tra ldi ciu hdi nay, chung ldi linh
didm trung binh cia tflng trudng hgp theo 2 lieu thang do ludng linh cdng ddng
(li die diem ndi trdi 6 ngudi Viet) va chia didm sd ttt 0 ddn 3 eung theo 3 mflc
dd nhu da trlnh bay d trdn. Kdt qua 6 bang 2 cho thiy mdt bflc tranh rd ban.
Bdng 2: Ty le khdch the chia theo 3 miic do thdp, trung binh, cao
Mure dp

Diem trung binh
cpng dong binh dang (B)

Diem trung binh
cdng ddng thir bac (D)

Sd ngudi

Ti le %

So' ngudi

Tha'p (DTB ttt 0 - 1 )

21

2,8

24

3,2

Trung binh (DTB ttt 1,1-2)

227

30,7

198

26,8
66,2

Ti le %

Cio (DTB ttt 2,1 de'n 3)

470

63,6

489

Khdng cd thdng tin

21

2,8

28

3.8

Tdng

739

100

739

100

Xdt ridng cac nhdm theo chidu canh cdng ddng binh ding thi thi'y cfl
100 ngudi trong miu nghien cflu thi cd tdi gin 64 ngudi thd hien tfnh cdng
ddng b mflc dp cao, 31 ngudi d mflc trung binh vi gin 3 ngudi d mflc thi'p. Ndu
xem xdt theo chidu canh cdng ddng thfl bic, chung ta cung cd mdt kdt qua gan

TAP CHI TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012

19


tuang tu (3 con sd tuang flng d 3 mflc eao, trung binh, thip li 66,27 vi 3). Thd
hien qua hinh anh la se thi'y nhu trong bidu dd I.
70 j60
50
40 -

-

30 20
10

()
Bieu dS I: Cgng dSng ihi'fhdc vd Cdng (lan,ii binh ddng
chia theo 3 muc do (thap, trung hinh, cao)
Mot so khac biet
Khac biet theo gidi linh
So sanh theo gi6i ti'nh thi tha'y chi co ti^u thang ca nhan thu: bac (ph^ C
trong bang 1 tr6n day) ia co su khac biSt m6t each co y nghia v6 mat thC'ng kfi
nhu trinh bay trong bang 3 dir6i day. Cu the, nam gi6i co xu hudng thi hifin
tfnh ca nhan thii bac (tinh canh tranh) cao hcfn niJ gidi (DTB^^^ = 1,74 > DTB^s
= 1,57 6 miic c6 y nghia vdi p < 0,001). Ket qua nay kh6ng gay ngac nhien, no
chi khang djnh nhitng gi thudng quan sat tha'y trong cupc s6ng hang ngay.
Bdng 3: Khac biet d chieu canh cd nhdn thi'f bdc theo giai tinh
N

DTB

DLC

1

Muc cd \ nghia

Nam

Gidi tinh

340

1,7438

0.65749

3,491

0.001

Nu

363

1.5721

0,64593

3,489

0.001

Ghi chti: DTB la diem trung binh: DLC Id dp lech chudn

Khde biet theo hoc vd'n
So sinh theo trlnh dd hpc vi'n eung cho thi'y mpt vai khac biet. Kiem
dinh ANOVA cho ra ke't qua bang 4 dudi diy. Nhung ngudi cd hpc vi'n thip
hon cd xu hfldng the hien cac hanh vi xa hdi theo hudmg cdng ddng thfl bic rd

hon. Didu nay cung cd nghTa la hp thd hien cic hanh vi mang tfnh ea nhin it
20

TAP CH( TAM ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


hon hay thip han. Cu thd, ngudi cd hpc vi'n tidu hpc va THCS cd xu hudng thd
hien hanh vi mang tinh edng ddng cao han so vdi ngudi cd hpe vin THPT. Phi
hgp vd mat Idgfc vdi kdt qui nay, ngudi ed hge vi'n THPT hay cao dang cd xu
hudng thd hidn tinh cdng ddng thi'p han so vdi ngudi cd hgc vi'n tidu hgc hay
THCS. Ly giai didu nay can phii nghien euu thdm, nhung mdt nghien cflu d
Han Qud'c giup soi sing phin nao ciu hdi lidu hgc vi'n cd luang quan thd nao
tdi linh ca nhan hay cdng ddng. Jae-Ho Cha (1994) trong phin nghidn cflu vd
cic khia canh cia tfnh ci nhin/cdng ddng hidn nay d Han Qud'c cd dfla ra mdl
ke't luin lidn quan ddn bidn sd nhin khau d Hin Qud'c: nhdm "hien dai" hon (cd
hgc vi'n dai hgc trd ldn, sd'ng d Seoul) cd xu hudng ci nhan cao nha't (lflc la xu
hudng cdng ddng thip nhit); nhdm it "hidn dai" hon (hge vi'n phd thdng hoac
thi'p hon, sd'ng d ving ndng thdn) cd xu hudng ci nhin thi'p nha't (tfle la xu
hfldng cdng ddng cao nhit). Nhdm cang "hidn dai" bao nhieu (hgc vin cao,
sd'ng d dd thj, nhidu tai sin) thi cang djnh hudng ddn gia dinh cia rieng minh
(n|dm ndi, nhd) nhidu hon va dinh hudng ddn da't nude (nhdm ldn) il hon.
Bdng 4: Chieu cgnh ciing ddng thd bdc theo trinh dd hgc vdn
(I) Trinh dp
hoc van

Khac biet DTB
(I-J)

IVIlirc cd y nghTa

THPT

0,13988(*)

0,025

CTao dang

0,52533(*)

0,042

THCS

THPT

0,12797(*)

0,010

THCS

Cao dang

0,5I342(*)

0,044

Ti^u hoc

(J) Trinh dd
hoc van

Ghi chu: * Khac biet diem trung binh co y nglua a miic 0,05

Khde biet theo Ida tudi
Cau hdi tie'p theo li Ueu tfnh ci nhin hay linh cdng ddng cd lidn quan gi
den Ifla tudi (dung han la thd he) hay khdng? Dd tra ldi cau hdi nay, chung tdi
chia cac khich the theo 3 nhdm ludi nhu sau: nhdm dfldi 35 tudi li nhdm Ire, tfl
36 de'n 59 li nhdm trung tudi va ttt 60 trd ldn tam ggi li nhdm eao tudi. Kidm
dinh ANOVA cho ra ke't qua nhu trong bang 5 dudi diy.
Ttt bang 5 cd the thi'y, ne'u xem xet tfnh cdng ddng thi thi'y, theo chidu
canh binh dang (CDBD), nhdm trung tudi the hien cao hon nhdm Ire tudi vi
nhdm cao tudi cung the hien mflc dp CDBD cao hon nhdm tre ludi. Ndu xem
xdt tfnh cdng ddng theo chidu canh thfl bic (CDTB) thi nhdm trung tudi the
hien nd d mflc dd cao hon so vdi nhdm tre tudi, nhdm cao tudi thd hien mflc dp

TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012

21


cao hon nhdm trd tudi va trung ludi. Ndi cich khic, tudi cao hon thudng cd xu
hudng thd hidn linh edng ddng (binh ding vi thfl bic) cao hem.
Bdng 5: Chieu cgnh cdng ddng binh dang vd thii bdc theo 3 nhdm tudi
(I) Tuoi Irun^ binh

(J) Tuoi trung binh

Khac bi6t DTB

(I-J)

MlJ^c c6 y nghTa

Cdng d6ng binh dAng:
Nhbm iriinR luOi

Nhom Ire Iu6i

0.19298(*)

0,002

Nhdm cao tudi

Nh6m tre Iu6i

0.21438(*)

0.003

Nlinin trung tu6i

Nhom tre tu6i

0.27011{*)

0,-000

Nhom cao lu6i

Nh6m tre ludi

0.37397(*)

0,000

Nh6m trung tu6i

0.10386(*)

0,046

C\iiip dOng thu bac:

Ghi chii: * Khac biet diem trung hinh cd y nglna dindc 0,05.

4. Thiy phac thao xu hudng bien ddi tinh ca nhin, tinh cpng dong d
Viet Nam
Nhin tic vien cdnh Viet Nam
Qui trinh dd thj hda d Viet Nam dang didn ra nhanh chdng. Luc bit diu
ddi mdi (1986) chi cd 19,3% din sd Viet Nam sdng d dd thj. Hai muai nim sau
(2006) con sd niy li 27,1% (VGSO, 2006). Tmh trang qui tai, die biet 6 eac
dd thj ldn duge tic gia Mac Dudng ggi la "dd thj qui dd" di kem vdi "dd thj
khung hoing" (Mac Dudng, 2010). Cic cude tranh luin trdn didn din bio chf
lien tuc dd cip ddn su xud'ng ci'p vd mat van hda, van minh dd thj, vd dd thj hda
ndng thdn (vd mat xay dung) vi ndng thdn hoa dd thi (vd mil van hda)... Trong
bdi canh ay, tinh ca nhin vi cdng ddng cia ngudi Viet se bidn ddi ra sao?
Tinh cdng ddng cia ngudi Viet Nam dugc nhidu ngudi thfla nhin, nhung
d ci'p dd lang, nude, tim ly cd kdt cdng ddng co ve ehi thd hidn trong mdt sd

didu kien dac biet. Khi sd phan chung (vi du su de doa lfl ben ngoai hay thidn
tai, djch benh) ma ro ring thi eic ca nhan rit cd thd se trd thanh ngfldi mang xu
hudng ed ke't (tinh cdng ddng) trong ri't nhidu mdi quan he cia minh. Cdn trong
didu kien binh Ihudng thi cai "tinh rdi rac cin ban" (tinh ci nhin) cd xu hudng
anh hudng den hinh vi flng x i nhidu hon. Tfnh cich cd die didm la nd khi bdn
vflng nhung khdng phai la bit bien, kd ca tfnh cich din tdc.
Nhu da ndi 6 tren, mpt sd tic gia cho ring: (i) chd dd rudng cdng cia
cdng xa ndng thdn, (ii) eudc di'u tranh chdng thidn nhidn trucmg ky gian khd va

22

TAP CHI TAM Ly HOC, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


(ill) eudc di'u tranh chdng ngoai xim cua din tdc ta li 3 nguydn nhin hinh
thanh tim ly tip thd - cdng ddng cd truydn (Nguydn Hdng Phong, 1963; Hoing
Vinh, 2002). Ngay nay khi co sd hinh thinh va nudi dudng nd la rudng dil da •
dugc chia cho cic hd, tfnh chit vi hinh thflc di'u tranh ehd'ng thien nhidn da
khae di, eudc di'u tranh chdng ngoai xim da kdt thflc thing lai each diy 1/3 thd
ky. Thay vio dd li kinh Id thi trudng vd'n dua tren su trao ddi thuang mai va
phin ldn dugc thuc day bdi Igi nhuin. Kinh id thj Irudng thflc diy tfnh ci nhan
- vdn vin ludn ludn ldn tai song song vdi tinh cpng ddng, nhung chi bi che
khuit phin nao ma thdi - phit Hicn theo ca nghTa tich cuc vi tidu cuc. Tdm lai,
ci 3 CO sd hay didu kidn nudi duong tinh cdng ddng da thay ddi. khdng cdn hay
ydu dl nhidu. Theo Idgfc thi tinh cdng ddng se giam di vi tfnh ca nhan se tang
ldn. Tam ly cia con ngudi li su phan anh nhttng didu kien sd'ng, duoc hinh
thanh trong nhttng didu kidn kinh td xa hdi nhit djnh cho ndn khi nhung didu
kien kinh te. xa hdi ma thay ddi thi tim ly con ngfldi cung thay ddi theo. Dd li
quan didm Ijch sfl.
Cung can phai ndi thdm ring, each dat vi'n dd vd ti'nh ci nhan thudng

lam cho nd mang mdl ham y xi'u, lidu cue, li cai cin phi bd. Chung tdi hidu
tfnh ci nhin hoan loan khdng ddng nghTa la chi nghTa ca nhin hep hdi, ich ky,
chl bie't cd bin thin minh mi khdng bidt den cii chung, cii cdng ddng. Tinh
lip thd, cdng ddng cung khdng don gian li chu nghTa tip thd chung chung. Ndu
xuit phit lfl quan didm nhu vay thi la thay tinh ca nhan cd thd cd lidn quan chat
che de'n tfnh tu chu, tu lap, khi nang tu duy ddc lip va khi nang sing tao, ddn
nhin thach thflc td't ban cia con ngudi. Cdn tfnh cdng ddng (nhi't la cdng ddng
nha hay cdng ddng nhdm ndi) d Viet Nam cung cd mdt sd mat trii nhu din de'n
chi nghTa gia dinh vd'n khdp kin vi chi quan tim tdi Igi Ich gia dinh, gia tdc,
cue bd. Tdm lai, ca tinh cdng ddng va ci nhin ddu cd cai hay, cii dd (xem
them Phan Nggc, 2000; Dd Long, 2000).
Tfl nhflng nim 1930 tie gii Dio Duy Anh (1938/1998, tr. 374) da nhan
xdt ring: "Vi inh hfldng cia Au hda, vi sfle thuc due cia nhflng didu kien sinh
hoat mdi, xa hdi ta (vidt ve nhirng nam 1930) duong cd khuynh hudng ttt gia
dinh ban vi din sang ca nhin bin vj". Nhu vay su anh hudng cia Au hda va
didu kien sinh boat mdi cung cd thd la ydu id lim tang tinh ca nhan, xdt theo
quan didm cia Dio Duy Anh. Trong 2 thip ky ddi mdi vi hdi nhip vfla qua, he
gia tri vi dinh hudng gii trj cua ngudi Viet Nam cung trai qua nhidu thay ddi.
Kdt qua cia cic nghien ctru trong thdi gian qua ddu khing djnh ring ngudi Viet
Nam "tfl viec chi hfldng vio nhiing gia tri lip thd, xa hdi la chi'nh chuydn sang
hudng vao eae gia trj ca nhin la chfnh" (Nguydn Quang Uan, Nguydn Thac va
Mae Van Trang, 1995) hay neu gia dinh Iruydn thd'ng chi ye'u giio due tinh
cdng ddng cho tre em phii tuin theo khudn phdp sin cd: phuc lung, trflng phat
thi ngay nay giao due hien dai trong gia dinh lai hudng tdi cd nhdn (Le Thi,
1997) hay "tim ly con ngudi dang cd nhttng ehuydn ddng ro ret hon bao gid hdt
TAP CHI TAMLy HOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012

23

theo hudng nang ddng hon y lai, tu dpng han chd dgi, xu hudng ci thd hda didn
ra manh hon, trich nhidm ei thd eao hon; dim thich thflc, canh tranh..." (Pham
Minh Hac, 2002). Cic nghidn cuu gin day hon do tic gii Dd Long - Phan Thi
Mai Huong chi Iri nam 2002 hay Le Van Hio (2005) ddu khing djnh su thay
ddi cua nhung ydu id lidn quan dd'n tfnh edng ddng/ci nhin theo xu hudng: tinh
c(5ng ddng c6 phin giam, tinh ci nhan cd phin ting. Chi nghTa ca nhin - la cii
xi hdi Viet Nam (vi nhidu xa hdi khic) khdng thd chip nhin, nhung su phat
tridn cia linh ca nhin theo nghTa linh manh d ci'p dd nhin cich con ngudi ddu
dugc cae lac gia dinh gii tfch cue.
Nhin td vien cdnh qud'c te
Triandis (1995) va Hofstede (1991) tranh luin ring su giiu cd, sung lie
li mdt trong nhflng ydu id chi ydu phi v6 didu kien xa hdi cd Igi cho tfnh cdng
ddng. Didu niy xay ra bdi vi sU giiu cd, sung lflc cho phdp cac ci nhin cd co
hdi lich minh khdi nhdm ndi vi nhflng ngudi quan Irgng khic, md dudng cho
Cii nhin lua chgn nhung gi mi minh mudn mi khdng nhi't thidl cin cd su tin
thanh cia nhdm.
Quan didm nay cd y ring cung vdi edng nghidp hda vi hidn dai hda, xu
hudng ci nhin se tang len. Didu nay di xiy d Han Qud'c vi Nhit Bin du su
thay ddi khdng didn ra theo md'i tuang quan tuydn linh. Khi nghien cflu, 6 cip
dp van hda, eic thay ddi vd djnh hudng gii tri vi hinh vi cia ngucri Han Qudc
trong mdt thd ky (1870 - 1970), Jae - Ho Cha (1994) di dd'n kdt luin ring: tuy
tinh cdng ddng vin cdn kha trdi trong xa hdi Hin Qud'c nhimg cdng ddng d
mdl sd khia canh da ydu di vi su thay ddi didn ra theo xu hucmg ca nhin.
Tucmg lu, qua trinh cdng nghiep hda vi hidn dai hda d Nhit Ban da lam cho
mdi quan he giao tiep qua lai vdi hang xdm ling gidng cua ngudi Nhit ngay
cing lanh nhat, long leo va thua thdt (Trin Manh Cit, 2003). Til nhien, du
nhidu dac didm ben ngoii cua van hda Nhat Ban da thay ddi, nhung cac ydu td
can bin cia van hda nhin manh mdi quan he eon ngudi (xu hudng cdng ddng)
vin cdn khi manh. Mdl nghidn cun khic d Hy Lap cung cho kdt qua theo
hudng tuang tu (Doumanis M., 1983).

Nhidu tic gia nude ngoai nhu J. Berry (1994), H. Triandis (1995) hoic
U. Kim (1994) cd didm chung la qui nguydn nhin sinh ra tfnh cdng ddng/ca
nhin vd didu kien sinh thai. Trong nhflng didu kidn sinh thai ddi hdi phai cd sU
hgp lue thi nhdm se cd uu the. Trong nhiing didu kien sinh thai ft ddi hdi hgp
luc thi nhdm cd uu thd ft hon va ea nhin "ddc lip" nhidu han. Khi kinh td phat
trien cao han, mflc dp tu lip cia ci nhin tang thi uu thd cua nhdm se giam di.
Mdt sd tie gia nhu H. Barry, I. Child va M. Bacon (1959 din trong Triandis,
1999) da nghien cun va phit hien ra ring, trong cic ndn van hda dan sa, khi su
tfch luy luong thuc lang len thi trong nudi day con cii, tinh phuc tilng va su phu
thupc Iin nhau dugc nhin manh hem. Nhung khi xa hdi chuydn tfl ndng nghidp

24

TAP CHITAM Ly HC)C, Sd 11 (164), 11 - 2012


sang giai doan edng nghidp va thdng tin thi cae flu the cia hinh ddng ci nhin
(tg chu, sang tao, dam lim, dim mao hidm) tang len. Trong cae giai ci'p khac
nhau o cing mdt xa hdi hien dai cung cd cich thflc niy. Ting ldp thi'p nhin
m^nh ddn phue tung, ving ldi vi giao due con eii nghidm khic; dfla con "ly
tuong cua hp la mdt dfla con "ngoan", di theo phong each cia cha me minh.
Ngugc lai, ting ldp trung luu cd chuydn mdn cao, coi trong giao due con cii
tinh ddc lip, tu lip, sang tao va dfla con "ly ludng" cia ho limdl nha chuydn
mdn, cd kha nang thanh dat ca nhin.
Ve xu hudng phdt trien cua tinh cd nhdn, tinh cgng ddng a Viet Nam
Tfl nhidu nghien cflu, Triandis tdng kdl ring, su Ihay ddi sinh thii, su
giiu cd, tfnh di chuydn (ea vd mat xa hdi Iin dja ly) va su bidn ddi tfl bdi canh
ndiig thdn sang mdi trudng dd thi (phflc lap) se lam thay ddi quan he tdi - ngudi
khde lfl xu hudng cdng ddng sang xu hudng ci nhin. Dua tren nhttng phin tich
va lip luin vd tinh ca nhin va tinh cdng ddng ttt vidn cinh Viet Nam vi qud'c td

trdn diy cd thd tin ring, Viet Nam cung se di theo xu hudng nhu vay ndu nd
khdng phai la mpt ngoai le. Kdl qua trong nghien cun cia chung tdi cho tha'y,
nhdm nhidu ludi han cd xu hudng cdng ddng eao hon. Ngugc lai, nhdm cd hoc
vin cao hon cd xu hudng ei nhin cao hon; nhdm trd hon, sd'ng d dd thi cd xu
hudng ca nhin cao hon. Xu hudng niy se tidp tuc trong nhttng nam tdi khi qui
trinh hien dai hda va cdng nghiep hda tang ldc vi qua trinh hdi nhap qud'c id
didn ra siu rdng hon.
Cic ling xa truydn thd'ng dang thay ddi dudi tie ddng cia dd thj hda vi
hign dai hda, nhung van hda, ldi sd'ng dd thj dudng nhu lai qua ydu dd cd thd
din dit sir thay ddi dd. Sd'ng d dd thj, ngudi ndng din se flng xfl vdi nhau, vdi
cdng ddng nhu the nao? Lieu ed su tan ri cia cii cdng ddng ling d nhttng vung
ven dd hay khdng? Su tan rd niy thd hien d chd cic ci nhin sd'ng trong cic khu
dd thi cam tha'y xa la, thidu td chflc, qua quan tim tdi Igi feh ca nhin hay gia
dinh minh, cd khi vd cim vi mil y thflc vd cdng ddng? Didu nay da ttmg gay lo
ngai trong cac cdng ddng d My nhung nam sau chidn tranh the gidi thfl II vi
chfnh nd da thuc day su ra ddi cia nganh tim ly hge cdng ddng (Wiesenfeld,
1996). He qua tidu cue ttt viec dd thj hda ngay cang ting trong xa hdi hien dai
da li ndi lo ngai cia nhidu nha khoa hoe xa hgi. Tfl nhflng nam 1930, Wirth
(1938, din theo Royal & Rossi, 1996) da ndi ldi sfl thidu td chflc vd mil xa hdi
d cac cdng ddng dd thj, cdn Milgram (1970, din theo Amato, 1983) thi ndi ddn
ly thuye't qua tii thdng tin cua viec sd'ng trong eic thinh phd. Theo Wirth, kieh
cd, mil dd (dan so) va su da dang vd din cu d eic khu dd thj se lam sdi mdn
quan he gin bd hg hang va cdng ddng truydn thd'ng. Didu nay xay ra vi dd thj
hda, vi di cu tdi khu dd thj da phi vd cic md'i quan he xa hdi va lim cho ca
nhin xa each w&i cac ngudn hd trg xa hdi ma hg da tflng cd. Tinh ban thuc sfl d
thanh phd cung khdng dd thie't lip vi ngudi dd thi thudng gap gd, giao dich

TAPCHITAMLynOC, S d l l (164), 11-2012

25

trong cic vai trd cd tinh chit ngin ngii, thidu siu sic vi khuydt danh. Kdl qua
cia mdi trudng sd'ng niy li eac lidn kdl xa hdi ydu di ding kd, tic ddng tidu cue
ddn sic khde tim ly cia cic ci nhin (cing thing, cd don, thu minh, i'm flc...).
Sd'ng liu trong mdi Irudng niy, iheo Milgram, eon ngudi cd thd phit tridn cii
chuan muc xa hdi (social norm) la khdng can du (d Viet Nam, din gian ggi li
chu nghia "mackeno"/mie ke nd), vd cam.
6 mdl mflc dl") nhi't djnh, dfldng nhfl didu ndi trdn da vi dang didn ra
trong xa hdi Viet Nam. dac biet la d khu vfle dd thj khi tlnh cdng ddng giam vi
tinh ei nhin tang. Nhidu ngfldi cd ly do dd lo ngai. Tuy nhidn, cic nghien cflu
gin diy irdn thd gidi ggi y ring cac cdng ddng dja phuong khdng "mil di", tinh
edng ddng cung khdng bidn mil mi lai dugc "tu do" htm (din theo Royal &
Rossi, 1996) hay "Idng" hon. Cac mdi quan he gia dinh, ddng hg vi hing xdm
ydu hon trong cac khu dd thj, d nhdm ngudi trd ludi vi kha gia hem vd mil kinh
id si; duge thay thd bdi cic mdi quan he vdi ngudi ngoai dja phucmg. Cac
phucmg lien giao thdng nhanh hon, tidn dung han, phuong tien truydn thdng
hidn dai hon, cac trang mang xa hpi ri't cd sfle manh da xda bd khoang cich vl
khdng gian. Nhu viy, lim quan trpng cia cdng ddng/nhdm theo dja ly da giam,
trong khi tim quan trpng cua cac cdng ddng theo cic mdi quan he (il bj han
chd vd dja ly, khdng gian) lai phit Iridn dd thay thd. Vi con ngudi li cic sinh
vat xa hdi ndn cd thd tin ring vd dai han, cdng ddng dja phucmg d khu vuc ven
dd va dd thj se lim ra cic cich Ihflc mdi dd thidt lip vi duy tri cae mdi lidn ket
mdi, da dang hon. Ndi nhu Durkheim, su gdn ke't cd hgc (mechanical
solidarity) se dugc din thay the bing su gdn ke't hint cd (organic solidarity).
Trong xa hdi ndng nghiep/truydn thd'ng (dugc die Irtmg bdi su gdn ket cd hgc,
tinh cgng ddng vdi cic cdng ddng quan he chit che, tat ca mgi ngucri ddu bidt
nhau, mdi quan he lien ei nhan gin gui se din bj pha vS bdi cdng nghidp hda,
hien dai hda. Xa hdi cdng nghiep vi hien dai cd dac trung li sir gdn ke't hBu cd,
tinh cd nhdn rd hdn trong dd cic md'i quan he lien ca nhin long hon, thim chi

hdi hgi hon. Didu kien niy cho phdp cae ea nhin cd CO hdi theo dudi cac muc
dfch ca nhin cua minh mi il bj tic ddng bdi ap luc nhdm/edng ddng. Tit nhien,
thdi ky "dd thj qui dp" vi "dd thj khing hoang" theo each ggi cia tic gia Mac
Dudng se la mdt qui trinh kdo dai vi khd khan.
Chu thich
1. Bai viei dugc hoin thinh trong khudn khd cua dd tai "Nghien cflu tam ly xa hdi cua
cpng ddng cu dan ndng Ihdn trong bdi canh dd Ihi hda". thuc hien nam 2011 - 2012.
Xin cam cm Quy Phat tridn Khoa hgc va Cdng nghe Qud'c gia da tai trg cho dd tai nay.
Tai lieu thain khao
1. Allick, J. & Realo A., "Individualism - Collectivism and social capiiai', Joumal of cross cullural psychology, Vol. 35 No. 1, January 2004, u. 29 - 49, 2004.

26

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2 Amato. P.R., The effects of urbanization on interpersonal behavior. Field study in Papua
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