Khái quát về sáng tạo nghệ thuật trong tâm lí học

TAJW Li HOC - SINH H HOC t a A T U d i

KHAI QUAT VE SANG TAO NGHE THUAT TRONG TAM If HOC
ThS. LE TH! H 6 N G N H U N G *

T

am li hpc ngh^ thugt la mdt ehuyen nganh cua
Tam li hpc nghien euu sutrai nghi&m va hanh
vicuacon ngudi trong pham vi tham mivahien
thuc (bao gom nhung dieu kien ben trong va ben
ngoai cua qua trinh sang tao (ST}) va tiep thu ngh§
thuSt mpt each tich cue. Trong do sang tao nghd thuat
(STNT) dugc nghien euu nhumgt kha nang, mpt thugc
tinh nhan each cua ca nhan. Nhu'ng nghien ciru ve
STNT gidi han chu yeu dcac khia eanh: dac diem eau
tme cua nhan each ST; dien bien eau true cua qua
trinh ST; nhung dieu kien dac trung cho mdi trudng
ST; tieu chi danh gia san pham ST,
1. STNT la kha nang c o d mdi ngirdi
Quan niem xa xua cho ring ST noi chung vaSTNT
ndi rieng ia Iinh vuc cua mgt sd It ngudi: nhQng thien
tai, nhung tai nang da sang tac ra nhung tac pham
nghe thuat vi dai, tim ra nhung phat minh khoa hpe
idn hoac nghT ra each cai tien nao do trong kT thuat,...
Tuy nhien, tu dau the ki XX, nhieu nghien euu da chi
ra rang, kha nang ST khong ehi ed onhung nha thien
tai, nhung ngucrt thdng minh dac biet m a c d d t a t c a
mgi ngudi, mgi lua tud'i.

Theo Alfred. W, Munzent, tat ca mgi ngudi deu cd

kha nang ST, nhung khdng phai ai eung eo nang iuc
ST manh iiet nhu L,V, Beethoven, P. Picasso,
A. Einstein, T, Edison,... ma giua cae ea nhan khac
nhau co su khac biet ve kha nang ST, ehia thanh eae
cap dp: thieu ST, nang iuc ST binh thudng, nang iuc
ST cao hdn, tai nang sang tao, thien taiST... Sukhac
nhau trong cac ITnh vuc cua tinh ST (phat kien khoa
hpe, sang che ki thuat, am nhac hay mT thuat) dupe
cac nha tam li hpe lien tudng giai thich ia do cae kieu
ioai lien tudng ST tao ra su khac nhau cua ca nhan
dua tren nang luc rieng.
Nghien cull STtrong qua trinh STNT va sudung
phep phan tich nhan to, Lovifenfeld (1964) da nlian
dinh r^ng, su phat trien cua tinh STNT d i n den tinh
ST ndi chung. Ong cho r^ng, linh vuc ma tinh ST
dupc hinh thanh thi khdng cd y nghTa quan trpng bdi
vi sau do, tinh ST cd the chuyen sang tat ca nhDng

16 Tqp chi Gido due so 315

linh vuc khac. Ndi each khac, STNT la finh vuc dSu
tidn gieo mam mong cho tinh ST phat trien dca eae
linh vue khac.
2. Dpng c a STNT
OdivdiquatrinhSTNTthidpngccfSTcdynghla
quan trpng. Nd thuc d l y con ngudi hoat dpng ST.
Song, cai gd'c cua dpng ed ia nhung nhu cau khac
nhau d eon ngudi, trpng dd nhu cau quan trpng nhSt
la nhu eau ludn ludn mudn hieu bie't nhi/ng cai mdl la.
Charier Brower trong "Chia khda cua thanh cdng'

viet: "nhu cau kich thich hoat dpng ST la long ham
hieu biet vdl cai mdi va khong biing long vdi nhQng gi
hiencd'.
Trudng phai Phan tam hpc dutig dau la S. Freud
va cae mdn de cua dng giai thich nhOn^ van d l cua
tam ii eon ngucri trong dd cd STNT bSng vd thun.
S.Freud cho r§ng, tac pham nghe thu?t la phUdng
tien thda man tmc tiep nhung nguy&n vpng c h u a d i ^
thda man va chua dupc thue hien trong ddisong,hjsn
th uc, nhung cam giac macon ngudf thudng tranh trpqg
cudc song dupe tai tao trong tac pham de qua ddcon
ngudi tmt xa va thda man trong tudng tupng. STNT
giai thoat cac dam me vd thiic cua con ngudi. Nhung
d|e tning eua sang tac nghe thuat mang tinh canhan
g^n vdi cam xue rieng tu, tham kin cua nghe sT. Sau
nay Molles - nhu la mgt mdn de cua S.Freud - da kit
luan chinh eai dam me, ham mud'n nhu la^dpng cfl
thdi thue con ngudi ST. Tufdd ong di den khSngdinh:
dpng cd ST la yeu to quan trong nhat de con ngudi
ST. Quan diem cua cac nha Phan tam da ddng gop
them mpt each tie'p can khi nghien ciJu ve ST, tuy
nhien nd v l n edn rat han che, tham chi hoi cue doan
khi giai thich ve ddng cd vo thiJc cua STNT.
Xet ve rnpt khia canh nao do, ngudi nghe sTdi]ng
la da gui gim rat nhieu tam tu, tinh cam, khat vgng
cua minh trong mdi tac pham nghe thuat, nhung
khdng phai chi la nhimg khat vpng ve viec thda man
nhCrng ban nang vd thuc. Hp tien hanh hogt ddng ST
* Tnittig 69! bpc sir pti^m ngli$ thu$t bung uung

-(kil-8/201S}


cuaminhbdinhieu ddng CP khac nhau.Theo dded3
loai dpng ed ehinh: - Xem nghe thuat nhu la cdng eg
muu sinh; • Xem nghe thuat nhu la mot cP hdi de the
hien tai nang dgc bi^t; - Nhung nha hien tiian mpt
each chan chinh.
BanthanquatrinhlaodpngSTcuangudinghesT
la mpt qua trinh eang thang, tap tmng va thudng vat
va, khdkhan ma de'vupt qua nd can den khdng ehi la
tinh than say me, tinh than traeh nhiem va mgt dgng
CP thuc su. Nhijng ngudi thupe dgng eo cud'i eung
khdng nhieu, nhung cd'ng hien eua hpcho nghethu^t
lai he't su'c Idn lao va dd'i vdi hoat dgng STNT thi loai
ddng CP nay la quan trgng nhat.
3. M l t xich trung tam cua qua trinh STNT
Qua trinh STNT xuat phat td ddng CP ST, tiep
den, cac nha tam li hpe rat quan tam den cac qua
trinh cdban cua nd, tddd tim ra va ehung minh yeu to
nao ia m l t xich trung tam eua qua trinh STNT,
Quan diem thdnhateho ring: iinh cam (true giac)
iamltxieh tmng tam cua hoat dpng ST, nhung ngudi
dai dien eho quan diem nay ia: B.M. Kedrov,
la.APonomariov,K.Chikhomirov, V.N .Puskin... Theo
hp, linh cam (true giac) la kha nang cua con ngudi cd
thehanh dgng mdtcach dung dan tmdc mgt tinh huong
quyet djnh hoac nguy cap trong khi khdng biet chinh
xac tai sao minh iai lam nhu vay.Theo quan diem nay
thi iinh cam (true giac) cd lien quan de'n hoat dgng vd

thut cua con ngudi va ndchiem vj tri quan trpng trong
hoat ddng ST.
Ngudi nghesTkhae vdi ngudi binh thudng d kha
nang thien bam trong quan sat, tai hien va ST, Mpi
thang hoa tl) cam XUC tham m i c u a h g tuy khd li giai
thuan tuy bang phuffng thdc duy vat nhung that su
dd v l n la mgt cd may vdl co ehe rieng cd day du quy
luat va dae tinh. Nd khdng phai ia eai gi than bi, kin
mit ma la mpt qua trinh tich tu, san sinh dac biet.
Trong dd, si/cam thu, mng ddng, n i m b i t d e di den
STNT cua ngudi nghe sT la mgt sU thai nghen, cat
giau am tham de den mgt luc nao do bu'ng tinh,
nhung ben eanh dd nd cung cdthe dat tdi mpt nhan
thdc bS'tchpt ma khong can hoat ddng nao eua 11 tri
ve dd'i tupng. Day chinh la yeu to linh earn (true giac
- intuHbn) trong STNT. Nhieu khi tae pham nghe
thuat ra ddi tOf nhQng quan sat lau ngay, nhi/ng tich
tu ki iJe, cpng hudng vdi tri tudng tupng phong phu.
Nhung cd liic ST den vdi ngudi ngh? sTmdt each dot
nhien, cai binh thudng ehua n i m bat dupe Jai bat
ngd "thau thi" vasi;vatdude ehiem finh sau sic, tinh
te, toan dien. Kfid ii giai cP che cua nhan thdc true

(ki 1-8/2013) ~

quan, nhung rd rang nd phai g i n vdi tam hdn nghe
SI nhay cam, cd mach rung ddng manh me va su
tinh te trong quan sat, cam nhan.
Quan diem thdhaicho ring: tu duy vatu^g tupng
la mStxich tmng tam cua hoat dqng ST. Dai dien eho

quan diem nay ia cac nha tam li hgc Lien Xd nhu:
A.N. Leonchiev, L.X. Vygotsky, X.L. Rubinstein... Hp
khang djnh ring: trong hoatdpng ST, hoat ddng cdy
thdc giu vai trd quan trpng.
Qua trinh ST cua ngudi nghe sT cung la mdt qua
trinh giai quyet van de, Neu nhu cac nha khoa hpc
phathien nhung suthlitsan cd trong tunhien thi ngudi
nghe sT lai quan sat, phan anh vao tudng tupng va
chuyen nhifrig dieu dd vao tac pham, lam sdng lai
hien thuc theo each rieng cua hp. Cac giai doan ddcd
lien quan de'n hoat dpng cua nha khoa hpc, nhung
mat khae lai ed nhung net dac thu, rieng biet ma cho
den nay ehua cd mgt tong quan day du va thd'ng
nhait. Qua trinh nay thudng diln ra nhu sau:-Si/nay
sinh y do, eai gpi nen suhoat ddng cua mach tinh cam
va dgng lue cua cac hinh tupng ST; - Sy tap tmng lam
rd va phat trien dd'i tugng tu duy la y do dang day ien
suthich thu sdi ddng nhat lam nay sinh mgt bieu tupng
tong quat, mgt hinh anh toan ven vdi tat ca cac chi tie't
gin bo vdi nhau. Dd la cdng viec phdi hgp cua tu'dng
tugng vatuduy. Bieu tupng dddupe coi la ketquadau
tien CLia qua trinh ST; -SusUa chi/a va viet iai ia khau
cudicung,trongddddihdisutham nhap sau sic hPn
va tu duy ST linh hoat hPn.
Ket hpp hai quan diem tren cd the tha'y trong
hoat ddng STNT thi yeu td linh earn (trye giac), tu
duy, tudng tupng cd quan he mat thiet vdi nhau,
khdng tach rdi nhau, Khdng the ndi den yeu to linh
cam ma khdng nhic den tu duy, tudng tupng va
ngugc lai. Bdi vi, neu khdng ed qua trinh tu duy,

tudng tupng lau dai thi khdng the' cd iinh cam, linh
cam chl la phut ide sang, bat ngd, nd iam ngucri ta
nham lln vdisu ngau nhien may mi, Linh cam khdng
phai ia mdn qua thupng de ban cho nhu cac nha
duy tam khang djnh ma nd la ket qua ciia qua trinh
tu duy va tudng tupng. M l t xich trung tam cua hoat
ddng ST ehinh la linh cam, tu duy, tudng tupng va
yeu td khdng the thieu dd la cam xue. Td hoat dpng
tie'p xue vdi hien thyc, tae dgng de'n the gidi va khdi
dau cho mgt su cam thu hoan hao dua de'n viec
kham pha chieu sau ban the eua dd'i tupng.
Cam xue thdng thudng ddi vdi dd'i tupng ehua the
nay sinh mng ddng manh ligt d i n de'n nhu cau ST.
Tn/c giac lai giup con ngudi chim ngap nhanh ehdng

Tqp chi Gido due so 315

17


vao dongyth lie va thuc lai sau thim.Tir duy v a l u ^ g
lucmg se khai qual, lao nen cai rieng, cai dpc dao cua
lumg nhan each ST va mang linh khac ia so vdi lh§'
gicii hi^n Ihuc. TiJ mng dpng thuc sudS'n thSng hoa
XUC cam va luon Irao kha nang ST ia ca m6tqua Irinh.
4. San pham cua qua trinh STNT
H l u h^tcactac gia d i u thd'ng nhSitcho rSng, san
pham cua hoat dpng STNT ia cai mdi, dpc d i o va co
gia trj xa hpi. Day dupc coi la chi s6' da phan bipl san
phS'm STva khong ST.

Tinh Mn tao ddng say me va cd ti^ch nhiim: Tli
hung Ihli d?c biel va su ham hieu biet, den yeu clu
cap vdi cdng vi&c ma minh theo duoi, cd tinh thin
Irach nhiem cao hon nhiing ngudi binh thudng, ludn
CO thai dp tich ci/c phan dau vuon len, ed kha nSng lu
duy eao dd, ludn bat man vdi hien Ir^ng.

Nhflng pham chat nhan each khac: nhuthich viec
khd khSn, mao hiem, nhflng cdng vi§c mangUdikhac
khdng mud'n lam, cd tinh than khai pha, diing elm
duong dau vdi nhflng nguy hiem, nii ro. Cd linh Ihin
^ Cai mdi cung cd nhieu miic dp, cd t h l ia cai mdi dpc Iclp, tu chu cap, khdng chju phu hpa, Ihep duoi
doi vdi toan xa hpi, cdthe la cai mdi dd'i vdl ban thSn. ngudi khac. Cd tinh kien Iri, kien dinh va nfthi lue dd
Nhung cai mdi d day khong cd nghTa ia mdi hoan Idn. cd kha nang chiu dung trie trd mdt each khac
loan. Vi khdng cd mpt cai mdi nao ma iai khong cd thudng.
s u k i thda l i i cai cO.SuST khdng chi c d d n o i n d lao
Nghe thuat lasuST khdng ngung, ddng thdi cung
ra nhiing san pham Ijch suvTdgi, ma d k h i p mpi noi, la manh dat nudi dudng tinh ST Irong nhan each noi ma con ngudi bie'n ddi va tao ra cai gi mdi, cho y l u td duoc danh gia eao nhat trong tri tue con ngudi
du cai mdi dd chi rat nhd be so vdi nhflng ST cua bae hien nay. ST ndi chung va STNT ndi rieng chinh la
thien tai. Tai ca nhiing gi vupt ra ngoai khudn khd liem nang, sfle manh cua mdi ngudi, mdi qudc gia
cai cu va chiia dung du chi mpt net cua cai mdi thi trong thdi dai kinh te Iri thiie nhu Macxim Goiki da
ngudn phat sinh cua nd deu la do qua Irinh ST cua tflng khang djnh: "Siic manh vasugiaucdcijaeamdt
dan tpc khdng phai ladeho cdnhieu dat dai, ning,gia
con ngudi ra.
Qua trinh ST v l ban chat la nhSm tao ra cai mdi sue va cac loai quang quy ma la d sd luong va ch&
chua cd trong tri nhd, chua cd trong vdn kinh nghiem lupng nhflng con ngudi cd hpc thflc, cd idng yeu Iri
de'n thdi dilm dd va cai mdi cd the ia dd'i vdi ca nhan thflc, d su nhay ben va nang ddng cua Iri tue - siic
hoac ddi vdi toan xa hdi. Cai mdi thudng tdt hon, dep manh eua dan ldc khdng nam d vat chat ma nim
hon va co ipi hon cho sir phat trien xa hdi. Ivldt tac Irong nang lupng Iri tue". •

pham nghe thuat ST phai cd npi dung phong phii, ndi
dung ay cung vdi nhiing bilu hien ve tu tudng, tinh
cam cua ngucri nghe sT lac dpng d i n tu tudng, tinh
cam Clia ngucri Ihudng thiic va dupc the hien b5ng
each rieng, ddc dao cua hp cung nhu mang linh chat
lien bp rd ret.

Tai ll^u tham khao
1. VQ Dang. Tli diln Tam 11 hpc. NXB Khoa hgc
xa lidt. H. 2000.
2. Phan Trpng Ngp (chu biCn). C4c h thiiyft phtriln tam li ngir^. NXB Dgi hoc supham. H. 2003.
.V Le Diic Phlic. Bai giang Tam II hpc vin hdn. NXB
5. Nhung pham chat nhan each nghe s i
Trong nhung nhan each STNT - nghe sT can cd Dfli hgc qud'c gia Hd Nfi. 2009.
4.
L.X.Vygolslii. Tam U hoc nghe thuat. NXB Khoa
nhiing pham chait tam iisau:
hgcxahfi.U. 1995.
Ldng dung cam ia can cd khi cd su hoai nghi ddi
5. Yuri Borev. Aethetics, a texthooli. Progress
vdisuval hien luong, khi cd "bao Id"eung nhukhican
Publishers. 1985.
vuplqua nhiing udc le, nhirng khudn sao lam han che
kha nang luduy, khi can dau tranh dexay dung nhiitig
eai mdi tpthPn, khi can phai xay dung nhiing phuong
SUMMARY
phap tu duy dd'i mdi ma chua cd ai nghT Idi, cung nhu
Art of Psychology is a specialized of Psychology,
khi can phai cd niem tin vao true giac.

It studied the conditions inside and outside of the
creative process and acquire art In a positive way. In
Tinh ddc dao. dd la sudpe dao trong suy nghT, Irong
particular, the creation ofart to be studied as a poseach lim Idi, giaiquyetvan dedetim ra nhiing san pham sibility, an attribute ofthe Individual personality. The
md. Cd sunhay cam luyel vdi trong nhiing tinh hudng study of creative arts major limitations in these asphuc tap,raren.hpnhinravanhin thay nhiing eai khdng pects: structural characteristics ofthe creatlvepersonallty. changes in the structure of the creative pixicdegi nhin rava nhin lhay,khdng vdi vang hap tap duara
ess. the conditions specific to creative environment:
ngay nhung quylt djnh, khSrg djnh,
criteria evaluation ofinnovative products.

I Tap chi Giao dye s o 3 1 5

-(kil- 812013)