Kiểm soát quyền tư pháp trong nhà nước pháp quyền

n^

NGHIEN CffU - PHATTRIEN LY LUiilN

KIEM SOAT QUYEN Tl/PHAP
TRONG NHA Nl/dC PHAP QUYEN
• TS T O N G BlfC THAO
Hoc vien Chinh tri qudc gia Hd Chi Minh
• Tom tdt: Kiem sodt quyen tUphdp Id vdn de nan gidi vd phdc tap cd tren gdc do ly ludn
vd thiic tikn, dieu ndy xudt phdt tii nhiing mau thudn not tai cua bdn thdn ddi song xa
hoi vd tinh ddc thii cua quyen tii phdp - do Id sii doc lap trong moi quan he vdi quyen lap
phdp vd hdnh phdp. Quyen tUphdp la quyen xet xd md nhdn ddn giao cho Toa dn, day Id
quyen bdo vey chi chung cua quoc gia bdng viec xet xti cdc hdnh vi vi pham hten

phdp,

phdp luat tii phia cong ddn vd cd quan nhd nUdc; cd quan, to chiic vdcd nhdn khdng dtidc
can thiep vdo hoat dgng cua cd quan tii phdp. Bdo ve phdp ludt, cong ly, tii do cua cong
ddn Id trdch nhiem hdngddu ciia tUphdp. Cd thecd nhieu cdch khac nhau trong to chdc
thiic thi quyen liic nhd niidc nhUng tUphdp dgc lap la mgt trong nhiing nguyen tdc quan
trgng mang tinh quyet dinh cua Nhd niidc phdp quyen

(NNPQ).

• Tii khda: kiem sodt quyen tUphdp, sii dgc lap ciia tUphdp trong nhd nUdcphdp
1. Quan niem ve quyen tir phap trong nha
nu-ffc phap quyen.
Ngay ttf thdi Hy Lap, La Ma cd dai eac nha tu
tudng chinh tri - phap ly cho rang d dau cd phap
luat thi d do phai ed mdt he thdng cac thiet che
nhkn dam bao cho phap luat dugc diuc thi

nghiem chlnh. Cac thiet che nay la he thong cac
CO quan tu phap. Thuat ngir "quyen tu phap" lan
dau hen dugc xuat hien hong tac pham Tinli than
phipluatciia Montesquieu (xuat ban lan dau vao
nam 1748). Tai quyen XI, Montesquieu da giai
thich quyen lap phap la quyen "lam ra luat,... sira
ddi hay buy bd luat", cdn quyen hanh phap la
quyen "quyet dinh viee hda hay ehien, giii dai su
di cac nude, thiet lap an runh, de phdng xam luge"

LYLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 5/2019

quyen.

va quyen ttr phap la quyen "trimg tri tgi pham,
phan xir tranh chap giaa cac canhan"'>\
Noi tiep nhirng tu tirong cua Mongtesquieu,
trong tac pham Ban ve Idle u&c xa hoi (1762),
Rousseau da viet: "Khi nguoi ta khong the diilh
ro mpt ty le chinh xae giiia cac bo phan cSu
thanh cua nhii nuoc, hoijc khi mil nhitng nguyen
nhan khach quan lam suy yeu khong ngimg mcji
quan he giiia cac bo phan ay, thi nguoi ta phai
aatm6tcoquanditcbiet,kh6ngthamduviiobat
cu mot bp phan nao, Co quan nay dat m6i bo
phan vao dung VI tri cua no, liim moi diiy lien lac
va yeu to trung gian giira Chinh phi, viii nhan
dan,hoacgiuaChlnhphuvoicoquanquyJnluc
toi cao, hoac giiia ca ba ve ay kh, can. Co quan

_D
naytdiggi la coquan tuphap"'^'. Quan niem ciia
Rousseau ve ca quan tu phap eung khdng ed
nhieu khae biet vdi Montesquieu, theo dng khi
noi den ea quan tu phap phai hieu dd la toa an,
la hoat ddng xet xu cua tda an. Nhu vay, ea
Montesquieu va Rousseau deu eoi quyen tu
phap la quyen ap dung cac quy dinh eiia phap
luat CO lien quan dexac dinh rd quyen, nghia vu,
trach nhiem, hau qua phap ly eiia eae ben tham
gia tranh chap dua tren nhimg tinh tiet khaeh
quan eua vu viec. Thdng qua viec thuc hien
quyen tu phap, phap luat duge ap dung, tdn
trgng va chap hanh bdi cac td chiie, ea nhan
trong xa hdi. Ndi each khac, mdt trong nhirng
"dau vao" khi thuc hien quyen tu phap ehinh la
phap luat - san pham cua quyen lap phap.

phat sinh tir viec mdt didu gi dd ed phii hpp hay
khdng phii hop vdi phap luat dieu chinh viee
ay"'^\ Tren phuang dien ly luan eung nhu trong
thuc tidn td chiie he thdng bd may d nhieu qudc
gia tren the gidi, ngudi ta thudng xem tu phap la
mdt trong nhiing nhanh quan trgng cua he
thdng quyen lire nha nude, thudng ddng nhat tu
phap vdi boat ddng xet xir cua tda an. Ngay nay,
d eac nude, quyen tu phap dugc nhin nhan tir
nhieu giac dd, song tuu trung, dd la quyen xet xir,
la viec nhan danh cdng ly giai quyet tranh chap,

giai quyet xung dot xa hdi bang viec xet xir, thdng
qua thii tuc xet xir do luat dinh,

cho toa an va cac tham phan xem xet va quyet
dinh cac vu viec va dua ra phan quyet cd gia tri
bdt huge thi hanh ddi vdi cae vu viec ay; quyen
giai thleh va ap dung phap luat khi cd tranh eai

Tuy nhien, d day edng can cd su phan biet co
quan tu phap vdi quyen tu phap. Xuat phat tir
nhung diem dac thii eiia thg che chinh tri - phap
ly, Nghi quyet sd 49-NQ/TW ngay 2-6-2005 ve

6 Viet Nam, theo Tir dien Tieng Viet thi "tu
phap" cd nghia la "viec xet xir cac hanh vi pham
phap va cac vu kien tung nong nhan dan""'. Cdn
Chiu anh hudng tu tudng cua cac luat gia thdi quyen tu phap theo TH dien Luat hoc ciia Vien
Khai sang, khi xay dung ban Hien phap nam 1787, Khoa hoc phap ly (Bd Tu phap) ed nghia la:
cac nha lap hien Hoa Ky da quy dinh d Dieu III, "quyen xet xii cae vu an hinh su, dan su, hdn
khoan 1 nhu sau: "Quyen lire tu phap Hoa Ky se nhan, kinh te, lao ddng, hanh chinh... Quyen tu
dugc trao cho Toa an toi cao va nhirng toa an cap phap dugc giao cho tda an nhan dan thue
duoi ma Qudc hdi cd the thiet lap trong mpt sd hien"'^', Cdn tac gia Vd Khanh Vmh cho rang:
trudng hpp". Va hau het eae hien phap ciia cae "quyen tu phap la kha nang va nang lire neng
nude tu ban nhu Nhat, Phap, Diic, Thuy Dien... ciia cae eo quan tda an, chiem vi tri dac biet
sau nay khi quy dinh ve quyen tu phap deu coi dd trong bd may nha nude thuc hien de tac ddng
la hoat ddng eiia eac toa an. Nhu vay, quan niem den hanh vi con ngudi, den qua trmh xa hgi"'^'.
CO hnh ehung nhat theo nghia hep ve quyen tu
(J Viet Nam, kertrkhi cd Hien phap nam 1946
phap tir ly thuyet den xay dung hien phap thanh den nay, ca quan xet xti la TAND eac cap, tda an
van cua cac nude ed lieh su lap hien lau nam deu quan suva ed the them tda an dac biet. Mdi sd thiet

dupe hieu la quyen xet xii eiia cac toa an.
che nhu nong tai, td ehiic hda giai dcasd hiy thuc
Quan niem ve quyen tu phap trong thdi ky hien chiie nang gan gidng vdi xet xir, nhung khdng
Khai Sang cd anh hudng Idn den sir hinh thanh the ggi la ca quan xet xii. Hien nay, quyen tu phap
tu duy chinh tri - phap ly hien dai. Theo dinh da dugc lam rd ve mat tham quyen, dreo quy dinh
nghia ciia Black's Law Dictionary thi, quyen tu Hien phap nam 2013 thi "Tda an nhan din thuc
phap (judicial power) la "tham quydn duge trao hien quyen tup/iap" (Khoan 1, Dieu 102),

LVLUAN CHINHTRI-So 5/2019


NGHIEN CU'U - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN

"Chien luge cai each tuphap den nam 2020" eho
rang cac ca quan tuphap khdng chi la tda an, ma
cdn bao gdm ea vien kiem sat, cae eo quan dieu
tra, eo quan thi hanh an. O Viet Nam, ngoai he
thdng tda an, edn cd cac ca quan khae tuy khdng
thue hien quyen arphap, nam ngoai he thdng tu
phap nhungvan dugc ggi, duge eoi la eaquan tu
phap, Bd Tuphap (diudc Chinh phii), Uy ban Tu
phap ciia Qude hdi, ngay ca ca quan dieu tra, co
quan cdng td, Vien kiem sat, ea quan thi hanh an
cung duge liet vao danh sach ca quan tu phap''^.
Tir nhirng net dac thii ve the che ehinh tri,
phap ly va hanh ehinh Viet Nam eho thay su
tham gia eiia eae eo quan dieu tra va cdng td
nong viec thue thi quyen tu phap la can thiet, boi
mot minh toa an khong the tien hanh toan bd
cac hoat ddng td tim ehirng eii, xae minh, danh

gia chimg cir den xet xu. Tren the gidi edng
khdng CO nude nao to chiic he thdng tda an vdi
tat ca chirc nang va nhiem vu do, Khi thuc hien
nhiem vu bao ve phap luat, cac co quan dieu tra,
CO quan edng td chi tham gia d cae mirc dp nhat
dinh vao qua ninh giai quyet va bao ve cong ly,
Tda an vdi chiic nang xet xit ciia minh ludn ludn
la chii the bat budc cua quan he td tung. Vdi vi
m' dd, tda an la co quan ddng vai nd Uung tam
trong he thdng coquan thue thi quyen tuphap,

va the hien rd nhat quyen tu phap. Hoat ddng
dieu na cd thg duge thue hien bdi cac co quan
hanh phap nhung thue hien chirc nang tu phap
hoac do eaquan cdng td hoac tda an dam nhiem.
Thi hanh an xet ve ban chat khdng phai la boat
ddng tu phap thuan tdy ma mang tinh chait hanh
chinii - tuphap. Tiii hanh an la giai doan sau cua
xet xir, khdng cd sii menh xae dinh sir that cua vu
an ma chi thuc thi phan quyet cua tda an.
Vdi each tiep can quyen tu phap ma trgng tam
la quygn xet xu cae vu an cua tda an thi quygn tu
phap cd eae dae digm chinh sau day:
- Ve mat phap ly: Quygn tu phap la quyen dua
ra phan quyet cd gia tri bat bude thi hanh eua ea
quan cdng quyen (ma cu the la tda an) ve tinh
diing/sai, hgp phap/bat hgp phap ciia mdt hanh
vi nhat dinh. Ca sd phap ly cua viec thirc hien
quyen tu phap (de tda an ra phan quyet) chinh
la phap luat va chi la phap luat. San pham cua

viee thuc hien quyen tu phap la eae phan quyet
cd hieu luc phap luat ciia Ida an, budc moi ca
nhan, td chiie, trong do cd ca cae eo quan nha
nude phai tuan thu va chap hanh. Quyen tu
phap, vi vay, chinh la quygn bude hanh vi ciia
cae ben tranh chap phai chiu sir phan xet cua
phap luat. Thye hien quyen tu phap (xet xii) la
mot dang eiia boat ddng ap dung phap luat va
thong qua do, phap luat duge tdn nong va bao
ve, Quyen tu phap, vi vay, cung chinh la quydn
buoc cac chil the trong xa hdi phai dat minh
dudi phap luat. thuong tdn phap luat.

Nhu vay cd the hieu, quyen tu phap theo
nghia hep chi gidi han dtda an vdi ehiic nangxet
xir, nhan danh Nha nude dua ra phan quyei ddi
vdi cac hanh vi vi pham phap luat hoac vi pham
quyen, lgi ieh cua cdng dan, td chiic; ap dung
- VSmatxa hoi: Vdiy nghia la quygn giai quyet
phap luat; phan xet hanh vi hop phap eiia cae co
eac tranh chap phap ly, quygn tu phap, khi duoc
quan, cdng chirc nha nude,
thuc hien mdt each dung dan se gop phan lam
Quyen tuphap tlieo ngliia rdngduoc thuc hien
diu hoac giai tda nhung mau thuan, cang thang
thdng qua boat ddng ciia he didng cae ca quan
tirong xa hdi.
^
bao ve phap luat nhu co quan dieu na, co quan
^^Wmat^tfruat Thuc hienquyen tuphap (,et

cdng td va tda an. Trong he thdng cac coquan dd,
>«) lamp, qua tnnh toa an raquye,dmlrd« giai
tda an vdi ehiic nang xet xu ed vai trd trung tam quye, cac tranh chap ve quyen, loi ich hop phap

LYLUAN CHINHTRI-So 5/2019


m
ciia cac ben. Qua tiinh ra quyet dinh nay kha dac
biet so vdi eac qua timh ra quyet dinh cua cac ca
quan lap phap hoac ca quan hanh phap. Trong
quytirinhra quyet dinh nay, chat lugng cua quyet
dinh khdng chi phu thudc vao nang luc chuyen
mdn ciia ngudi ra quyet dinh, ma cdn phu thudc
vao lugng va chat lugng thdng tin ma eac ben
tham gia tianh chap cung cap eho tda an"".
2.Tinh tat yen, muc dich ciia kiem soat
quyen tir phap trong nha nu'dc phap quyen.
Quyen lire nha nude la quygn lire uy quygn,
mang tinh dai dien, do do van de dat ra d day la
lam sao iiy quyen nhimg khdng mat quyen; ban
che viec dimg quygn lue cdng de sii dung vao cae
muc dich tu... Tdm lai, lam sao giai quyet duge
van de khdng de cho quygn luc nha nude bi tha
hoa, sir dung khdng dtmg muc dich, day la cau
hoi het siic khd khan ca nen phuang dien iy luan
chinh tri va phap ly trong mdt thdi gian rat dai.
Ly luan va thuc tign ehinh tri - phap ly d ca
phuong Ddng lan phuong Tay hang ngan nam
qua dgu cho thay viec tim kiem ca ehe thuc thi

quyen lue nha nude la can thiet. Lich sii phat
tiien ciia nha nude ed khoang ban 3.000 nam,
nhung lich sii cua bp may nha nude dugc phan
quyen mdi chi cd khoang gan 300 nam, ke tii khi
CO each mang tu san. Tu phap d phuang Tay
dugc hieu ddng nghia vdi xet xii, la hoat dpng ciia
Toa an de tim ra edng ly, edng bfing cho tat ca
mpi ngudi. 6 phuong Tay, tu phap duge xem xet
nhu la mdt nhanh quyen luc, can bang vdi lap
phap va hanh phap. Qua trinh tim kiem md hinh
va phuang thirc thuc thi quyen lue nha nude
chinh la qua trinh hoan thien va tdi uu hda td
chiic quyen lire nha nude nham lam cho td chiie
do dugc the hien quyen lire mpt each tot nhat,
dap ling yeu can su phat tri en cua xa hpL Tinh tat
yeu kiem soat quygn tu phap trong nha nude
phap quygn duge the hien d nhiing ly do sau:

+ Quyen tuphip la quyen luc duoc uy nhiem:
Quygn luc nha nude ndi ehung va quygn tuphap
ndi rieng la quyen lire do ngudi dan iiy nhiem. Sir
liy nhiem nay dien ra khi mdt chii die do nhirng
rao can khaeh quan nen khdng the ti; minh giai
quyet nhiing van dg eu the lien quan den viec
thuc hien quyen lam chu ciia minh, va hg phai
tiidng qua mdt ehii the khac de thuc hien edng
viec nay. Sir uy quygn nay dugc tiiue hien thdng
qua hgp ddng hay cdn gpi la "khe ude xa hdi".
Ngudi duge iiy quygn thue thi quyen luc nhan
danh chii the da uy quygn cho minh theo hpp

ddng, ehii the uy quyen giii vai nd chi phoi ngudi
duge iiy quyen, ngudi duoc iiy quygn ehi duge
hanh ddng trong khudn khd duge try quygn. Tuy
nhien, khi da iiy quygn thi xuat hien nguy co
quyen luc bi lam dung. Thuc tifin lich sii eho thay,
quyen lue nha nude ludn cd xu hirdng bi lam
dung, hi "tha hda" bdi nhflng ngudi thuc thi. De
Nha nude thuc hien diing nhGng digu ma minh
da uy nhiem, da tiida thuan; dam bao eho quyen
luc nha nude duoc sii dung dung muc dieh va
phat iiuy hieu qua trong tiiuc te ddi hdi phai cd
sir phan cdng, phdi hgp va kiem soat quyen luc.
+ QuySn tuphip do dpi ngu thuc thi phip luat
nim gia nen xuat hien nguy cobi thao tiing, dan
dat boi loi ich ca nhan. De dam bao thuc till,
quyen lire nha nude can phai tap tnmg de tao nen
siic manh ehung, nhung dieu nay dan tdi he qua
ban than nhirng ngudi cam quygn eung cd nhu
eau tiida man lgi ieh ca nhan eiia minh, Digu nay
xuat phat tir ban tinh VI ky, su tham lam eung nhu
khat vgng thda man quyen luc ciia eon ngudi"^'.
Xet ve ban chat, eon ngudi ludn cd san ban tiiih
tu lgi, chiu anh hudng bdi cac loai tinh cam, due
vpng khac nliau. Tren danii nghia nhirng ngudi
duge uy quyen thue thi quyen tu phap dai dien
eho y ehi, nguyen vgng ehung ciia sd ddng, su
dung quygn luc de dieu hanh cdng viec ehung

LYLUAN CHiNH TRI-So 5/2019

EL

NGHIEN CCrU - PHATTRIEN LY LUAN

theo su tiida thuan trong eac ban "khe ude",
Nhung trong qua tiinh thuc hien quyen tu phap,
ranh gidi giira Im ich cdng ddngva lgi ieh ea nhan;
lgi ich chung va loi ichriengnhieu khi khdng dugc
phan biet rach rdi. Dieu nay dan den nguy co
quyen lue ehung (quyen luc dugc iiy nhiem) bi
tiiao tung, dan dat va hi chi phdi bdi eae Igi fch ca
nhan. Do dd, neu khdng ed co che td ehire hpp iy
thi viec sir dung quygn lire chung phuc vu eho lgi
ich rieng rat dl xay ra. De khae phue tinli nang
nay, ttong co cau td chirc quyen lire, ngirdi ta deu
tinh den viec thiet lap co che phan cdng, phoi hpp
va kiem soat quyen luc n h ^ chdng lai su tha
hda, chdng lai xu hudng quyen lire nha nude hi sir
dungvi muc dich ea nhan.

nhiing quyet dinh ddng dan trong qua trinh xet xu
nham tao ra ca che bao ve cae quyen cua edng
dan, tao ra niem tin ciia ngudi dan vao cong ly.
3. Hinh fhirc liigm soat quy^n tu phap
trong nha nirdc phap quyen
Tha nhat, giam sat (supervision) la thuat ngir
dung de chi mdt hoat ddng xem xet cd tinh bao
quat eiia chii the ben ngoai he thdng ddi vdi
khach the thudc he thdng khac. Theo Tir dien

Bich khoa thi: "Giam sat la mdt hinh thiic boat
ddng ciia ca quan nha nude hoae to chiic xa hgi
nham bao dam phap che hoac su eh^p hanh
nhflng quy tSe ehung nao do"''"'. Tir dien Hin Viet do Dao Duy Anh bien soan giai thieh: "Giam
sat la xem xet va dan hach"''". Theo quan luem
nay thi giam sat la xem xet, kiem tra ngoai ra ddi
tupng hi giam sat phai chiu sir ehat van eua chii
the giam sat, Cdn tii dien Tieng Viet do Nguyen
Nhu Y bien soan tiii eho rang: "Giam sat la tiieo
ddi, kiem tra viee tiiue hien nhiem vu""^'.

+ Kiem soat quyen tuphap phai la dieu kien
can thiet de cho quyen luc nha nuoc duac sii
dung diing din, dam bao cac quyen tu do cua
cong dan. Cdng ly va quyen luc cd mdi quan he
vdi nhauhet sire ehat che, "eongly khdng dua vao
quyen luc tiii bat luc; quyen lue khdng di ddi vdi
Dudi gdc dd phap ly, tiieo Tiidien Luathgctia:
cdng ly till tan bao. Vi vay can phai ket hgp giua
"Giam sat la sytiieodoi, quan sat hoat ddng mang
cdngly va quygn luc, va nham muc dich nay, phai
tinh chil dpng, tiiudngxuyen, lien tiic va sin sang
lam the nao cho nhung dieu hop cdng ly phai cd
tac ddng bang cac bien phap tich cue de budc va
dd quygn luc; hay nhirng dieu dua vao quyen luc
hudng boat ddng di dung quy dao, quy ehd n h ^
phai hgp vdi cdng ly", day la dieu ma dai van hao
dat dupe muc dich, hieu qua da dugc xae dinh tir
ngudi Phap Pascal da kliang dinh tii nam 1662.
tnrdc, dam bao cho phap luat duae tuan tiieo

Nha nude la chu the duy nhat duge thuc hien nghiem cbinh""^". Cdn theo quan niem ctia khoa
quygn cuong ehe, nd Uen quan ttuc tiep den viec hoc hanh chinh tiii: "Giam sat dimg de chi hoat
dam bao cac quygn ea ban eua cdng dan. Quyen
dpngciia cac eaquan quyenlircnhanude,tdaan,
tu phap la quyen xet xir ciia tda an, dieu nay anh
caetochucxahgivacdngdan nham bao dam su
hudng tiire tiep den quygn tu do, quygn tai san,
quyen nhan than eiia ca nhan, td chuc, Neu quyen
hoi '"'.Nhuvay, quan niem ' "
nay dugc tiiuc hien nghiem ehinh, diing dan se
ehinh quan niem giam sat r;
tao ra niem tin eiia ngudi dan vao edng 1^ nguge , . ,.
.
-^^^ rang, bao gdm he
lai, nd se vi pham nghiem nong den eac quyen ca thongg.amsattrongndibdcuabdmaynhanudc
ban eua cdng dan. Xuat phat tir tinh nhay cam va vah^thong^amsatnamngoMbdma n h a n u T
tinh dg bi lam dung, quyen tu phap can dugc dat
Gram sat la theo doi, xem xet h o a , 6 n g " T a
dudi su giam sat thudng xuyen de ed the dua ra c h u t h e t i r y c h i e n n h i ^ g q u y d i n h d u n X y "
V.v,y,ho,t ddnggi^nr sated chu dich ^ : ;
LVLUAN CHINH TRI-So 5/2019


m
hudng ddi tugng hoat ddng phai thirc hien dirng
nhung quy dinh va thue hien nhung giai phap
do chu thg giam sat de ra. Viee giam sat dd can:
"phai cd tinh doe lap va phai bao dam yeu cau
khach quan""^'. Cdn trong cudn Tim hiiu mpt
s6 thuat ngQ trong van kien DaihgiXcua Dang,

cac tac gia cho r&ng: Giam sat la "theo ddi, kiem
tra, phat hien, danh gia eiia ca nhan, td chiic,
cpng ddng ngudi doi vdi ea nhan, td ehiic, cgng
ddng ngudi khac nong ITnh vue boat dgng kinh
lg- xahdi, ttong viee thue hien Hien phap, phap
luM, dudng ldi, quan diem eua Dang, ehinh saeh
ciia Nha nude, cac quyen, nghia vu eua cdng
dan, eiia td chiic chinh tri - xa hpi va kien nghi
phat huy, iru didm, thanh tuu, xir ly ddi vdi ca
nhan, td chiic cd nhiing hanh vi sai trai""^'.

tirtii xa hdi nhir giam sat cua cdng dan qua tiiue
hien quyen khieu nai, td cao; giam sat ciia MTTQ
va cae td chuc tiianh vien; giam sat eua bao ehi,
truyen thdng trong tiiuc hien quyen tu phap.
Hoat ddng giam sat eua eae chu the nay khdng
mang tinh quyen lire nha nude ma nd tao ra ap
lire, du luan xa hdi huge eae ea quan tu phap
phai tuan thu phap luat, dam bao cdng ly, su
nghiem minh eua luat phap khi dua ra ban an va
cac quyet dinh xet xu. Nhung chii thg giam sat
nay khdng cd quygn ap dung cae bien phap
eudng ehe mang linh quygn luc nha nude.

Thiihai, thuc hien hieu qua cong tic kiem tra.
Kiem tra duoc hieu la "xem xet tinh hinh thirc te
de danh gia, nhan xet""^'. Kiem tra la xem xet,
danh gia boat ddng eiia eo quan, to chtic, ca
Mac dii cd nhiing quan niem khac nhau, nhung nhan xem ed phu hgp vdi phap luat hay khdng
noi ham cua giam sat cd nhiing didm chung: la va ap dung eae bien phap bao dam va khdi phuc

theo doi, xem xet, quan sat eua mdt chit the vdi su phu hpp dd. Hoat ddng kiem tra mang tinh
mgt ddi tugng nao dd bi giam sat. Cd the hieu, chat ndi bd, la hoat ddng eiia ehii the nham tien
giam sat la theo ddi, xem xet hoat dpng cua chii hanh xem xet, xae minh mdt viec gi dd ciia ddi
die cd tham quygn the hien tinh chii ddng, lien tugng bi quan ly xem cd phii hgp vdi trang thai
tuc, thirdng xuyen va tac ddngbang cae bien phap dinh trudc hay khdng. Kiem tra la boat ddng cd
tich cue nham hudng hoat cua khaeh the (ddi tinh thudng xuyen, hen tuc.
Chii the ed tham quyen kigm tra thue hien
tuong) thuc hien diing nhiing digu da quy dinh.
Theo quy dinh ciia Hien phap va phap luat ehiic nang ciia minh tren ca sd quy dinh phap
Viet Nam hien hanh, he tiidng giam sat bao gdm luat, cd the kiem tra dinh ky hoac kiem tra dot
hai loai; giam sat ben trong the che nha nude xuat. Chil tiie tien hanh kiem tra ed quyen tiieo
(mang tinh quygn lire nha nude) va giam sat xa doi de boat ddng ciia coquan, td chue duac diln
hpi (giam sat etia bao chi, truyen thdng, xa hdi ra Uieo diing vdi chirc nang, nhiem vu dugc giao;
dan su..,). Giam sat mang tmh quyen lue nha ed quyen yeu cau ddi tuong bi kiem tra cung cap
nude gdm cd; giam sat cua cac ca quan dan eii hd so, tai heu, chung eii lien quan den van de
(Quoc hdi, HDND); giam sat ciia VKSND ddi vdi kiem tra; cd quyen de xuat cac phuong hudng,
boat ddng td tung tu phap eua TAND va ca quan thdi ban va each khac phue nhung thieu sdt 3
digu na"^'. Su giam sat eua cae ea quan nay
nham bao dam phap che, su diing dan nong ban
an va cac quy dinh ciia Ida an.
Giam sat xa hdi ddi vdi quygn tu phap la su (1) Montesquieu (1748): Ban vetinh thanphaplual
giam sat ciia eae tiiiet ehe ngoai Nha nude mang (ban dich tieng Viet ciia Hoang Thanh Dam), Nxb
LY LUAN CHlNH TRI-So 5/2019


Q^

NGHIEN CLTU - PHATTRIEN LY L U A N

(9) Ndi ve tinh vi ky ea nhan, trong tac pham lewaLyluan chinh tri, HaNoi, 2006, n,105-106,

(2) Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762): Ban vekheiroc £/ian (1651), Hobbes chi ra con ngudi la nhirng diuc
xa hpi (ban dich cua Hoang Thanh Dam), Nxb Ly tiig tu lgi mang tinh ban chSt, tinh tu loi la dpng co
dan dat hanh dpng ciia con ngudi. Theo Hobbes,
luan chinh tri. Ha Npi, 2004, tr.2J8.
(3}BryanA. Garner (ed.): Black's Law Dictionary, tinh tu loi va sy khao khat quyen lire chi mat di khi
con ngudi chet. Montesquieu cho r^ng: "BSt cii ai
9"= ed, (St. Paul, MN; 2009) at 924.
(4) HoangPhe - chu bien (1997); Tiidien TiengViet, cd quygn dgu cd xu hudng lam quyen va hg cir su
dung quygn den khi nao gap phai gidi han". Cdn
Nxb Da Nang va Tmng tam tii dien hoe, tr. 1034.
(5) Vien Khoa hpc phap ly - Bo Tu phap, Tir dien nha Sli hgc ngudi Anh, Lord Action lai khang dinh:
Luat hoc, Nxb Tir dien bach khoa va Nxb Tu phap; "Quyen luc ludn cd xu hudng ddi bai, quygn luc
HaN6i,2006,n,657.
tuyet ddi se dan den su ddi bai tuyet ddi".
(6) Vo Khanh Vinh: Quyen tuphap Pong nha nuoc (10) Trung tam tir dien hpc, Tir dien bach khoa Viet
phap quyen xa hdi chu nghia cua dan, da dan, vi dan Nam, Nxb Tir dien bach khoa, Ha Ndi, 2002, n. 112.
dVietNam.Ja.pchiNhanii6cvaphapluat,s68/2QQ3. (11) Dao Duy Anh: rdA'eh/Zan- Vier,NxbVanhda
(7) Thuat ngd cac co quan tu phap 6 nude ta hien tiidng tin, Ha Ndi, 2003, n,154.
nay chua dugc hieu va sii dung mot each thdng (12) Nguygn Nhu Y: Dai' tirdien TiengViet, Nxb Van
nhat trong cac van ban cua Dang va phap luat cua hda - Thdng tin, Ha Npi, 1998, n.728.
Nha nude. Can phan biettiiuatngir CO quan tuphap (13) Vien Khoa hpc phap ly: Tirdien Luat hgc. Nxb
vdi thuat ngu cac ca quan ciia "nganh tu phap" Tir dien Bach khoa. Ha Ndi, 1999, n, 174.
thuoc he thdng hanh phap (g6m Bp Tu phap, cac (14) Hpc vien Hanh chinh Qude gia: Hanh chinh
s6, phong, ban tu phap). Mac dti cac co quan nay nha nuoc va cdng nghe hanh chinh. Nxb Khoa hgc
deu CO cum tir "tu phap" gSn sau ten co quan. va ky tiiuat, Ha Noi, 2007, tr.217.
nhung thuc chat, cac co quan nay khong tmc tiep
(15) Dao Tri Uc: Quan niem vegiam sat thuc hien
thuc hien cac hoat dong tu phap, Theo chuc nang,
quyen lire nha nude va ca che thuc hien giam sat.
nhiem vu dupe giao, cac ca quan nay la co quan

Tap chi Nha nirdc vaphap luat, sd 6-2003, tr.7,
quan ly nha nude ddi voi mpt so td chdc va hoat
(16) Ngo Van Du, Hong Ha, Tran Xuan Gia: Tim
dpng lu phap (thi hanh an dan su. luat su, cong
liiSu mot sd thuat ngd Pong van hen Dai hpi X cua
chung, giam dinh tu phap,.,), ngoai ra, Uong linh
Dang, Nxb Chinh tri quoc gia. Ha Noi, 2006,tt.184.
vue xay dung phap luat, Bd Tu phap dugc giao chu
tri xay dung mot sd van ban luat lien quan true tiSp (17) Theo quy dinh ciia Luat to chiic Vien Kiem sat
dgn hoat dong tu phap (nhu Bo luat hinh su, Bo luat nhan dan va phap luat vg to lung hinh su tiii trong
dan su, Bo luat thi hanh an, Luat luat su.,.), la thanh qua ninh kiem sat cong tac digu tta, Vien Kiem sat
vien tiiam gia va tham dinh tat ca cac van ban phap nhan dan co quyen: "phe chuan, khong phe ehuan
luat lam co sd phap ly cho td chiic va hoat dong ciia cac quya dinh cua co quan digu tra tiieo quy dinh
cua phap luat, quyei dinh ap dung, ihay ddi hoae
cac CO quan tu phap.
huy bo cac quyet dmh irai phap luat cua co quan
(8) Xemtiiem:Nguygn Van Cuong: QuySn tuphap
dieu tra va"quyet dinh tmy to bl can; qnyet dinh
trong nlia nude phap quyen xa bpi cbii nghia - dinh chi hoac tam dinh chi dieu Ua".
Nhimg van de dat ra trong linh hinh m&i.
(18) Tir dien tieng Viet, Nxb Khoa hoc xa hni u •
hitp://viavw.moj,gov,vn
Npi, 1994,
tt.882.
"°cxahoi,Ha

LVLUAN CHINHTRI-So 5/2019