Pháp luật hợp đồng việt nam nhìn ở góc độ so sánh với luật cộng hòa pháp

KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE

PHAP LUAT HOP DONG VIET NAM
NHIN d GOC DO SO SANH Vdl LUAT CONG HOA PHAP
D o a n Thj Phritfng D i ^ p *
**T5. Khoa Luat,Tra6ng Pai hoc Kinh te-Luat. Bai hoc Quoc Qia TP. Ho Chi Minh
Thong tin bai viet:
Tir khoa: luat hop dong, hop dong vo
hieu
Lich sir bai viet:
Nhlnbai
Bientap
Duyetbai

: 21/05/2019
: 28/06/2019
: 05/07/2019

Tom tat:
Thoi gian ap dung Bo luat Dan sii nam 2015 trong thuc tiln la chua
du de CO the nhin nhan va phan tich nhijng uu diem cung nhu nhiing
han che trong cac quy dinh. Do vay, viec phan tich, so sanh phap luSt
Viet Nam voi phap luat Phap - mot he thong phap luat kha tiSn tien
va nhigu tuong dong, de co each hieu ciing nhu each giai thich phu
hop voi thuc tien, la mot vifc can thiet, de tir do chung ta co co sd
cho nhiing de xuat nham lam hoan thien hon ntta cac quy dinh ctia
phap luat hien hanh.

Article Infomation:

Abstract

Keywords:
contract law, invalid
contract
Article History:
: 21 May 2019
Received
;28Jun./20t9
Edited
. 05 Jul./2019
Approved

The enforcement duration of the Civil Code of 2015 in practice is
long not enough for comprehensive perceptions and analysis of
the advantages and shortcoming of its provisions, Therefore, it is
necessary to seek analysis and comparison of Vietnamese law with
the French one - an advanced law system that is considered as a
similar one to Vietnamese law in order to see an understanding as
well as an practical appropriateness, from which it may establish a
solid ground for recommendations of further improvements to the
provisions of the current law.

1. Nh&ng thay d6i cua phap luat
hffp d6ng d Viet Nam trong boi canh ap
dung Bo lu^t Dan sir nam 2015
Su thdng nhdt trong cdc quy dinh ve
hgp dong a Viet Nam hien nay. Che dinh
"hop d6ng dan su" quy dinh trong Bg luat
Dan su (BLDS) nam 1995 dugc BLDS nam
2005 thay bSng "Hop dong" va dugc BLDS

nam 2015 quy dinh chung trong phan thir
ba ve "NghTa vu va hgp dong". Sir thay doi
ten goi trong nay ham y rang, BLDS nam
2015 se la van ban xac lap nguyen tic chung
I NOHIEN euu

56 I L A P P H A P ^

.

So 11(387)16/2019

ve hgp ddng, cac quy dinh ctaa Luat Thuong
mai nam 2005 hay Luat Kinh doanh bat
dgng san, Luat Kinh doanh bao hi^m.... se
dieu chinh cac hop d6ng chuyen biet cho
timg ITnh vuc. Di6u nay bao dam tinh th6ng
nhat trong cac quy dinh ciia hop d6ng trong
cac ITnh vuc khac nhau.
Vdn de ve giao kit hap ddng. BLDS
nam 2015 bo sung hai di^m mai co vai tro
nhu diem nhdn lam nen su sinh dgng trong
cac quy dinh ciia BLDS 2015, do la quy
dinh ve dg nghi giao ket hgp ddng "Dg nghi


KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
giao kit hgp d^ng la viec the hien ro y dinh
giao kit hgp d6ng va chiu sir rang buoc v^
de nghi nay cua ben de nghi doi voi ben da

dugc xac dinh hoac tai cong chung (sau day
ggi chung la ben dugc de nghj)"' va guy
dinh vl thong tin trong giao ket hgp dong
theo quy dinh tai Dilu 387 BLDS.
Dilm _moi thu nhat lien quan den dl
nghi giao kit hgp dong. Khoan 1 Dilu 386
BLDS 2015 quy dinh: " D I nghi giao kit
hgp ding la viec the hien ro y dinh giao ket
hgp ding va chiu su rang huge ve de nghi
niy cua ben dl nghi doi vai ben da dugc
xac dinh ho^c t6i cong chiing (sau day goi
chung la ben dugc de nghi)". Vdi ^uy dinh
nay, BLDS 2015 da xac djnh cu the chii the
duoc dl righi giao ket hgp dong. Cac chii
thi nay gdm "ben da dugc xac dinh" hoac
"cong chung". Quy dinh nay cho thay, phap
iuat chap nhan de nghi cho hai chu the, mot
chu the cu the dugc xac dinh trong de nghi
va chii the thu hai la bat ky ngudi nao chap
nhan de nghi vdi mdt de nghi dugc dua ra
cho dai chung. Quy dinh nay cua phap luat
Viet Nam hoan toan tuong ddng vdi Dieu
1114 L?nh sd 2016-131 ciia Cdng hoa Phap
ve sira ddi phap luat hgp ddng ve chu the
dugc de nghi giao ket hgp ddng: "De xuat
giao ket hgp ddng dugc dua ra cho mgt chii
the cy the hoac khdng xac djnh bao gdm cac
yeu to CO ban cua hgp ddng dugc du kien,
the hi?n y chi cua tac gia va bj rang budc
trong truong hgp de nghi dugc chap nhan,

Neu thieu vang cac yeu td co ban nay thi xem
nhu chi co loi mdi tharn gia dam phan"^. Tuy
nhien, chiing tdi cho rang, ngi dung cua dS
nghi giao ket hgp dong chua phii hop vdi
yeu c^u cua thuc tiln, bdi vi, BLDS vSn cho
phep, trong mgt sd trudng hgp, tinh tr^ng im
l^g dugc xem la chip nhan dl nghi giao kit
h?fp dong^ va "hgp ddng dugc giao ket vao
thoi diem ben de nghi nh§n duoc chdp nhan
giao kit" (khoan 1 Dilu 400 BLDS 2015) se
lam phit sinh quyln va nghia vu cua cac ben.

Quy djnh chua phan biet giiia dl nghi giao
ket hop ddng va dl nghi dam phan hgp ddng.
Dilm mdi thu hai lien quan din thong
tin trong giao kit hgp ddng. Theo quy dinh
ciia khoan 1 Dilu 387 BLDS 2015, "truong
hgp mdt ben cd thdng tin anh hudng din viec
chap nhan giao kit hgp ddng ciia ben kia thi
phai thdng bao cho ben kia bilt" va cac ben
chiu tranh nhiem giu bi mat thdng tin cho
nhau. Quy dinh nay tao ra mgt nghia vu "tiln
hgp ddng" gifia cac ben, nghia vu nay di liin
ngay sau do la che tai ve bdi thudng thiet hai
vdi tu each la mdt loai trach nhiem bdi thuong
thiet hai ngoai hgp ddng. Theo chiing tdi, quy
dinh nay khdng cd y nghia nhieu trong thuc
tien ap dung luat. Bdi le, ngay ca khi khdng
cd quy dinh nay, gia djnh rang mgt ben biet ve
nhung thdng tin c6 anh hudng quan trgng din

viec giao ket hgp ddng nhimg khdng bao cho
ben kia, sau khi hgp ddng dugc giao ket mdi
phat hien ra nhung thdng tin nay thi tiiy thugc
vao trudng hgp xay ra trong thuc tien hanh
ddng khdng cung cap thdng tin cd the dugc
dugc xem la lira ddi hoac gay ra mgt su nham
lan cho viec giao ket hop dong. Khi do, ben
bi lira hoac nham cd the yeu cau toa an tuyen
bd vd hieu hgp ddng ciing vai viec yeu cau
bdi thudng thi?t hai, neu cd. Nhu vay, khdng
can din quy djnh tai Dilu 387 BLDS 2015
thi nghia vu nay ciing da dat ra giiia cac ben
trong dl nghi giao ket hgp dong vai tu each
la mgt n^hTa vu phai ngay thang va trung thuc
trong van dl de nghi va giao ket hgp ddng.
Van de thuc hi^n vd cham dut hgp
ddng. BLDS 2015 bd sung hai quy djiih cd
y nghTa dudi tac dgng cua phap luat qudc te.
Thie nhdt, quy dinh ve thuc hien hop
ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi ca ban (Dieu
420 BLDS 2015). Theo quy djnh nay, trong
trudng hgp hoan canh thay doi ca ban, ben
cd Igi ich bi anh huong cd quyen yeu cau ben
kia dam phan Iai hgp ddng trong mdt thd;
han hgp ly, trudng hgp cac ben khdng M
thda thuan dugc ve viec sira ddi hgp ddng

Khoan 1 Dieu 386 BLDS nam 2015
Ordonnance 2016-31 ngay 10/2/2016 sira ddi bd sung phap luat h(;rp dflng C9ng hoa Phdp
Khoan 2 Difiu 399 BLDS 2015 "Sy im lang ciia ben duoc Ah nghi khong dirge coi la chap nh^n de nghi giao ket hgp

^^g, trt truong hgp co thda thu^n hoac theo thoi quen da dugc x^c l^p giQa cac ben".
NGHliN CUV I C 7
S6 11(387)16/2019

LAP PHAPl " •


KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
trong mgt thdi han hgp ly, mdt trong cac ben
CO the yeu cau Tda an cho phep cham dut
hgp ddng tai mdt thdi diem xac dinh hoac
sira doi hgp ddng de can bang quyen va Igi
ich hgp phap ciia cac ben do hoan canh thay
ddi CO ban. Quy dinh nay giiip "bao ve tdt
hon quyen va Igi ich cua ben yeu the trong
quan he hgp ddng, can bang quyen va Igi ich
khi c6 su chenh lech qua muc, loai bd bit
cdng, bao dam le cdng bang trong xa hdi"''.
BLDS cung xac dinh ro hoan canh thay ddi
CO ban khi cd dii cac dieu kien sau day:
a) Su thay ddi hoan canh do nguyen
nhan khach quan xay ra sau khi giao ket hgp
ddng;
b) Tai thdi diem giao ket hgp ddng,
cac ben khdng the Iudng trudc dugc ve su
thay ddi hoan canh;
c) Hoan canh thay ddi lan den muc
neu nhu cac ben biet trudc thi hgp ddng da
khdng dugc giao ket hoac dugc giao ket
nhung vdi ndi dung hoan toan khac;

d) Viec tiep tuc thuc hien hgp dong ma
khdng cd su thay ddi ndi dung hgp ddng se
gay thiet hai nghiem trgng cho mdt ben;
d) Ben CO Igi ich bi anh hudng da ap
dung mpi bien phap can thiet trong kha nang
cho phep, phil hgp vdi tinh chat cua hop
ddng ma khdng the ngan chan, giam thieu
muc do anh hudng den Igi ich".
Dilu 1195 BLDS Cdng hoa Phap cd
quy dinh kha tuong ddng "Trong trudng hgp
cd su thay doi khdng Iudng trudc dugc tai
thdi diem ky ket hgp ddng khien cho viec
thuc hien qua tdn kem^ cho mgt ben ma ben
nay khdng dong y chap nhan riii ro dd, thi
ben dd cd the yeu cau dam phan lai hgp
ddng. Hgp dong tiep tuc dugc thuc hien
trong qua trinh dam phan lai.
Trong trudng hgp tir choi dam phan lai
hoac dam phan khdng thanh cdng, cac ben
cd thi thoa thuan ve cham dut hgp ddng, vao
ngay va theo cac dieu kien ma hg xac dinh.
4
5

hoac yeu c4u thkm phan ddng y vdi s^r dieu
chinh nay ctia ho. Trong trudng hgp khong,co
thda thuan trong mdt thai gian hgp ly, tham
phan cd thi, theo yeu ciu cua mdt ben, sua
ddi hgp ddng hoac chSm diit hgp thdi diem va vai cac dilu kien da sira doi .

Tren co sd so sanh vdi Dieu 420
BLDS Viet Nam 2015 neu tren, cd the thay
quy dinh ciia luat Viet Nam kha cu theva
chat che trong viec giai thich rd cac dieu
kien cho phep khdng tiep tuc thuc hien
(ch4m dirt) hgp ddng khi hoan canh thay ddi
CO ban. Chung tdi cho rSng, tinh than cua
dieu luat hoan toan phii hgp vdi thuc tien
tai Viet Nam trong boi canh ap dung nguyen
tic vl tdn trgng quyln tu dinh doat cua cac
ben vi suy cho cimg, hgp ddng la ket qua
ciia su thoa thuan ty nguyen va rang cac ben
phai chju trach nhiem vdi cac quyet dinh
cua minh khi tham gia yao^hgp ddng. Voi
nhin nhan nhu vay, cd the thiy phap luat hgp
ddng Viet Nam mgt mat thira nhan thdng le
qudc tl trong ITnh vuc nay^ mat khac^iir lai
nhung net rieng cin cd phii hgp vai bdi canh
phap iy ciia Viet Nam hien nay.
Thu hai, ve bdi thudng thiet hai do
vi pham hgp ddng (Dilu 419 BLDS 2015).
BLDS 2015 tiep tuc ke thira quy dinh cua
BLDS 2005 ye trach nhiem boi thudng
thiet hai ca ve vat chat va tinh than trong
truang hgp cd hanh vi vi pham hgp ddng.
Dieu nay cd nghTa la, viec bdi thudng thiet
hai ti'nh mang, sire khoe tiep tuc khdng dat
ra trong khuon kho trach nhiem dan su do vi
pham hgp dong, Ben canh do, BLDS 2015
khang djnh rSng, "trudng hgp cd thiet hai

do vi pham nghTa vu gay ra thi ben cd nghTa
vu phai bdi thudng toan bg thiet hai, trir
trudng hgp cd thda thuan khac hoac luat cd
quy dinh khac" (Dilu 360 BLDS 2015) va
"ben CO quyen phai ap dung cac bien phap
can thiet, hgp ly de thiet hai khdng xay ra
hoac han che thiet hai cho minh" (Dilu 362
BLDS 2015).

Nguyin Van Huy, Moi lien he gifta thuc hien hgp d6ng khi hoan canh thay d6i ca ban vcri giao djcli bao dam Tap chi
Dan chiiva Phap luat, so thang 3/2016
Ngo Thu Trang - Nguyan ThS Diie TSm. Thirc hien hgp d6ng klii hoan canh thay dSi co ban, Tap chi Nha nirdc va Phan
luat, so ] {345} nam 2017, tr. 60-67
^
I NGHIEN CIIU

58 I LAP P H A P - /

,

So 11(387)76/2019


KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE

Ve cham diet hgp dong, khdng cd su
thay ddi dang kS trong quy dinh cua BLDS
2015 so vdi BLDS 2005. Su thay ddi duy
nhit d trudng hgp ve cham dirt hgp ddng
trong trucmg hgp hoan canh thay ddi co ban.

Theo chung tdi, quy dinh nay la chua diy
dii cho tit ca cac trudng hgp cham dut hgp
ding, can bd sung vao Dieu 422 BLDS 20i5
trudng hgp charn dirt hgp ddng do nguyen
nhan bi tuyen bo vo hieu. Trong khoa hgc
phap ly^cd nhieu quan diem khac nhau lien
quan den vd hieu, vd hieu la trudng hgp
chSm diit hgp ddng thdng thucmg va vd hieu
la trudng hgp triet tieu hgp ddng^.

hgrp Bd luat nay cd quy dinh khac". Ve cac
dieu kien cd hieu luc ciia mgt giao dich dan
su, Dilu 117 BLDS 2015 quy dinh:
" 1. Giao dich dan su cd hieu luc khi cd
dii cac dieu kien sau day:
a) Chil the cd nang luc phap luat dan
su, nang lyc hanh vi dan sir phii hgp vdi giao
dich dan su dugc xac lap;
b) Chu the tham gia giao dich dan su
hoan toan tu nguyen;
c) Muc dich va ngi dung ciia giao dich
dan su khdng vi pham dieu cam cua luat,
khdng trai dao ditc xa hgi.
2. Hinh thuc cua giao dich dan su la
2. Tuyen bo vo hieu hop dong
dieu kien cd hieu luc ciia giao dich dan sir
Vd hieu hgp ddng la thuat ngii phap
ly dugc sir^ dung kha phd bien trong phap trong truoTig hgp luat cd quy dinh".
Quy dinh nay ve tdng the cd the ndi la
luat cac qudc gia tren the gidi''. Do vay, viec

kha tuang ddng vdi each hieu va giai thich
nghien euu mang tinh so sanh che dinh nay
ve vd hieu trong luat Cong hoa Phap. Trong
trong lu^t Viet Nam va phap luat cac qudc
phap luat Cong hoa Phap, vd hieu hgp ddng
gia khac la su can thiet trong bdi canh hgi
nhSp kinh te qudc te vdi su can thiet phai dugc xem la mgt che tai ap dung cho trudng
hgp cd cac vi pham ve giao ket hgp ddng'*,
xay dung mdt sd cac chuan muc phap ly
che tai nay dugc xac lap mgt each khac biet
ti?m can.
so vdi che tai ap dung trong trudng hgp yi
Theo quy dinh cua phap luat Viet
Nam, vd hieu hgp ddng dugc xac dinh tren pham hgp dong. Theo quy dinh cua Dieu
CO sd ket hgp hai che dinh, che djnh ve giao 1J28 BLDS Cdng hoa Phap, cd ba dilu kien
dich dan su va che dinh hgp dong. Theo quy can phai dap irng de hgp ddng cd hieu luc:
- Su ung thuan cua cac ben giao ket
dinh ctia idipan 1 Dilu 407 BLDS 2015,
hgp ddng
"quy dinh ye giao dich dan su vo hieu tir
- Nang lyc cua cac ben giao ket hgp
Dilu 123 dInDilu 133 cua Bo luat nay cung
ddng
dugc ap dung ddi vdi hgp ddng vd hieu".
Ben c£inh do chi dinh hgp ddng cdn xac
- Ndi dung cua hgp ddng hgp phap va
djnh mgt so cac trudng hgp dac thii ciia vd
cu the^
hieu hgp ddng.
Nhu vay, cd the thay rang, d gdc d^

2.1 Vo hieu hffp dong tren cff s& vo tdng thi, phap luat Cong hoa Phap khdng
xem hinh thirc cua hgp ddng la mgt dieu
hieu giao dich dan su
kien cd hieu lyc cua hgp ddng. Tuy nhien,
Theo quy dinli tai Dilu 122 BLDS
nam 2015 "Giao dich dan sir khdng cd mdt thuc tiln Cling ghi nhan hai trudng hgp
ngoai le ma theo dd neu khdng tuan thii hinh
trong cac dieu kien dugc quy dinh tai Dieu
117 cua Bg luat nay thi vo hieu, trir truang thirc nhit dinh thi hieu lire phap ly ciia hgp

Nha phdp luat Viet-Phap, Cac thuat ngii hop ddng thong dung, Nxb Tir d i k Bach khoa, 2011, tr. 572 "Vo hieu va huy
hgp dfing cho phep bao quanh hai dac tinh Ion cua ly do tnet tieu hgp dong".
Nha phap luat Vifit-Phap, tldd, tr. 571
Patrick Canin- Maitre de Conferences a L'Universite Grenoble 2, Droit civil- Les obligations. 6e edition, Hachette
superieur, Trang 58
Nguyen vSn ciia quy dinh tai Di^u 1128 BLDS Phap "Sont necessaires a la validite d'un contrat. 1" Le consentement
des parties, 2° Leur capacite de contracter; 3° Un contenu hcite et certain"
,

NGHIEN Ctfu 1 C Q

S6 11(387) 16/2019 ^ L A R PHAP< " • *


KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
dong se "cd van de". Trudng hop thii nhat
la, cac hgp ddng se bj tuyen bo vd hieu neu
khdng dugc xac lap bang van ban cp cdng
chimg (hgp ddng hdn nhan hay hgp ddng the
chap...)"*. Trudng hgp thu hai la, cac hgp

ddng dugc xep vao nhdm hgp ddng thuc
te (hay hgp ddng thyc tai - theo mdt sd tac
gia)", loai hgp ddng nay yeu cau phai cd
sy chuyen giao ddi tugng thi mdi phat sinh
hieu luc, day ciing la mdt yeu cau ve hinh
thuc can tuan thu'^. Trong khi dd, luat hgp
ddng Uc chia cac trudng hgp vd hieu thanh
hai nhdm; vd hieu theo quy dinh cua phap
luat {bi cam bdi phap luat) va vd hieu do vi
pham cac quy dinh cam cua thdng le. Ca hai
trudng hgp nay deu khdng cho phep tuyen
bd vd hieu hgp ddng do vi pham dieu kien
ve hinh thuc'^
Ve dieu kien ve hinh thiec, khoan 2
Dilu 117 BLDS quy dinh: "Hinh thuc ciia
giao dich dan su la dieu kien cd hieu lyc cua
giao dich dan sy trong trudng hap luat cd
quy dinh". Cd hai each giai thich ddi vdi quy
dinh nay: thu nhdt, chi khi nao phap lu^t cd
quy dinii, vi du nhu "hgp ddng cd hieu luc
khi dugc cdng chung, chiimg thuc", trong
trudng hgp nay neu khdng cdng chimg,
chung thuc thi xem nhu vi pham dieu kien
vl hinh thiic; thie hai, chi can cd quy dinh
"hgp ddng phai dugc xac l^p bang van ban"
hoac "hinh thiic cua hgp ddng la van ban co
cdng chimg, chimg thyc" neu cac ben khdng
xac lap bang van ban hay khdng cdng chiing,
chling thuc thi xem nhu da vi pham dieu kien
cd hieu lyc vl hinh thicc cua hgp ddng. Quy

dinh nay ciia BLDS 2015 da thu hep pham vi
cac trudng hgp tuyen bd vd hieu do vi pham
dilu kien vl hinh thiic. Cd the chiing minh
cho_ xu hudng nay gua hai minh chimg: thu
nhdt, cac yeu ciu ve hinh thiic mang tinh bat

budc da khdng cdn nhilu trong BLDS 2015,
trong sd cac hgp ddng thdng dung dudc quy
dinh chi cdn hgp ddng tang cho tai san, hgp
ddng hgp tac, hgp ddng mua ban tai san la
bit dgng san... la hk budc phai xac lap bang
van ban hoac bang van ban cd cdng chun^,
chling thuc; thu hai, theo quy dinh t^i Oieu
129 BLDS 2015 "Giao djch dan su vi pham
quy dinh dilu kien cd hieu luc ve hinh thuc
thi vd hieu, trir trudng hgp sau day:
1. Giao dieh dan sy da dugc xac lap
theo quy dinh phai bang van ban nhung van
ban khdng'dung quy dinh cua lu^t ma mgt
ben hoac cac ben da thuc hien it nhat hai
phin ba nghia vu trong giao dich thi theo
yeu ciu cua mdt ben hoac cac ben, Tda an
ra quylt dinh cdng nhan hieu luc ciia giao
dich do;
2. Giao dich dan sy da dugc xac lap
bing van ban nhung vi pham quy dinh bat
budc vl cdng chimg, chiing thuc ma mgt ben
hoac cac ben da thuc hien it nhat hai phan ba
nghTa vu Irong giao dich thi theo yeu cau cua
mdt ben hoac cac ben, Tda an ra quyet dinh

cdng nhan hieu lyc ciia giao dich do. Trong
trudng hgp nay, cac bSn khdng phai thuc
hien viec cdng chimg, chiing thuc".
Nhu vay, quy dinh nay mdt lan niia
han che viec tuyen bd giao dich dan sy vd
hieu do vi pham dieu kien ve hinh thiic. Tir
cac minh chimg tren, chung tdi cho rang,
quy dinh hinh thiic ciia giao dich d&n sy la
dieu kien cd hieu luc cua giao dich dugc
ap dung trong trudng hgp phap luat cd quy
dinh, nghTa la chi khi nao phap luat cd quy
dinh rd rang rang "giao dich dan su cd hieu
lyc khi dugc cdng chiing, chiing thyc" hay
tuong ty "giao djch dan sy cd hieu luc tir
thdi diem ben cd nghTa vu chuyin giao

10 Dieu 1394 BLDS C$ng hoa Phap quy dinh "Toutes les conventions raatrimoniales seront redigees par acte devant
notaire, en la presence et avec le consentement simultanes de toutes les personnes qui y sont parties ou de leurs mandataires", nghTa la c^c thoi thu§n vi quan he tai san gifla vo ch6ng phai xac lap bing vSn bin tm6c c6ng chiing viSn.
11 Contrat reel
12 Digu 1919 BLDS Cgng ho^ Phap ve hgp dong giii giii (contrat de depot), theo quy dinh n4y thi hgp d6ng gui gift c6
hieu luc khi co sir chuyen giao thirc te doi tugng ciia hop dSng (trir truong hop viec chuyan giao la "gia djnh" nlu d6i
tugng cua hop dong da dugc cam co)
13 Daniel Khoury, Yvonne Yamouni, Understanding Contract law, 8th edition, LexisNexis Butterwortbs- Australia, 2010,
trang 364 va ve sau.
I NOHIfeN CtfW

eo

,

I L A P P H A P ^ S6 11(387) T6/2019


KINH NGHIEM QUOC T£
ddi tugng hgp ddng cho ben cd quyln"...
ma cac ben Idiong thyc hien yeu ciiu cdng
chling, chimg thyc, chuyin giao... thi mdi
CO the bi y^u ciu tuyen bd vo hieu. Chung
toi chorang,each giai thich nay la phii hgp
trong bdi caiih thu hep cac trudng hgp ap
dyng dl di din khdng tuyen bd vd hieu khi
hgp ddng dugc xac ISp vi pham dilu kien vl
hinh thirc. Vi suy cho cung, sy tu n^yen va
thoa thuan ciia cac ben trong hgp dong mdi
U dilu quan trgng chir khdng phai la hinh
thiic chuyen tai nd.
Cdc dieu kien ve ngi dung cita giao
djch ddn 5U''''. Chiing tdi dung tir diitA kien
vi ngi dung de ddi lap vdi dieu kien vl hinh
thuc. Thuat ngu "ngi dung" nay dugc hilu
theo nghTa rgng cua van de, bao gdm dilu
ki?n ye nang lyc chu the, ve sy ty nguyen
va dieu kien ve muc dich cung niiu ngi dung
ciia giao dich dan sy.
Dieu kien ve ndng luc chu the. Theo
quy dinh t^i khoan 1 diemaDleu 117 BLDS
2015 "Chu the ed nang lyc phap luat dan sy,
nSng lyc hanh vi dan sy phu hgp vdi giao
dich dan sy dugc xac lap". Quy dinh nay
dugc ap dung kit hgp vdi Dilu 21,22,23,24

BLDS 2015 cho phep xac dinh trudng hop
nao giao djch dan su phai do ngudi cd day
du nang lyc chu the xac lap, trudng hgp nao
giao dich dan sy cd the do ngudi chua thanh
nien hay ngudi bi han chi nang luc hanh vi
dan sy xac l^p. Ciing gidng nhu BLDS Viet
Nam, luat dan sy Cong hoa Phap cung dat
ra yeu c§u ve nang lyc chu thi (bao gdm
n2ng luc phap luat - capacite de jouissance
va nSng lyc hanh vi - capacite d'exercice)'^
khi giao ket hgp ddng. Vl v4n dh nang luc
chii thi trong giao kit hgp ddng, BLDS Viet
Nam hoan toan khdng dl cap den chii the
la phap nhan, day la mot su thieu sdt can
thiet phai hoan thi?n'^ Vl vin dl nay cd the
hpc hdi kinh nghiem tai Dilu 1145 BLDS
Cpng hoa Phap "Nang lyc chii thi cua phap

nhan bi gidi han trong khudn khd cac hanh
vi can thilt phdi thyc hien dl hoan tSt muc
dich hoat ddng cua phap nhan theo quy diiih
ciia phap luat va cac hanh vi bd sung cho
cho cac muc dich nay, phu hgp vdi cac quy
tac ap dung cho timg phap nhan". Theo each
quy dinh nay, phap nhan chi dugc giao kit
hgp ddng trong khudn khd phuc vu cho cac
hoat ddng cua phap nhan (da xac dinh bdi
dieu le, quylt dinh thanh lap hoac theo quy
dinh cua phap luat). Neu xac lap cac hgp
ddng ngoai gidi han nay dugc xem nhu vi

pham dieu kien ve nang lyc chii thi. Theo
quy djnh ciia phap luat Viet Nam hi?n nay,
phap nhan dugcjphep giao kit tit ca cac hgp
ddng ma chii the nay mudn. Su sua ddi nay
la thuc sy la can thiet trong nhu c^u xac dinh
cd hay khdng cd viec xac lap hgp ddng trong
tinh trang vi pham dieu kien ve nang lyc chu
the ddi vdi phap nhan.
Dieu kien ve su tu nguyen. Trong phap
luat ve hgp ddng d cac qudc gia tren the gidi,
van de vd hieu hgp ddng cd thi chia thanh
hai trudng phai. Trudng phai thir nhat xem
vd hieu hop dong la su triet tieu hgp ddng do
sy can thiet phai bao ve Igi ich cong, luat cua
Uc la mdt dien hinh, cac trudng hgp vd hieu
deu do nguyen nhan la gay thiet hai cho cac
Igi ich cdng cdng". Thii hai la trucmg phai
chap nhan viec tuyen bd vd hieu hgp ddng
la dieu can thiet nham bao ve Igi ich cdng
cung nhu Igi ich ciia cac ben cd lien quan
(day la quan diem dugc chap nhan trpng
lu^t Viet Nam, Phap va cac nude Chau Au).
Ve sy phdn chia nay cd the hinh dung dugc
neu viec giao ket hap ddng thieu vang su
tu nguyen thi hgp ddng cd the bi tuyen bd
vd hieu theo quy dinh ciia Dieu 1131 BLDS
Cdng hoa Phap "Cac ti vet cua su ung thuan
la cac nguyen nhan lam vd hieu hgp ddng
mdt each tuang ddi". Dieu 1130 BLDS Phap
ciing xac dinh "nham lan, lira ddi va cudng

ep la cac ti vet ciia sy ty nguyen neu nhu

14 Thuat ngii n^y cung dugc sii dung trong Giao trinh Luat Dan sg 1, Dai hgc Can Tha - TS Nguyen Nggc Di?n, 2007.
15 Patrick Canin, tldd, tr. 49
16 Di^ 86 BLDS 2015 c6 quy dinh \k nSng Igc phap luat dan s\r ciia phap nhan, tuy nhien chi don gian la mot dinh nghTa
cliii kh6ng phai la quy djnh \h nang luc giao kSt hgp dong,
I' Daniel Khoury, Yvonne Yamouni, tldd, tr. 363
,

NGHItN Ctfu I C 4

So 11(387)16/2019 V . L A P P H A p l ^ I


KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
trong dieu kien khdng cd cac yeu td nay mdt
ben se khdng giao ket hgp ddng hoac giao
ket hgp ddng vdi nhung dieu kien hoan toan
khac biet". Nhu vay, vdi hai quy dinh nay,
luat dan su Phap khang dinh mdt each ro
rang rang cd 3 trudng hgp dugc xem la vi
pham sy ty nguyen do la nhdm lln, lira ddi
va cudng ep. Trong khi dd, khoan 1 Dilu
117 BLDS Viet Nam 2015 quy djnh: "Chii
the tham gia giao dich dan su hoan toan ty
nguyen". Tiep theo sau quy dinh nay co cac
quy dinh tir Dilu 123 BLDS din 129 BLDS
liet ke cac trudng hgp tuyen bo vd hieu.
Tuy nhien, BLDS va cac van ban hudng
dan thi hanh khdng xac dinh nhu thi nao la

vi pham sy ty nguyen va cd nhiing trudng
hgp vi pham sy ty nguyen nao. Tinh trang
nay dan den tren thyc te, cd cac each giai
hieu khac nhau ve cac trudng hgp vi pham
su tu nguyen (vices du consentement trong
luat Cdng hoa Phap). Cd y kien cho rang, vi
pham dieu kien ve sy tu nguyen bao gdm
cac trudng hgp xac lap giao dich bdi ngudi
bi mat nang luc hanh vi dan sy, xac lap hgp
ddng cd yeu td nham lan, lira ddi, de dga'^
Trong khi do, y kien khac lai khang dinh,
nhirng trudng hop vi pham sy ty nguyen khi
giao ket hgp ddng bao gdm ky ket hgp ddng
mdt each gia tao, hap ddng dugc xac lap cd
su nham lan, lira ddi, de doa, viec xac lap
hgp^ ddng trong luc khdng nhan thirc, dieu
khien dugc hanh vi'^. Su khac biet ve quan
diem nay xuat phat tir thyc te BLDS khdng
xac dinh ro rang su tu nguyen trong giao ket
hgp ddng dugc hieu nhu the nao hay chi it
la nhitng trudng hgp nao dugc xac dinh la
vi pham su tu nguyen. Thuc te nay dan den
tinh trang chua cd su tuong ddng that su
giiia Dieu 117 khoan I BLDS 2015 vdi cac

trudng hgp vd hieu cu the ghi nhan tu E>ieu
123 den Dilu 129 BLDS 2015. Do vay, theo
Chung tdi, dl khoa hoc phap ly ro rang hem
va khdng cd nhirng tranh cai khdng can thiet
trong trudng hgp nay, cin cd quy djnh cu the

xac dinh dau la nhtmg trudng hgp xac lap
hgp ddng vi pham su tu nguyen.
Muc dich vd noi dung hop dong khdng
vi khong vi pham diiu cam cita luat, khong
trdi dao due xd hoi (Diiu U 7 khoan^ 1 diem
c BLDS Viet Nam 20J5). Day la dieu kien
dat ra dl bao ve Igi ich ciia Nha nudc, Igi ich
cdng cdng, quyln va Igi ich hgp phap cua
ngudi khac^". Quy djnh nay ciia phap luat
Viet Nam kha tuong ddng vdi Dieu 1162
BLDS Cdng hoa Phap "cac thoa thuan va
muc dich ciia hgp ddng khdng dugc xam
pham din trat tu cdng cdng dii cac ben
bilt hoac khdng bilt ve su vi pham nay".
Dilu cam ciia phap luat dugc dinh nghia "la
nhijng quy djnh cua luat khdng cho phep chu
the thuc hien nhung hanh vi nhat dinh". Cd
hai each giai thich khac nhau ve van de nay:
thie nhdt, chi vi pham dieu cam cua phap luat
khi cu the cd quy dinh "cam"; thu hai, dugc
xem la vi pham dieu cam tat ca cac trudng
hgp phap luat yeu cau chu the thuc hien mdt
cdng viec trong khudn khd mdt quy pham
menh lenh ma chu the lai_ khdng thuc hien.
Cung CO quan diem cho rang, chi xem la vi
pham dieu cam ciia luat, trai dao diic xa hgi
khi hanh vi vi pham tac ddng den cac Igi Ich
cdng, igi ich ciia nha nudc. Cac quan dilm
kha da dang nay din den thyc tien xet xu
trong nhieu trudng hgp la khdng thdng nhit

vdinhau^'.
Ve van dl nay, phap luat Cdng hoa
Phap cho phep cd su can thiep cua an le
trong viec giai thich quy dinh tai Dilu 1162

18 Nguyen Nggc Dien, Giao trinh Lu^t Dan su 1- Tnrcmg Dgi hgc Ckn Tho, 2007 tr 7 8
19 06 Van D?i (chii bien), Giao trinh phap luat vg hap dengvabo! thucmg ihiet hai ngoai hop d6nR Nxb HdneDuc 2013
IT. 156-158.
6
,
,
20 D§ Van Dai (chu bien), tldd, tr 152
21 Vi du cu thS la trucmg hgp hop dong chuyen nhugng quygn sii dung dat c6 tranh ch4p, theo quy dinh lai Digu 188 khoan
2 Luat Dat dai 2014 quy dinh mot trong cac dieu kien dg chuySn nhugng quyk sir dung d5t la "dit khong co tranh
chap". Tuy nhien Luat dat dai khong noi rang neu vi pham diSu kien nay thi hgp d6ng se bi tuyen b6 vo hieu Do do
tren thuc te khi quySn su dyng dat la doi tugng ciia hgp d6ng chuyan nhugng bi tranh chSp, cdc Toa an ap dung luat dan
su de tuyen bo vo hieu, va co Toa an cho rang hgp dong nay bi vo hieu vi da vi pham d i k dm ciia phap luat nhunc co
Toa in thi lai cho rang vo hieu do doi tugng ciia hop d6ng khong thS thuc bi|n dugc.

62

S6 11(387) T6/2019


KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
neu tren bang each cdng nhan cd hai trudng
hgp dugc xem la vi pham: thic nhdt, cd sy
thoa thu?n ro rang ciia cac ben ve viec xam
pham trat tu cdng; thu hai, mac dii cac ben
khdng cd thoa thu^n nhung muc dich dat din

cua hgp ddng lai gay hai den Igi ich nay^-.
Chling tdi cho rSng, quy dinh cua phap
luat Viet Nam ve van de neu tren la hoan
toan phil hgp. Tuy nhien, can cd sy giai thich
ro rang thdng qua an le de viec ap dung quy
dinh vao thyc tien dugc thdng nhat.
2.2 Vo hieu hop ddng do co ddi tucmg
khdng the thuc hien dwffc
Theo quy djnh tai khoan 1 Dilu 408
BLDS 2015 "Trudng hgp ngay tir khi giao
kit, hgp ddng cd ddi tugng khdng the thyc
hien dugc thi hgp ddng nay bi vd hieu". Quy
dhih nay dugc dat ra trong che dinh vl hgp
dong chii khdng nam trong cac quy dinh ve
dieu kien cd hieu luc cua giao dich dan su
ndi chung (Dieu 117). Dieu nay cd nghTa ia^
no chi dugc ap dung ddi vdi viec tuyen bd
hop ddng vd hieu chii khdng dugc ap dung
ddi vdi cac loai giao dieh dan su khac (hanh
vi phap Iy dan phuong, giao dich dan su
CO dieu kien). Day khdng phai la quy dinh
mdi ciia BLDS 2015, tuy nhien tir thdi dilm
dugc dua vao va ap dung tir BLDS 2005 din
nay quy dinh nay chua dugc giai thich ke ca
bang ari IS. Thyc tien cd xu hudng chap nhan
rang ddi higng khdng the thyc hien dugc
cua hgp ddng la nhiing hanh ddng khdng
the thyc hien dugc do cac nguyen nhan khac
quan (bao gdm ca su kien bat kha khang),
chang hanrihu hgp ddng mua ban mdt can

nha ma chang may can nha ay bi chay trudc
khi chuyen quyen sd hiiu, hay hgp ddng
chuyen nhugng quyln sir dungdit ma dot
nggt phat sinh quy hoach dan den quyen sir
dung dat la khdng thi chuyin nhugng dugc.
Dilu 1163 BLDS Cdng hoa Phap quy
dinh: "NghTa vu phai vi mgt ddi tugng hien
tai hoac tuong lai. Ddi tugng nay phai cd the
thuc hien duoc, xac dinh duoc hoac cd the

xac dinh dugc". Quy dinh nay cho phep xac
dinh neu hgp ddng dugc giao ket vi pham
quy dinh nay se bi tuyen bd vd hieu theo quy
dinh tai Dieu 1178 "Hgp ddng neu khdng
thoa man cac dieu kien ve hieu lue thi se vd
hieu". Phap thira nhan ba yeu cau lien quan
den ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng: thie nhdt, ddi
tugng ciia hgp ddngphai xac dinh dugc (ye
gia ca, sd lugng, chat lugng...); thu hai, ddi
tugng^ ciia hgp ddng cd the thuc hien dugc,
yeu cau nay dat ra trong bdi canh phap luat
chap nhan ddi tugng cua hgp ddng cd the
la tai san hinh thanh trong tuong lai (Dieu
1163); thu ba, doi tugng ciia hgp ddng phai
hop phap^^ Tat ca cac dieu kien lien quan
den ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng dat ra trong
khudn khd dieu kien lien quan den ndi dung
ciia hgp ddng.
Chling tdi cho rang, ve van de neu
tren, quy dinh ciia phap luat Viet Nam la day

dii va phil hgp vdi dieu kien kinh te - xa hdi
ciia Viet Nam. Van de vd hieu hgp ddng lien
quan den ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng phai tuy
timg trudng hgp ma ap dung Dieu 408 hoac
Dilu 117 BLDS 2015. Vi du, nlu ddi tugng
ciia hgp ddng la hoan toan hgp phap nhung
vi iy do khach quan nao dd khdng the thuc
hien dugc thi ap dung Dieu 408 de tuyen bd
vd hieu. Nhung neu ddi tugng ciia hgp ddng
lien quan den cac hanh vi bi cam (hang cam
hoac hanh vi bi cam thyc hien..,) thi hgp
ddng se bi tuyen bd vd hieu tren ca sd ket
hgp Dilu 117 va Dilu 123 BLDS 2015. Sy
ap dung kit hgp cac dieu luat cho phep mdt
su danh gia kha toan ven van de lien quan
den ITnh vuc nay.
2.3 vi hau qud phdp ly cua viec tuyen
bo hgp dong vd hieu
Diem gidng nhau ciia hau het cac he
thdng phap luat cac qudc gia_ Chau Au va
Viet Nam la vin de Hen quan den gia tri phap
ly ciia hgp ddng bi tuyen bd vd hieu. Khi
hgp ddng bi myen bd vd hieu thi xem nhu
hgp ddng dd khdng phat sinh gia tri phap ly
ngay tir khi xac lap (Dilu 1178 BLDS Cong

22 Cass. Civ. lere, 3 f^vner 1999, J C P 1999, II, 10083, n o t e M . Billiau et G. Loiseau,
Cass. civ. lere, 29 octobre 2 0 1 4 , n° 13-19729.
23 P a t n c k C a n i n , t l d d , t r . 5 1 - 5 4

So 11(387) T6/2019 '

163


KINH NGHIEM QUOC TE
hoa Phap va khoan 1 Biiu 131 BLDS 2015).
Chinh vi xem nhu giao dich dan su
chua he duoc xac lap (Idiong phat sinh gia
tri phap Iy) nen hau qua keo theo tuyen bo
vo hi^u la phai khoi phuc lai tinh trang ban
dau nhu truoc khi xac lap giao dich bang
each cac ben phai hoan tra cho nhau nhiing
gi da nhan (khoan 2 Dik 131 BLDS 2015
va DiSu i 178 BLDS Cpng hoa Phap).
Su khac nhau co ban gitra cac quy
dinh cua BLDS Viet Nam va Cpng hoa Phap

nam a quy dinh vl vo hieu tuyet doi ho^ _
hi?u tuong ddi. N6u vo hieu tuyet dot hoac
tuong d6i chi tfln tai a khia canh khoa hpc
phap ly 6 Viet Nam thi no duoc ghi nhan
ro rang trong BLDS Cpng hoa Phap cung
voi nhtmg hau qua phap ly kha cu the_cho
tung truang hpp vo hieu nay^"*. Thuc tien o
Viet Nam ciing tdn tai each phan loai na.y,
tuy nhien theo chung toi, dilu nay hoan toan
khong CO y nghia gi khi thiSu vSng co so
phap ly cho viec van dung"

CHUYEN NHUONG CO PHAN THEO...

ciia ngudi thira kl dugc ghi nhan day du vao
sd dang ky cd ddng thi hg mdi cd tu each
cd ddng. NIU phai dgi din khi thdng tin ciia
ngudi thira kl dugc ghi diy du vao sd dang
ky cd ddng thi tdn tai mgt khoang thdi gian
nhit dinh ma ngudi thira ke chua trd thanh
cd ddng cdng ty, khi nay, qu>;ln va nghia vy
ciia hg ddi vdi lugng cd phin thira kl ciia
minh dugc xir ly nhu the nao thi chua dugc
phap luat lam ro. Nhu vay, quy dinh cua
LDN 2014 cd sy chdng cheo trong viec xac
dinh thdi dilm xac lap tu each ed dong cdng
ty cd phin cua ngudi thira ke cd phan.

(Tidp theo trang 40)

ND-CP da quy dinh, thay vao dd, LDN 2014
cdn yeu ciu DNXH phai neu ro muc tieu
hoat dgng cua minh trong Dieu le cdng ty.
3. Thdi dilm xac l^p tu- each c^ ddng trong
trirdng hgrp co dong la c^ nhan chet
v l thdi dilm xac Ifip tu each cd ddng
trong cac trudng hgp chuyen nhugng ed
phAn, theo khoan 7 Dilu 126 LDN 2014:
"Ngudi nhan cd phiin trong cac trudng hgp
quy dinh tai Dilu nay chi trd thanh cd ddng
cdng ty tir thdi diem cac thdng tin cua hg
quy dinh tai khoan 2 Dieu 121 ciia Luat nay

dugc ghi diy du vao sd dang ky cd ddng".
Thdi dilm thdng tin ciia ngudi nhan chuyin
nhugng dugc ghi day du vao sd dang ky cd
ddng la thdi dilm lam phat sinh tu each cd
ddng cho ngudi nhan chuyen nhugng.
Trong khi dd, theo quy dinh ciia khoan
3 Dilu 126 LDN 2014, "trudng hgp cd ddng
la ca nhan chit thi ngudi thira ke theo di
chiic hoac theo phap luat ciia cd ddng dd la
cd ddng ciia cdng ty", ngudi thira ke duong
nhien trd thanh cd ddng ciia cdng ty tir khi
cd ddng la ca nhan chet. Tuy nhien, quy djnh
nay lai mau thuin vdi khoan 7 Dieu 126
LDN 2014, bdi theo quy dinh cua khoan 7
Dilu 126 LDN 2014, thdi dilm thdng tin

Theo quy dinh cua khoan 1 Dieu 611
Bg luat Dan sy nam 2015, thdi diern md thira
ke la thdi diem ngudi cd tai san chet, va theo
Dieu 614 ciia Bg luat thi ke tir thdi diem md
thira ke, nhijng ngudi thira ke cd cac quyen,
nghTa vu tai san do ngudi chet de lai. Do
dd, ke tir khi ngudi cd tai san chet thi di san
thua ke dugc dich chuyen sang cho ngudi
thira ke, va ngudi thira ke tiep tuc kl thira
cac quyen va nghTa vy ddi vdi tai san nhan
dugc. Dya theo tinh than nay, chiing tdi kiln
nghi ghi nhan khoan 3 Dieu 126 LDN 2014
nhu la mgt trudng hgp ngoai le cua Khoan
7 Dilu 126 LDN 2014, qua dd nham nhanh

chdng xac lap tu each cd ddng cho ngudi
thira kl va cung la each de cd ngudi kl thira
quyln, nghTa vu cho sd cd phan thua kl.B

24 Vp hi?u tuyet d6i - la nuliite absolue va vo hieu tuong d6i - la nullite relative duoc quy djnh tgi Dieu i 179 BLDS Cong
ho^ Phap.

64 NGHlCN CUU

ILAP P H A P ^

r
S6 11(387)16/2019