Ghi nhận và khen thưởng bị lãng quên bằng chứng từ một khảo sát thực nghiệm về lòng trung thành của nhân viên tại một số doanh nghiệp, tổ chức ở hà nội

V K I E N TRiDWO O O l

GHI NH$N VA KHEN THUANG Bj UlNG QUEN:
vi. LONG TRUNG T H A N H
COA NHAN V I E N TAI MpT S(f DOANH NGHlEP, Tif CHUC A H A NOI

BKNG CHIING TO M O T KHAO SAT THUC NGHIEM

Neuvln Thi Minh Hoa
Tru'dng Dai hoc Lao don2 - Xa hoi
Email: nguvcnthiminhhoal212faivahoo.com
Ngdy nhgn lgi: 10/11/2019
Ngdy duyet ddng: 15/11/2019
Ngay nhgn: 14/10/2019
Nghiin cdu ndy khdo sdt 266 nhdn viin tgi han 100 doank nghiip, to chuc ddng trin dia bdn thdnh phd
Hd Npi v&i mtfc tieu nhgn diin lai mot sd nhdn td ca bdn nhdm ndng cao sy hdi long vd long trung thdnh
cua nhdn vien. Kit qud phdn tich bdng mo hinh phuang trinh cdu true chi ra rdng, diiu kiin lam viic, luang
vdphuc Ipi. ddo tgo, phong cdch lanh dgo vd quan hi dong nghiip cd^dnhhu&Jig ddng ke vd tich cue den
sy hdi long cua nhdn viin. Sic hdi long cua nhdn viin duac cdi thien ddn din mice dp trung thdnh cua nhdn
viin cao han. Tuy nhiin, nhdn td ghi nhgn vd khen thu&ng lgi khdng tdc ddng din su hdi long cua nhdn vien.
Dieu ndy di ngu(rc lgi khung ly thuyit^ cdng nhu kit qud cua cdc nghiin cicu tru&c. Kit qud phdng vdn sdu
3 nhd qudn ly vd 5 nhdn viin tgi 8 to chuc khde nhau chi ra mot sd bdt cap trong viic ghi nhgn vd khen
thudng nhdn viin. Cdn thau hieu thuc sy ddng lyc lam yi^c cua nhdn vien trong bdi canh that thodt nhdn
lyc hien nay, dgc biit nhdn luc chdt luang cao, ngu y rdng su hdi long vd long trung thdnh cua nhdn viin
CO thi phu thudc vdo muc dp ghi nhgn vd khen thu&ng nhdn viin.
Tu khda: Sy hdi long, long trung thdnh cita nhdn viin, md hinh phuang trinh cdu true.
I. Gidi thilu
^
nhan tli npi bp ml cac doanh nghiip tiep tuc phii
CIc nhl quan ly ngly nay nhan ra ring nhan vien "g6ng ginh" chilm tdi 51 % NNL., Su that thoat nay
lataislnquanttpngr£atcua,mdtti ehuc.Nhan vien bieu hien dudi Jia hmh thdc: Thit thoat dang tiic

la nhirng khoan dau tu ma niu dupc quan Iy va phat (ngudi nd luc vin ra di), Tu bd (ngudi chan eon^ ty
triin hiiu qui se mang lai nhung plian thudng dii ban vl ra di) vl Nhom "Zombie" _(it no lyc nhung vin d
cho ti chuc dudi binh thuc nang suit cao ban. Nhan lai eong ty). Ty Ie nghi viec van tiep tuc tang cao, du
vien, nhiing ngudi cd,du trinh dd^vi kinh nghiem bio nam 2019 se la 22%, cao nhit ttong 3 nam gan
trong cong viee, co the dong g6p_ rit, nhiiu vio viec diy, so vdi 20%i eiia nam 2018 va 16% cua nam
giup dpi ngd quin ly van hinh tit tl chuc (Carrell, 2017 (Anphabe, 2018).
,
,
Michael ya cpng sir, 1992; Noeva cpngsu, 1997).
Nhu vay, ngay dng co rihilu doanh nghiep, td
, CIc to,ehuc duong dai khong chi phai canh tranh chue d Viet Nam hien phli ddi mat vdi nhiing thach
ve danh tieng va tli nguyen td chdc huu hmh, ma con thiie trong vile quan Iy nhan lyc, bao ^6m "chay miu
tham gia vao "cupe chiin tranh gianh tai, nlng" chat xam". Viec nghien cdu d c yeu to tac dpng nhara
(Bartlett & Ghoshal, 2002). Theo dd, "cupc chiin" nay giu chin nhan yiln noi chung tai cae to chuc vl doanh
la sy canh tranh nhim gianh liy nhiing ngudi lao ddng nghiip la rit cip thiet, dac bilt ttong boi canh phat
tai gioi va c6 ky nang bang each thu hut hp Ilm vile ttiin manh eua khoa hpe ky thuat, cong nghe vi canh
cho ti chuc cdng nhu duy tri su trung thanh eua hp. ttanh khde liet vl NNL ttIn toin eau nhu hien nay.
2. Cff sd ly thuyet, xly dimg gil thuyet va mo
Ro rang, viec giu chin nhung ngudi tii n'ang
trong cac to chuc khong chi II mpt chiin luac raa hinh nghien cdu
con Ii mpt xu hudng thuc ti. Trong xu thi chung cua
2.1. Khung ly thuyit
, ,
the gidi, cac ti chue tu vi cong, tpi nhuan vl phi loi
Cae Iy thuyet tao dong luc ty gili cac yiu to tic
nhuan ciia Viet Nam da phli diu tu vio nguin nhan dpng tdi sy hli long doi vdi cong viec cua ngudi lao
lire (NNL) di tang su hit long vl cda nhan vien dpng, ding thdi cung giai thich each thuc va nhung
nham tang long tmng thinh cua ho vdi ti chdc.
diiu co the lam cho mpi ngudi hli long ban, thong
Mpt thye ttang dang lo ngai d Viet Nam hiln qua dd din den long tmng thinh ciia hp.

nay, so Heu nam 2018 cho thiy, nhiing thit thoit
^ ^ _ _ _ _ —
S6135/2019

khoa hoc

^

^*'"''*"8'"'^'

«1


Y KliN TRAO D 6 |
Trong,SO nhiing ly,thuyit kinh diin khdng thi
khong nhac din mpt s6,Iy thuyit Idn, bao gim: Ly
thuyit he thing, phin cap nhu cau cu,a Maslow, Ly
thuyit hai yeu to eua Herzberg, Thuyit X vl Thuyet
Y ve tao dpng lyc eua Douglas McGregor, Ly thuyit
ky vpng cua Vroom, Hpc thuyet cong bang cua
Adam.., Vdi nam phuong thiic chu yiu gili thich
hinh vi - nhu d u , cdng co, nhan thuc, dac diem
cong vile va d m xuc - lira nin tang cho sy phat
triin cua d c ly thuyit hiln dai vl dpng lyc cua con
ngudi (Kretmer, 1998).
De nhan vien tmng thinh", gan kit vdi doanh
nghiip, to chdc d n phai thda man d c nhu elu,
mong muon, ting sy hli ,16ng eua hp, tten co sd tdng
hpp tu nhung ly thuyet dpng lyc, theo Ramlall
(2004), cle npi dung nay bao gdm:

+ Nhu eau: dya tten eac gii tri ca nhan, gia dinh
va van hoa cua nhan viin. Nhirng nhu eau nay phu
thupc vao tinh trang kinh te, ehinh tri va xa hoi hien
tai; nguyen vpng nghe nghiep; nhu cau can bang
giua sy nghiep, gia dinh, gilo dye, cpng ddng, ton
giao vl ele yeu td khic; vl eim giac chimg ve sy hai
ldng cua mot ngydi vdi ttang thai hien tai;
+ Moi tmdng Ilm vile: an toln, nlng suit, ton
ttpng, mang lai d m gilc thoai mil va thin thien cho
ngudi lao dpng;
_ + Trich nhiem: cd tham quyin dl thuc hiln va
the hien nang tuc ttong cdng vile thupc linh vyc
dim nhiem;
+ Ngudi quin ly vi cic nhl, lanh dao: phli
thudng xuyen hq ttp, dao tao, huin luyin va phit
ttien i^an vien dl giup hp holn thinh cong viec, dat
dupc nhiera yy cda to chuc;
+ Cong bang vl Minh bach: Dupe ghi nhan ya
khen thudng rapt each cong bang vl minh bach bit
kl tuoi tac, gidi tinh, dan tpc, khuyet tat,, khujmh
hudng tinh due, vi tri dia ly hole d e dac diim Idiic.
Mpt sy danh gia hoac ph,ln thudng dupc coi la rit cp
y nghia vi quan ttpng dii vdi tiing nhin vien eo thi
thdc diy hp no luc va lira viec hieu qua han;
+ Phat trien nhan vien: dupe boat dpng ttong raoi
tmdng thach thd.c, raang den co hdi hpc tap mdi,
dong gop ding kl v,io thinh cong cua to chuc, mang
den CO hpi thing tiln va phat trien cl nhin;
+ Phin hli: Cl nhan ngudi lao ddng mong muon
eo phin hoi kjp thdi vi cdi md tu ngudi quan ly,

giim sit cua hp,
2.2. Xgy dung gid thuyet nghien cuv
(1) Dilu kiln Ilm vile: bao gdm: (I) cic yiu td
ben ngoii nhu khi hiu, nhiet dp, do am, Inh sang
ttong noi lam viec, tieng on vl nhilu, khi, buc xa,
byi, khdi vi cic yeu to gay hai khic; (2) yeu td ehu
quan nhu gidi tiiih yl tuoi cua ngudi lao dpng, mit
moi, don dieu, tu the khong thuin Ipi ttong qui ttinh
lam vile, v.v.; (3) yeu to lien quan din to chiic san
lihoa hoc
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
62 thifdngmai

xuit nhu thdi gian ca kip, lich lim vile, cudng dp
cIng viec, ip luc eang thang, w..; va (4)^yeu to lien
quan din ttang thiit bi: may moc, thiet bj, c6ng
xudng, dung cu, vat tu, thiit bi thi nghiim, v.v...
(Buble, 2006, 'ttang 437 trich trong Bakotie &
Babic, 2013).
Ngudi lao dpng Ilm viec ttong dieu kien khing
tit,se giam sut su hli tdng, do khong nhirng no ban
ehi nhin vien tbl hiln khi nang cua hp ml con kho
phit huy dupc diy du cae sd tmdng tiera nang. Cho
du ngudi lao dpng dupe nhan mdc luong cao hon vl
phy cap dac thu do moi trttdng dpc hai nhung mue
dp hai long cua hp cung thap hon nhilu so vdi nhung
lao ddng Ilm vile d moi tmdng binh thudng
(Bakotie & Babie^ 2013), Do dd, khi di cap tdi, vai
tro an toin eua dieu kien lam vile, tde ham y rang,
cic yeu to nly phli dim bio ngudi lao dong lim viec

mi kbdng bj anh hudng xau tdi sue khde, tinh raang
hoac trinh dupe cic rdi ro nhu tai nan, fliucng tich
cung nhu benh nghe nghiep (Tran Kim Dung, 2005).
Gid thuyit HI: Diiu kiin Idm viec tdc dgng tich
cue den sy hdi long cua nhdn viin.
(2) Luong vd phuc Ipri: Tien tuong co rapt y
nghia quan trpng ddi vdi ci ngudi tao dpng. vi to
chdc. Ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng, hp quan tam din van
de tiln luong vi nhieu ly do; Thu nhat, tiln luong la
menh gil ca bin nhat cua thu nhip cua ngudi tao
dpng, ddng thdi, giup hp trang ttii ehi tieu, ttp dp
sinh boat phi va d c dieh vu can thiet; Thii hai, thu
nhap Inh hudng den vj tri cua hp trong gia dinh,
ttong raoi quan he vdi cic, ddng nghiep, cung nhu
gia tti tuang ddi cua, hp ddi vdi to chuc vi vi the;
Thu ba, khi nang kilm dupc muc_luong cao se tao
ra mdt dpng lyc cho nhin viin no tuc hoc hoi vdi
rauc dich II nlng cao gil tti cua hp ddi vdi to chuc.
Ngupc lai, ddi vdi td^ehue, ben canh viec chi tri cho
sdc lao dpng, thi tien luong di kem vdi phdc loi
duoc coi nhu mot cong ey de giii ehan va thu hdt cic
nhin viin, die bilt II nhiing ngudi tii nlng. , ,
Lucmg va phuc tpi da dupc chung minh la yiu to
quan ttpng anh hudng din sy hii tdng cua nhan viin
(Rustagi & Dua, 2012). Muc luang ty te thu^n vdi
muc dl hli long cdng vile (Jones & Stoane,,2007)
va lam tang long trung thinh cua hp vdi td chuc
(SHRM, 2016). Diiu nly cang dac biet dung tai
nhung quic gia dang phat ttiin nhu Viet Nam (Tran
Kim Dung, 2005; Phara Van Manh, 2012).

Gid thuyit H2: Luang vd phiic lai tdc ddng tich
cue den su hdi long cua nhdn viin.
(3) Khen thu&ng vd ghinhgn: Dupc cong nhan,
danh gia vl khen thudng the hiln su ghi nhin nhiing
ddng gop cua nhin vien doi vdi td chuc dng nhu
dinh gia eao nhung ni lue cda hp 11 diiu rit cin thiit.
Viec ghi nhan cung the hien su tin tudng eua ti
chuc ddi vdi nhin viin. No tao ra mdt cam giic ring
So 135/2019


Y KliN TRAO D 6 |
nhung gi ngudi tao d6ng dang Ilm II ed gil tti va c6
y nghTa vl hp duac cac nha quan ly vl dong nghiip
tonttpng,qua do thuc diy mpi ngudi Ilm viec cham
chi vl hang say hon.
Maurer (2001) chi ra rang phan thudng va ghi
nhan liln quan den thanh cdng cua raOt.td chue,va
sy hii long cua nhan viin. Vile phat ttien he thdng
khen thudng cho nhin viin (Coomber vl Barriball,
2007) cung dupc eoi II mpt trong nhung uu tiln
hang diu de tang sy hii tdng cua nhin viin
(Turkyilmaz, Akman, Ozkan, & Pastuszak, 2011),
Gid thuyit H3: Khen thu&ng vd ghi nhdn tdc
dpng tich cue din su hdi long cua nhdn viin.
(4) Bdo tgo nhdn viin: se gdp phan tao ra mpt
moi trudng lam vile hpp tie. Trong bit ky td chuc
nao, c6ng vile eiia nhan vien,diu cd lien quan den
nhau. Toin bp doanh nghiip, td ehiic cin hpp tie vdi
thien chi de dat, duoc hieu qui tot nhit. Hon nua,

nhan viin co the cin dupe dip tao, tap huan dk cd
thi dap ung yiu d u giai quyit cdng vile rapt elch
(tOc lip vl cd traeh nhiera ngly dng tang. Thdng
qua do, hp ed ca hdi nlng eao trinh dp, vi the ciing
nhu nhan dupc eong vile phu hop hem hole mdc thu
nh^p cao hon.
Bing ehung thyc nghiem ciJng cho thay (Birdi,
Clegg, Patterson va Robinson, 2008), dao tao dong
vaittoehinh ttong ehiin lupc canh tranh cua nhiiu
t6 chiicttongd c giai doan hiln nay. Dio tao cd thi
giiip to chdc dat dupe nhilu mye tieu quan trpng (Li,
Zhao & Liu, 2006), ttong dd phai ke den vile nhin
viin CO tbl md rdng kien thue, tu phit ttiin nang cao
nang lyc bin than (Jun, Cai vi Shin,, 2006)., Diy ,11
ly do rai phin Idn cac td chuc da diu tu rit nhiiu
tien vao dio tao cho nhan vien hing nim (Allen &
Hartman, 2005)
Gid thuyit H4: Ddo tgo nhdn viin tdc dpng tick
cue den sy hdi long cua kg.
(5) Phong cdch lanh dgo, qudn ly: Tat ea nhan
viin diu muon elm thiy dupc ton trpng tai noi lam
vi§c vl tang,sy hai long doi vdi epng,viec. Mpt tdi
cam an tu d p tren cd thi thuc diy rit manh dpng
lyc tim vile eua nhan vien. Phan hoi mang tinh xay
dyng vi giao tilp cdi md khuyen khieh sy ton trpng
giua ngudi quin ly/chu tao dpng va nhan vien.
Su ton trpng cua ngudi quin Iy vdi nhin viin
Idling ehi the hien mpt elch triu tupng ma cdn
thQng qua cic hinh vi cu the nhu xin y kiin d p dudi
dii vdi nhung cdng vile lien quan tdi hp. Ben canh

(16, Ianh dao tbl hiln sy quan tlrn, giup do nhin vien
la mpt dpng tyc khdng nhd de ho co gang hoin
tlianh nhiera vu duac giao (Trin Kim Dung, 2005;
Jun, Cai va Shin, 2006^.
Tmng bao d o nghiin eiiu nam 2016 eua Hilp
li$i quan Iy NNL (SHRM, 2016), tiit Id ring khoang
mpt niia nhan viin coi su tdn trpng cua ngudi quin
35^135/2019

ly ddi vdi y ttrdng cua hp ti "mpt biia tile" rit quan
ttpng vl sy hii ldng ttong cdng viec.
Gid thuyit H5: Phong cdch Idnh dgo tdc ddng
tich cyc den sy hdi long cua nhdn viin.
. ,(d) Quan hi ddng nghiip: Nhin viin Ididng nhit
thiit phii Ilm ban vdi tit ci d c ding nghiep. Dilu
quan ttpng nhat II hp d m thiy eq the nhd ddng
nghiep giup dd vl hi ttp khi gap vin dl trong qui
trinh lam viee. Neu rapt nhan vien d m thiy bi tich
rdi vl mat cim xuc hole xa hli ttii noi lira viec vl
dudng nhu tchdng thi phu hop vdi van hoa cda ti
chuc hole hoa ddng vdi d e ddng nghi,ep, bp eo thi
di tiin mpt cdng viee khIe hon II co ging boa nhip
vdi td, ehiic.
Doi vdi ngudi lao dpng thi viec dupc lim cun^
vdi ai cung quan trpng nhu vai,ttd cua ehinh hp. Moi
quan he tdt tai nai lam vile rat quan trpng dl holn
^Inh cdng vile yi day cung la mdt ttong nhiing yiu
td dy bio hing dau vl su hit long ttong cdng vile.
, Da cd nhiing kit qui nghien cdy tuong dong cho
thay vai trd ndi ttpi cua nhan td "D6ng nghiep"

(Griffin, Patterson vl West, 2001; Rahman'vl
Bullock's, 2005; Trin Kim Dung, 2005; Mai Ngoc
Khuong and Bui Diem Tien, 2013), Trong bdi eanh
ludn phii canh ttanh ,vl Ip lyc cong viec thi co dupc
su thoii mai khi phdi hpp vdi ngudi tdiac II dpng
lyc tdn ddi vdi ngudi lao dpng.,
Gid thuyet H6: Quan hi ddng nghiip tdc ddng
tich cue den su hdi long ciia nhdn viin.
(7) Mdi quan hi giua Long trung thdnh vd Sir hdi
long ciia nhdn viin
Long tmng thinh dupc dinh nghia 11 nhiing bieu
bien mang tinh ehu ,dpng ve long tu hio, vi su tan
tam vdi td ehuc. .Bieu hien cua nd II chdng doi tai
vdi nhung chi trich, phan nin va nhan raanh vio
nhung Icbia canh tieh eye eua mot to ehue (Neiboff,
Moorraan, vi Fuller, 2001). Theo Allen vi Grisaffe
(2001) thi tdng tmng tbanb duoc coi 11 mot ttang
thai tam ty, ngu y moi quan he eua nhan vien vdi t6
chue khi nhan vien quyet dinh d tai vdi to chdc.
Nhan viin cd the the hien long tm,ng thinh eua minh
d d c cap dp khic nhau vdi cle ddi tupng khac nhau
d noi lam vile cua minh (Schrag, 2011).
Nhieu nghiin ciru chi ra rang, long tmng thanh
cua nhan viin la mdt cau tnic phiic tap vl da diln,
duoe xie dinh bdi cic he quan dilm Ithac nhau, ea
triit hoc (Gilbert, 2001'; Randels, 2001; Schrag,
2001) vl tam ly (Hart & Thompson, 2007). Mpt sd
nhi khoa hpc khae lai coi su tmng thinh cua nhan
vien nhu mot thai dp (Hart & Thompson, 2007;
Leek & Saunders, 1992) hoae mdt hanh vi

(Hof&nann, 2006; Rusbult, Farretl, Rogers, ,&
Mainous, 1988), hole sy kit hop cua cic dae diem
tam ly va due tinh (Randels, 2001).
hhna hoc
thifdng'mai

^
83


V KIEN TRAO DOI
Su hii long cda nhan viin trong d c nghien euu
thuc nghiim cho thay do khdng chi ti toln bp d m
xuc vl cong viec ma edn la mpt tap hpp thai dp lien
quan din elc Ichia canh khic nhau cua cong vile.
Cam nhan ve cong viec thudng dupe phin inh ttong
hinh vi vi,dupc dilu, chinh bdi sy thoa man cda
nhan vien vl cac vin de eua to chuc (Spectpr, 1997).
Sy hii long cua nhin vien cdn co thi duac so
sinh bdi tinh hinh cong viec hien tai vdi nhu d u ca
nhan (Rice vl epng sy, 1989). Theo Le'vy-Garboua
vi cpng sy (2007) thi su hii Idng dupc phin inh
khong chi thdng qua su tham gia cdng vile thyc tl,
kinh nghiem trong qui khu mi cdn qua nhung ky
vpng sap tdi vi co hdi ve cdng viec ben ngoli.
Moyes, Shao vl News,ome (2008) chi ra rang Sy
hli long eua nhin viin tbl hiln qua muc dp hli long
vdi vi tri ngudi dd nam giii. Mat khac su hli long
cung duac dinh gil dya trin vile dip ung nhu elu
cua nhan viin d cic d p dp khic nhau (Togia va

cdng sy, 2004). Cac,nhl quin Iy ngly nay dinh gia
eong tie nhan su de tim giai phap dap dng nhiing
nhu cau cda nhan vien vdi hy vpng ngly cang tang
long tmng thanh cua nhan viin doi vdi to chuc
(Rani vl cpng sy, 2011). Cic nhan viin tmng thinh
hon Idii hp hai ldng hon vdi cong viee va vi vay,
ngudi quin ly nhin sy mong mudn dong gop trong
viec dip dng nhu_clu cua nhan vien (Jun, Cat, &
Shin, 2006; Nguyen Thi Thu Hang, Nguyin Khinh
Trang, 2013; SHRM, 2016; Welander, Astvik,
Isaksson, 20)9).
Gil thuyet H7: Sy hai long cd tic dpng tich cyc
din tdng tmng tbinh cda nhan vien.
Dya vao nhiing phan tich d ttIn, khung nghiin
cuu dupe de xuat (hinh 1)
I

DIru hl^n ram xljc

|

l.innig vA phnr li/l
k l i n i lliirniiE vn alil nli^n P""^.
^.||

Sy hai long

|- •

Phniig rarll bnll (tat

Quiin )i^ il'>iili imlii^n

Hinh 1: Khung nghiin cdu de x
3. Phuong phap nghien cuu
3.1. Phdt trien thang dp
Vile ung dung, phit tnln thang do vl su hai long
va ldng tmng, thinh cua rJian vil,n da dupc eac nhl
nghiencun tien hanh tai nhilu quoc gia tren the gidi.
Dua tren tong quan tai lieu, nghiin ciiu ke thiia vi

hhoa hoc _
64 thddng mai

chpn lua cac thang do tix elc nghien eiiu tmdc day
Su dung thang do Likert 5 diim vdi dap an tu "Hoan
toln ,ichdrig ddng y = 1" din "Hoin toln dong y == 5".
Nguin gdc thang do dupe ki thda tii nhung nghien
cuu ttudc (Bang 2).
,
, Sau khi xay dung, bp eong cu duoc tiln hanh
diiu tta thu nghiim ttIn 30 dii tupng, elc phin hii
dupe ghi nhin, phan tich danh gil sa bp, loai bo cle
bit hpp ly, tham khao y kiin cac chuyen gia, cic nha
quin ly trong ITnh vye quan trj nhlnsu de hoin thien
tmdc khi Idilo sit chinh thuc (phieu khio sit thuc
dia). Bing hoi eiing bao gdm thpng tin nhan khiu
hpc nhu gidi tinh, mii tic, hpc vin, tuong thing. •
3.2. Mdu khdo sdtyd thu thdp du lieu
Thing qua d c m6i quan he, du lieu dupc thu
thap bang d e h gui bing hoi ty dien tdi eac nhin

viin tu thing 4 din thing 7/2019 tai tten 100 doanh
nghiep vl to chdc tren dia bin HI Ndi vdi chien
thult ''ttii tuyet tan". Tdng so 300 phieu hoi phit ra,
thu, ve 277, sau Ithi Ioai bo 11 phiiu khong hop le,
thilu thing tin,,c6n,Iai 266 phiiu dua vio phan tich
(ty II dat yiu clu/sd phit ra chiem tren 88%).
Vdi ky vpng phan tich nhan to khang dinh (CFA)
vl mo hinh phuang ttinh cau tnic (SEM) nham kiem
dinh tic ding cua d c nhin tl tdi "Su hai long" vl
"Ldng ,tmng thinh" cua ,nhln vien mpt each chinh
xic nhit, bin canh,yeu,clu ve chit lupng, mlu phli
dim bao dat yiu d u vl quy mo.
Dl phin tich nhin td (Hair vl cpng sy, 1998), vl
doi vdi d e nghien cuu su dung md hinh phuang
trinh ciu ttde (SEM) ((Rentier & Chou, 1987), co
mlu toi thieu can tuan thu phli, bang hoac tdn hon 5
tan eae biln ddc lip, N = 5 x so muc (items), vi nen
tu 200 quan sit ttd ten (Kenny, 2003).
, Cupc khlo sit niy dupc
tien hanh vdi_40 muc,,do do,
kich thude mlu tii thiiu theo
yeu eau phai II 5 x 40 = 200
quan sat. Dua tren dii lieu tliu
thap thyc tl, tong so phieu
' ^ Unit mine Duiflii I hop II cua ngudi tri Idi II266
ngudi, dap ung yeu cau dat ra
ddng thai dpi vdi phin tich
nhin td khang dinh (CFA)
cung nhu Mo hinh phuang
trinh eau true (SEM).

3.3. Phuong phdp phan
-,
tich
die lieu
Nham dim bio phin anh
day du thong tin khlo sit cung nhu tinh tinh gpn cua
mo hmh nghiin ciru, d c ky thuat phan tich thing kl
dupc ap dyng, xd ty dya tren phin mim SPSS va
Amos phien ban 21.
Thdng ki md td, kiim dinh vd phdn tich nhdn Id
khdm phd (EFA)
So 135/2019

J I


Y KliN TRAO D 6 |
Ben eanh viec ,su dyng thong ke mo tl miu, d c
thang do dupc kilm dinh dp tin cay vl gii tti xic
thuc vdi gii,tti Cronbach's Alpha. Tiep theo, ap
dung EFA nh,am rut gpn eae yeu td giii thich chinh
tu tap hpp biln quan sat.
Phdn tich nhdn to khdng dinh (Confirmatory
Factor Analysis - CFA)
CFA II mdt ttong eac ky thuat thdng kl eua md
hinh phuang trinh eau true (SEM), duoc su, dung khi
nhl nghien ciiu c6 san mpt sd kiln thue ve cau true
bien ,fiem an co sd, trong do mdi ,quan he hay gia
thuyet giua bien quan sat vl nhan td ca sd dupc mac
nhien thira nhan tmdc khi kiem dinh thong kl. CFA

cho phep kilm dinh ehat luong cac bien quan sit
(measured variables) dai diln cho d c nhin to (consttucts), dp phu hpp cua md hinh vl gil trj phan biet
ciia bp thang do.
Mo hinh phuong trinh elu true (SEM - Stmctural
Equadon Modeling)
SEM ta rapt ttong nhung phuang, phIp uu viet
hiln nay, dupc su dung trong khi nhieu nghien cuu
xa,hpi, tam ly, kinh tl, quan ttj kinh doanh ...yy,
nham kiem dinh md hinli nghien ciiu da dl xuat,
Kiem tta ntiung.mdi quan he phue tap trong mo hinh
giua d c bien tiem an trong mdi quan he nhan qui.
SEM dong thdi danh gii mdc dp tic dpng
manh/yeu cua quan,he do vl cho phep chi ra mo
hinh phu hop nhit tu kit qua nghien cuu
(Kaplan, 20l'l).
4. Ket qua nghiin cihi
4,1. Cff cdu mdu khdo sdt
Trong so nhung ngudi dupe khio sat, nu nhin
vien chiem uu the vdi ty Ie_gln 70%, eao hon so vdi
nam gidi. Nhom tuoi cua doi tupng khio sit ehu yeu
tli 40 tuli trd xuong (chiem 85,7%), dudng nhu nir
giai ttong mlu khio sat cd dp tudi tre hon nam, tuy
nhien Idiac biet nay khdng ding kl (khong co y
nghia thdng ke - Gii tri kilm dinh Chi binh phucmg
P-val,ue = 0,148 > 0.05) (Bing 1),
So hen cho thiy, dai da so doi tupng dupe Ichlo
sit CO trinh dp dai hpc vl tren dai hpc vdi ty le chung
tuong ung, 68,0% ya 25,2%.., So nhan vien eo tri,nh
do trang d p trd xuong rat thap (8 ngudi), chi chiem
ty te 3,0%) ,ttong mlu khlo, sit. Mac du ton tai su

khic bilt ve trinh dp hpc van giua nir vl nam gidi,
dudng nhu nu gidi cd trinh dp hpe vin cao hon nam,
tuy nhiin su khic bilt niy khong cd y nghia thong
ke(P value = 0,543 > 0,05).
Nu gidi chiem ty Ie 56,3%j ddi tupng cd mue
luonghlng thing thip tu 7 trieu ttd xuong, ttong khi
con so nly d nam gidi chi ta 38,2%. Dac bilt, vdi
mue luong cao tu 10 ttieu ttd ten, nara gidi ehiem ty
Ie ap dao so vdi nir, ty II tuong ung 26,3% so vdi
15,8% (Bang I), Rd ring, ton tai sy bat binh ding vl
miic tuong givca nam va nu vdi su yeu the thupc vl
So 135/2019

nii gidi, sy khic bilt niy co y nghia thing ke (Pvalue = 0,084 < 0,10 - y ngbia d mue 10%).
Ty Ie ngudi lao dpng ttong mlu khio sat dang
lam vile tai Cong ty TNHH, C6 phin vi Don vi su
nghiip kha tuong ddng (xip chi 25% - 27%). Sd dii
tupng hiln dang tim viec tai d e Co quan chuyen
mon, hinh, chinh nhl nudc cung nhu tai d c Cong ty
tu nhin thip, ehiim ty te khi Ichiem tin, chi bi 8,3%
trd xuong.
Nham da dang doi tupng, ben canh cic doanh
nghiep (nhl nudc hoac co phin vdn gdp tu nha nudc
cung nhu ngoii nhl nudc) ttIn dia bin Tp HI Ndi,
thi ngudi lao dpng trong Don vi sy nghiep, Co quan
quin ly hinh chinh, chuyen mon ciing dupe khio
sat, do do, ty le ngudi lao dong hiln dang lim viec
tai cic doanh nghiip, td chue co sd hihi nha nudc
chilm ty II khi cao vdi 66,5%i. Gidi tinh nhin vien
dupe khlo sat Idiong co sy khac biet khi phan tach

theo dac tmng nqi Ilm vile (hinh thdc phap ly va sd
hiiu vdi gia tri kilm dinh P-value tuong iing = 0,425
vl0,68! >0,65).
4.2, Dg tin cdy vd tinh xdc thuc cda thang do
Vi eae bien do ludng ttong nghiin ciiu niy kha
phue tap, trdu tupng, dupe tong hpp td nhilu nghiin
eiiu vi CO tbl duac,hiiu theo nhieu each khic nhau,'
do d6, tmdc tiln d n tiln hinh kiem dinh thang do
eua cae bien quan, sit dl xic dinh dp tin eay.
Cic thanh phan thang do cua d c nhin to tie
dpng (bien dpc lap) vi cua su hli long vl long tmng
tbaiih.cua nhan vien (biln phu ,thupc):
Ket qua cic kilm dinh cuoi cung, sau khi loai
nhiing ,bien quan sat khdng du tieu chuan (Bang 2)
eho thay, Cronbach's Alpha > 0,6 va he so tuong
quan bien tdng (Corrected item total correlation) cua
d c bien do ludng > 0,3 (Nunnally & Bemstein
1994). Cae bien quan sat cdn lai dua vao phan tich
d,eu dat dupe do,tin cly cao ttong tung nhoranhin
to. Do do, eic bien do ludng thanh phin nly diu dat
dupe dp tin cay vl dupc su dyng ttong phan tich
nhin to khim phi EFA va phin tich nhan to Idling
dinh CFA tilp theo.
, Ddi vdi d c nhan td (bien tiim In) phy thupc, 2
bien quan sit cua thang do Ldng tmng thanh LOI va
L02 khdng.dat yiu d u , da bi loai khdi nhin td, nhu
vay, cic bien quan sit cdn lai dupe su dyng ttong
phin tich nhan td kham pha (EFA) tiep theo.
4.3. Phdn tich nhdn td khdm phd (Exploratory
Factor Analysis - EFA)

Sau budc kiem tra dp tin cay thang do bang
Cronbach's Alpha, 23 bien do ludng ttong mo hinh
nghien cuu dupc giu lai dua vio phan, tich EFA, de
gom thinh d e nhln,t6 cd cung tinh ehat lai vdi nhau
vl su dung nhu biln dpc Ilp,(ti,im In) trong cac
budc phin tich CFA va SEM kl tilp. Qua trinh phan
tich EFA duac thyc hien tan lupt qua 3 tin xoay
khoa hoc
thtfdng "mai

^
65


Y KIEN TRAO D 6 |
Bang 1.- Ca cdu mdu khdo sdt theo gi&i tinh, nh&m tudi, trinh dp hpc vdn, mice luang vd ddc ti-ung nai
Idm viic (hinh thirc phdp ly vd s& hihi)
Nam

N^idung

Duai 30
Tir 31 den 40
Tir 41 den 50
51 Ira len
THPT
Tmng eap
Cao dang
Dai hoc
Tien dai hpc

Dual 5 tiieu
5-7 trien
7-10 trieu
10-13 trieu
TiSn 13 trieu
Cong ty TNHH
Cong ty Co phiin
Cong ty Tu nhan
CQ Hiinh chinh NN
Don VI su nghiep
CQ Chuyen mSnNN
Khac
Nha nuoc va/liogc co
von gop lir nha nuac
Ngoai nha nuoc
Tong so

Nir
So ilrgTig
(nguM)
Tyl6(%)
Nhom tu6i
31
40,8
95
50,0
38,2
29
73
38,4

14
18,4
21
11,1
2
2,6
1
0,5
Trinh do hoc van
3
2
2,6
1,6
2
2,6
I
0,5
3
3,9
7
3,7
63,2
133
70,0
48
21
27,6
46
24,2
Mirc lirirn I hang thang

42
22,1
10
13,2
25,0
65
34,2
19
35.5
53
27
27,9
10,0
14
18,4
19
6
11
7,9
5,8
Noi lam viee (hinh thixc phap
25,3
25
32,9
48
19
25,0
48
25,3
2

14
7,4
2,6
7,9
7
9,2
15
27,9
15
19,7
53
6
9
4,7
7,9
2
2.6
3
1,6
Noi liim viec (hinh thirc sit hiru c hinh)

So lirgng
(ngirm)

Tvie(%)

m

thtfdns'mai

126
102
35
3

47,4
38.3
13,2
1,1

5
3
10
181
67

1,9
1,1
3,8
68,0
25,2

52
84
80
33
17

19.5
31,6

30,1
12.4
6,4

73
67
16
22
68
15
5

27,4
25,2
6,0
8,3
25,6
5,6
1,9

52

68,4

125

65,8

177

66,5

24
76

31,6
100,0

65
190

34,2
100,0

89
266

33,5
100,0

Ngudn: Kit qud khdo sdt nghien ciru, 2019
nhin to (sau moi lan, loai lan lupt tdng biln quan sit
khong dat tieu ehuan) nham dim bio mo hinh EFA
phu hop vdi du,lieu va eo y nghia thuc tiln. Phuang
phIp thanh phan cbinh (Principal component) vdi
phep xoay Varimax dupc sd dung trong qui ttinh
phin tich EFA.
Hinh thinh cle nhin td tac dpng din Su hai tdng
cua nhin viin:
CIc bien eo trpng so Idling dat,ylu cau vl he so

tai nhin to (factor Ioa,ding < 0,5) tan lupt bj ,loai bd
qua 2 Ian xoay nhan to gom: tin 1 loai d c biln quan
sat vi CO he so tli nhln,t6 diu < 0,5 vl bi tli cheo sang
nhin to khic (khong dong nhit), ban nua su Idiac bilt
gii tri cua biln quan sat giua 2 nhom nhan td khdng
thoa man > 0,3 nin ioai bien (Peterson, 1994).

66

Tong sS
S6 luv"ng
Tvl?(%)
(ngiroi)

Tat ca cic gii tti kilm dinh deu dat yiu ciu vdi
0,5 < KMO = 0,936 < 1,0; Tdng phuang sai giii
thieh 82,39% > 50% (Hair vi c6ng su, 1998); He so
tli nhan to > 0,5 (Anderson & Gerbing, 1988). Nhu
vly, viec gili thich yiu to cd the duac eoi^ II Idil tot.
4.4. Phdn tich nhdn td khdng d\nh
(Confirmatory Factor Analysis^- CFA)
Sau khi eai thien mo hinh, kit qui CFA cho thiy,
eac gia tri kiim dinh cua mo hinh do tudng diu dat
yeu d u dk ra: Ty so Chi-square/df = 2,475 < 3
(Carmines & Mclver, 1981); Chi si (Root Mean
square Error Approximation) RMSEA = 0 075 <
0,08 (Steiger, 1990); Chi si Tucker &'Lewis
(Tucker & Lewis Index) TLI = 0,923 > 0,9; Chi si
thich hpp so sinh (Comparative Fix Index) CFI =

So 135/2019


—

—

y KItN TRAO DPI

Banfi^-' Ket qud kiim dfnh Cronbach's Alpha cdc thdnh phdn thang do vd ngudn gdc
(6 nhdn td dnh huang vd 2 nhdn td phu thudc Sy hdi long, Ldng trung thdnh)
Tu-tmg quan
bien tong
^
Nhan to (bien) ddc l i p
Bieu kiln Ilm viec (WC) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,834
WCl - Noi tam v i | c an toln
0,624
WC2 - Ca sd vat chit v l thiit bj d i y du
0,771
WC3 - Trang thiet bj giii gin t i t
0,694
Luffng va phiic lyi (PB) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,902
PBl - Tien lirong tuong xCmg nang lyc
0,812
PB2 - Tien luong, thirdng cong bang
0,810
PB3 - Luang va phiic Ipi kich thich lam viec
0,751
PB4 - Che do philc lai cong bang

0,749
Khen thudng v l ghi nhan (RR) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,934
RRl - Danh gia cong khai minh bach
0,853
RR2 - Kit qua dirpc danh gia khach quan
0,898
RR3 - Luon dupc khen thirdng vl ghi nhgn
0,863
RR4 - Bupc khen thudng kip thai
0,772
Bao tao nhan viin (ET) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,935
ETl - Thuong xuyen dupc dao tgo
0,827
ET2 - Dupc dao tgo djnh hudng nghe
0,856
ET3 - Qua dao tao co co hoi phit trien
0,875
ET4 - Chuong trinh dao tgo co chJt lupng
0,829
Phong each lanh dao (ML) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,932
MLl - Lanh dgo luon tgo dieu IciSn
0,838
ML2 - Lanh dgo luin t6n trpng
0,887
ML3 - Lanh dao !u6n hoi y kiin t6i
0,797
ML4 - Lanh dgo luon h i trp giiip do
0,845
Bong nighiep (CO) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,925
COI - Dong nghi?p thin thi?n

0,820
002 - Dong nghiep giup dd h6 trp
0,860
C03 - Dong nghi?p thi dua lanh manh
0,800
C04 - Thoai mai hung thii lam viec vdi DN
0,840
Nhan to (bien) phu thupc
Sir hai Idng (ES) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,900
ESI - Day la nai lam viec thoai mii
0,822
0,821
ES2 - Hai long voi cong vjfc va luon co gang
0,785
ES3 - Khong co gi khien khong hli Ibng
Ldng trung thanh (LO) - Cronbach's Alpha = 0,892
0,770
L03 - Tir choi cong viec noi khac dCi luong cao
0,853
L04 - Thay gia tri cong viec trong to chuc
0,784
L05 - Bong gop co y nghia vdi to churc
Ngudn: Kit qud xu ly so lieu khdo sdt ndm 2019
0,934 > 0,9 (Bentler & Bonett, 1980); P-value cua
010 hinh = 0,000 < 0 , 0 5 ( J o s e r k o g & S o r b o m , 1989).
Mac du ehi s6 GFI = 0,828 < 0,9, tuy .nhien, phuang
phap tinh GFI bi phe phan bdi chi s i nay chju Inh

So 135/2019

Cronbach's
Alpha neu
__loai bien

0,838
0,692
0,771
0,862
0.862
0.884
0,884
0,911
0,896
0,909
0,939
0,922
0,912
0,906
0,921
0,912
0,925
0,911
0,906
0,893
0,916
0,898

0,843
0,847
0,886

0,890
0,799
0,858

Nguon goc
thang do

Spector(1985);
Tran Kim Dung
(2005)
-Specter (1985); John
McConnell (2003);
Ahmad va
Schrocider, (2003)

Roberts (2005);
Mikander(2010)

Lylle va cong
sy (1998); Ahmad va
Schroeder (2003);
Lytic va cong sir
(I998);Donghong
Ding va cpng sir
(2012);
Jun, Cai va Shin,
(2006); Trin Kim
Dung (2005)

Jun, Cai va Shin,

(2006); Trin Kun
Dung (2005)
Davis-Blake va
cong sir (2003); Jun,
Cai va Shin, (2006).

hudng bdi kich thude m i u , do dd hien nay _e6 su
d i n g thuan cao la khong su dung chi sd n i y
(Sharma, Mukherjee, Kumar, & Dillon, 2005).

67


Y K l i N TRAO DOI
Bang 3; Ma trdn xoay nhdn td cdc yeu to dnh hu&ng den su hdi long c i c ngudn:

cay tdng hgp Composite Reliability (CR) > 0,7;
Gil tri dp hdi tu - Convergent
Validity duge phan Inh qua: Phuang
sai trich trung binh - Average
Variance Extracted (AVE) > 0,5;
Gia tri do phin biet Discriminant Validity du^c phan
Inh qua: Phucmg sai chia se cue
dai - Maximum Shared Variance
(MSV) < AVE vl Cdn bgc 2 cua
AVE > (l&n hffn) cac tuong quan
giira hai khii niem.
Dp tin cay tdng hgp McDonald
(MaxR(H)) cang Idn cang tdt, the
hien mdc tin cly da chi8u (Zinbarg

va egng su, 2005). Vdi ket qui tinh
toan cho thiy MaxR(H) >0^9 c6
nghTa do tin cay tdng hgp rit cao
(tdi da = 1).
Ket qui kiem dinh ele chi so
cho thiy du lieu dap mig yeu eau
va phu hgp vdi thuc tien sau CFA
va dim bao cho phep dua vio phan
tich SEM, cu the (bing 4):
4.5.^Phdn tich mo hinh phuffng
trinh cdu true (SEM)
Vdi sue manh cua SEM eho
phep udc lugng ddng ,thdi cic phan
td trong,mo hinh t6ng thS, udc
lugng moi quan he nhan qui giiia
elc elu tnic tiem In, (Latent
Constructs) qua cac chi s6 ket hgp
cl do ludng vl elu true cua m6
hinh ly thuyet de xuat.
,Kiem dinh^hS s6 hdi quy lin thd
Ngudn: Xir ly kit qud khdo sdt ndm 2019
nhit cho thiy, nhin td "Khen
thudng„ vi ghi
De dim bio dir lieu dat tieu chuan phan tich
„ nhan
. - RR" khong
SEM, theo Hair va cgng su (2010), cin dim bio vdi cd tic ddng tdi Su hii long eua nhin vien (Gil tri
Bing 4.' Cdc gid tri kiim dinh dp phit hgp trong CFA
Ma tran xoay nhr~
Nhom nhan to

Bien
quan sat
4
1
2
3
5
6
WCl
.789
WC2
.810
WC3
710
PBl
.801
696
PB2
PB3
791
PB4
663
711
RRl
RR2
.745
.700
RR3
RR4
.680

ETl
822
,80!
ET2
ET3
.779
ET4
.697
.637
MLl
ML2
.758
.712
ML3
ML4
.727
COI
.889
C02
.864
C03
.720
C04
.735
Tona phuoni- sai tricli = 82,39yo
Hf so KMO (Kaiser-Meyer-Oikin Measure of Sampling / Wequacy) = 0,936
Kiem dinli Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Sig = 0,000
Phuong phap trich. Principal Component Analysis.
Phuong phdp xoay Varimax with Kaiser Normalization
a. Xoay hgi ty 6 vong lap (Rotation converged in 6 iterations).

CR

AVE

MSV

MaxR(H)

LO

0.905

0.761

0.599

0.917

0.S72

CO

0.915

0.730

0.638

0.928

0.678

0.854

ET

0.943

0.806

0.567

0.948

0.716

0,612

0.898

PB

0.903

0.699

0.629

0.908

0.718

0,636

0 705

0.836

RB

0.937

0.788

0.677

0.952

0.698

0,693

0,699

0,786

0.888

WC

0.842

0.641

0.549

0 860

0.588

0,561

0,638

0,627

0.616

0.801

ML

0.934

0.779

0.677

0.767

0,730

0,722

0,679

0 823

ES

0.904

0.759

0.677

0,940
0.914

0.774

0,799

0,753

0.793

0.795

0.642
0.741

LO

CO

ET

PB

RR

WC

ML

ES

0.883
0.823

0.871:

Nguon: Xii ly ket qud khdo sdt ndm 2019

I

khoa hoc
thifdng'mai

^^^^^,^^^„„^,,,^^^
So 135/2019


y KIEN IRAO D 6 |
Bang 5; H^ so chua chudn hoa vd gid tri Kiirn dinh u&ctinhMaximum thdnh tich..." (Phong vin sau
Likelihood cdc trpng sd hdi quy
nii nhan vien Sd giao dich I
VDB).
He so p uoc tinh Sai so chuan
Ty so toi han Mure y nghia
Tac d9ng

ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
LO

<—
<—
<—
<—
<—
<—
<—

CO
ET
PB
RR
WC
ML
ES

Estimate
.346
.099
.229
.004
.237
.249
.993

S.E.
.065
.044
.056
.068
.068
.065
.071

CR. - p/S.E.„
5.340
2.241
4.117

.059
3.476
3.855
14.047

Ghi chic *** mdc y nghia l%o
Ngudn: Xu ly kit qud khdo sdt ndm 2019
kiem djnh khdng cd y nghia thdng ke vdi P-value =
0,953 > 0,05). => Nhu vly, can phii loai nhin to nly
ra khoi m6 hinh tic dgng.
Nhim ly gili nghich ly nhin td khen thudng vl
ghi nhin khong tie ddng td[ su hai long cua nhan
vien, nhom nghien cuu da tien hanh phdng vin sau
3 nhi quin ly vl 5 ngudi lao dgng tai 8 doanh
nghiep, t6 chue khic nhau.
Ket qui phan tieh dinh tinh cho thiy:
Cdng tdc khen thudng vd ghi nhdn chua dugfc
chu trgng diing muc, con ndng tinh hinh thuc
" . ..Cdng ty chung tdi cung co khen thuang nhdn
viin khi hp cd thdnh tich ddy chu, nhung cung it...
md cdi ndy thuang do cdng dodn trinh lin... Khdng
cd td chuc mdt budi riing md_ thu&ng ghep chung
nhdn dip ngdy li hodc long ket..."( Phdng van slu
nam quin ly Cong ty cd phan Mat trdi dd).

P

"...niu duac khen thudng
thi din cudi nam mai duac
nfidn giay khen..." (Phong

van slu nam nhan viSn c6ng
.953
ty tu nhan tai HN).
*•*
Chua coi trpng cdc y kiin
*•+
^dnggdp cua nhdn vien
" ...Cdc y kien thi cung cd
bdo^ cdo lin cdp trin nhicng
nhiiu khi lanh dgo cho rdng

***

.025
+ *t

...

chua quan trpng hogc ding khd thyc hiin duprc, y Id
tinh khd thi khong cao..." (Phdng vin sau nd nhan
viSn cong ty tu nhin).
" ... Cdng CO khi nhdn viin nggi niu de xudt cua
minh di cdi tiin cdng viic vi hosabixem thu&ng,...
CO khi dua ra lgi bi chi... rdi sa nhirng ngir&i khde
bdo Id chcri trpi,... hothdy khdng duac coi trgng cd
thi hp chdn ... chuyin di chd khde..." (Phong van
slu nam nhin viSn mgt eong ty cd phin).

Ket qui dinh gia lai dg phu,hgp cua md hinh
SEM sau khi loai bien RR cho thay, cac gil tn^kiem

dinh cua mo hinh tic ddng mdi (Iln 2) ciing deu dat
yeu ciu: Chi-square = 626,459 vdi 257 bic tu do
(df), Ty s6 Chi-square/df = 2,437 < 3; RMSEA =
0,074 < 0,08; TLI =.0,932 > 0,9; CFI = 0,942 > 0^9.
Xem xet trgng sd hdi quy cda md hinh SEM Iln
2 (sau khi loai bien tiem an RR) cho thay, tat ci cic
bien quan sit deu cd y nghta thong ke P-value < 0,05
",.. Thi thuang khen thu&ng khi ngu&i lao dpng (*** muc y nghia l%o), nen cac khii niem dat duge
dgt tiiu chudn lao ddng tien tien hogc chiin si thi gii tri phan biet. _
dua, phdi cudi nam,...ciing binh bdu xet duyet theo
Sd lieu cho thay, gia tri kiem dinh muc y nghia cda
chi tliu, rdi bd phieu nua mai duac... mice thi eic nhan td: "Dong ngliiep", "Dao tao tip huan",
200.000d/ngu&i ddi v&i lao ddng tiin tien, cdn "Luong vl phuc lgi", 'T)ieu kien Ilm viec", "Phong
chiin si thi dua thi cao han nhung phdi khai thdnh each l&ih dao" deu co P-value < 0,05 (tham chi < 0,001)
tich...'" (Phong vin slu nii quin ly NXB Giao due), vi thue su Inh hudng trung gian qua "Su hli long" den
"Ldng trung thlnh".,Trgng so chuin ,h6a cda cac nhin td
"...Cwoi ndm neu dup/c khen thi nhdn sidy khen dpc lap deu,mang diu duong cho thiy 5 nhan to dgc Igp
vdphong bi. ...200.000d/nguai... chua thay c&phdn (bign tiim In) tren Inh hudng thuan chieu den su "Su
thuang khde hodc id tdi khdng biit hit..." (Phdng hli long". Tuong tu, "Su hli ldng" cda nhan vien eiing
cd tic ddng duong den "Ldng trung thinh".,
van slu nam nhin vien BHXH HN).
"Su hli long" chiu tic dgng manh nhit, Iln lugt,
Khen thu&ng vd ghi nhdn chua kip th&i, tu cac nhan tO: "Ddng nghiep, "Phong elch lanh
d^g", "Luong vl phuc lgi", "Dieu kien lam viee" va
khdng du^c quang bd rpng rdi
...Nhiiu Mii tui em den cuoi ndm hodc hop cudi cung la "Dao tao".
tdng ket duprc nhdn phdn thu&ng, ma ra m&i biet do Ddi vai hai nhdm doanh nghiip, td chiec theo
la nha cd sdng kiin tu hoi gida ndm,... md ciing hinh thiec s& hdu:
Kkt qui kiem dinh khac biet Chi-square cho
duac nhdn the thdi, khdng ai biit,... vi tdng kit thi

chi dpc nhihig bdo cdo vd tin cua cdc dan vf co thiy, giiia md hinh bat bien va mo hinh kha bien eua
So 135/2019

Ktioa Mt
thifffngmpr

^
gg


Y K l i N TRAO DOI
do eao ban, di dua vao phSn
tich tilp theo.
,
KSt qua phan tich tu, mo ,hiiih
SEM (Bang 7) cho thiy, tat ca
cic nhan td trong mo hmh deu
cd tic dong cd y nghTa thong ke
d cl 2 nhdm doanh nghiep, tfl
chuc theo hinh thuc sd huu. Htm
nua thd tu tic dgn^ eua 2 nh6m
, nly cung.tuang dong. Nhu v?y,
\ cd tbl thiy rang, khong c6 s\r
khic bjet trong tic dgng ciia dc
nhan t6 dkn "Su hai long", cung
nhu td "Su hli ldng" tic d$ng
din "Ldng trung thinh" cua
nhan vien trong doanh nghi?p,
td chdc thugc sd hiru nha nuoc
hay ngoai nhi^nudc.

Kit qua kiem dinh gid thuyet
Ngudn: Xir ly kit qud khdo sdt ndm 2019.
Nghien ciiu nay sd diing
2 nhdm doanh nghiep, td chue theo sd hihi nhi nude
.
phuong phap liy mlu lap lai co
vi ngoii nhi nude khong cd su khic biet (P-value = thay the (Bootstrap) vdi N = 500, de dinh gia dp tin
Bang 6. Cdc trong sd hdi quy chua chudn h&a
^P ' J ^ ' ^ f """^ ^ m ^'^"l "g^?
-:—r^
, , trong
• ^ mo. ,.
^ -^
, . , cm
- ^i
cuu
tranh
va
chuan hoa
hmh
nghien
(lan ,,2)
^^^^dinh
^^^ lugng
'J^B khi
^ ^ lay
^ / ^mau,
^ ^.^
^^
chi

phi (Sehuraacker & Lomax, 2006).
Chua chuan hda
Chudn hda
Tu.mo hinh nghign cuu ly thuyet
Tac diing
H? so p HOC tinh Miic y nghia He sfi P trcrc tinh
ban diu gdm 6 nhin td eo the tac
Estimate
P
Estimate
dong dkn "Su hai long" cda nhan viSn
ES
<-CO
.345
•*•
.280
dan den "Ldng trung thinh" cua h^.
ES
<—
ET
.099
.024
.114
Mo hinh nghien ciiu da phli nhieu 13n
<-PB
ES
.229
•"
.261
rut ggn bien quan sit vi van giu duoc

ES
<— WC
.235
••*
.172
5 nhin t6. Tuang ung, 6/7 gia thuyet
ES
<—
ML
.253
•••
.275
kiSm dinh trong SEM, vdi mfii quan
LO <—
he giua cle thinh phin trong m6 hinh
ES
.996
••*
.818
nghien eiiu deu co y n_ghTa thong ke
(p < ,0,05) va duge chap nhin, 1. gii
Ghi chu: *** mucy nghia l%o
thuyet khdng duge ung hd, eu the:
Nguon: Xu ly kit qud khdo sdt ndm 2019
5. K€t luan va khuySn nghj
Nghien ciiu tuin thu nghiem quy trinh^ ip dung
0,444 > 0,05). Do dd, md hinh bit bien se duac chgn
II mo hinh diii dien cho nhom sd huu bdi cd bac tu cac phucmg phIp phan tich dinh lugng thong k6 ini
Bang 7; Cdc trpng sd hdi quy chua chudn hoa vd chudn hda trong mo hinh bdt bien theo s& hiiu
Hinh 2: Md hinh tdc ddng chudn hda sau khi logi biin liim dn RR

Chi-sqi>are=626419. df=257. P= OOO.
Ctii.square,'dt=2 437;
Gn= 8J8, TLI= 932. CF1= 942,
RMR= 035; RMSEA= 074

Tac d^ng
ES
ES
ES
ES
ES
LO

<~ <~ < -<~ <- <- -

CO
ET
PB
WC
ML
ES

Chira chu^n hoa
H§ s6 p iroc tinh
Miic f nghia
Estimate
P
.357
***
.093

.030
.219
*"•
.263
***
.241
***
.963
***

Nhan
Label
Anphal
Anpha2
Anpha3
Anpha4
AnphaS
Anpha6

Chu^n h6a
HS s6 p u6c tinh
H? s6 p u6c tinh
N/ia nirdc
Ngoai nha nudc
•287
.312
•093
.135
•248
.252

•213
.157
•252
288
•805
RSI

Ghi chu: *** mitcy nghia l%a
Nguon: Xu ly ket qud khdo sdt ndm 2019
70

hhoa hoc

tliifOng'niBi

,^^^,^=^,„^=_
SS 135/2019

Jl


Y K l i N TRAO Ddi
Bang 8; Ket qud kiem djnh cdc gid thuyet nghiin cuu
Gia Ihuvet
HI. Dieu kien lam viec lac dgne tich cue loi Sir hai IOQR ciia nhan vien
H2' him, ^a phuc Id Ik dpns lich circ loi Su hai \ms, cua nhan vien
HJ Khen thuraie va ehi nhan tSc dong ticli cue loi Su hai IOHE ciia nlian vien
H4: Dao tao nhan vien c6 lac dpng tich cue toi Sv hai long ciia ho
HS: Phnn^ each lanh dao tac dong tich cue toi Su hai long ciia nhan vien
H5: Quan he done nghiep tdc dong tieh cue loi Sit hai long ciia nhan vien

H7, Su hai long ciia nlian vien tac donp fich cue toi Lone ining thanh cua ho

Ghi chu: *** mircy nghia l%o, Cdc gid tri kiim
y nghia <0,05
Ngudn: Xic ly kit qud khdo sdt ndm 2019
viet, dac biet thdng qua viec su dung mo hinh
phuong trinh cau,true (SEM) nham dua ra mgt ket
qui chinh xic nhat. Sau dd, thong tin dinh tinh tiep
tuc duge thu thap va phin tieh nhim tim hieu thiu
dao nguyen nhan cua vin de.
S.L Kit ludn
Thong qua viec ap dung md hinh phuang trinh
elu true (SEM), cic gii thuyet nghien cuu: HI, H2^
H4, H5, H6, H7 deu duge ung hg, Ngoai tru nhin td
"Khen thudng vi ghi nhin" bijoai khdi md_hinh vi
khong dat duge cic yeu cau de ra, gil^thuyet H3 bi
bac bo. Dieu^nay c6 nghia 5 nhin to, Iln lugt tucmg
ling vdi: "Dieu kien Ilm viSc", "Luong va phuc lgi",
"Dao tao tap huin", "Phong elch lanh dao" vl
"Dong nghiep" dfiu co tic dong tich cue tdi "Su hli
long" cua nhin vien. Nhan td "Su hli long" eiing cd
tic dgng thuan chiSu (duong) tdi "Ldng trung
thinh" cda nhan vien. Cac tic dgng niy deu cd y
nghia thfing ke (vdi mdc y nghia P-value < 0,05).
Khong p6 su khic biet ve md hinh tic dgng cua
cic nhin td tdi su hai long vi ldng trung thinh cua
nhin vien giiia cle doanh nghiep, to ehuc thugc sd
huu nhi nudc va ngoli nha nude.
Ro rang, ket qua nghien cuu dinh lugng cdng
nhu dinh tinh da ehi ra rang, viec ghi nhan vi khen

thudng trong cic doanh nghiep, to chuc hien nay
ehua duge quan tim hole neu co thi cung hoat dgng
kem hieu qui. Cac boat dgng khen thudng, dinh gil
va ghi nhan thudng khSng kjp thdi hoac mdi chi
mang tinh hinh thuc.
0 phan Idn doanh nghiep, to ehuc, viee ghi nhan,
khen thudng thudng ehi duge td chuc nhin djp c6 su
kien Idn hole vao thdi diem dinh ky hiSm hoi (VD:
theo quy, hing nam), do do thieu tinh kip thdi. Mat
khic, sir ghi nhin nhieu khj ehi li nhirng tam giiy
khen vi/holc mgt khoan tien thudng hay mdn qua
tang tugng trung, chinh vi vay,. ngudi ]ao dgng chua
hoac khong cp dgng lue thuc day hg no luc lam viec,
cho dii thuc te II ho dang duge cac t6 chuc ghi nhan.
Dieu nay co nghTa la to ehiic se mat su hli long va
tin hrdng tu nhan vien. Diy II mgt thiet hai ding ke

S6 135/2019

ml khong cd t6 chuc nao
muon no xay ra.
Tuy nhien, nghien cdu
cua chung tdi khong phai la
Ung ho
kbdng cd gidi han. Tren thue
0,953
KImnsunglm
te, trong nghien ciiu nly,
0,024
Unghq

thong tin du lieu mdi chi
Ung ho
duge thu thap vl phan tich
•'•
Ung ho
tren dia bin tP.HI Ngi. Hop
Unghp
nua, day II nghien cuu cat
dinh theo nhom diu o-mii-cngang tai mgt thdi d\km va
rndi chi do ludng cic nhin
to ea bin nhat Inh hudng tdi
su hai ldng cua nhin vien.
Do dd, nghien eiiu trong tuong lai co the tan dgng
cle lap luan d day de so sanh trudng hgp tai cac dia
phuang khac hole ciing cd thi thu thap them s6 lieu
tai nhiing tinh/thlnh phg khic ,tren ci nude., theo
thdi gian hay nglnh nghe cu the cung nhu bo sung
them cle nhin to tic dgng. Qua do, cle nghien cuu
sau tiep theo cd the giup cung cap mgt elu tri Idi
chinh xle va ro ring hon.
5.2. Khuyin nghi
Thic nhdt: De cd the nam bat duge tinh hinh vl
dua ra nhirng giii phIp phu hgp, cac doanh nghiep,
td ehuc noi chung (khong chi rieng tai Hi Ngi) ean
phli danh gia, do ludng thudng xuyen mue dp hii
long eua nhan vien,_d6ng thdi xle dinh eae van de
can cii thien, thiet ke yl thue hien ke hoaeh vdi muc
dich giii quyet, cii tien chung.
Thic hai: Quan tam dung muc den cong tie khen
thudng ghi nliln. Nghien cuu, phit trien chuong

trinh Ghi nhan, danh gia vi khen nggi hieu qua. Cac
boat ddng nay phii thudng xuyen, kip thdi va di vio
thuc chat.. Ap dyng cac kinh nghiem hay bi nhirng
cong ty, to chuc trong va ngoii nudc.
Thyc hien chien luge ghi nhan vl khen thudng nhan
vien ket hgp theo eie hinh thdc (Armstrong, 2007):
- Ghi nhan lien,tue (hang ngay): Nhi quin ly can
thdc diy vl khuyen khich nhin vien thue hien tot
tren co sd hing ngay chu khong chi theo dinh ky;^
- Ghi nhan chinh thuc: thudng d dting phin
thudng cho su phuc vu, dong gop va thanh tich. Cac
hinh thuc ghi nhln^niy cung bao gom cac su kien
duge td chuc cho le ky niem thinh tich. Tuy nhien^
hinh thuc ghi nh§n nly thudng phli tuan thii mgt so
yeu ciu phap ly va ehinh sach (cua doanh nghiep, to
chdc cung nhu trong khuon khd luat phap). Han
niia, viec ghi nhan thinh tich cua nhan vien ragt
cich ehinh thuc (tien thudng vi/hoac danh hieu) cin
phli dinh nguon luc, vi lai thudng duge trao vio
ragt dip theo chu ky^thdi gian. Cac chuong trinh niy
cin phli duge len k§ hoach vl thiet ke can trgng, chi
tigt vl hoin hao nham dem lai hieu qui toi uu;
P-value
•••

Kelqua
Unghp

*'*

...
...

kfioa hoc
itiifdng'mai


V KIEN TRAO DOI
- Ghi nhin phi chinh thuc: Li hinh thuc ghi nhin
bao gdm cle eu ehi khuyen khich vi dinh gil cao
thinh tich cua ngudi lao dgng (vi du nhu mgt cai y6
nhe vio lung hole mgt Idi khen nggi trudc tap the).
Dly CO the noi II hinh thuc kha linh hoat vi tuong
doi hieu qui.
Mgt sd bien phap khen thudng vl ghi nhan thanh
tich nhan vien hiiu hieu: Ghi nhan, cim an edng khai;
To chuc khen thudng ngay lip tuc; Co the thudng
tien, nhiing mon qui kem theo ky nghi phep; Tju dii
ve tli chinh nhu tang luong; Cung eip cle die quySn;
Khueeh truang thinh tich cda nhan vien;...
Thu ba: Ben canh viec diy manh boat d6ng ghi
nhan vl khen thudng nhin vien tlii_cac nhl quin ly
cung khong duge coi nhe ele nhan td khac tao nen su
hii ldng va trung thinh cda ngudi lao ddng trong cle
doanh nghiep, td chdc tten dia ban thanh pho, nhu:
- Tag moi trudng lam viec tich cue, trong do chu
trgng moi quan he giiia cle ddng nghiep yl xay dung
duoc mdt nen van hoa de nhin vien cim thay hg li mdt
phan cda to chdc nhu thanh vien trong mgt gia dinh;
- Dinh thdi gian, doi xu vdi nhan vien mdt each

ton trong, cdng bang, minh bach va vui ve, lu6n hien
dien khong ehi vi ea nhin ml eon vi cong viec chung;
- Chi tti mdc luong m6t cich cong bang, tuong
xiing vdi sue lao dgng vi phii dap iing cac nhu ciu
tSi thiSu cu6c song la dieu kien tien quyet;
- Dim bio dieu kien Ilm viec an toan, linh manh
vi dip ling eac .tieu chuin ve sinh eiing nhu cung cip
trang thiet bi diy du, phu hop_vdi vi tri cong viee;
.- Tao diiu kien va cung cip ca hgi hge tap, phit
trien ky nang vi tiem nlng cua nhan vien. Dinh cic
khoan kinh phi dau tu phuc vu eong tic dao tao, tap
huin nhan vien. •

6 Lyde, R. S., Hom, P, & Mokwa, M. (1998),
SERV*OR. A managerial measure of organizational
service-orientation, Joumal of Retaihng, 74(4), 455-489.
7. Moyes, G.D., Shao, RL., and Nev/some, M.
(2008), Comparative Analysis Of Employee Job
Satisfaction In The Accounting Profession, Joumal
of Business & Economics Research (JBER): Vol 6
No 2 (2008), pp. 65 - 82.
8. Ramlall, S„ (2004), A Review of Employee
Motivation Theories and their Implications for
Employee Retention within Organizations, The
Journal of American Academy of Business,
Cambridge, September 2004, pp 52-63.
9. Society for Human Resource Management,
(2016), Employee Job Satisfaction and
Engagement: Revitalizing a Changing Workforce.
10. Trin,Kim Dung, (2005), Doju&ng mice dp

thda mdn ddt v&i cdng viic trong diiu kien ciia Viit
Nam, Tap chi Phat triin Khoa hgc Cong nghe, Dai
hoc Qu6c gia Tp. HCM, so thing 12/2005.
11. Welander, J., Astvik, W., Isaksson, K. (2019),
Exit, silence and loyalty in the Swedish social services - the importance of openness, Nordic Social
Work Research, Vol 9/2019, pp. 85-99.
Summary

The study investigates 266 workers at over 100
enterprises and organizations in Hanoi City with tlie
aim to re-identify several key factors in order to
improve worker's satisfaction and loyalty. An analysis under the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling);
shows that the working condition, salary and wel-'
fare, training, management style, and colleague rela-'
tionship have noticeable and positive effects on
worker's satisfaction. Improved satisfaction leads to j
Tdi liiu tham khdo:
higher worker's loyalty. However, the factors of
1. Armstrong, M. (2007), A handbook of employ- recognition and rewarding have no impacts on the
ee reward management and practice', 2"'' Edition, employees' satisfaction. This is contrary lo theories i
United Kingdom: Kogan Page Limited.
and the results of previous studies. In-depth inter- ]
2. Anphabe (2018), Bdo cdo khdo sdt: Nai Idm viic views with 3 managers and 5 employees at 8 differ- j
tdt nhdt Viet Nam 2018 - Nhdn tdi thdt thodt vd dm lgi.ent organizations have pointed out several short- .
3. Bakotie, D., & Babic. T.B. (2013). comings in acknowledging and rewarding workers.
Relationship between Working Conditions and Job It is necessary to be aware of the worker's real motiSatisfaction: The Case of Croatian ShipbuUding vation to work in tiie current situation of human '
Company, Intemational Joumal of Business and resource loss, especially high quality workers; this ]
Social Science, 4(2), 206-213.
means worker's satisfaction and loyalty may be
4. Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., and Anderson, dependent on the acknowledgement and rewarding.

R., (2010), Multivariate data analysis, (7"' ed.),
Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA.
5. Jun, M., Cai, S., & Shin, H. (2006), TQM
practice in maquiladora: Antecedents of employee
satisfaction and loyalty, Joumal of operations management, p.791-812.

72

khoa hoc .
thifdng'mai'

So 135/2019

J