Các yếu tố ảnh hưởng tới quyết định khởi nghiệp của nữ sinh viên trường hợp sinh viên trường đại học công nghiệp hà nội

TAP CHi CQNG THI/tfNG

CAC YEU TO ANH Hl/CfNG
TCfl QUYET DINH KHdl NGHIEP
CUA Nlf SINH VIEN:
TRlTOiNG H0P SINH VIEN
TRl/C(NG DAI HOC CONG NGHIEP HA NOI
• NGUYIN MANH CL/CING - HA THANH CONG

TAT:
Nghien ciJu xem xet cdc ye'u to' co the anh hifdng den viee mot niJ sinh vidn quy^t dinh
kh6i nghiep. Nhom tic gia da tie'n hanh phong van sau mot nhom 20 cifu sinh vien va 10 smh
vi§n. K6't qua nghidn clJu cho th^y, cac ye'u td'quyet dinh mot nO" sinh vien cd trd thanh doanh
nhan hay khdng vddl xa eae tidu ehu^n Itfa chpn cdng vide thdng thi/6ng, bao gom nhilu khia
canh tijf viec kidm tien, ttf do trong cdng viec dd'n mong muon phat trien ca nhSn va phiic ldi.
Ding chu y, ye'u to quan trong nha't khien nff sinh vien quye't dinh khdi nghidp chinh Ik ddm
tin tifdng v^o ban thSn trong viec nhSn thiJe dung dan va sin sang lam chu cd hpi kinh doanh.
Tit khoa: Khdi nghidp, nff gidi, nff sinh vidn, nff doanh nhan.
T6M

1. Dgt v3'ndl
Tren phu'dng dien quan ly ngudn nhan life, sff
gia tang cua nff doanh nhan la rat quan trpng dd'i
vdi nIn kinh td' Alvarado va Lynham (2005). Rat
nhi^u nln kmh te' va to chffe da phai ganh chiu
nhieu ton that khi nhffng ngffdi phu nff tai gioi
va tai nang rdi bo cdng vide cua hp (Hevt'lett va
Luce, 2005). Bdi vay, mot trong nhffng chi so'
trung thffc phan anh thanh cdng kinh te'cua dat
nffde la khuyd'n khich phu nff tham gia khdi
nghidp. trong do cac nff sinh vidn la mpt nguon

Iffc quan trong. Dieu nay khdng chi ddng gdp

112 So 14-Thang 6/2020

vao tang trffdng kinh td'va tao vide lam, ma con
la con dffdng cho sff the hien vai tro va giii
phdng tiem nang cua phu nff (Eddleston vS
Powell, 2008).
Tai clc nffdc phat trien, phu nff sd hffu vi
quan ly tdi 1/3 tdng so'doanh nghiep va vSnc6xu
hffdnggia tang. Tai Viet Nam. ty Id nay con thap
mac dij binh ddng gidi da di/de thffa nhan rdng
rai, phu nff hay nam gidi blnh da ng trong vide lim
va tham gia phdt trien kinh te'. Du mong murfn
khdi nghiep ciia bp phan nff giai Vidt Nam til
cao vdi ehl sd'khdi nghiep la 15.5'^. imngkhiciSi


QUAN TR!-QUANLY

nam gidi la 11,6% (VCCI, 2015). Tuy vay, so
doanh nghiep Viet Nam thffc sff do phu nff dieu
hanh hoac sd hffu con thS'p v^ chffa tffdng xffng
vdi con sd' nay. Co the ndi, nff doanh nhan la
nguon Iffc chffa dffdc khai thae hidu qua va dong
gdp con han che' so vdi tiem nang de thuc day
nen kinh td' tang trffdng.
Nghidn cffu sff dung phffdng phap nghien cffu
dinh tinh thdng qua vide phdng van sinh vien va
cffu sinh vidn nff de kham pha tac dpng cua cac

yd'u to' tdi vide ra quye't dmh sang lap va quan ly
doanh nghidp. Trong cac cffu sinh vien nff, mdt
nhom la chu sd hffu, dieu hanh va mpt nhdm lao
dpng thong thffdng dai dien eho hai cffc quan
diem v^ khdi nghidp, dieu nay giup nghidn cffu so
sanh tae ddng eua eae yd'u to' dffdc ro net.
2. Tdng quan nghidn cifu
Theo Verheul (2006), nhffng ngffdi phu nff
sang tao, chu ddng hoac ap dung mdt hoat ddng
kinh doanh la nhffng nff doanh nhan. Nff doanh
nhSn xuS't hidn trong xa hdi chu yd'u vi hai ly do,
hoac do hoan canh thay ddi hoac de'n tff chinh
tham vpng va sff Iffa chpn chu ddng. Mdt so' phu
nff tham gia vao iinh vffc kinh doanh chi ddn thuan
la do cac hoan canh tinh cd. Nhffng, mdt so'lai co
cac muc dich thffc hidn sff nghidp kinh doanh ro
rang va khdi nghidp kinh doanh trd thanh la Iffa
chon chu ddng va duy nha't eua hp. Co kha nhieu
nghien cffu da thao lu3n vi cac yd'u to' cu the
quye't dinh kha nang thffc hidn sif nghiep kinh
doanh eua nff gidi.
Mot sd'nghidn cffu tid'p can ly thuye't da nhan
manh t^m quan trpng cua xa hdi hda doanh nhan
gan liln vdi ly thuyet hpc tap xa hpi (Bandura,
1977) nhff mpt each lam rd hanh vi kinh doanh va
t5ng trffdng kinh doanh. Hpc tiip xa hpi cd kha
nang xay ra khi hanh vi cua ngffdi khac dffdc quan
sit va nhffng ngffdi khac thffdng dffdc gpi la md
hinh vai trd. Ly thuyd't hpc tap xa hdi de lam sang
to cac Iffa chpn nghe nghidp kinh doanh da dffdc

phit hidn trong c l c nha nghien cffu khac nhau.
Hisrich and Brush (1989) cung md ta each cha me
cd the thffc hien tic ddng tich cffc dd'n cac doanh
nhan nff.
Theo quan diem ve lien ke't mang. tinh than

kinh doanh dffdc nhung trong mpt mang Iffdi phffc
tap cila cac md'i quan he xa hpi. Aldrich va
Zimmer (1986) da gdi y trong cac mang Iffdi nhff
vay, tinh than kinh doanh dffdc hd trp hoac ngan
chan bdi cac ke't nd'i giffa cac doanh nhan, vd'n va
cd hoi khao khat. Quan diem nay cho tha'y hidu
sua'tcuacac doanh nhanbi anh hffdng bdi sff hien
didn hoac vlng mat cua cac mang, ehlng han nhff
thanh vien trong cac to chffe, dieu nay rat quan
trpng cho sff phat trien cua mot doanh nghiep.
Tuy nhien, mpt so'phan chia va rang bupc nha't
dinh cd the han che' quyen truy cap eua phu nff
vao mang, dieu nay co the gay ra nhffng can trd
dang ke cho sff xua't hien cua cac doanh nhan nff
(Aldrich, 1989).
Mdt so' nghien cffu khac da cho thay, cac yd'u
td' mdi trffdng anh hffdng de'n tinh than kinh doanh
ciia phu nff. Cd mot sd'ye'u to'quye't dinh ehu ye'u,
nhff cau true khac bidt ve cd hoi, dia diem, hoat
dpng nganh va cac bie'n so'chinh tri - xa hdi (tffc
la, tid'p can hd trd cua chinh phu) trong hoat ddng
cila eae doanh nhan. Theo Lerner et al. (1997),
cac ye'u to'nidi trffdng tich cffc cai thien hidu suat
cua clc doanh nhan nff. Ngoai ra, gidi tinh, cung

vdi nhan khau hpc xa hdi, anh hffdng dd'n vide
tie'p can eae hinh thffc vdn khac nhau va von, anh
hu'dng de'n thanh cdng cua doanh nhan. Khung ly
thuye't cua Bourdieu tap trung vao anh hffdng eua
qui trinh xa hdi hda va vd'n van hda trong vide
phat trien nguydn vpng cua ca nhan (1993).
Vd'n xa hoi de cap de'n cac mang xa hdi, clc
tieu chuan ve sff cd di cd lai, hd trd lan nhau va
sff tin cay ciia hp (Putnam va Feldstein, 2003).
Cae khia canh ciia vd'n xa hdi dffdc xac dinh bdi
Narayan va Cassidy (2001) ve dac diem nhdm,
chuan mffc chung, sff gin ke't, xa hpi hang ngay,
ke't nd'i khu phd', tinh nguyen va niem tin. Nhff
vay, cac nghien cffu thffe nghiem nham phan tich
cac ye'u to' hoat dong khdi nghiep ciia nff gidi
thffdng xuydn nhan manh cae ye'u to' sau: Gilo
due; Gia dinh; Xa hpi; Clc yd'u td'ca nhan; Mdi
trffdng va cac chinh sach hd trd.
Cac nghidn effu cho tha'y viec mong mud'n va
quye't dinh khdi nghiep trd thanh nff doanh nhan
gdm ca cac ye'u to' mdi trffdng ben trong va ben
So 14 - Thang 6/2020 113


TAP CHi CUNG THirUNG

ngoai. Tuy vly, trong cac nghien effu nay, vide
quye't dinh du'dc xem xet la Iffa chpn ciia ea nhan
trong bd'i canh cac thd' chd'kinh te'thi trffdng phit
trien sdm va day du. Nhffng ke't luan trdn cd the

khdng dii tin cay trong di^u kien the ehd'kinh td'
thi trffdng phit trien chffa day dii, mdi trffdng kinh
doanh bie'n ddng eCing vdi sff thid'u thd'n ve thdng
tin. Hon the' nffa, tdi nay co rat it nghidn cffu di
sau vao qui trinh ra quyd't dinh khdi nghidp ciia
nff sinh vidn.
Khi thid'u nhffng dieu kien the ehd thi trffdng,
van hda co nhffng die thu, vide quye't dinh khdi
nghidp ciia nff sinh vidn co thd' chiu sff chi phd'i
khac bidt bdi cac yd'u to nay. Cd thd' cd nhieu yd'u
to' khd thay ddi nhff van hda, tap quan, nhffng
Cling cd nhieu ye'u td' cd the cai thien nhff thdng
tin, giao due,... Viec hieu ro cau tra Idi nay cd y
nghia quan trpng, cho phep xlc dinh rd clc hanh
ddng hdp ly dd cai thidn thffe trang khdi nghidp
ciia nff sinh vien ndi neng va nff gidi ndi chung
tai Viet Nam.
3. PhuTdng phap nghidn cifu
3.1. Thiet ke nghien ciiu
Dffa tren tdng quan nghien cffu, nhdm tae gia
cd du luan eff de dffa ra gia thuye't clc nhdm yd'u
td'dffdc eho la anh hffdng tdi vide nff sinh vidn se
tid'n hanh khdi nghidp va trd thanh doanh nhan.
Phffdng phap nghien cffu dinh tinh (eu the la
phdng van sSu) la clch tiep can phu hpp nha't cho
nhffng dff an nghien cffu kham phi nhff loai
nghien cffu nay. PhffOng phap nghien cffu dinh
tinh dffdc su" dung de tie'n hanh thu thap cac mmh
chffng, luan cff de lam rd va kiem dinh clc gia
thuyd't, ddng thdi kham phi, giai thieh y nghia

hien thffc tai sao mdt nff sinh vidn quye't dmh khdi
nghiep cdn ngffdi khac thi khdng. Vdi muc tieu
dat ra nhff tren, nghien cffu chu trpng de'n cac trai
nghiem el nhan ciia do'i tifdng khao sat nham
kham pha y nghia nhan thffc, quan diem, niem tm
eua dd'i tffdng.
Phffdng phap thu thap dff lieu chu ye'u la tie'n
hanh phdng van '^au. ke't hdp quan sat (Hanh vi.
ldi ndi) \a tim hidu Ijch sff dd'i tffdng. Nhdm tic
gia mudn thu thap cac thdng tin phong phii ve quy
trinh ra quyet dinh va hieu rd hdn cac ye'u to na>
114 So 14 - Thang 6/2020

di/dc sff dung bdi ai, theo each nao va d mffc dp
nao. Phffdng phap phdng van sau cho phep theo
sat dffdc ludng suy nghi eua ngffdi dffdc phdng
van, giup dffa ra nhffng cau hoi phii hdp de lam
sang td eae Iffa chon ciia hp.
3.2. Mau phong van
Nghien cffu Iffa chpn mdt nhdm 8 effu sinh
vien nff dang la chii sd hffu doanh nghidp va rapt
nhdm 12 cffu sinh vidn nff dang la lao dpng nff tic
nghiep dai didn eho clc hffdng quye't dinh ciiaca
nhSn. Ciing vdi dd la 10 sinh vien nff dang hpc
nam cud'i tai Trffdng Dai hoc Cdng nghiep Ha
Ndi. Tae gia va dpi ngu cpngsff trffc tid'p tie'p xiic
vdi dd'i tifdng, gidi thidu tdm tat vdi ho ban chat
cua nghidn effu nay, vl xin phep dffdc phong v2'n.
Sau khi dffdc sff ddng y. cac cudc phdng va'n dffdc
thffc hidn trong khoang thdi gian tff thing 10 nlm

2019 de'n thing 01 nam 2020. Vdi nhdm chu s6
hffu, giam ddc doanh nghiep, mlu bao gdm 5
ngffdi lam viec tai Ha Npi, 1 ngffdi d Hai Phdng
vS 2 ngffdi tai H^i Dffdng. Mlu phdng va'n lao
dpng tic nghiep bao gdm 10 ngffdi 11m vide tai
cac doanh nghidp d clc quan, huyen khdc nhau
tai Ha Ndi.
3.3. Thu thap da li$u
Cac cudc phdng van difdc thffc hien dffdi hinh
thffc phdng van bin ca'u true. Phan thff nha't cHa
ndi dung phdng van la cae cau hdi lidn quan den
thong tin chung ve ngffdi dffdc phdng vS'n, bao
gdm ci lich sff nghe nghiep. Phan thff hai tap
trung vao cae yd'u to' dan tdi quye't dinh ngh^
nghiep hien tai. Phan thff ba tap trung clc quyd't
dinh nghe nghiep trong tffdng lai.
Qua qui trinh phong van, nhffng y tffdng vi
phat hien mdi tff clc cudc phong van trffdc se
dffdc dffa vao clc cupc phdng van tie'p sau vi
cud'i cung tit ca cac y tffdng va phit hien mdi
dffdc sff dung cho viec phan tich dff lieu. Hoat
dpng phdng van dffng lai khi khong con khii
niem hay y tffdng mdi phat sinh them. Do dd, kel
qua phdng van se phan anh day dii hanh vi khdi
nghidp. Cac phdng van dffdc ghi am va sao ch6p
gan dung nguyen vln trong vong 24 tie'ng ke til
cudc phdng van, vdi thdi Iffdng tff 60 dd'n 90 phut
trung binh khoang 70 phut.

QUAN TRj-QUANLY

3.4. Phdn tich dU li$u
Trffdc het, dd'i vdi mdi phdng vS'n, tac gia ghi
nhan can than cac nhan dinh m l mdt nff sinh
vidn/cffu sinh vien khlng dinh se ed vai tro nha't
dinh tdi vide khdi nghidp, sau do chung dffdc
phan theo c l c nhdm theo ndi ham dffa vao clc
ke't qua eua c l c nghidn cffu sin cd va kd't qua
phdng van. Mdt so'cdng tac vien cd kinh nghidm
ciing tac gia sff dung ke't qua phan loai nay de
kiem tra lai tffng cupc phdng van. Mdi cupc
phdng van deu danh da'u sff hidn dien cua mdi
yd'u td', sau dd, so sanh cae kd't qua kid'm tra,
nhffng diem chffa thd'ng nha't se dffdc thao luan
va dieu chinh lai
4. Ke't qua nghien cu'u
Quye't dinh khdi nghiep la quye't dinh mang
tinh kham phi, dinh gil va khai thac hang hoa,
dich vu trong tffdng lai Hen quan de'n viec nghien
effu ele cd hdi va trien khai thffe td'. Vdi mdt nff
sinh vidn, nghidn cffu da rdt ra mdt so'nhdm ye'u
td'chinh ye'u nhif sau:
TrUdc tien la vffdt qua dinh kie'n gidi: Mac du
van de binh dang gidi Viet Nam trd thanh mdt
hien thffc rat rd rang, hau hd't nff sinh vidn/cffu
sinh vidn vln cho bidt hp bi thiet thdi trong clc
giao dich, tid'p can cae dd'i tac kinh doanh, nha't
la clc giao dich cd quy md. Nhffng dinh kie'n nhff
vay tie ddng tieu cffc tdi kha nang khdi nghiep

ciia cac nff sinh vidn/cffu sinh vidn. Hdn nffa, hp
cung cam nhan ky vpng ciia xa hpi va cac chuan
mffc phi ehinh thffe tffdng tff nhff eoi nhffng viec
"Idn" phai danh cho nam gidi dang han chd hp
hidn thffc hda sff nghiep doanh nhan
Thd hai la nang Iffe ciia ban th§n va kha nang
nhan thffc cd hdi kinh doanh: Sff tich liiy nang life
trong hpe tap va ca qua trinh lam viec sau td't
nghidp la van de quan trpng lidn quan tich cffc
vdi viec tff lam chii va hinh thanh doanh nghidp,
dd chinh la kha nang ciia nff sinh vien trong vide
to chffe va thffc hien clc hanh ddng can thidt dd
dat dffdc nhffng th^nh tffu nha't dinh. Ngoai ra, nd
cung lidn quan trffc tie'p de'n niem tin, ctingcd'sff
quyd't tam se dat dffdc thanh edng eua ban than
hp. Khi mpt sinh vien nff du tin tffdng vao nlng
Iffc ciia ban than, kha nang trd thanh doanh nhan

trd nen ro rang hdn. Tuy nhien, mdt bd phan Idn
ngffdi difdc phdng van dang quan niem clc doanh
nghiep dffpe dan dlt bdi nam gidi cd hidu qua
kinh doanh eao hdn. Dieu nay cd ve dang anh
hffdng tieu cffc tdi sff hinh thanh clc nff doanh
nhan Vidt Nam.
vd nhan thffc cd hpi kinh doanh, mot trong
nhffng van de hien nay khid'n nff sinh vidn khdng
dam dffa ra quye't dinh khdi nghiep la hp khdng ro
tai sao, khi nao va lam the' nao cac cd hpi kinh
doanh ton tai. Noi clch khac hp thid'u hieu bid't
mpt clch day du ve ngudn gd'c, clch thffc va quy

trinh ma hp cd the khlm pha, dinh gia va khai
thac CO hpi kmh doanh. Dieu nay khie'n nhieu nff
sinh vidn chap nhan lam thue thay vi khdi sff hoac
cha'p nhan tff doanh nhd le kieu hd gia dinh. Dieu
nay cung lien quan trffc lie'p tdi viec hp cd dffdc
tie'p can vdi mdi trffdng giao due ed y nghTa, giiip
ho dii nang Iffc nhan ra tiem nang kinh te' va cd
hpi cho ridng minh. Nhffng sinh vidn hpc tap dffdc
dieu nay tff clc chu'dng trinh gilo due chinh thffc
hoac tff sff nghidp kinh doanh truyen thd'ng ciia
gia dinh giiip ho tap hpp du'dc kie'n thffc, ky nang
va ddng Iffc eao hdn de trd thanh doanh nhan.
Thd ba la ddng ed va muc tieu ca nhan: Ddng
cd va muc tidu cl nhan, die bidt la mong mud'n tff
ehii eung la mdt trong nhffng ye'u to' anh hffdng
de'n nff sinh vien trd thanh doanh nhan. Ddng ed
ciia doanh nhan nff se khdng kie'm tien mdt clch
ddn thuan ma ludn di cung vdi mong mudn dffdc
tff do khdi cdng viet. phat trien cl nhan va phuc
ldi khac. Ne'u chi mong mudn vffdt qua khd khan
tai chinh, nff gidi hoan toan cd the Iffa chpn cdng
viec lam thud de dffdc tra Iffdng, ehi khi ho thffc
sff mud'n dat tdi sff tff ehii hoan toan ve tai chinh
se thuc day hp sang lap va sd hffu sff nghiep kmh
doanh ridng.
Thd tu la dim eha'p nhan rui ro: Kinh doanh
ludn la mdt cdng vide mao hidm. O nhdm effu
sinh vidn dang la doanh nhan va nhffng sinh vidn
nam cud'i mudn trd thanh doanh nhan, hp ludn the
hidn rd sff sin sang cha'p nhan thach thffc, san

sang phieu lifu vdi mong mud'n va quyd't tam lam
ndn sff nghiep. O chieu ngffdc lai. ly do khien nff
sinh vien khdng san sang khdi nghidp du eho ho

So 14-Thang 6/2020 115


TAP CHi CDNG TKKONG

ed k h i d a y dii e l e d i e u k i e n c h i n h la b d i h p

v i e n nff b ^ t d a u s a n g l a p c a c d o a n h n g h i d p giiip

k h d n g thich riii r o . D a y cd t h e dffdc coi ia m p t

cd dffdc dia vi td't h d n t r o n g xa h p i , se cd nhi^u

r a o c a n dd'i vdi sff p h i t t r i e n eiia h p .

va'n dd c a n g i a i quyd't. N g o a i nhffng v a n de

Thii ndm la h e tho'ng chinh s a c h hd trd nff gidi

m a n g tinh cd n h a n , sff t d n t a i v a p h d t trien ben

k h d i n g h i e p : C a c chinh s a c h hd trd c l c ca'p chinh

vffng ciia c a c d o a n h n g h i d p ciia nff g i d i phu

q u y e n va c a c to ehffc t a i chinh d a n h c h o nff sinh

t h u p c r a t n h i d u v a o c d e hd trd b d n n g o a i nhif:

vidn n d i r i d n g va nff gidi n d i e h u n g cd t h u c d a y

Tie'p c a n g i a o d u e k h d i n g h i d p d e sd hffu c l c ky

p h d t trien d o a n h n h a n nff. N d cd the t a o ra t h u a n

n a n g v a kid'n thffe tie'n b d , sff ling hd tff gia dinh

l d i t r o n g q u a trinh t h a n h 13p, q u a n ly d o a n h

va xa h d i d e b a t d a u k i n h d o a n h , d a c b i e t la c3c

n g h i e p d e bffdc d a u t a o thu n h a p cd b a n , rdi d a n

chffdng trinh hd trd p h a t t r i e n nff sinh vien khdi

d a n dSn dd'n t a n g trffdng.

n g h i d p nhff ffu d a i tff c h i n h phii va t d chffe ngSn
h a n g t a i c h i n h . H i d u q u a ke't h o p c u a ta't ca

5. Ke't l u a n
Nff gidi V i e t N a m ndi c h u n g , nff sinh v i e n ndi

nhffng d i e u n a y c h a c c h i n sd t h u c d a y qua trinh

r i d n g v e cd b a n d a h d i dii c a c ky n a n g v a t a i

p h i t t r i e n d o a n h n h a n nff V i e t N a m tff the he

n a n g kinh d o a n h . N g h i e n cffu c h o tha'y, de' sinh

sinh v i e n nff h i e n n a y •

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO:
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116 So 14 - Thang 6/2020


QUAN TR!-QUANLY

Ngay nhan bai: 20/5/2020
Ngay phan bidn danh gia va su'a chtfa: 29/5/2020
Ngay chd'p nhdn dang bai: 10/6/2020
Thong tin tdc gid:
1. TS. NGUYEN MANH CUCfNG
2. TS. H A THANH CONG
Khoa Quan ly Kinh doanh
TrtfoTng Dai hpc Cdng nghidp Ha N$i

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENTREPRENEURIAL
DECISION OF FEMALE STUDENTS:
CASE STUDY OF HANOI UNIVERSITY
OF INDUSTRY'S FEMALE STUDENTS
• Ph.D NGUYEN MANH CUONG
• Ph.D HA THANH CONG
Faculty of Business Adrninlstratlon
Hanoi University of Industry
ABSTRACT:
This study examines the factors affecting the decision of female students to start a business,
hi-depth interviews with 20 alumni and 10 current students were conducted to carry out this
study. This study's findings reveal that the factors affecting the femal students' entrepreneurial
decision exceed common job selection standards in terms of many aspects from making

money, seeking freedom in work, achieving personal developments to ensunng personal
wellbeing. Remarkably, the most important factor that affects female students to start
businesses is the self-belief and the willingness to seize busmess opportunities.
Keywords: Start-up, women, female students, businesswomen.

So 14-Thang 6/2020 117