Nâng cao điều kiện lao động của công nhân trong các doanh nghiệp

NGHIEN CCfU-TRAOedi

NANG CAO DIEU KIEN LAO OONG CUA CONG N H A N
TRONG CAC DOANH NGHIEP
HOANG THJ NGA*

Diiukiinlaoddngt^noilimvi$ccdtbibiiulitipbppdcyeut6ciamdltrudnglaoddng
cfi tic dOnglin trang thii chdc ning cia co tbi r^uU lao ddng, tic ddng tdi khi nSnglim
viic thii dd lao ddng sic khde, qui trinb sin sinh sic lao ddng va biiu qui lao ddng trong
bi$n t^ cungnbuviliu dii. Niu diiu kiin lao ddng khdng tdt si lim xuit bi$n nhdng biin
ddi khdng mor^ mudn cia tr^ng thil, chic ning co tbi ngudi lao ddng, lim 0im Uii ning
Urn viic, ning suit lao ddng sic kbde, qui trinb tii sin xuit sic lao ddng vi biiu qui lao
ddng cia mdi d nhirt
Tukhda: Diiu kien lim viec: an toin ve sinh lao dpng; thdi gian lam viec; doanh n^pp: cdng nha
Working conditions can be understood as a coBection of factors oftbe working enviwnment
that affect tbe functionir^ ofa worker's body, die working ability and attitudes, health, labor
reproduction, and labor productivity in tbe present as weB as in thelongnm. Badworiing
contUtions result in undesirable changes oftbe functioningofa worker's body, limitation In
working abiUty, reduction in labor productivity, degradation ofhealth and labor reproduction, and decrease in labor etBdency ofa worker.
Keywords: Working conditions; labor safety and hygiene: workingtime;enterprise; worker
NGAYNH^: 04/3/2020

NGAYPHANBltN,DANHGlA: 20/4/2020

NOAYDUYfT: 15/5/2020

1. Dieu kien lao dfing cfi die duge cMa lim Nhfim eic dieu kien lam vipc, ngM ngoi'.
Qua tim hiiu tiiuc trang tfi ehue cfing
cac nhom: (1) Nhfim yeu to tim smh ly lao
dpng: su met mfii ve tiie luc; su eang tiling ve doan tiiam gia vio tiianh tta, kiem tta, giim
thin kinh, tam ly; nhip dp lao dfing; tu the lao

sat thuc hiin phan bien xa hfii trong doanh
dgng; tinh dgn dieu cua lae dpng. (2) Nhfim nghiep (DN) o6 tinh, tiiinh phfi: Hi Nfii, Bie
cac yeu tfive sinh cia mflitirufinglao dfing: vl
Ninh, Nghe An, Ha Tinh, TP. Hfi Chi Mmh,
khi hiu, nhiet dfl, dfl am, bue xa nMet eia Bmh Duong, tic gia tiptirungtun Miu vi npi
khflng khi; tieng fin, mng, mfli ttuong khfing ''""8 "1'™ ^^^ ' ^ "^"^ cia ngufii lao dfing
kM,tiahue xa, sutiepxuc vfii hfia chat, phue ^^^^ *" '^'^ ° ^ vu ve smb. (3) Nhfim gfim dieu kien tiiim my
''• ^^ ^ f^ "^ *"^'''° ^m
cia lao dfing: khfing gian, im nhae, ttang tti Theo Dieu 132,133 vi 134 cia Bp iuat Lao
cinh quan. (4) Nhfim gfim eae diiu kipn tim
ly xa hpl: biu khfing kM lam viec, tM dua. (5) *PGS. TS, Truang Dai hpc Cong dodn
TAP CHl Q U A N LY N H A NUdC - Sd 292 (5/2020)


NGHIEN cifu-TRAO odi
dpng nim 2019 vi an toan, vp smh lao dfing
(ATVSLD)tillATVSLD la nhung che djnh cia
Luit Lao dpng bao gfim nhirng quy pham
phip luit quy dinh viic bio dam ATYSLD
nhim bio vp tinh mang, sue khoe eua NLD,
dfing thfii duy tii tfit kha nang lim viee liu dai
cia NLD.
Tu nhtrng quy dinh trong Bp luit Lao
dpngnim 2019, da khio sit ATVSLD tir 6 tinh
niu ttin cho thiy, NLD khflng dugc ttang bj
diy di trang tMit bj bao hfi lao dpng chiem
ty li eao nhit (23,8%); mfli truong lim vipe 6
riMim (20,8%); dieu kiin lim vipc chua d i
inh sing eung li mfit trcng nhiing yiu tfi lim
mit an tpin lao dfing (14,3%);finhiim khfing

khi (13,6%); fi nhiim ngufin nufie (9,7%)^.
Nhin ehung, nhiing vin de ve mit an toan lao
dfing, ve sinh lao dfing efin xiy ra tai DN, ein
phii cfi nhirng biin phip khie phue, bio dim
an toin, vi smh eho Nli).
Cfitilinhantiiiy,ATVSLD li vin de duge
eic DN vi NLD lufin quan tim. Trong eie DN,
nhiing hinh vi vi pham din ATVSLD vin diin
ra. Vi hinh vi NLD khfing dugc ttang hi diy
du ttang tMit bj bao hfi lao dfing: DN FDI
ehiim din 99%, DN cfi vfin dau tu ttong nufic
ehi cMim 1%. Dfii vfii cic hanh vi mfii ttufing
lim viicfinMim; DN chua xay dung ki hoaeh
ATVSLD, khflng thuc Men che dp tu kiim tta
ve cfing tic ATVSLD: khong huin luyin
ATVSLD; khflng khai bao eic loai miy, thiit
bj, vat tu, cie chit cfi yiu ciu ngMem ngat ve
an loan ve sinh lao dfing dang dugc s i dung
till DN FDI ehiim 100%, trong khi dfi, DN
ttong nuot: duge dinh gii la khfing eo eic
hinh vi vi pham nay. DN FDI va DN cfi von
diu tutiongnirfie deu mie 100% 161 dieu kien
lim viec tMiu anh sang va khfing cfi bfi phan
lam efing tie ATVSLDl
b. Vitbdigdlam viec, thdi gid nghi ngai
cua ngudi lao ddng
TheoDieul06Bp/uatLaoquy djnh: thfii gian lim them eia NLD khflng
qui 300 gifi/nam vi khfing qui 8h/ngiy.
Trong kM dfi, theo sfi lieu khao sat eie DN cia

6 tinh, thanh phfi, vin de phit smh nhieu

nhit li DN bo tri eie ea lam viec chua phi
hpp (16,2%); NLD nghi phep khfingtiieodung
quy dinh (11,1%); Thfii gian nghi ngoi chua
phu hgp (10,6%). Sfi thfii gian lim viee thim
vugt mtrc quy djnh (8,3%); NLD lim ca dim
nMiu (5,3%)''. Nhin chung, kit qui diiu tta
eho thay, DN chip hanh kha day d i quy dinh
cia phip luit vi thai gian lam viic va thfii
gian nghi ngoi dfii voi NLD.
c. Vin di Uen quan din hap ddng lao
ddng tai doanh nghiep
Nfii dung quy dinh cia phip luit ve hgp
dfing lao dfing (HDLD) hien hanh da dieu
chinh dugc ca bin su van dfing eia thi trufing
lao dfing, bio dam tinh linh hoat, tu do, tu
nguyin eia cie bin ttong quan hi lao dfing
(tiieo Dieu 13 vi HDI£) vi Diiu 27 ve kit thie
thfii gian thi viicttongBdluatLao dpngnim
2019). Theo dfi, kit qui diiu tra cho thay,
NLD duge ky HDLD (76,7%.); thfii gian tiiu
viic cao hon so voi quy dinh (11,5%); NLD
khfing dugc ky HDLD sau khi thu vipe theo
ding quy (hnh eia phip luat (8,3%). Nhuviy,
DN da tuan thu va thuc hien quy dinh cia
phip Mat ve viec ky HDLD vfii NLD, bio dim
quyen vi nghia vu giiia hai bin. Thoi gian thu
viic da dugc quy djnh cu tiii trong Bp Luat
Lao dpng, ngucri s i dung lao dfing phii chip

hinh dung quy djnh eia phip luit. Sau tiifii
gian thi viec, nguch su dung lao dgng phai ky
HDLD diing vfli quy dinh eua phip luat. Tuy
nhiin, 6 DN vin xay ra nhtrng van di Uin
quan din HDLD nhu vi thfii gian thi viee va
viee ky hgp dfing vfii NLD sau khi thu viee.
Ve van di hen quan den 2 loai hinh DN la
DN efi vfin dau tu tiiic tiep nufie ngoii (FDI)
va DN CO vfin dau tuttongnirflc, qua khio sit
eho tiiay, NLD duge ky HDLD g DN FDI
cMem ty li khi eao (91,3%),ttongkM dfi, DN
efi von dau tu ttong nuo^ la 8,7%. Vin de ve
thcii gian thu viee cao ban so vol quy djnh xay
ra a DN FDI (76%), DN efi vgn diu tu trong
nuoc (24%). NLD khflng dugc ky hop dfing
sau kM thu viee theo diing quy djnh till 6 DN
cfi vfin dau tu ttong nufic li 11,1% va DN FDI
(88,9%)^

TAP CHl QUAN L* NHA Nl/dC - Sd 292 (5/2020)

Q


NGHl6NC0fU-TRAOOdl

Nhirng vin di ttin cdn tdn tai dp inh
hirdng cua mdtsd yeu td:
Mdt li, DN khfing hgp tie. Mpt so nguoi
su dung lao dfing nhin thuc chua ding ve vai

ttfi, chiic nang, nMem vu eia cfing doin; cfi
lie cfin coi nhp boac ean tMpp qui siu vio
hoat dfing cia efing doan, ehua giii quyet
dupc nhung vin de biie xic ttong NLD. Mpt
sfi ngufii s i dung lao dpng cfin vi lgi ich tnrflrc
mit cia DN, ehua vl lgi ieh liu dii va su phit
ttiin ben virng cia DN nen chua quan tim
din NLD, chua phfii hgp va tag dieu kien cho
vipe thinh lip vi boat dfing eia to ehuc efing
doin ttong DN; ehua chip hanh ngMem vipe
dfing kinli pU cflng doin theo quy djnh eia
Nhi nufic.
Haili, mpt bfi phin NLD chua hpp tic, tin
tirfing vio tfi chue cfing tie doin. Mfit bfi
phin NLD ehua nhin thiic diy d i vi vai ttfi,
vj tri, chiic ning, nMim vu cia tfi ehirc efing
doin, quyin vi lpi ich kM gia nhip efing doan
nen chua tieh cue gia nhip vio boat dfing
efing doan vi ehua hgp tic, tin tuong vig to
chirc cfing doan.
Ba li, nang lue eia mpt bp phin can bfi
cfing doan efin han chi. Da sfi cin bfi cfing
doin li kiem nhiim nin phin Ifin ein bfi
cflng doan eo so efin phii dim dirong cic
efing vipe khac lien quan den hpat dpng san
xuit, quin ly, hanh ehinh tai DN, vipe bfi tri
thoi gian thuong khfing thuan lpi.
2, Diiu kien lim vipc cu the cia mfii DN
dugc thi Men fi nMiu tiiu cM, ttong dfi efi
ATVSLD eho NLD. Vi viy, cin phii tao mfii

ttuong lim viee thoii mai, bao dam ATVSLD,
thuc Men ding thfli gio lam viic, ngM ngoi...
Theo dfi, ein thue Men dfing bfl cae giii phip
cfi su tham gia eia eic chi thi ttong quan he
lao dflng gfim ngufii s i dung lao dfing, NLD
vi ein bfi efing doin:
Tbunhit vi phia NLD.
NLD can nang cao nhin thire de Meu rfi
cac quy djnh cia phip luat Uen quan din
quyin, lpi ich cua NLD de tu bao vp rmnh, dfii
hfii nhiing quyen lpi chinh ding, hgp phip
cia minh.

Thuhai, ve phia ngudi su dpng lao dpng
Ngufii s i dung lao dfing cin tao diiu kien
tiiin lgi di NLDtiihgc tap ning eao tiinh dfi
cia mmh bing eieh mfi eie Ifip phfi biin kiin
diue vi ATVSLD, dao tao ngin han cho NLD.
Nguoi s i dung lao dfing cQng can nh?n tiiuc
rfi sue khfie cia NLD li tai sin cia DN vi xi
hgi, nfi inh hufing true tiep den nang suit,
chit lugng va Miu qui sin xuit - kmh doanh.
Thu ba,viphia DN.
DN nen tfi chirc cie eufie flu tim Miu vi
ATVSLD, dua ra cae giiitiiufingkhuyin kMch
NLD tiiam gia. Thfing qua eic phuang tipn
tiuyin tiifing, cac kinh tiifing Un eua DN
ning cao kiin tiiuc vi ATVSLD cho NIf).
Thitu, vai D:d cua cdng doin casd.
Ning cao vaittficia cfing doan cosfittong

tiiam gia vfii ngirfii s i dung lao dgng vipc xiy
dung dinh mtrc lao dflng, nfii quy lao dpng vi
kien nghj voi ehi DN thue Men cic bipn phip
bao dim ATVSLD cho NLD. Thufing xuyin
kiim tta vi kiin nghj vfii ca quan chirc nSng
kiim tta xu ly nhiing vi pham dfii vfli NLD.
Tang cufing bfii dufing ngWpp vu cho cin bfi
efing doan eg sfi. Cin phit huy ban nua vai ttfi
cia cfing doan ttong tham gja thanh tta, kiim
tta, giim sit vao vin di diiu kien lim vi$c eia
NLD nhu ATVSI£),tiioigian lam vipc, HDLD
nhim bio dim quyin lpi cho N L D O

Chidiicb:
1. Nguyin Tiep. Giio trinh td cbuc lao dpng.
H. NXB Lao dpng - Xa hpi, 2007,tt.218 - 218.
2, 3, 4, 5. Di tai: "Cdng doan tham g/a tiianh
tta, kiimtta,giim sat, thuc hien phin bien xa hdi
ttongcicdoanhnghiep", masfiXH/TLD.2018.04,
tutiiang 12/2018 - 01/2019 tai 6 dnh, dianh phS:
Ha Noi, Bie Ninh, Binh Duong, TP. Hi CW Minh,
Nghe An, Ha Tinh.
6, 7, 8. Bio do aia Ban Chip binh lim thdi
Cdng doan dc Khu kinh ti tinh tai Dai bpi Cdng
doan cic Khu kinh ti tinh Ha Tinh lin thu L
nhiem ky2017-2022.
9. Bio cio cua Ban Chip hanh Lien doin Lao
dpng TP. Hd Cbi Minh khda X tai Dai hpi Cdng
doin thinhphdlin thd XI nhiem ky 2018 -2023.

TAP CHl Q U A N L* N H A NUdc - Sd 292 (5/2020)