Tiếp cận việc làm của người gốc việt không có quốc tịch di cư tự do từ campuchia về việt nam

CHUYEN

MUC

T R I E T HOC

- CHlNH TR| HOC

- XA HOI

HQC

TI^P CAN VIEC LAM
CUA NGU-OI G 6 C VIET KHONG CO QU6C TjCH
Dl CU- TU" DO TU" CAMPUCHIA V^ VIET NAM'"'
NGUYEN Nff NGUYf T ANN"
CAO THANH TAM"
Hiu hSt nhOrtg ngudi Vi$t sinh song va lam nghe dinh bat ca a khu vitc quanh
Biin H6 (Campuchia) vdi cupc song khd khan va khong co quoc tich. Nhung
nSm gin dSy, nhieu nguvi trong so do da di cu tir do ve Viet Nam sinh song.
Tuy nhiin, khi vS Vi$t Nam, de khong co quoc tjch nen cuoc song cua ho bap
b6nh. NghiSn cm nay tim hieu kha nang tiep can viec lam cua ngwai goc Viet
khong cd qudc tjch di cw ti/ de tif Campuchia ve Viet Nam. Ngoai cac du' lieu thu'
dp, bai viSt si> dung du- lieu sa cap thu thap tir cac cuoc phong vin sau bin
ciu tnjc va quan sat tham du a thuc dia tai hai dia ban xa Tan Thanh va xa Tan
Hoa, huy$n TSn Chfiu, tinh Tay Ninh - nai dwac xem la co nhieu ngwai Viet tra
v4 tw Campuchia. Ket qua nghien ciru che thiy, tinh trang bap benh ve phap ly
gin nhw quyet djnh kha nang tiep can viee lam cua nhdm ngwai nay.
Tir khoa: vipe lam, ngudi goc Vipt, di cu ty do, tinh trpng khong quoe tich
Nhan bai ngay: 28/1/2020; dwa vao bien lap: 5/2/2020; phan bien: 25/2/2020- duyet
ding 10/4/2020

1. MO D A U
Trong Ijeh su di cu cOa ngudi Viet,
nhilu lan sdng di cu diln ra do nhilu
nguyen nhan khac nhau. Hien nay,
han 100 quoc gia va vung lanh tho tren

t h i gidi cd ngudi Viet dang sinh s i n g ,
djnh cu (Phan Thj Hong Xuan, 2018)!
Theo so lieu cua To chijc Di cu Quoc
tl
(International Organization for
Migration - lOM), trich Ipi ty nguin du
lieu cua Vg Lien hipp q u i c v l v I n d l

• - Tnrftng Dai hgc Khoa hgc Xa hgi va
Nhan van, Bai hgc Qu6c gia Thanh pho Ho
Chl Minli.

^'"^ '^ ^^ '^^ *^^i (United Nations,
Department of Economic and Social
Affairs - UN DESA), tif nam 19go e^„


NGUYEN NQ NGUYET ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEP CAN VlgC LAM...
nam 2015 cd 2.558.678 ngudi Viet di
c u ra nyde ngoai theo t i t ea cac loai
hinh di cy, nhyng chO yeu la di c u d l
lao dgng, k i t hdn va du hpc. Cac
nyde CO ddng ngudi Vipt la My, Oe,
Canada va eae nude lang gilng nhu

Lao, Campuchia, Trung Quoe.
Sy di cu quay v l phin Idn xay ra khi
ngudi lao ddng h i t hgp dong lao dpng,
du hgc sinh t i t nghiep va trudng hgp
k i t hdn vdi ngudi nude ngoai nhung
ly than hay ly hdn. Lan sdng trd v l
cua ngudi Viet do khdng t h i tilp tge
cgpc song g nude ngoai nhu d
Campuchia x u l t hien trong nhu'ng
nam g i n day vdi so lugng ngay cang
tang phIn Idn khdng thude nhung
nguyen nhan nay.

cd gily t d tuy than, anh hudng r l t Idn
d i n vipe on djnh cupc song d Vipt
Nam (Chau Nhu Quynh, 23/8/2016).
DO chua cd s i lieu thing ke chinh
thi>e d p quoc gia, nhung so sanh cac
so lieu bao cao cua cac tinh cd dong
ngudi Viet ti> Campuchia ve sinh song
thi Tay Ninh la tinh tilp nhan nhieu
ngudi trd ve nhlt. Trong pham vi bai
vilt nay chung tdi tap trung vao viec
phan tich khia canh lao dpng, vipe lam
cua ngudi gde Viet di cu ty do tCf
Campuchia v l Viet Nam, dang cu tru
tai xa Tan Thanh va Tan Hda, huypn
Tan Chau, tinh Tay Ninh.

COng dong ngudi Viet g Campuchia

cd nhu'ng d i l m khac bipt vdi cdng
dong ngudi Viet d eae qudc gia khac
v l nguyen nhan di cu, dja vj xa hpi,
ITnh vuc n g h i nghiep... Khu vyc
quanh Bien Ho (Tonle Sap) - ho nyde
ngpt Idn nhIt Ddng Nam A - la nai
ngudi Viet tap trung dong nhIt va
h l u h i t la khdng cd quoc tjch. Nhung
nam gan day, do chinh sach v l
ngudi Viet eua Campuchia va ca
nhu'ng nguyen nhan khac, nhdm ngydi
nay dang du'ng tryde nguy ca bj trgc
xult hope bupc phai di ey ra khoi
Campuchia.

Cd nhieu nghien cij'u phan tich eae
khia canh khac nhau ve cac vIn d l di
cu cOa ngudi Viet. Nhung bai vilt ve
Ijeh sir hinh thanh cpng dong ngudi
Vipt g Campuchia tap trung tim hieu
v l sy di cu, qua trinh hinh thanh va t l
chue ddi sing kinh t l , van hda, xa hgi
eOa ngudi Vipt d Campuchia (Derks &
Sukhum, 2009; Goshal, 1993; Nguyen
Canh Toan, 2011; Nguyin Sy T u i n ,
2006; Tarr, 1992; Tran Trpng Dang
Dan, 1997, 2005). Cac nghian cuu
nhu'ng xung dot Vipt Nam - Campuchia
va anh hudng cOa nhu'ng xung dot
nay d i n ngudi Viet song d Campuchia

phan tich v I n de Viet Nam - Campuchia
dual gde nhin ijch sij' va quan he quoc
te (Abuza, 1995; Amer, 1997, 2010;
Chandler,
1975;
Kiernan, 2002;
Kieman & Hughes, 2009). Mpt chO d l
cung duge nhilu nha nghien cuu

Ngydi Viet di c u t y do t y Campuchia
ve Viet Nam ngay cang tang va sinh
song d dpc eae tuyen bien gidi va khu
vuc sdng ho d cac tinh Binh Phude,
An Giang, Dong Thap, Long An, Kien
Giang va Tay Ninh. Da so hp khdng

2. ca

s d LY LUAN VA PHLfONG

PHAP NGHIEN Cl>U
2.1. C a s d ly luan


> CHl i^HOA HOC XA HQI s i 4 (26022020

quan tam la anh hudng cOa chinh
sach v l ngudi Vipt cOa Campuchia
den cude song cua nhung ngudi Vipt
dang cu tru tren dat nude nay (Amer,

1994, 2013; Bemian; Kirchner, 2015;
Nguyen Sy T u l n . 2012; Owsley,
1995). Ngay nhung ngudi Vipt da cd
quoc tjch Campuchia v I n chiu nhung
tac dgng tieu cue bdi nhung chinh
sach danh cho nhdm dSn tpc thieu so
ngudi Vipt so vdi cac chinh sach danh
cho ngudi goc Khmer. Cac cdng trinh
nghidn ciru v l ngudi Vi^t d Campuchia
kha phong phO va da dpng. NhOng
nghien ci>u tren t$p trung gidi thipu
cpng dong ngudi Vipt (ca cd qudc tich
va chua cd quoc tjch) g Campuchia
va phan tich anh hudng cOa cac y l u
to Ijeh su, chinh trj cOng nhu moi quan
he giOa hai nude d i n cu$e sing cua
nhdm ngudi Vipt sinh song tpi quoc
gia nay. Song, nghien Ci>u ve ngudi
Vipt khdng cd quIe tjch, khdng t h i
tilp tge song d Campgchia bupc phai
di cu ty do ve Vi^t Nam dang cdn la
khoang tring.
V l m$t thu$t ngO', bai vilt nay si>
dgng thupt ngu* "ngudi Vipt' (ethnic
Vietnamese) hay "Vipt kieu" la mpt td
Han - Vipt duge hieu tugng dugng
vdi khai nipm "ngudi Vipt Nam dinh
c y g nude ngoai" "la ngydi cd quoe
tjch Vi$t Nam va ngydi Vipt Nam dang
c u trO, lam an, sinh song Iau dai d

nude ngoai" (Dilu 3, khoan 3 cOa
Nghj djnh so 138/2006/ND). "Ngudi
Vipt" trpng bai vilt la nhung ngudi cd
nguon g l c tu Vipt Nam, cd hay chua
cd quoc tjch Vipt Nam; da di eu va

dinh eu d Campuchia, va tuy sinh
sing d Campuchia nhung chua duge
chinh quyin Campuchia trao tu each
la cdng dan cua nude nay.
Tren phuang dipn phap lupt,^ "hoi
huang" (repatriation) duge hilu la
cong dan cOa mpt quoc gia cu tru g
nude ngoai quay trd lai dIt nude ma
cong dan dd cd quIc tich (Luat Quoc
tjch Vipt Nam, Lujt sl7/1998/QH10).
G i n day, nhilu ngudi Viet quylt djnh
quay v l Vi^t Nam do ap Iyc tryc tilp
ho0c gian tilp ti> chinh sach cOa
chinh quyIn Campuchia. Trong bai
vilt nay nhdm ngudi Viet quay v l eo
huang la nhdm ngydi khdng co quoc
tjch Vi$t Nam. Do vay, nghien ciiu nay
su dung cgm tu "hoi huang" vdi y
nghia quay v l que huang, gia dinh
nhung ngudi di eu tu do nay d Viet
Nam.
Ben cpnh vipe si> dung thuat ngu "hii
huang", bai vilt nay cung dOng cgm
tu "di cu tu do" (migration) va "di eu

trd v l " (return migration) thudng duge
cac nghien cuu v l di dan su' dgng.
Trd ve duge xem la budc hoan thanh
vdng di cu, trong do ngudi di eu quay
v l nude nhyng song d met ngi khac
hay quay ve chinh que huang minh
(Anarfi & Jagare, 2008; Eastmond,
2006). Su trd v l cd t h i khdng n I m
trong dy linh cua ngudi di c u ma xay
ra trong boi canh hp bi true xult vi
ngudi cu tru bat hgp phap tpi nude
tiep nhan do thj thyc da h i t han
(Cassarino, 2008). Cac nghien cuu
cua Nguyen (2017) va Chimni (2004)
da chi ra r ing nhdng ngudi di eu


NGUYEN N U NGUYET ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEP CAN VIEC LAM..
bupc phai quay v l nude mpt each
khong ty nguyen thudng gap nhilu
khd khan trong vipe tai hda nhap cpng
ding ngi ho x u l t cu, dac bipt la tim
kilm viec lam va on djnh cupc sdng.
De Bree et al. (2010) che ring trd v l
khdng chi dan thuIn la vipe di ve que
nha va djnh eu iau dai ma edn la viec
ngudi di ey cd duge cam giac "thude
v l " hay khdng. Mac du trd v l chinh
cOng dong cOa minh, dilu dd khong
cd nghTa la ngudi di eu cd t h i tilp tge

cupc song trudc day cOa minh ma hp
phai np lye de cd t h i ton tai va duge
cpng dong c h i p nhan. Sau mpt thdi
gian rdi xa qua di cu ra nude ngoai,
cpng dong cd t h i co nhieu thay doi va
ban than nhung ngudi di cu cung cd
nhilu thay doi sau khi da cd nhi>ng
trai nghiem xuyen van hda (Chae,
2010; Ghanem, 2003; Hammond,
1999). Do vay, sau khi trd ve, viec
ngudi di eu hda nhap nhanh chong,
on djnh cupc song cua ban than la
mpt qua trinh day khd khan, dac biet
khi hp la ngudi khong cd quIe tjch va
cd nhdng han c h l ve tiep can viec lam.
Tinh trang khong cd quoc tjch
(statelessness) duge luat phap quoe
t l d l cpp ed y nghTa khac nhau. Cong
ude nam 1954 eua Lien hiep quIe lien
quan d i n tinh trang cOa ngudi khong
CO quoe tjch vdi muc dich bao ve
quyIn va ty do cua nhung ngudi
khdng ed quIe tjch. Theo D i l u 1 cOa
Cong ude nay "ngudi khdng ed quoc
tjch la ngydi khong d y g c cong nhan
la cong dan cua mpt quoe gia nao ca
dual sy van hanh cua luat phap"

(UNHCR, 1954). Hipn nay, khai nipm
do Cdng ude 1954 v l n duge su dgng

pho biln nhlt trong cac nghien cuu va
eae d i l n dan ban v l ngudi khdng ed
quoc tjch do tinh bao ham cua no.
Ngoai ra, bai v i l t nay cdn dya trSn
khai nipm tinh trpng b i p benh
(preearity hay precarite) de phan tich
ve kha nang tilp can viec lam cOa
nhdng ngudi Viet di cu ty do. Nhung
ngudi khdng ed quoc tjch bj d|t trong
tinh trang bap benh ve mat phap ly,
dan d i n nhung kho khan khac trong
viec tilp can cac djch vg phue vu cho
cac nhu e l u eg ban cOa cupc song,
dac biet la tim viec lam. Khai nipm tinh
trang bIp benh phan anh su thilu an
toan lien quan d i n cac chinh sach
nhlm kilm seat di dan va s i ngudi
nhap eu (Goldring et al., 2009: 245).
2.2. Phipang phap nghien cuu
Nguon d u lieu thu d p (tai lieu, thong
ke, chinh sach, luat, bao cao cOa dja
phugng, bao cao khoa hpc cOa eae
nghien cdu trudc day) duge sd dgng
d l gidi thieu so lugng ngudi di cu
quay v l va phan tich chinh sach hipn
thdi lien quan d i n nhOng ngudi nay.
Ben canh dd, nghien ci>u dua tren du
lieu sa d p thu thap tu' cac cupc
phdng v l n sau ban e l u trOc va quan
sat tham dy d thyc dja trong thdi gian

t y thang 6/2019 den thang 8/2019 tai
hai dja ban xa Tan Thanh va xa Tan
Hda, huyen Tan Chau tinh Tay Ninh nai duge xem la ed nhilu ngudi Vipt
tu Campuchia trd v l nhlt. Thdng tin
t y phong v l n sau cho biet tinh trang
phap ly, tilp can viec lam; quan sat hp


ChlnhphOViatNamvaCamPU^^'iMa
gia dinh va quan sat cdng ddng cho
thing nhlt: ngudi Viet a Camp
bilt hipn trpng cudc song. Nhung
n l u chua cd qudc tjch campuchia th
ngi/di tra ldi bao gdm: ngirdi Viet di
duge xem la ngudi Viet Nam nen khi
c u ty do trd ve tu Campuchia (41
ngudi), lanh dpo dja phuang (5 ngudi) quay v l Viet Nam se duge ehmh
uyin tilp nhan. Theo Bd Chi huy
va dpi dien to chue tdn giao (1 ngudi).
quan s y «nh Tay Ninh (2017, 2018),
M l u nghien cuu chinh la nhung ngudi
d i n thang 7/2017, da CO 1.514 h p v a ,
di eu v l Vipt Nam dang cu tnj tai b i n
7 519 nhan k h i u d i e u v e Tay Ninh.
I p : xa Tan Thanh cd I p Ta Da (12
ngudi) va I p Dong Ken 2 (17); xa Tan
Tu thang 10/2017 den thang^ 7/2018
Hda ed I p Cay K h i (8) va ap Tan
them 63 hp vdi 313 nhan khau. Tinh
Thu^n (4). Sy phan bd khdng dong

den thang 7/2018, s i ngudi cd ehO'ng
d l u v l so lugng m l u giua hai xa Tan
minh nhan dan do Campuchia cap r l t
Thanh va Tan Hda la do tong sd thlp, chi ed 325 ngudi trong khi ngudi
hp/ngudi di cu ty do dang cu trO tai
khong ed gily td la 7.507 ngudi.
xa Tan Thanh cao ban nhilu so vdi Theo lanh dao dja phuang, viec d p
Tan Hda.
gily td tuy than nhu chung minh nhan
Trong s i 41 ngudi tham gia tra ldi dan c I n phai duge xae minh nghiem
ngat nguIn gde cdng dan cua ngydi
phong v l n cd 31 nu va 10 nam, cd dp
l u l l khac nhau va hp gia dinh eOa hp
duge d p . Luat Quoc tjch Viet Nam
di eu v l Vipt Nam vao nhung thdi
chi cho phep ngudi nhap quoe tjch giu"
dilm khac nhau; da s i eae dap vien
mot qudc tjch (hope Viet Nam hope
mu chu, chi cd 3 ngudi bilt chu
nude khac) trd nhung trudng hgp dac
nhung chi dung lai d d p tilu hpc. Hp
bipt. N I U nhu'ng ngudi nay da la cdng
chu y l u dang song vdi vg/chong va
dan Campuchia thi khdng duge d p
gia dinh, chi cd 2 ngudi gda vg/chong,
quIe tich Viet Nam. Trong so nhilng
2 ngudi dang ly than (thyc chat la da
ngydi trd ve, chi ed mot sd it dyge
bo vg/chong nhung vl hp khong ed
Dai su' quan Viet Nam d Campuchia

gily td, khdng dang ky k i t hdn hgp
xae nhan la Viet k i l u eu tru tai
phap nen khi khong muon sdng cung
Campuchia. Do vay, khi v l Viet Nam
nhau). Muc thu nhap cOa ngudi di cu
hp duge dja phuang d p gily td tuy
ty do khong on dinh, khdng t h i ude
chung thu nhap vi khdng phai luc nao than va duge hudng quyIn cua cdng
dan Viet Nam.
hp cung ed viec lam.
3. Tiep CAN VIEC LAM CUA NGLPai
VI$T KHONG CO QU6C TICH
3.1. Tinh trang phap ly va lipu tru
cua n g y d i Viet dang c y tru tai Tay
Ninh

Lanh dao xa Tan Hoa cho bilt, nam
2018, Trung uang chi dao cong nhan
tinh trang phap ly cho 50 hp da di cu
ve sinh song tai dia phuong ti> rat Iau
va day la trudng hgp lam thi dilm
n l u hipu qua se trien khai dpi tra


NGUYEN N U NGUY5T ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEP CAN VIEC LAM..
Trong nam 2018, trong tong
so 1.577 hp vdi 7.832 nhan
khIu, chi ed 417 hp vdi
2.209 nhan khIu da d i n g ky
cu trO tpi tinh, trong khi so

hp chua dang ky la 1.160 hg
vdi 5.623 nhan khau. T u khi
triln khai thyc hipn T i l u d l
an 2 ve he trg ngydi di cu
ty dp cua huypn Tan Chau
do Oy ban Nhan dan tinh
phe duypt, xa TSn Thanh da
cap hp khIu cho 48 hp va
xaTan H d a i a 3 3 h p .

Bleu do 1, Tinh trang dang ky cu tru cua ngudi Vi^t
di cu tu do v l Tay Ninh tinh din thang 7/2018
, 6000

'JJ'

j 5000

jjT

4000
3000

2T74H

3000

HH

1000

Ho

NlunlQimi
TlO/2017

• D i dang kycir DEU •W^'N

2.209H

1.160
Ho

H H
Nhiiii Ktinii

T7/2018
• C h i a ding k^ cu u«u I«i VN

Nguon: BO Chi huy quan sy tinh TSy Ninh, 2017,
2018.

Nhin Chung, da so nhu'ng ngudi di eu
ty do khi hoi hyang thudng co cupc
sing tpm bg tren t i t ca c i c khia canh:
phap ly, kinh t l , cam giac duge thupe
v l do chua xae djnh duge quoe tjch
va khdng cd bat eij' gily td gi d l
chung minh nhan than. Hp khdng dam
bao dO eae d i l u kipn phap ly theo quy
djnh eua phap luat Viet Nam de duge

d p hp khau, can cudc cdng dan nen
dilu kipn s i n g gap kho khan, dac bipt
trpng vipe tilp can vipe lam (Luat
QuIe tjch Vipt Nam ban hanh nam
1998).
3.2. Kha nang t i l p can viec lam eua
n g y d i Viet trd' v l tiJ Campuchia
khdng cd qudc tjch
Vi khdng ed chij-ng minh nhan dan,
ngudi di c u t y do lir Campuchia khd
tim dyge vipe lam chinh thu'c de ed
thu nhap, on djnh cudc song. K i t qua
khao sat cho thIy doi vdi nhO'ng
ngudi dang ed viec lam, cdng viec cOa
hp thudng la theo mua vg va khdng
duge hudng t i t ca nhu'ng quyIn Igi

nhu cac lao ddng ed d l y du gily td.
Tong hgp eae nguon di> lipu sg d p ,
nhdm nghien cuu nhpn thIy cd s y
khac biet gida viec tiep can vipe lam
cua cac eu dan trong 4 I p .
(y I p Ta Da, xa Tan Thanh, ngydi di
eu tu do duge chia lam hai nhdm:
nhdm di c u ve kha Iau, td 5 nam d i n
tren 7 nam va nhdm di cu v l khoang
2 - 3 nam. Theo quan sat cpng dong,
nhieu ngudi trong nhdm quay ve
nhieu nam trudc da mua dIt va xay
nha. Nhdm nhung ngudi mdi v l

(khoang 150 hp) dang sing trong
nhu'ng leu tam (dung bIng epe nhd va
che bat ngay tren phIn d I t cOa ngudi
dan dja phugng hay eua nhung ngudi
da v l trudc dd dpc dudng vao I p Ta
Da hay dpc me h i Dau Tilng. Chinh
quyen huyen Tan Chau chi dae si>
dgng quy d I t eua xa Tan Thanh, danh
han Iha d I t d I p Ddng Ken 2 va 10 ty
dong eOng vdi s y dong gop cOa Quy
Dao Phat ngay nay (11 ty dong), xay
dyng khu tai dinh vdi 183 can nha liln
k l . Hipn nay, ed 179 hp dang sinh
s i n g d day.


TAP CHl KHOA HOC XA HQI sA 4 (260) 2020

Sau khi v l Vipt Nam, nhieu ngudi loay
hoay tim viec lam phu hgp nhung do
ngoai nghi danh b i t ca tren Biln Ho
hp khdng ed chuyen mon lam nhung
cdng vipe tren bd nen hp cam thIy tim
vipe khd khan. Song doe theo h i Dlu
Tilng ed nguIn Igi thOy san, phln
ddng nam gidi lam nghi danh ca. Tuy
nhien, ca ngay cang it din, ngudi dan
phai di danh bit d xa, nhung van khong
dO von. Nhilu hg treo ghe khong tilp
tge cdng vipe von tu bao ddi.

Mpt so hO gia dinh d I p Ta Da v l n
theo nghi ca khi v l Vipt Nam nhung
h i g nhu nhdng ngudi song g I p
Ddng Ken 2 (khu tai dinh cu cua 179
ho, quay v l Vipt Nam trudc thang
6/2016) khdng cdn lam nghi nay do
xa khu vyc sdng hd. Khi khdng t h i
duy tri nghi ca, nhilu ngudi dan dng
d I p Ta Da va Ding Ken 2 di lam
cdng nhan, l i p d^t cac he thong dien
nang lugng m$t trdi. Thdi gian dau,
hp de dang xin duge vipe va duge tra
luang 250.000 - 350.000 dong/ngay.
Vi thIy luang cao so vdi danh ca,
nhilu thanh nien da chuyin sang lam
cdng nhan cho eae cdng trinh nay.
Tuy nhien, cdng viec khdng thuan Igi,
thu nhap bIp benh va bj ng lugng do
chi thyc hipn mpt so cdng doan l i p
rap cho cac nha thiu nho. Cd trudng
hgp bj ng lugng nhilu thang va hg
phai bo viec. Khi nhdm nghien Ci>u di
khao sat, mpt so dan dng trong dp tuoi
lao dpng dang g nha (mdi trd v l tu
eae cdng trinh xay l i p dien nang
lugng mpt trdi va chd tim cong viec
mdi), mdt s i di phg ho, luang 300.000

ding/ngay (nhung cdng viee lOc ed luc
khong, khdng du de dam bao cho

cupc sing eua gia dinh).
Hlu hit phu nu ap Ta Dg va Dong
Ken 2 d nha lat hat dieu va trong con.
Quan sat cho thIy tung t i p nu' (tre em,
ngudi gia va phg nu tre hay trung nien)
deu tranh thu cao v6 Iga hat dieu (lat
dilu). Thoat nhin, cdng viee nay tudng
Chung cd the kilm tiln d l dang vi ed
t h i huy dpng duge nhieu li>a tuoi trong
gia dinh cung lam, nhung thu nhap lai
rlt thap, 10kg hat dilu thanh pham chi
cd 50.000 dong (trong khi 2-3 ngudi
lat lien tuc trong khoang 2 ngay). Vi it
CO kha nang tilp can vdi nhu'ng Icai
cong viec khac nen day van la viec
lam pho bien eua phg nO" trong khu
vuc nay.
Theo quan sat cua nhdm nghien eu'u,
khi chua tim duge viec lam mdi,
nhung ngudi dl eu ty do d ap Ta Da
CO t h i thoal mai nghi d nha han se
vdi nhung ngudi d I p Ddng Ken 2.
Lanh dao xa Tan Thanh cho bilt, eae
mpnh thudng quan trong va ngoai tinh
thudng hay d i n I p Ta Da tham hoi,
cho nhu y l u pham, binh quan mdi
nam tren 1,5 ty dong (ed lOe vao cuoi
tuln cd 3 - 4 doan d i n tham), vi vay,
ngudi dan g day v l n ed thiie an s i n g
qua ngay khi khong co viec lam. Trong

khi do, ngudi dan d I p DSng Ken 2 it
khi nhan duge ho trg luang thyc t y
cac to ehuc tu thien va phai dong cac
khoan chi phi dien nude nen ap luc
tim viec cao han. Mpt muc su nhan
xet "C khu vyc nay minh cd t h i di ra
ru'a Chen cho quan an, di lam ed r l i di


NGUYEN NCr NGUYET ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEp CAN VIEC \JM..
nho khoai ml, di cat mia. Cd r l t nhilu
cdng vipe d l lam ma khdng c I n g i l y
td. Lam xong mpt ngay ngudi ta tra
tiln. Co nhilu viee de lam nhung hg
phai d nha trdng nha, giu eon va hg
cung cd y chd dgi s y giup dd ty cac
doan tu thien, cho nen oil' 10 ngay ma
chua thIy doan nao tdi la hp trong
chd dd lam. Minh cho hg di lam d l hp
kilm tiln thi hg mdi quy trpng d i n g
tiln, chO' hp eu trong chd vao cac
(Joan thi khdng nen. Khi minh xuing,
hp cu hay hoi cd cho gl khdng, d i n
hlnh thanh thdi quen". Ong cho ring
t§m ly y Ipi vao nhu'ng phln qua ti>
thi^n cung hpn c h l su ed g i n g tim
vl$c cOa ngydi di ey tu do, dac bipt la
a Ip Ta Da.
Mpt s i hp gia dinh di c u dang sing tai
khu tai dinh eu d I p Dong Ken 2 v l tu

5 nam trd Ien da duge chinh quyIn
dja phugng tao dieu kien d p gily xae
nhpn tpm trO de cd t h i xin viec de
dang han va ed thu nhap on dinh han.
M|t khac, nam trong dien duge h i trg
Ciia cac du an, eae dan vj tu thien
nhlm tap cdng an, viec lam cho ngudi
nhpp cu, met s i gia dinh duge hd trg
hang hda, dung eu d l budn ban nhd
tpi nha. Chj L.T.L - ngydi di eu tu do
d Ip Ding Ken 2 chia se: "May thang
trudc cd hd trg m i y gia dinh g khu
nay, khu b i n vdi d dau dd, mdi gia
dinh duge 6 tripu. Hp khong dua t i l n
cho minh dau. M i y ong di s l m d l
bSnh trai, keo banh nay ng, m i l thu
chut dinh b i t d l u dya cho minh ban".
Tuy nhien, theo khao sat, chi ed vai hp
flugc giOo 6a tit ehyqng trinh nay.

Thdi gian sau, qua nhieu ngydi di eu
ty do v l Viet Nam, quy h i trg khong
cho phep tilp tge triln khai.
Tygng ty nhu xa Tan Thanh, nhilu
ngudi di eu t y de ve song tai I p Cay
K h i (gin sdng) va I p Tan Thuan (khu
tai dinh cu) cua xa Tan Hda. Tai I p
Cay Khe, du muc dich ban d l u cOa
ngudi di c u tu do khi dung cac llu,
lan tai day d l thuan tipn cho viee danh

bat ea, nhung tai thdi dilm khao sat,
chi cdn vai hp gia dinh sinh sing bIng
nghi nay. So con lai di chat le (cay Ire
nen), chat cay dem ban hay lam thue
d bien gidi. Trudng I p Cay K h i cho
bilt d khu vuc nay, cha mp gui eon
cho ong ba va dl cu sang cac tinh
Ddng Nai va Binh Duang d l lam thue.
cac cupc quan sat cpng dong va
phong v l n ngudi dan cho thIy cd
4/41 hp, chi ed nhung dua tre ty cham
nhau. Cha mp di lam xa, cuoi tuln hay
mpt thang ve tham eon 2-3 lan va gui
tien hp hang, hang xdm mua giup thuc
p h l m . Nhung dua tre, nhlt la eae be
gal 7 - 8 tuoi da cd the nau an, giat do,
trdng em va cham sdc cho em.
Hau h i t cac dan vj su dgng lao dpng,
dac bipt la trong Tnh vyc chinh thyc,
d i g han c h l nhan nhu'ng lao dpng
khdng cd gily td tOy than ro rang. Mot
s i ngydi su- dung gily chung minh
nhan dan eua ngudi than, ban be de
xin vipe d cac cdng ty tu nhan. Tuy
nhien, hp chi duge hudng lugng, vi la
cdng ty tu nhan, va theo thoa ude lao
dgng ngoai luang ra khdng duge
hudng cac khoan phu d p , khong
duge mua bao hilm thit nghipp, bao

TAP CHI KHOA HQC XA H Q I s d j g j g g g
khd khan trong vipe tilp côn viĐe lam.
Mdt bO ph$n ngudi trd ve phai dya
vao n g h i d i n h ca trong khi nguIn ea
g i n cpn ki^t. Mdt s i khac di lam thue
nhyng khdng dygc chO tra tien cong.
So vdi nam gidi, phg nO khdng cd
qgle tjch h l u nhu chi Ipt hpt dieu vdi
s6 tiln cOng rlt thlp. Kha nang tim
vl$c lam trong cSe nha may, xl nghiep
bj hpn c h l do hp khong trinh duge gily
chdng minh nhan dSn. Nhung ngydi
"dOng tpm" gily chirng minh cua ngudi
khac d l u khdng duge hudng nhdng
phln tiln phg d p khac tpi nai minh
dang lam viOc. Hp chua thyc su duge
chinh nhung ngudi d que hugng
cOng nh$n sy thupe v l cOa hp va hp
v l n phai song ben l l xa hpi.

hiem y te. Th$m chi cho du hp tim
duge viee lam thi tim duge mdt chd d
trp eung la mOt dieu khong d l ddng gi
vi muon d trp thi cung d n cd gily
chijng minh nhSn dan.
Dilu dang luu y la, nhu'ng ngydi d I p
cay Khe dang bd sdng d l Ien ba tim
vipe thi nhung ngudi d khu tai djnh eu
I p Tan Thu^n, ngoai mdt so di lam

thud, Ipi dang ed xu hudng quay v l
sdng de nudi ea va nudi cua dinh. Hp
eu sang di toi v l hay tham chi xay ao,
dyng lan d g i n ngi nudi ea va cua
dinh, thinh thoang mdi v l nha d khu
tai djnh eu. Theo hp, dIt va nha duge
d p giOp hp ed c h l a khang trang han
nhung hg khOng cd thu nh$p. Do v$y,
hp phai quay lai sdng h i d l nudi trdng
thuy san. Tuy nhien, hp khdng danh
b i t ea tren h i nhu mpt so ngudi g I p
TaOg.

0§ XUAT

Theo danh gia cOa ngudi dan nhpp eu,
cdng vipe hi^n tpi khi chuyin ve song
tpi Tay Ninh d l dang va t i t hgn so vdi
cdng viOc trudc day khi edn g
Campuchia. Cf Vidt Nam, dO cong vipe
cdn bIp benh do nhilu nguyen nhan,
chO y l u nhu khdng cd gily td tOy than,
trinh dg chuyen mon tay nghe, m i l
quan hp d l tim vipe, thi cugc sing cOa
hg van thoal mai hgn rlt nhieu. Ngoai
ngudi dan I p Ta Da, ngudi dan cac
I p khac khdng trdng chd vao ho trg
vpt chit tu ngudi khac ma chi mong
cd gily td tOy than 6e ty kilm vipe lam.
Nhu vpy, chinh sy bIp fcienh trong tinh

trang phap ly - khdng ed quoc tich. da
lam cho nhung ngudi di c u ty do tu
Campuchia v l phai d l i m j t vdi nhOng

Bai vilt SU' dgng khai nipm tinh trpng
bIp bSnh d l phSn tich sy mg ho eOa
tinh trpng phap ly da dan d i n nhu'ng
rao can trong viee tim vipe lam de on
djnh cupc song cOa nhom ngudi g l c
Vipt trd ve ti> Campuchia. N i n tang
ca sd ly luan va thuc tiln cOa nghien
eu'u tren day cho thIy, di cu eua ngudi
Vipt trong trudng hgp nay la mpt vdng
tuln hoan ludn an chua nhieu rOi ro va
bit trac. Qua nhung cau chuyen v l lich
sir cupc ddi cOa ngudi trong cudc, lao
dpng muu sinh va kilm ke sinh nhal
eua nhiDm ngudi nay ludn d trong
trpng thai bIp benh, thu- thach. Nhu-ng
han che ve tinh trang phap ly, xult
phat dilm, dac diem ca nhan va nhan
than da tao ra mpt chuoi lien hoan
nhOng hp Igy can trd kha nang tiep

4. K§T LUAN VA li/IQT VAI Y Kl^N


NGUYEN NU NGUYET ANH - CAO THANH TAM - TlEP CM VIEC LAM..
e§n cac loai hinh cdng vipe chinh thi>c,
ding thdi anh hydng tryc tilp d i n ddi

sing, dia vj xa hpi cua ngudi di eu. (3
gde dp nao dd, hp la nhu'ng ngudi
duge x i p vao nhdm yeu t h i , de bj ton
thugng va n I m ben l l cua xa hpi d n
duge quan tam.
Dya trdn cSc k i t qua nghien cyu,
nhdm tac gia dua ra mpt vai y k i l n d l
xult nhu sau:
cac bO, ban nganh Hdn quan phoi hgp
vdi nhau n h l m xOe tiln xae nhpn va
xae l^p tinh trpng phap ly cho ngudi di
cu. Bdi le, hgn ai h i t , ban than nhu'ng
ngudi trong cupc nhpn thIy ring gily
td tuy than la g i l y thdng hanh quan
trpng giOp hg thao gd nhdng khd khan
v l vipe lam, t i l p cpn vdi khu vyc lac
dpng chinh thyc. N l u v l n d l nay
duge giai quylt, dia phuang va eg
quan chinh quyIn eSc d p se giam
bdt dygc eae ganh nang lien quan
din lao dgng, viec lam va cac v l n d l
kinh t l , an sinh xa hgi khac.
Bin cpnh dd, dja phyang eung eIn h i

trg nang cao nhan Vtiirc va trinh dg
van hda cho nhdm ngydi nay bIng
each long ghep nhieu hinh thuc khac
nhau lien quan d i n b l tOe van hda,
day nghe irng dgng va thief thyc vdi
cupc sing hipn thdi cOa hp. Hipn nay,

chinh quyen dja phuang sd tpi da va
dang trien khai cong tac xda mO chu
cho tre qua dp tuoi den trudng ho^e
ngudi Idn ed nhu e l u . Tuy nhlSn, vipe
t l chue ton tai nhieu b i t c$p va khd
khan do nhdm ngudi di c u v l n uu tien
thdi gian cho viec muu sinh dap i>ng
nhu c l u eg ban trudc m i t .
Chinh quyIn dja phugng dua ra cac
chugng trinh eg t h i , tap dilu kipn d l
cac hd gia dinh tai day on djnh cho d
hope cho vay v l n vdi lai suit uu dai
trong thdi gian dai n h l m gia tang ea
hpl tu tao cdng an, vlpc lam. Cac ca
quan cd tham quyIn cIn can thipp va
xu ly kjp thdi nhu'ng trudng hgp nhu
bee lot sue lao dpng, khdng tra luang,
hay d l i xi> khdng cdng bIng trong qua
trinh lam viee. Q

CHU THiCH
''' Nghi6n cdu iJugc tai trg bdi Trudng Dpi hgc Khoa hgc X5 hOi va Nhan vSn, Dai hgc QuIc
gia Thanh phi HO Chl Minh trgng khudn khO d l tai T2019-07.

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