Di cir lao dong sang Trung Quoc cua ngucri dan
khu vuc mien nui phia Bac Viet Nam - nguyen nhan
nhin tir quan diem di cu quoc te>
Phan Tan<'>
Iran Thi Giang Thanht">
Tom tat: Di cu ndi chung vd di cu qudc te ndi rieng Id vdn de/linh vice phuc tgp ddi vdi
gidi nghien cuu. Nhin tit: quan diim di cu qudc ti, bdi viit di tim nguyen nhdn di cu lao
dgng sang Trung Qudc ciia nguai ddn a khu vice miin nui phia Bac Viet Nam hiin nay
(nghien cicu dinh tinh budc ddu tgi hai tinh Hd Giang vd Lgng Son).
Tir khoa: Di dan, Di cu lao ddng, Dan tgc thieu sd, Di cu qudc te. Mien mii phia BSc
Abstract: Migration in general and international migration in particular are complicated
debate topics. From an international migration perspective, the paper uncovers causes of
labor migration to China from Vietnam's ethnic minorities in the northern mountainous
region today through a qualitative research in Ha Giang and Lang Son provinces.
Keywords: Labor Migration, Ethnic Minority, International Migration, Northem
Mountamous Region of Vietnam
Mo^dau
Mien mii phia Bic Viet .Nam la khu
vuc da dang ve dan cu va lich sir cu tni.
Day ciing la vimg ddng ngudi di cu ty do
den cac vimg kinh te tren khSp ca nuac. Su
di cu nay gdp phan dn dinh sinh ke cho mgt
bd phan ngudi dan nhung cilng dat ra nhieu
' Bai viet la kgt qua cua D^ tai "Di dan cac dSn toe
thieu so - nhihig vSn dg d3t ra va giai phap". Ma s6
CTDT09-17/16-20.
C) -pg^ Yi^^ Han Iam Khoa hgc xS hoi Viet Nam;
Email:
f"' Ths., Giang vien chinh Dai hoc Duoc H i Noi;
Email:
he luy ttong chien lugc phat trien ben viing
ca noi di va ncri den. Ben canh di cu den cac
tinh thanh khac trong ca nuoc, cdn cd mdt
ddng di cu lao ddng xuyen bien gidi, nhat
la d cac tmh giap bien gidi vdi Trung Qudc.
Nguyen nhan nao thiic dky ddng di cu nay?
Nhin tir gdc do di cu qudc td, nguyen nhan
cua ddng di cu nay cd nhung didm tuong
ddng va khac biet gi? Bai vidt se gdp phan
giai dap nhung cau hdi tten.
1. Nguyen nhan ciia di cir quoc te
Co nhidu nguyen nhan khac nhau dan
den su di cu cua con nguai, ttong mdi
nguyen nhan dd thudng chiia dung nhimg
nhan td diy va hiit. Ddi vdi di cu qudc te,
30
theo quan niem truyen thdng, nhan td thiic
diy ngucri di cu gan lidn vdi dat nudc ma
hg dang mudn rcri bd, "thudng la nhiJng
van de ma hau qua cua nd khien con ngudi
mudn di chuyen noi sinh sdng. Nhan td ldi
keo ngudi di cu thudng la nhiing su hap
dan d nhirng nudc/vimg cd dieu kien phat
ttien ma thu hiit dugc su chii y cua ngucri
khac" (Nghiera Tuan Himg, 2012).
Tuy nhien, tten tbyc te hien nay, cd
thd thiy ngoai hinh thiic "di cu lau dai"
do nguyen nhan nao dd "khien con ngudi
mudn di chuyen noi sinh song" cdn cd hinh
thiic khac la "di cu tam thdi", "di cu miia
vu" d nhdm chi tam thcri rdi bd noi dang
sinh sdng ttong radt giai doan nhat dinh
nhim muc dich thay ddi cudc sdng.
Theo nghien ciiu ciia Nghiem Tuan
Himg (2012) va Vd Thi Minh Le (2009),
di cu qudc te xuat phat tir mdt sd nguyen
nhan sau:
Mdt la, do su khac bidt ve thu nhap: Siic
hap dan cua cac nen kinh te phat trien cimg
dieu kien kinh te thap kem va ddi ngheo la
nhihig yeu td thiic day tam Iy mudn ra di
cua con ngudi.
Hai la, do sy chenh lech nhu cau ve
ngudn nhan luc: GiOa cac nudc phat trien
va dang phat ttien thudng cd sy chenh lech
lao ddng lien quan chu yeu den hai khu vuc
cdng nghiep va ndng nghiep: khi lao dgng
d khu vyc ndng nghiep bi du thira, hg se
dan chuyen sang khu vyc cdng nghiep. Cd
quan diera cho rang, di cu qudc te xuat hien
la do cac nuac phat ttien co nhu cau ve lao
ddng nhap cu lau dai, thuong xuyen (Vo
Thi Minh Le, 2009: 34). Ben canh dd, tdc
do tang dan sd qua nhanh 6 cac nudc dang
phat trien chinh la mgt nguyen nhan gian
tiep thiic day di cu qudc te, khi sd ngudi
trong do tudi lao dgng vugt qua sd lao dgng
thi tradng can.
Thong Jin Khoa hge xa hOi. 56 6.2019
Ba Id, di eu di kera vdi su mong mudn
phat trien va da dang hda kha nang kmh te;
Cac hg gia dinh khdng chi mudn tdi da hoa
thu nhap du kidn ma cdn raudn tdi thieu
hda nhihig rui ro va giam bdt ganh nang
do nhiing dd vd hay thit bai do thi t i i d n g
dia phuong raang Iai, bdi nhung that bai
nay anh hudng tryc tidp tdi phiic lgi va
can trd su phat tridn kinh td cua chinh cac
hd gia dinh.
Bdn Id, chidn ttanh, ngheo ddi, bat
binh ding vd kinh td,... cd the khien mgt
bg phan ngudi dan di cu qudc te. Nhiing
xung dot xa hgi ciing khidn tinh hinh kinh
td - xa hdi d nhidu nudc ttdf nen khd khan,
do dd con ngudi thudng cd gang tim kiem
mdt nai an toan, dn dinh de sinh sdng va
phat ttien.
Ndm Id, do doan ty gia dinh: Khi
nhung ngudi di cu cd dugc nhung dieu
kien ca ban thuan lgi dam bao dugc cudc
sdng cho gia dinh, va ngudi than cd y djnh
doan tu gia dinh thi vide di cu hoan toan
cd the xay ra.
Sdu la, do nhiing bien ddng cua mdi
ttuong: Thidn tai, lii lut cd the gay ra hien
tugng di cu cap tinh, nhung d nhiem ngudn
dat, ngudn nuoc hay tinh trang nudc bien
dang se dan tdi di cu vTnh vien. Dieu nay
cd the dang diing trong tinh hudng hien
nay. Vdi ban nang sinh tdn, con ngudi
phai tim den nhirng dia diem vdi dieu kien
ty nhien dam bao cho cudc sdng. Nhu vay,
sy bien dgng cua mdi truong ciing dugc
coi la mdt nhan td chu yeu thiic day di cu
qudc te.
Bdy Id, do nhiing van dd lien quan
den sac tdc va van hda: Khi mdt nhdm sSc
tdc va tdn giao vdn chia se nhftng gia tti,
ban sac chung bi "xe le" va sinh sdng tren
nhiing vimg dat lien kd thudc nhung qudc
gia gin nhau, bien gidi trong nhan thiic
chung cua cac cgng dong sac tgc va tdn
giao khong trimg vdi bien gidi giiia cac
nha nudc. Nhiing nhdm do thudng chi la
thidu sdttongcdng ddng xa hdi. Su tuong
tac gifta hg vdi phan cdn lai cua qudc gia
cd khi khong lan bang tam ly hucmg ve
nhung ngudi anh em cirng sac tdc a ben
Ida bien gidi.
2. Thuc trang di cir lao dgng qua ben kia
bien gidi Trung Quoc cua nguwi dan & dia
ban nghien cihi
Nghien cixu Hch su, van hda giao luu
giua bien gioi hai qudc gia Viet Nam Trung Qudc cho thay, van de di eu gifta hai
qudc gia it nhieu deu cd lien quan den cac
nguyen nhan tten. Trong pham vi bai viet,
chiing tdi md ta thuc trang di cu lao ddng
ciia ngudi dan khu vuc mien mii phia Bac
Viet Nam (trudng hgp 6 hai tinh Ha Giang
va Lang San) sang Tnmg Qudc (mgt loai
hinh di cu lao ddng qudc te); tir do xem xet
nhiing khac biet va tnang ddng vdi di cu
qudc te ndi chung.
Tdng hgp sd lieu tu cac bao cao ciia
cac tmh mien mii phia BIC ve di cu trong
5 nam tu 2012-2017, co thd thiy cd 5 loai
hinh di cu cu the da va dang dien ra: 1)
Di cu theo ke hoach - di dan tai dinh cu
(di cu lau dai) dang phd bien hien nay doi
vdi cac viing cd xay dyng cdng trinh thuy
dien, cac cdng trinh ldn qudc gia, cac khu
cum cdng nghiep...; 2) Di cu tu do di vao
cac tinh Tay Nguyen, Ddng Nam bd hay
cac tinh, huyen xung quanh (y dinh di cu
lau dai) cd phin sut giam; 3) Di cu lao
ddng den khu vyc cac cdng ty, xi nghiep
d cac dia ban ngoai tinh (di cu tam thdi,
miia vu); 4) Di cu lao dgng qua ben kia
bien giai vdi Trung Qudc dang gia tang
vdi sd lugng ldn; va 5) Di cu - xuat khiu
lao ddng sang mgt sd quoc gia khac (sd
nay khdng nhidu).
Khao sat tai dia ban 2 tmh Lang Son,
Ha Giang' cho thay, di cu lao ddng sang
ben kia bien gioi Tnmg Qude hien nay la
dong di cu chu dao, chidm im thd ca vd
sd lugng ngucri tham gia va miic thu nhap
cd dugc.
Mgt hien ttang xay ra d cac vimg ndng
thdn Trung Qudc (ttong dd cd cac tinh bien
gioi Trung Qudc giap Viet Nam) la cu dan
di den cac thanh phd ldn de Iam an vdi muc
thu nhap cao, tao ra khoang ttdng ldn vd
lyc lugng lao dgng (thidu lao dgng khu
vyc ndng thdn). Chinh dieu nay da thu hut
lugng lao ddng kha 1cm tu Viet Nam sang
thara gia san xuat ndng nghiep. Va nhu vay,
tinh chat nghe nghiep cua nhdm di cu nay
khdng cd su khac biet dang ke so vdi trudc
di cu, phuong thuc san xuat van la lao ddng
gian dan, co bap (di chat mia, ttdng chudi,
chat gd, phat hoang,...). Mgt sd ngudi tre
tudi (tir 18 den 30 tudi) cd ttinh dd tnmg
hgc CO sa ttd len thi di Iam cho cac cdng ty
nhd le vimg giap bien.
Qua cac bao cao, cd the thay sd lugng
di cu lao dgng tu mdt so tinh thudc khu
vuc midn mii phia BIC sang Trung Qudc
la rit ldn, cd nhftng xa nhu Phd Cao (Ddng
Van) cd ddn 795 lao dgng dang lara vide
' Cuoc khao sat diroc chiing toi thirc hien nam
2018. Tai Lang Son, khao sat 4: xa Cao Minh vk xa
De Tham (huyen Trang Djnh, noi d6ng bao DTTS
chi6m 93%), xa Xuan Duong va xa Ai Qufic (huyen
Loc Binh, 94% la nguoi DTTS). Tai Ha Giang,
Idiao sat 4 xa: xS Then Chu Phin, xa Chign Phfi
(huyen Hoang Su Phi, noi nguoi Niing, Dao, Mong
chiem din 73% dan s6, con lai la 9 dan toe khac),
xa Phfi Cao va xa Liing Phin (huyen Dfing Van, noi
ngutri dan toe Mong chiSm 89% dSn s6, con lai la
16 dan tpc khac). Thong tin thu thap ban diu chu
yeu la s6 lieu th6ng ke cua dja phuang va phong
vin sau (PVS). T6ng s6 dfii tugng dupc PVS la 50
nguoi (mfii tinh 25 nguoi), bao gfim nhitng ngu6i
lao dong di cu va can bfi chinh quyfin cac cap (thfin,
ban, xa, huyen).
32
inong mi ivnoa n
tai Trung Qudc (nara 2017) (UBND xa Phd nguoi xin Iam thu tuc d p giiy thdng harii
khong nhidu; mgt phin do bit tien khi di
Cao, 2017).
lam giiy thdng hanh (viec di lai tir thdn ban
Bang 1: S6 lao dong di cu tai mdt so xa
vimg sau, xa ddn tnmg tam tinh la rat khd
thudc tinh Ha Giang
(Ban vi: ngirai) khan...), mgt phin do ngudi dan cdn cd tam
Hoang Su Phi
Huyen
Dong Van
Iy e ngai khi tidp xiic vdi chinh quyen de
Chien
Xa
Liing Phfi Cao Then
lam cac thu tuc: "Cho du chinh quyen dia
Phfi
Chu
Phui
phuang hai ben Men gidi da cd nhitng ky
Phm
kit ghi nhdn vd cdp gidy thdng hdnh bdo
105
198
283
795
Tong s6
dam su an toan cho ngudi lao ddng, trdnh
25/258 226/569 42/63 23/175
Ty le Nii/
Nam
nhitng thiet hgi do su qua lgi bdt hap phdp,
khong 45/105 10/198
khfing
So khong
nhung sd ngudi tham gia ldm thu tuc^ cdp
CO giay
gidy thdng hdnh khdng nhiiu; mot phdn do
duoc
thfing hanh duoc
Ngudn: Tong hpp tir cac bao cao tinh hinh di bdt tien khi di ldm gidy thdng hdnh" (PVS
cu cua cac xa (Xem: UBND xa Chien Phfi,_2018; can bd cdng an huyen Hoang Su Phi); "£)di
UBND xa Lung Phin, 2018; UBND xa Phfi Cao, vdi ddng di ddn lao ddng qua bien gidi, ho
2018; UBND xaThen Chu Phin, 2018).
di vi theo miia vit, thdi gian lao dong cd the
Theo sd lieu thdng ke tai Ha Giang mdt hai thdng, cd the mdt hai tudn; viec di
(Xem bang 1), chi tten dia ban 4 xa cua 2 qua bien gioi phdn chinh Id theo dudng tieu
huyen Ddng Van va Hoang Su Phi, radi xa nggch di ddng" (PVS can bd xa Dd Tham).
da cd it nhlt tren 100 ngudi di cu lao dgng
Cac xa bien gicri quan ly lao dgng qua
sang Trung Qudc. Tuy nhien, day mai chi bien giai theo nhieu mftc do khac nhau.
la con sd nara dugc, con sd fren thuc te cd Viec nim tinh hinh va thdng ke sd ngudi
thd cdn ldn ban nhieu, vi nhieu ngudi dan sang Trung Qudc Iam viec khdng phep
d cac ban lang xa xdi sang Trung Qudc lao dugc giao cho chinh quyen xa.
dgng rdi ttd ve ma chinh quyen khdng kiem
6 xa Chidn Phd va xa Then Chu Phin,
soat het.
sd lao ddng di cu tu do sang Trung Quoc
* Ve tinh hap phdp ciia lao ddng di cutheo bao cao la khong nhieu, phan Idn hg
sang Trung Qudc
di cd giay phep: "Bi thu, Trudng thdn/bdn
Chinh quyen cap tinh va cap huyen cac cua chiing tdi nam tinh hinh nguai ddn d
tinh bien gidi (ca Viet Nara va Trang Qudc) trong bdn rdt chdc, ai di md co gidy thdng
deu cd ky ket ciing cap giua hai ben ghi hdnh hay khdng cd gidy thdng hdnh deu
nhan va cap giay thdng banh bao dam su an biet het vd se den nhdc nha ngay vdi ngudi
toan cho ngucri lao ddng, tranh nhirng thiet trong gia dinh" (PVS can bd xa Chien
hai do su qua lai bat hgp phap. Chinh quyen Phd). Chinh quyen xa khdng dd cap nhieu
dia phuong cac tinh Ha Giang, Lang Son den viec bugc phai cd giay phep; dudng
ciing da ttien khai tuyen truyen cho ngudi nhu dieu nay khien sd lugng ngudi dan di
lao dgng ve cac chu tnrang, cbinh sach d cu lao ddng sang Tnmg Qude la kha Idn.
bien gidi, nhung van de lien quan den an Sd lieu bang 1 cho thay, cae xa Lung Phin
ninh trat tu va thu tuc phap \ qua lai bien va Phd Cao (huyen Ddng Van) cd sd lugng
gidi de ngudi dan cd sy lya chgn tdt nhat ngudi di cu lao ddng qua Trang Qudc Idn
cho viec xuat cu lao dgng... Tuy nhien, sd hem nhieu so vdi cac xa Then Chu Phin va
Uicuiauuuiiy..
Chidn Phd (huyen Hoang Su Phi). ''Phdn
ldn lao ddng di cu sang Trung Qudc Id di
theo mua vu, trong do 30-40% di theo con
dudng chinh nggch - co gidy phep thdng
hdnh" (PVS can bd huyen Ddng Van).
"Viec qudn ly nhdm di cu lao ddng ndy
Idiong duac chdt che, do dieu kiin di lgi
thudn lgi giita dudng bien hai nudc, tdn
sudt di ve cita ngudi lao ddng cUng thudng
xuyen" (PVS can bg xa Phd Cao).
Mgt dac diem dang luu y la chu thue
lao ddng d Trang Qudc tbich thue nhftng
lao ddng khdng cd giay phep, giay thdng
hanh. "Ngudi ddn di cu sang Trung Qudc
ldm an khdng mudn xin gidy thdng hdnh vi
2 ly do chinh: Mot Id, niu mudn xin gidy
thdng hdnh, ngudi ddn phdi ve huyen (cdch
trung tdm xd qud xa) nin nggi di; Hai Id,
do phia gidi chit nguai Trung Qudc ciing
khong mudn thue lao ddng cd ddy du gidy
td, vi nhu vgy hg phdi chiu trdnh nhiem vd
rdng buoc nhieu han, nin hg thudng tim
nhitng lao ddng trdn sang Trung Qudc de
thue vdi gid re vd khdng phdi chiu trdnh
nhiem gi" (PVS can bg quan ly hg khau xa
Phd Cao). Dieu nay dugc ly giai rang, thue
nhiing lao dgng khdng cd giay thdng hanh,
ngudi chii se it phai chiu trach nhiem neu
cd xay ra ttanh chap. Vdi ngudi cd giay
phep, khi xay ra chuyen bi "quyt tien" hoac
nhftng van de lien quan den quyen Igi, hg
cd the nhd chinh quydn phia Trang Qudc
can thiep. "Sang do niu gap chu tdt thi cdn
tien, neu gap chu xdu thi khdng cd lien"
(PVS nam 35 ttioi, xa De Tham).
Cd trudng hgp chii lao dgng gift 1/3 sd
tien cdng cua ngudi lao ddng vdi ly do "de
lan sau lam se tta ndt" (gift lao ddng cho
minh), neu sau dd khdng quay lai lam cho
hg thi ngudi lao ddng se bi mat sd tien nay.
Tuy nhien, nhidu ngudi khing dinh khdng
gap hien tugng nay: "Co thdng tin rdng
33
lao ddng sang Trung Qudc thudng hi quyt
lien, vdn di ndy theo chung tdi ndm dugc la
khdng xdy ra, bai niu nhu vdy sau do dng
chil se khdng tim duac ngudi ldm" (PVS bi
thu thdn, xa Chien Phd).
Hien tugng dan mdi giua nhftng ngudi
lao ddng vdi nhau cd xay ra d mgt sd noi,
nhat la vdi nhftng ngudi di lin diu. Cac diu
nau se tim chu tbue cho lao dgng, va hg
dugc hudng hoa hdng tir ca ngudi chu va
ngudi lao ddng:" Va tdi di sang ben kia bien
gidi thudc tinh Qudng Tdy, Trung Qudc,
chu yeu Id di chdt mia vd bdc vd cdy, ldm
cdc cong viec lao ddng ndng nhoc. De cd
dugc viec Idm, gia dinh tdi da phdi trd tien
phi dich vu cho ngudi mdi gidi Id hai trieu
ddng" (PVS nara 40 tuoi, xa Dd Tham).
* Ve thu nhdp
Phan ldn ngudi lao ddng dugc nhan thu
lao tinh theo ngay, khoang tu 100-150 nhan
dan te/ngay, tuong duong 300-450 nghin
ddng/ngay.
Tinh hinh kinh te ciia cac hg di cu lao
ddng sang Trung Qudc thudng kha hon
nhieu so vdi trade khi di, va kha hon so
vdi nhftng gia dinh khdng sang Tmng Qudc
lam. Nhieu hg chi sau 1 -2 nam di lao ddng
d Trung Quoc la cd dieu kien lam nha: "Cdc
nhd mdi xdy, to, dep a Bdng Vdn hien nay
Id diu cd tiin tie lao ddng a Trung Quoc,
cd nhd cdn mua sdm cd d td" (PVS can bg
Phdng Dan tdc huyen Ddng Van). Cac hd
gia dinh ngheo vimg bien gidi cd dieu kien
dd lam mdi, sua chfta nha cua phan ldn la
do cd tidn tir loai hinh di cu lao ddng nay.
Cd trudng hgp thii lao cho lao dgng
dugc tinh theo nam. 6 mgt sd gia dinh, ca
2 vg chdng ddu sang Trang Qudc lao dgng,
hg nhan lara khoan cho mdt ndng trai chudi
tu cdng doan ttdng, cham sdc den thu hai.
Ngudi chu Trung Qudc thudng chi tra (quy
ddi) tir 100-110 ttieu ddng tidn cdng/nara:
ThOng ntiiuioa noc AH nwt. -MI U.*.-.-
34
"Cd mdt sd hd ldm hgp ddng theo ndm, vi
du hg khodn cho ldm mgt trang trgi chudi
thi cd ndm dugc trd 100 trieu ddng" (PVS
nam 45 tudi, xa Chien Phd).
* Vi gidi tinh
Theo sd lieu thdng ke tit cac xa, sd
lugng nam gidi sang Tnmg Qudc lao dgng
cao hon nft gidi. Dien hinh la: xa Liing phm
cd 258 nam, 25 nir; xa Chien Phd cd 175
nara, 23 nft (bang I). Theo tim hieu cua
chiing tdi, dieu nay la do d ben kia bien
gidi cac chu thue thudng chi can nhirng lao
ddng Iam cdng viec nang nhgc, phii bgp vdi
nam gidi; nhirng bat lgi hay nguy ca bat lgi
cd the xay ra vdi nam gidi cung it hon vdi
nft gidi.
3. Nguyen nhan di cir lao dong qua bien
gioi Trung Quoc nhin tir quan diem di cir
quoc te
Cho den hien nay, qua ket qua khao sat
dinh tinh, chiing tdi tara khang dinh rang
ly do ldn nhat thiic day di cu lao ddng sang
Trung Qudc ciia ngudi dan khu vyc raien
mii phia Bac la ly do kinh te. Dieu nay the
hien d cac khia canh sau:
- Nhin tir sie khdc biet thu nhdp gifta
hai ben bien gidi: Ngudi dan di cu sang
Tnmg Qudc lao dgng thudng chi den cac
vimg ndng thdn, nhung tiiu nhap hg kiera
dugc d dd cao gan han 2 lan so vdi khi
hg lam d Viet Nam (lao dgng thu cdng d
VietNam chi kiem dugc tu 120-150 nghin
dong/ngay, trong khi dd d ndng thdn Trang
Qudc hg cd the kiera dugc tir 100-150 nhan
dan te/ngay - tuong duang 300-450 nghin
ddng). "Niu mgt gia dinh 2 vg chdng ldm
ndng nghiep, long thu nhdp mdi ndm chi
dugc khodng 15-20 trieu ddng, vdy md
sang ben do thu nhdp moi ngudi mot thdng
cUng dugc 10 trieu rdi thi phdi cd gdng di
thdi" (PVS nam 45 tudi, xa De Thara).
- Nhin tu nhiing yeu td tim kiim ca hdi
nhu cham sdc y td tdt hon, mdi ttudng Iam
viec chuyen nghiep, tidp xiic ridn giao due
tien tidn hon,...: Nhftng ydu td nay khdng
lien quan ddn nhdm di eu lao dgng sang
Trang Qudc nay. Tara ly thiic diy ngudi
dan vimg bien gidi Viti Nam sang Tnmg
Qudc lao ddng chinh la dd nang cao ddi
sdng. Tuy nhien, nhu clu da dgng hda kha
ndng kinh ti, toi da hda thu nhdp, toi thieu
hda rui ro it tdn tai teong nhdm nay, dac
biet la ngudi Mdng.
Ddi vdi ngudi Mdng, di cu lao ddng dd
lam giau gin nhu khdng phai la muc tieu
cua hg. Theo khao sat thuc dia ma chiing
tdi thu dugc, khi mgt gia dinh ngudi Mdng
thidu thdn mdt vat dung gi dd va cd nhu cau
phai mua (nhu xe may, tivi, tu lanh...) thi
hg se chip nhan sang ben kia bien gidi lao
dgng de kiem tien vira du de mua sara, sau
dd hg lai quay ttd ve san xuat binh thudng
nhu cii va khdng di tiep tru khi cd nhu cau
tiep theo: "Du tien mua xe rdi minh a nhd
thdi, khdng di «i?a" (PVS nam 25 tudi, xa
Phd Cao).
Ciing cd nhung tmdng hgp ngudi dan
sang Trung Qudc lao ddng nhung gap rui
ro hoac vudng vao te nan xa hgi, khdng
kiera dugc thu nhap thera ma cdn mang
thera he luy. "Di cu tim viec ldm chu yiu
Id sang Trung Qudc ldm dn, mgt sd thanh
nien ham chai, cd bgc, rugu che... cd khi
cd ndm cUng khdng gici dugc tien ve cho
gia dinh. Thgm chi nhieu trudng hgp di cu
bdt hap phdp da bi cdng an Trung Qudc
bdt bd ddnh dap vd thu hit tiin" (PVS can
bd xa De Tham).
- Nhin tu khia canh sttc hiit - ddy cua di
cu: Theo chiing tdi, day chinh la sue hiit tii
su chenh lech nguon nhdn luc. Mgt bg phan
cu dan ndng thdn Trung qudc di ddn cac
thanh phd ldn de Iam viec, tao ra khoang
ttdng ldn vd luc lugng lao ddng/thieu lao
£i cu lao dgng..
ddng khu vuc ndng thdn, do do thu hiit
lugng lao ddng kha ldn tir Viet Nara sang
tham gia san xuat ndng nghiep. Nghich Iy
d day khdng phai la chenh lech ngudn nhan
luc gifta ndng nghiep va cdng nghiep, ma la
giua ndng nghiep vdi ndng nghiep.
- Nhin tu yeu td sdc tgc, tdn gido:
Cac yeu td sac tdc, tdn giao cd xuat hien
ttong ddng di cu nay nhung khdng phai
la nguyen nhan chinh. Quan he than tdc,
quan he huyet thdng gifta bai bdn bien gidi
la van de lich sir ciing nhu hien tai. Nhieu
cdng ddng d hai ben bien gidi cd chung dan
tdc/tdc ngudi (dac biet la ngudi Mdng), cd
cung ngdn ngft, cirng trayen thdng van hda,
sy di Iai nhieu khi khdng phan biet bien
gidi. Vi vay, nhiing quan he hdn nhan, hg
hang se tiep tuc tiep dien ma mgi sy rang
budc mang tinh phap ly qudc gia cdn phai
vat va mdi thuc hien thanh cdng.
- Nhin tir quan he hdn nhdn vd dodn tu
gia dinh de din den di cu: Di cu vi ttao luu
hdn nhan qua ben kia bien gidi xuat hien
nhieu trade day (dudi gdc nhin ddng tdc
gifta hai ben bien gidi), nhung nay khdng
cdn phd bien. Qua khao sat cua chiing tdi,
mdt sd phy nft d hai tinh Ha Giang va Lang
Son sang ben kia bien gidi lay chdng thuoc
cac tmdng hgp sau:
+ Mdt sd lay chdng vdi mong raudn cd
cudc sdng kha hon, nhung khi khdng dugc
nhu y, hg lai bd chdng de den cac thanh phd
ciia Tnmg Quoc lam an. Tai xa Then Chu
Phin, hi nam 2002 ddn nay cd khoang gan
100 ngudi phu nft sang ben kia bien gidi
lay chdng.
+ Mdt sd phu nu lly chong Tmng Qudc
vdn da cd vg con, ngudi chdng khdng dugc
sinh them con bdi chinh sach dan sd cua
chinh quydn Trang Qudc, nen khi cd thai
hg quay vd nudc sinh con, sau dd de gia
dinh ben Viet Nam nudi con rdi quay ttd lai
35
Trung Qudc. Day la bai toan kho ma chinh
quyen noi di phai giai quydt ca tmdc mat
va lau dai.
+ Mgt sd phu nft da cd gia dinh, sang
Tmng Qudc lam an "bi du dd" d lai lay
chdng Trang Qudc, bd Iai ehdng con d
nha, hoac cd tmdng hgp raang theo con
nhd va bd chdng d lai. "Phu nit sang Trung
Qudc Idm dn bi du dd d lgi lay chdng Trung
Qudc, bd lgi chdng con nheo nhdc d nhd,
mgt sd phu nit di cu mang theo con nhd vd
bd chdng a lgi" (PVS can bd xa Liing Phin).
Xa Then Chu Phin cd 3 phy nu di cu lam
viec d Tmng Qude da bd chdng con d nha,
khdng quay ve; cd 3 tte em di cu lam viec,
sau dd ket hdn vdi ngudi Trung Quoc, ca
3 tmdng hgp deu chua du tudi ket bdn
va khdng td chirc cudi d Viet Nam. "Hdu
het phii nie ngudi Mdng di cu sang Trung
Quoc Idm viec deu khdng thdng qua chinh
quyen, tu di vd khdng cd gidy thdng hdnh
nen rdt khd qudn ly. Qua ndm bdt tinh
hinh, dugc biet rdt nhieu phu nit di cu tim
viec ldm dd bi doi tugng xdu du dd, ldi keo
a lgi ldm vg ngudi Trung Qudc, hogc bi
dua sdu vdo ndi dia kiem cdng viec khdc.
Nhieu phu nie vd tre em gdi cUng bi lita
bdn md khdng biet. Vi du dien hinh Id mdt
chi a xd Then Chu Phin, da cd chdng vd 3
con, sang Trung Qudc ldm viec, bi du dd d
lgi lay chdng, sau khi sinh cho dng chong
mdt dua con liin bi dudi vi Viet Nam. Khi
chi trd ve Viet Nam, chdng chi da ldy vg
khdc vd chi phdi ve nhd me de de a... Sd
cdn lgi mdt thdng tin vdi gia dinh" (PVS
can bg cdng an xa phu trach thdn, xa Then
Chu Phin).
+ Khdng it hien tugng "nhieng ngudi
phu nil chdn chdng nen sang ben kia bien
gidi Idy chdng khdc"; hoac nhftng ngudi
"qua Ilia Id thi" khdng the lay cbdng tai Viet
Nam nen theo ngudi quen, nhiing ngudi di
36
tmdc hoac dugc gidi thieu, din mdi qua
ben kia bien gidi lay chdng.
Tren thuc te, cd mdt sd trudng hgp ca 2
vg chdng deu di sang Tnmg Qudc lao ddng,
do ngudi vg cd chiit nhan sac nen chu thue
da tach vg ra, cho lara d khu vuc each xa
chdng, mdi tuin cho hai vg chdng gap nhau
mgt lan. Ngudi vg bi chu thue Igi dung tinh
due. Khi ve nudc, cac gia dinh nay cd nhieu
nguy CO tan vd hanh phiic.
Hien nay, nhan thiic cua ngudi dan d
khu vyc raien mii phia Bac ngay cang dugc
nang len, hg da cd y thiic ve ti'nh phap Iy
ttong hdn nhan, duy tri ndi gidng va nhftng
quy dinh chung ttong ket hdn vdi ngudi
nudc ngoai. Do vay, hien tugng hdn nhan
ty do theo tmyen thdng/theo cara tinh, cd
phan "ngoai phap luat" qua bien gidi se cd
xu hudng dan han che.
Ket Iuan
Di cu lao dgng cua ngudi dan khu vyc
mien niii phia Bac sang Trung Qudc la di
cu qudc te. Nhftng quan diem tmyen thdng
nhu di cu la do sy mong mudn rdi bd qudc
gia dang sdng, la xung dot, mau thuan hay
chien ttanh... khdng tdn tai ttong nhdm
di cu nay. Hg chii yeu "di cu raiia vu" vi
ly do kinh te. Xu hudng di cu sang Trung
Qudc lao ddng ciia ngudi dan khu vyc nay
teong thdi gian tdi se ngay cang gia tang
bdi sy chenh lech thu nhap ciing nhu dieu
kien giao luu, hgi nhap ngay cang rdng md.
Chinh quyen cac cap can tao dieu kien cap
giiy thdng hanh qua bien gidi d cap xa,
huyen dd ngudi dan dd tiep can vdi thu tuc
hanh chinh quan tegng cho viec di cu lao
ddng nay, bao dara su an toan ti'nh mang
ciing nhu tai san cua ngudi di cu lao dgng
qua bien gidi a
Th6ng ttn Khoa hgc xa hoi. 56 6.2019
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Nghiem Tuan Himg (2012), 'Tslhung
nguyen nhan ca ban va didu kien chu
y l u thiic diy di cu qudc td", Tgp chi
Khoa hgc Dgi hgc Qudc gia Hd Ndi,
sd 28.
2. Vd Thi Minh Le (2009), "Tong quan ly
luan ve di chuyen lao ddng", Tgp chi
Nghien cuu Chdu Phi vd Trung Ddng,
tap 49, sd 9.
3. UBND xa Ai Qudc (2017), Bdo cdo
tdm tdt tinh hinh di ddn tren dia bdn xd
Ai Qudc, ngay 28/12.
4. UBND xa Cao Minh (2017), Bdo cdo
thitc trgng di cu cua cdc ddn tdc thiiu
so trong 5 ndm qua (tie 2013 den 2017)
tren dia bdn xd Cao Minh, ngay 12/12.
5. UBND xa Chien Phd (2018), Bdo cdo
thuc trgng di cu cua cdc ddn tdc thieu
sd trong 5 ndm qua (tie 2013 den 2017)
tren dia bdn xd Chien Phd, ngay 26/01.
6. UBND xa Dd Tham (2017), Bdo cdo
tinh hinh ddn di cu tic do tu ndm 20072077, ngay 14/12.
7. UBND xa LCng Phin (2018), Bdo cdo
tinh hinh di cu tu do tic ndm 200 7-2017,
ngay 15/01.
8. UBND xa Phd Cao (2018), Bdo cdo
tinh hinh ddn di cu tu do tic ndm 20072017, ngay 22/01.
9. UBND xa Then Chu Phin (2018), Bdo
cdo thuc trgng di cu cua cdc ddn tdc
thieu sd trong 5 ndm qua (tic 2013 din
2017) tren dja bdn xa Then Chu Phin,
ngay 22/01.
10. UBND xa Xuan Duong (2017), Bdo
cdo thuc trgng, diin biin tinh hinh di
ddn cita cdc ddn tdc thiiu sd tren dia
bdn xd, ngky QA/\2.