Bản của người HMông ở tỉnh sơn la

Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc

sd3-20I9

BAN CUA NGU^Ofl HMONG 6 TINH SON LA
P G S . T S . N g u y i n N g o c Thanh
Vien D a n toe hoc

Tom tdi: Bdi viet neu len nhirng ddc diem noi bat vi bdn cua ngudi Hmdng a tinh San
La nhu. it xen ke vai toe ngudi khdc; cdc thdnh vien trong bdn gan bd vdi nhau bang y thuc
ddng ho vd quan he lang gieng; bo mdy tu qudn (gid bdn, truang bdn, truang hg, thay
cung...) cd tieng noi quyet dinh trong to chuc doi song xa hoi vd phdt triin kinh ti a dia
phuang; mdi bdn cd qui uac neng, ngi dung gdn bd thiet thuc vdi cdc lgi ich cua nguai ddn
trong bdn, trong do tap trung vdo sic dung ddt dai bdo ve ngudn nudc, rimg, miia mdng,
chdn nuoi, bdo ve an ninh trgt tu.
Tie khoa: Bdn, tu qudn, quy uac, ngudi Hmdng, Scm La.
Ngdy nhgn bdi- 3/5/2019; ngdy gui phdn bien; 6/5/2019; ngdy duyet ddng; 9/6/2019

Mffdau
Ngudi Hmdng d San La cd 157.253 ngudi (Tdng cue Thdng ke, 2009), sinh sdng tai
tat ca cae huyen, thanh phd trong tinh, nhung tap tmng nhieu nhat d cac huyen: Bac Yen,
Sdng Ma, Thuan Chau, Mudng La, Mai San, Van Ho, Mdc Chau, Yen Chau, Sdp Cdp, ..
Mac dii cu tru d nhung vung canh quan khac nbau, nhung ban ciia ngudi Hmdng d Son La
deu cd chung mdt sd dac didm mang ban sac van hda tdc ngudi.
1. Ten ban va hinh thiic cir trii
Ban (jao, dd) la dan vj xa hdi co ban va duy nhat cua ngudi Hmdng. Tai tinh Son La,
phan ldn cac ban cua ddng bao phan bd d dp cao tir 600 den 1.500m. Tdn ban thudng do
tmdng hp hay gia lang dat. Nhieu ban c6 tgn tir tieng Thai, nhu Co Mg, Long Ludng, Nam
Gidt, Hudi Pa, Huoi Men, Nam Lgnh... do nhiing diem cu tni nay la vimg dat ngudi Thai khai
pha, ngudi Hmdng ddn d sau. Thdng kd tdn 100 ban tai 9 xa, thudc ba huyen Sdp Cdp, Sdng
Ma, Bac Yen cho thiy c6 31 ban dat ten theo tidng Thai (Ban Dan tdc tinh San La, 2010).

Ngudi dan ciing cd nhiing each giai thich khac nhau ve nhiing ban ten gpi dupc dat theo tieng
Hmdng, chang ban d xa Phdng Lai, huyen Thuan Chau, ban Md Cdng dugc giai thich la "bai
nudc ngam", ban Tao Hua Chang nghia la "rimg hoa ban" (Hd Ly Giang, 2013, tr.61).
Ban ciia ngudi Hmdng thucmg dugc dung nai gan ngudn nudc, dat tdt dd san xuat va
phai cd niii bao quanh ban. Tiiy timg dja hinh ma nha cua cd thg bd tri theo cac chidu hudng


Nguyin Nggc Thanh
khac nhau, nhung phd bien la mat cac ngdi nha thudng hudng vg phia thung liing, Iirng tya
vao sucm niii, tao thanii mdt thg viing chac. Theo rapt sd bac cao nien, each chpn dat lam nha
tdt nhat la hai ben dau nha hudng vd hai qua niii, cira chinh eita nha tuydt ddi tranb cac hang
hdc hay nhiing mom niii nhd len.
Ngoai kliu vuc cu tru, ban cdn cd dat dai de canh tac, khai thac va sii' dung rieng nhu
nghia dja, rimg cim, nguon nudc, bai cban tha. Tat ca tao nen mpt khdng gian sinh tdn
chung eua ca cdng ddng ban. Khdng gian ay dugc xac dinh ranh gidi qua su thda thuan
raieng giua nhiing ngudi trong ban va giiia ngudi ban nay vdi ngudi ban khac. Viec phan
dinh dat dai ciing chi la uoc Id ma moc gidi thudng la nhirng hdc cay, bdn da, khe sudi, hem
niii, con lach, nga ba ducmg,... Viec xac dinh mde ranh gidi thudng do gia lang giiia cac
lang cd lien quan thdng nhit vdi nhau. Ranh gidi dd khdng ghi trong van ban, chi dugc
tmyen kliau cho nhau va dugc nhd trong ky ire ciia ngudi dan tir ddi nay qua ddi khac. Trir
mpt sd it xa, chang ban d xa Ta Xiia, huyen Bac Yen, cac ban c6 mdt ddng hp cu tni; cdn d
nhung nai khac, mdi ban thudng cd tir 2 den 4 ddng hp cu tni xen ke vdi nhau. Trong pham
vi ban, cac gia dinh c6 quan he hp hang thudng eu trit gan nhau. Trong xa hdi tmydn thdng
eiia ngudi Hmdng, ddng hp cd vai trd to Idn. Quan he cdng ddng ddng hp tac ddng, chi phdi
mpi mat trong ddi sdng cua timg gia dinh, timg thanh vien va ciing la ndn tang xay dung nen
he thdng td chirc xa hdi d ban, d viing (Nguyen Ngpc Thanh, 2008, tr.43). Tir lau ddi, ngudi
Hmdng quan tu theo ddng hp da trd thanh tam Iy va tap quan. Trong mdt ban, dii sdng xen
ke vdi cac ddng hp khac, nhirng gia dinh cimg ddng hp van d quan tu gan nhau, kbdng sdng
rai rac d khu •vuc khac nhau. Viec quan tit nhiing ngirdi cimg ddng hp la nhu cau can thidt, la
dieu kien tao tao nen siic manh tap the dd giiip da, bao ve nhau khi gap hoan nan, khd khan

(Vuang Duy Quang, 1987, tr. 73).
Sd lieu thdng kg thye trang cu tni ciia ddng hp Hmdng draptsd xa nhu sau:
Bang 1: Cvt trii cac dong hp trong tirng ban thupc xa Mudng Lan, huyen Sop Cop
STT

Ten ban

So dong ho

So gia dinh

Ten cac dong ho

1

Nong Phu

2

54

Hang, Gang

2

Huai Pa

3

83

Hang, Song, Giang

3

Nam Lan

2

27

Giang, Song

4

Co Muong

2

33

Giang, Song

5

Pa Kach

3

48

Giang, Song, Tliao

6

PuHao

4

75

Giang, Tliao, Song, Ly

7

Huoi Men

3

32

Vang, Giang, Vir


Tgp chi Ddn tdc hoc so 3 - 2019

45

8

Hu6i Khi

2

16

Song, Giang

9

Co Ha

I

15

Hang

Nguon: Ban Dan tpc tinh Son La, 2010.
Bang 2: Cu trii cua cac dong ho trong timg ban thupc xa Dua Mon, huyen Sdng Ma
STT

Ten biin

So dong ho

So gia dinh

1

Tang Son

3

56

Sling, Vang, Giang

2

Ngc Coc 2

4

51

Sling, Thao, Trang, Giang

3

Huoi Lecli I

3

65

Ly, Sling, Giang

4

Npc Coc 1

2

29

Sling, Thao

5

Fling Bang

2

20

Vang, Vii

6

Ngam Trang

2

28

Vang, Sung

7

Huoi Lecti II

2

12

Ly,Giang

8

Hua Tiiong

3

41

Ly, Vang, Vu
Giang, Thao, Trang,Siing, IMiia

Ten cac dong ho

9

Na TSu II

5

26

10

Huoi Phang

5

15

Sling, Thao, Vu, Vang, Lau

11

Huoi Niia

1

11

Giang

Nguon: Ban Dan tdc tinh Son La, 2010.
Bang 3: Cu trii cua cac dong ho trong tiing ban thupc xa Ta Xua, huyen Bac Yen
Ten cac dong ho

So dong ho

So gia dinh

1

Ta Xiia A

2

56

Mua, Thao

2

Hang Dong B

2

64

Mua, Ha

3

Lang Sang

3

64

Miia, Hang, Lu

4

Tro A

2

91

Thao, Miia

5

Ta Xua C

1

40

Lli

6

Khe Cai

1

17

Mtia

STT

Ten biin

Nguyen NgocThanh
7

Mong Vang

1

13

Miia

8

Chung Trinh

1

21

Miia

9

Be

1

35

Thao

10

TroB

2

37

Mua, Thao

11

Hang Bia

1

16

Miia

12

Chong Tra

1

40

Miia

13

Hang Dong A

2

34

Mua, Lli

14

Hang Dong C

2

29

Mua, Hang

Ngudn: Ban Dan tdc tinh San La, 2010.
Bang 4: Cu trii cua cac dong hp trong timg ban thuoc xa Phdng Lai, huyen ThuSn Chau

STT

T§n ban

So dong ho

So gia dinh

6

60

Ten cac dong ho
Thao, Sung, Vu, Lau,

1

Mo Cong

2

Nam Giat

5

86

3

M6 Nuoc

3

34

Simg, Ly, Vir

4

Pa Chap

4

32

Simg, Vir, Va, Mua

5

Phieng Luong

4

29

Simg, Lau, Miia, Va

Miia, Giang
Thao, Sung, Ly, Vir, Lau

6

Pha Lao

4

32

Thao, Vir, Lau, Sung

7

Huoi Gieng

5

28

Lau, Simg, Mua, Vir, Ly

8

Na Ngua

3

4

Sling, Mua, Ha

Ngudn: HdLy Giang (2013). Ddng hg ngicdi Hmdng Trdng tinh San La,
Luan an tien sT ehuyen nganh Nhan hpc, tr. 26.
Tm'dc nam 1986, cac ban cua ngudi Hmdng d San La thudng cd quy md nhd,
khoang tir 10 ddn 15 gia dinh, tham chi vai ba gia dinh. Den nay, quy md dan sd ciia mdt ban

da tang len, nhieu ban ed tir 80 den 90 gia dinh.


Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so 3 - 2019
Bang 5: Quy mo ban 6* mdt sd huyen, nam 2010
So ban co
til- 50 den 90 gia dinh

So ban co
til' 10 den 49 gia dinh

Bac Yen

12

27

Thuan Chau

18

92

Sdp Cop

9

17

Sdng Ma

7

37

Huyen

Nguon: Ban Dan tdc tinh San La, 2010
Do sdng d nhirng viing canh quan khac nhau nen hinh thiic cir tni ciia ngudi Hradng d
San La cung khac nhau. Ndi bat la cac hinh thiic cu tni sau:
- Cu trit mat tap d vitng thap, trong thung liing, thay nhieu d cac huyen Thuan Chau,
Mdc Chau, Van Ho. Ban nhiing khu vyc nay dat dai mau ma, cay cdi tdt tuoi thuan Ipi cho
san xuat ndng nghiep, nhat la canh tac lira nudc.
- Cu hii trgn sucm ddi, niii d cac huyen Sdp Cdp, Sdng Ma, Bic Yen, Mai Son. Phan
ldn ban quy md nhd, ngudi dan chii ydu canh tac nuong ray va phat tridn ehan nudi.
- Cac digm dan cu mdi la cac ndng, lam tmdng, cac khu tai dinh cu d Van Hd, Mdc
Chau,... Ban d day dupc quy hoach mat bang san xuat, sinh hoat vdi co cau ha tang dn dinh,
ddi sdng cua ngirdi dan dugc nang cao.
3. Bo may tu quan ciia ban
Bd may ty quan ciia ban gom tmcmg ban, tmdng ddng hp, gia lang, thay eiing, ba cd,
dng cau, cac bac cha chii, la nhimg ngudi cd uy tin dupc dan ban suy tdn va nd trpng. Nhiing
nhan vat nay, ddng vai trd tich cyc trong viec td chiic, van ddng dan ban thuc hien tdt chii
truong, duong Idi, chinh sach, phap Iuat cua Dang va Nha nudc va kd hoach phat trien kinh
tg - xa hdi cua dja phuong. 6 day chi tap trung trinh bay bdn thanh phan: tmdng ban, tmdng
ddng hp, gia lang, thay ciing.
- Truang bdn: Trong xa hpi tmydn thdng, tmdng ban [chujao) cd vai trd rat ldn, vdi tu
each la ngudi dimg diu ban, mpi cdng vide cua ban ddu phai dupe van hanh mpt each trdi
chay, cimg vdi diic tinh vd tu, cdng bing nen vj tri ciia tm'dng ban thudng dugc bdn lau, chi
khi nao dng ta gia ydu, khdng Iam viec dupc nua, lite do ngudi ta nidi tien cir va bau ngudi
khac thay thd (Nguyen Ngpc Thanh, 2001, tr. 27 - 32). Tm'dng ban phai dat dupc mdt sd tidu

chuin sau: am hidu phong tyc tap quan, cd nhidu kinli nhiem san xuat; cd dao dire va uy tin,


J^guyinJ^gg^Thanh_

san sang ddc siic vi cdng viec chung, bigt each irng xir va giao thiep rdng rai; trung tbyc,
cong tam khi xir Iy ngudi vi pham quy udc.
Ngay nay, mdi ban cd 01 tmdng ban, 1 hoac 2 phd ttn'dng ban. Tm'dng ban do ngudi
dan tryc tidp biu, UBND xa ra quydt djnh cdng nhan. Tmdng ban la ngudi dai dien cho nhan
dan va chinh quygn xa de thye hien mdt sd nhiem vu tai ban.
Trudng ban la ngudi phai dii 21 tudi trd len, cd sue khde, trinh dp van hoa, nhiet tinh,
trach nhidm cao, dao due tu each tdt, cd uy tin, dugc dan ban tin nhiem, cd nang lyc van
ddng, td chiic thye hien tot cdng viec ciia ban.
Nhiem vu ciia tmdng ban la trieu tap va chit tri hdi nghj ban; td chiic thye hien cac
quydt djnh eita ban va quy chd dan chii d ca sd; van ddng dan ban thuc hien tdt quy uac,
ddng thdi td chiic quan Iy, giii gin trat tu tri an d ban; tap hgp, phan anh, de nghi chinh
quygn xa giai quydt cac nguyen vpng chinh dang ciia nhan dan.
Trudng ban con la ngucri hieu biet rd vd ngudn gdc cua tiing ddng hp, ve cac raoi quan
he hdn nhan, nam chac cac phong tue tap quan, chiu trach nhiem chinh trong cac vu xu phat
ngucri vi pham luat tyc, nhiing tmdng hgp vupt qua kha nang cho phep nhu chira chap ngudi
pham tpi, trudng ban chuyen Ien cho chinh quyen xa xir Iy theo phap Iuat ciia Nha nudc.
- Gid bdn: Gia ban la Idp ngudi cd vai tro quan trpng trong cdng ddng ban, cd nhieu
kinh nghiera trong san xuat, rat am hieu phong tuc tap quan, nam viing "cai ly" cua ngudi
Hradng, thdng thao vg cac nghi thuc ma chay ciing nhu quy udc chung ciia lang va cac ddng
hp. Cdng viec chung ciia ban ludn dupc gia ban ddng gdp. Y kien ciia bp thudng phan anh
nguyen vpng cua dan ban cung nhu ciia cac ddng hp, nen nhidu klii gia ban da cd y kien thi
chinh quydn xa phai lang nghe va lya dd xir ly cho phii hgp vai y kign eita hp. Do vi tri eita
gia ban nhu vay nen trong vide trign khai cac dy an d dia phuang can xay dung va tim d gia
ban tidng ndi ddng thuan.
- Trudng ho' Ngucri Hmdng quan niem trudng hp la ngudi "nam tay dan d, md tay dan

di", nen phai am hieu cac quy djnh, cac bai citng ciia ddng hp minh, hidu bigt thanh thao cac
phong tyc tap quan, biet ly Ie va cd tai irng xir, cd nhidu kinh nghiem va gidi td chii'c cac boat
dpng san xuat va ludn tan tinh giiip da ngudi trong hp, dugc rapi ngudi trong ddng hp ygu
men, ngudi khac hp kinh trpng.
Nhiem vu ciia tmong hp la duy tri mpi sinh boat, nghi le ciia ddng hp minh. Khi mdt
gia dinh trong ddng hp dyng vg ga chdng cho con cai, tmdng ho phai cd mat dd lara le kinh
bao td tien. Thanh vien ddng hp qua ddi, trudng hp trieu tap cac chii gia dinh trong hp ban
bac viec chdn cat. Trudng hp con dimg ra giai quyet tranh chap dat dai, tai san, vi pham luat
le cua ddng hp; van dpng cac thanh vien trong ddng hp giiip do nhau khi gap klid khan, thidu
thdn. Tru'dng hp cung chju trach nhiem trao tmyen Iai nhihig phong tue, tap quan, kinh


Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc sd3 - 2019
nghigm san xuat cho cac thanh vien trang hp. Nhd cd uy tin va sy higu bigt nen y kidn cua
tmdng hp dugc mpi ngudi trong ddng hp noi theo va trong nhidu tmcmg hpp, tidng ndi cua
tmdng hp c6 vai tro rit quan trpng, tham ehi la quygt dinh. Vi tmdng hp la ngudi dugc cac
thanh vien tin cay, chia se y kidn, nghe lai va lam theo cho ngn cin nghidn ciiu sir dung va
phat huy vai hd ciia dng ta de gdp phan vao quan Iy va giai quydt nhiing vin dd dang dat ra
vdi ngudi Hmdng (Pham Quang Hoan va cdng su, 1995, h. 273)
Tom Iai, trong ddi sdng ciia ngudi Hmong, tmdng hp la nhan vat cd tira anh hucmg
quan trpng nhat. Dac biet, ndu hp la nhung ngudi cd tinh each, dao diic tdt, hang say lao
ddng san xuit, cong tam, dam nghT dam Iam, dam tien phong trong viec xay dyng ddi sdng
ndng thdn mdi... thi se la nhiing tac nhan tao nen ddng lyc quan trpng dd phat trign ddi sdng
kinh td - xa hdi cua ngudi Hmdng d cac lang ban, vira giii gin dupc truydn thdng van hda tdc
ngudi, vira dam bao thuc hien nep sdng van hda mdi d co sd (Hd Ly Giang, 2013, tr. 54).
Trong chimg myc nao do, tm'dng hp giii' vj tri then chdt hon ca nhiing ngudi Iam nhiem vy
trong bd may chinh quydn.
Ngudi Hmdng quan niem, da la cdng vide ciia npi bd ddng hp thi tmdng ban khdng
dupe can thiep, "viec ciia dong hp phai giai quydt bing Iy eita ddng hp". Ngugc lai ddi vdi
nhiing cdng vide chung cua ban nhu sua dudng hoac trong ban xay ra "sy cd" nao do, trudng

ban chi can bao cho tmdng hp la mpi vide se dupe giai quygt dn thoa. Tmdng hp khdng chi
cd vai trd trong ITnh -vuc tinh than (tin ngudng cudi xin, raa chay, thd ciing), ma cdn chi phdi
trong nhidu ITnh -vyc nhu di ehuygn cu, bd tri can bd, thuc hien cac chii tmong ciia dja
phucmg va Nha nudc.
- Thdy ciing (chi ninh); Day la nhiing ngudi ddng vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sdng
tinh than eita cdng ddng Hmdng. Hp la ngudi thay mat cdng ddng giao thiep vdi thd gidi
"than linli", cimg chiia benh cho ngudi dm bang hinh thirc bdi toan, dudi ma, trir ta. Nhieu
ngudi Hmdng tin rang khi dm dau cau ciing se khdi benh. Chi ninh la hien than cua Xu Di, la
su td Sa man, la thanh vign trong sinh boat tam linh ciia ngudi Hmdng, giiip cdng ddng phat
hien nguyen nhan gay ra dm dau va tira each giai trir benh tat cho con ngudi (Thao Xuan
Simg, 2009, tr. 35).
Nhu vay, gia lang, tmcmg ban, tmdng hp... Ia nhiing ngudi cd uy tin, cd kidn thiic bd
ich cho cudc sdng cpng ddng, cd quyen uy, dugc dan chiing tin tudng, nghe theo va eir Iam
ngudi dai dien cho minh trgn mdt sd ITnh vyc, cdng viec cu thd. Cd trudng hpp, mpt ngudi
cd the vira la tmdng ban, dong thdi dupc suy tdn Iam gia ban, Iai la tmdng hp va la ngudi cd
uy tin trong ban (Nguyen Ngpc Ha va cpng su, 2006, tr. 17). Mac dau cac thiet chd ciia he
thdng chinh trj dugc xac lap va cd vai trd quan trong, song nhiing yeu td tmyen thdng nhu
gia ban, tmdng ban... vin cd rapt vj tri nhat djnh va dupc tdn trpng. Vdi yeu cau md rdng.


Nguyin Nggc Thanh

thuc hanh dan chii hidn nay, ngu biet phat huy vai trd eita hp thi chac ehan dpi ngii nay se co
nhieu ddng gdp cho cdng tac quan Iy cpng ddng (Nguydn Ngpc Ha, 2006, tr. 29).
4. Vai trd cua cac to chiic trong he thdng chi'nh tri ca sa o" ban
Ngay nay, theo md hinh quan ly chung, cac td chiic chinh tri-xa hdi (Chi bp Dang,
Ban cdng tac Mat tran, cac chi hdi nhu Ndng dan, Phu nii va Cuu chien binh, Doan thanh
nien. Dpi thidu nien...) dupc xac lap va cd vai trd quan trpng trong ddi sdng ciia timg ban
ngudi Hmdng. Cac td chii'c nay thd hien cho tinh than, y chi, nguyen vpng ciia nhan dan, va
cd vai trd tich cyc trong viec tuyen tmygn, thiie day vide thye hien dudng ldi, chinh sach,

chii truong, phap luat cua Dang va Nha nudc tai dia ban.
Chi bp ban thudng cd 5 --15 dang vien, dung dau la Bi thu chi bd, ngudi cd giac ngd
chinh tri, cd uy tin, nang lyc tu'ong ddi toan didn. Chi bd tryc tiep lanh dao he thdng chinh trj
d ban, la dau radi de Dang uy xa trien khai nhidm vu chinh trj d ca sd. Chi bd ban de ra chit
tmang giai quyet nhiing van dd ldn ciia ban. Mat tran va cac td chiic chinh tri - xa hdi cd
chii'e nang tap hpp, van ddng doan vign, hpi vign tham gia thye hidn nhiem vy d ban.
5. Quy ud'c cua ban
Ban ciia ngudi Hmong cd quy udc rieng, bat thanh van gpi la "Kd Ii kd chai", dupc
truyen tir the he nay den the he khac. Dd la nhiing quy udc ve quan he giiia ngudi vdi ngudi,
la nhirng tap tyc trong sinh boat gia dinh va xa hdi, dugc mpi ngudi tuan thii. Ngudi nao d
trong ban hoae ngoai ban cd y vi pham se bi xir Iy theo quy udc va ludn dugc thdng qua du
Iuan dg phan xet. Vi du: ngudi cd vp hoac ed chdng ma ngoai tinh se bi xir phat bang bac
trang, mgu, thit cho ban; ngudi dot nha, trdm cap, gigt ngudi se bj xir phat rat nang bang
kinh tg, tham chi trdi budc hoac roi vpt. Tuy thea timg tdi ma diing hinh thiic bat ngudi do
deo md, cdng, chidng go di kliap ban dd xin Idi, sua sai. Nhd cd quy udc dupc thye hien ndn
xa hdi Hmdng it xay ra nhung hien tugng tidu cue cung nhu cac te nan xa hdi.
Hien nay, cac luat tyc tmyen thdng da dupe ngudi dan cu the hda, thdng nhat dua vao
quy udc thanh van cua ban de mpi ngudi ciing thuc hien. Ngoai ra, ngudi Hmdng d Scm La
cdn thuc hien cam ket vd "5 c6 va 5 khong".
- 5 cd la: 1) Ddi radi tap quan san xuat, ap dung khoa hpc ky thuat vao san xuit; 2) Tinh
than doan ket giu'a cac ddng hp, cac dan tdc, 3) Ngp sdng van hda trong viec cudi, viec tang, Ie
hdi; 4) Y thiic xay dung ban lang phat tridn toan dien; 5) Nhidu ngudi hidu hpc, bidt chii.
- 5 khdng la: 1) Du canh, du cu, vupt bien trai phep; 2) Tmyen, hpc dao trai phep va
trai vdi phong tuc tap quan tdt dep cua dan tdc; 3) Dd ngudi chgt nhigu ngay; 4) Tai trdng
cay thudc phien, budn ban, van chuyen trai phep cac chat ma tiiy; 5) Tao hdn, sinh nhidu con
(Dja chi Son La, ban thao, tr 278).


Tap chi Ddn tgc hgc sd3 -2019
Nhiing quy udc nay thudng dugc ban bac, nhic lai trong Ie ndo sdng ciia ban hoac lign

ban, de mpi ngucri hieu va ty giac thye hien. Quy udc da cd tac dpng den mpi thanh vien ciia
ban, dit ngudi dd la can bd hay dan thudng thupe bat ky ddng hp nao. Quy udc da hd thanh sgi
day vd hinh nhung ben chat cd kdt mpi thanh vidn trong cpng ddng ban eita ngudi Hmdng.
Ket luan va khuyen nghi
Ban ciia ngudi Hmong d Son La la "canh tay ndi dai" eita chinh quydn ca sd trong
thye thi cac nhiem vy chinh trj. Mpi chii tmong, chinh sach, dudng Idi ciia Dang, Nha nudc
deu thdng qua cap ban de ddn dupc vdi ngudi dan.
d ngudi Hmdng, trudng ban, tmdng hp, gia ban, thiy cimg la nhiing nhan vat rit cd uy
tin trong cpng ddng, dan thuong nghe va Iam theo. Mudn tranh thii dupe nhiing ngudi nay,
can phai hudng dan tan tinh, mdm ddo, kien tri, giai thich ngan gpn, kheo leo, te nhi va ciing
phai cd sy ddng vidn thda dang. Ciing gidng nhu mdt sd tdc ngudi thidu sd khac d midn niii,
hien nay trong cac ban d ngudi Hmdng van duy tri cac quy udc va cd vai trd tac dpng khdng
nhd den viec phat trign san xuat, bao ve tai nguyen mdi tmdng, dam bao sy dn djnh xa hdi,
gin glii ban sac van hda tdc ngudi d mdi dja phuang.
De phat huy tdt hon nii'a vai trd cua ban d ngudi Hmdng trong tinh hinh mdi, cac cap
chinh quyen can tang eudng daa tao, bdi duong dpi ngy can bd trong he thdng chinh hj d ban.
Dac biet bdi duang ve cdng tac hanh chinh, vd ky nang xu Iy cac tinh hudng cu the cua ban,
tranh vi pham phap Iuat. Ddng thdi chii trpng dao tao nghiep vy quan Iy, ky thuat bao dudng,
van hanh, khai thac cac cdng trinh cdng cdng d ban, nhat la vd thuy ndng, nudc sach, didn...
Ddi vdi dpi ngii gia lang, tmdng hp..., cac cap xa, huyen va tinh can td chiic hdi nghj
lien tjch (theo djnh ky) vdi cac gia lang, tmdng ddng hp, trudng ban, bi thu chi bd... de nit
kinh nghiem vd thuc hidn quy udc va quy che dan chu.
Ndi dung quy uac cua ban ndi chung dang dua vao khung ciia ban huong udc mau do
cap trgn hudng din. Nhidu npi dung chua cy the, cdn mang tinh chat ap dat, triing cheo vdi
cac quy djnh ciia phap Iuat. Vi vay, can bd sung hoan thien huong udc theo hudng lya chpn
nhiing vin dd thiit thuc nhit, sat vai didu kien hoan canh ciia hing ban, vii'a ed ndi dung vira
cd chd tai ciia cdng ddng. Chd tai cin dugc da dang hoa, ai vi pham cd thd bj phat, cd the
khdng dugc hudng mpt sd quyen Ipi ciia cdng ddng. Xay dung quy udc mcri can phai dam bao
sir hai hoa va thd che hoa luat phap dudi cac didu khoan cu the va cung la hinh thiic cy the nhat
bao luu dugc gia tri van hoa tmyen thdng cua tpc ngirdi trong cdng cudc xay dyng va phat

tridn hien nay.

51


Nguyin NggcfThanh_
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Ban Dan tdc San La (2010), Bdo edo thdng ke ve ddng hg a Son La.
2. Hd Ly Giang (2013), Dong hg ngudi Hmong Trang tinh San La, Luan an tidn sT chuydn
nganh Nhan hpc, Hpc vien Khoa hpc xa hdi. Ha Ndi.
3. Nguyen Ngpc Ha (Chii nhiem, 2006), Phdt huy vai tro gid lang, truang bdn ngudi
ddn tgc thieu sd trong thuc hien qui che ddn chii tgi cdc tinh mien niii phia bdc nu&c ta hien
nay, Bao cao tdng hgp de tai khoa hpc cap Bd.
4. Pham Quang Hoan va cpng sy (1995), Dac trung vdn hda vd truyen thdng cdch mgng
cdc ddn tdc a Ky Scm, Nghe An, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia, Ha Ndi.
5. Vuang Duy Quang (1987), "Quan he ddng hp trong xa hdi ngudi Hmdng", Tgp chi
Ddn ldc hgc, sd 2 (54).
6. TS. Thao Xuan Simg (Chii bien, 2009), Ddn tgc Mong a San La vai viec gidi quyet
vdn de tin nguo-ng tdn gido hien nay, Nxb. Chinh tri qudc gia. Ha Ndi.
7. Nguyen Ngpc Thanh (2008), Nghien cuu cdc thiet che xd hdi truyen thdng vd de
xudt ngi dung phdt huy vai trd tich cue trong qudn ly xa hgi a cdc ddn tgc tinh San La, Bao
cao tdng hpp de tai cap tinh, Sd Klioa hpc va Cong nghe Son La.
8. Nguydn Ngpc Thanh (2001), "Lang cua ngudi Hmdng d huydn Ky San, tinli Nghe
An", Tgp chi Nghien cim Lich sir, Sd 3 (316).
9. Tinh iiy, Hdi ddng nhan dan, Uy ban nhan dan tinh Scm La (2018), Dia chi Son La,
ban thao saeh.
10. Tdng cue thdng ke (2010), Kit qud Tdng diiu tra ddn sd vd nhd a 1.4 2009,
Nxb. Thdng kg, HaNpi.