Chủ nghĩa cá nhân và vốn xã hội trong thế giới hiện đại

TRIET HOC, s o n (318), THANG 11 - 2017

CHU NGHIA CA N H A N VA VON XA H 6 I

TRONG THE Gl6l HIEN DAI*'*
Bui Vift Hmmg'
' Tien sT, Vi§n Chinh trj hpc. Hpc vi?n Chinh trj Quic gia Ho Chi Minh.
Email:
Nhan ngiy 14 thing 9 nim 2017. Chip nhin ding ngiy 30 thing 10 nim 2017.
Tom tat: Su ra ddi va pho biln cua "chu nghTa ca nhan" da lam tien mpt chi bao khach quan quy
gia, la mft dau mIc quan trpng trong ljch su phat trien cua nhan Ioai noi chung va sy phat trien cua
ca nhan con ngudi ndi riSng. Nhung trong mpt thdi gian dai, chu nghia ca nhan dupe nhin nhan
dudi nhftng hinh thftc cyc doan vd bj cho la da pha va niem tin vd cac cau true cpng dong. Tren
thyc te, chu nghTa ca nhan xudt hifn cd lien quan chdt chS vdi sy gia tang vdn xa hpi, ca trong va
giua cac nen van hoa. Tinh duy ly cho phep cac ca nhan hpp tac vd giao tiep vdi nhau. Theo each
nhin nay, chu nghTa ca nhan cung cap ca sd ly thuyet tdt nhat cho mft cpng ddng dich thyc, la mft
ngudn tgo dyng vdn xa hfi quan ttpng va vd tgn.
Tir kboa: Chu nghTa ca nhan, von xa hfi, ca nhan va cfng dong.
1. Chii nghta ca nhan
Chu nghta ed nhdn la mft khdi nifm
khdng mdi d Viet Nam vd tten the gidi vdi
nhiing cdeh hieu khde nhau. O Vift Nam,
ttong ngdn ngfl hang ngay, ehu nghta ed
nhan thudng dugc hieu Id thdi ieh ky, ldy
lgi ieh cua ehinh minh lam tidu chudn eho
hanh vi vd hodn todn khdng quan tdm din
lgi ieh eua xd hdi hay cua nhftng ngudi
khde. Nhiiu nhd nghien eiiu phuong Tdy
cung dd xem xdt nhiing hinh thfte eye doan
eua chu nghta cd nhan, ttong mdi lien hf
vdi mdt sd bdnh ly trong ddi sdng xd hfi,

nhu tgi phgm, ty tft, ly hdn, lam dung tie
em, edng thdng tinh thdn, ty If bfnh vl thd
chdt vd tinh tiidn (Cobb, 1976; Naroll,
1983), ciing nhu mfte dg xa Idnh eao vd
nhdn thftc ve su ed don (Triandis, Leung,
Villareal, & Clack, 1985), kich tiifeh tfnh
ieh kf, pha huy cdc to ehue quan ttgng, nhu
gia dinh vd khu phd, phd hogi nilm tin, tinh

bgn va tdi sdn cdng ich (Etzioni, 1993,
1996; Lane, 1994). F.A.Hayek viit ttong
eudn Chu nghta cd nhdn vd trdt tic kinh te
rdng, "ehft nghta ca nhdn ung hg vd khuydn
khieh thdi ieh ky Id mgt ttong nhftng Iy do
chinh ldm eho nhiiu ngudi kh6ng ua nd..."
[Xem: 7].
Nhung, vdi cdc nha nghien eftu khdc,
chft ngMa ed nhdn khdng mang hdm y nhu
vdy. Vdi hg, ehft nghta ed nhdn dugc hieu
la y thac cua cd nhdn vi ed linh vd bdn Itnh
riing cua minh vd dugc coi nhu mdt ly
thuylt xd hdi, mgt nd luc de hieu ede xung
lye dinh dogt ddi sdng xa hdi eiia eon
ngudi. Ddy la edch hiiu vi chu nghTa ed
nhdn se dugc bdn din trong bdi viit ndy.
**' Nghien cuu niy dupe tii trp boi QuJ Phat trien
Khoa hpc v i Cflng nghf Quflc gia (NAFOSSTED)
trong dl tii "Chu nghta ci nhan trong nin kinh ta thj
tnrPng dinh hudng x i hoi chu nghTa 6 Viet Nam
hi?n nay", m i s6:14-5-2013.09.

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CHU NGHIA CA NHAN VA VON XA HQI...
Trude thdi kJ' Phye hung, d phuang Tdy,
tinh cfng ddng dugc dl eao vd cd ti'nh cfta
con ngudi chi la mdt thugc tinh duge quyit
dinh bdi egng ddng; phdm hgnh efta con
ngudi Id su phue tftng cfta y ehi cd nhdn
trude f chi eua edng ddng. Khai nifm "ca
nhdn" xudt hifn vdo euli thdi ky Trung cd
vd phat triin mgnh me tii thdi kJ- Phue hung
ttd di. Bude sang thi ky XIX, vdi qud ttinh
ed nhdn hoa ttong ddi sdng xd hpi d phuang
Tdy, vdn dl dfe lap, ty do, dan ehft cfta con
ngudi cd nhan nhanh chdng ttd tiianh mdt
ttdo luu lan truyin ra khdp thi gidi. Theo
dd, chinh y chi vd sy phdn xet ca nhdn, ehft
khdng phdi mfnh Ifnh egng ding duge eoi
Id cai xac lap con ngudi nhu mft thanh vien
eua xd hfi. Cd nhdn van dugc xem xet trong
mdi quan hf vdi xa hfi, nhung ddng lye
thuc ddy hdnh ddng vi lgi ich cdng cfng
ndm ngay ttong mSi cd nhdn, ehft khdng
phdi Id sy dp dgt cfta xa hfi len ed nhan dd.
"Chu nghta cd nhdn" (Individualism)
xudt hifn ttong khoang thdi gian tft nam
1820 din ndm 1830 [Xem: 8] d phuang
Tdy, khi trinh do ddn tri dd dft cao, ddi s6ng

v|t chdt vd tinh thdn dugc ndng len vd moi
ngudi da cd dieu kifn suy nght ve nhiing
quyin lgi chinh dang cua chinh minh khi
chung song trong egng ddng xd hdi. Theo
dd, moi cd the khdng edn qud If thufc vdo
cfng ding, md phdi ttd thanh .mdt thdnh
vien dfe ldp cua cfng ding ay, co quyen cd
suy nght ridng, dua ra y kiln, quan dilm
rieng vd the hifn ban thdn theo each rieng
cua minh.
Cdc nhd nghidn cftu tten the gidi dd ban
nhidu ve ehfl nghta ed nhdn, eiing nhu
tuong lai phdt trien ciia nd. Chft nghta ed
nhan theo quan nifm cua John Loeke Id mft
ldi chi trich ede quy tdc quyin lyc tuyft dli
vd lien tue eua gidi quy tfc. Chu nghta ed
nhdn md John Stuart Mill ndi din lai la mgt
62

ldi ehi trich chft nghla ed nhdn theo quan
nifm cfla John. Locke, khi chft nghta ddm
ddng da bdt re d Anh vd kit qud Id sy xudt
hien ciia khdi nifm "sy chuydn chl cfta ddm
dong". Mill dd eao sy thieng lieng cfla ed
nhdn ngay ed khi di ngugc Igi vdi da so dp
ddo. Ly thuyet ve ehu nghia ea nhdn eiia
Dewey lgi Id mft Idi chi trieh vS sy nghdo
doi vd nan lam dyng quyen lyc chinh tri d
MJ ttong sudt thdi ky Dgi khung hoang
[Xem: 2]. Toequeville nhieu ldn nhdn mgnh

sy phdt trien khdng thd dao nguge efta qua
trinh dan chu hda md theo dng, vide ddi
quyen ddn chft, thyc hifn quyin ddn chu
cho moi cd nhdn se trd thanh mdt hifn thye
rgng ldn, la dich phdn ddu efta con ngudi
ttong xd hgi tucmg lai vd vdn dl ddn ehii,
vdn dl ty do eua eon ngudi se Id van de sdi
ddng nhdt ttong cdc xd hdi hifn dgi.
Cde quan diim trin tuy cd nhOng khdc
biit, nhung deu cho rdng mdi cd nhdn deu
dgc lap ve tinh thdn vd vdt ehdt, nghia la
mdi cd nhdn deu ed khd ndng tic suy nght,
tu phdn dodn vd do vgy, khdng phdi phu
thude vdo y chi cua nhitng ngudi khdc; mdi
ed nhdn deu lao ddng, diu ed su dgc lap ve
ngudn lice, vi kinh ti vd do vdy, khong cdn
phdi phtt thugc vdo nguai khde ve su sinh
tdn. Chinh nhd ed su dge lgp vi tinh than vd
vgt chdt, con ngudi mdi ed thi tic chu dugc
vd cUng nhd co su ddc lap do, con ngudi
mdi cd thi ddng gdp cho sic tdn tgi vd ldn
mgnh cua cdng ddng, chu khdng dua ddm
hay ldm suy yeu sac mgnh tdng thi eua cdng
ddng. M5i cd nhdn deu cd y nghta dgo dftc
nhdt dinh vd diu ed cdc quyen ty do, ddn chu
vdi tu each nhihig quyin co bdn co ngudn
gde thieng lieng, hoac von c6 trong bdn ehat
eua mdt eon ngudi, efta moi ed nhdn song
trong xd hgi. Moi cd nhdn ed nhflng tin tgi,
trai nghifm, suy nght, nhgn thuc, hdnh dgng

khde nhau ttong khdng gian vd thdi gian, d6


BUI VIST HirONG
la edi ridng ed cfta mdi ngudi, phan bidt vdi
nhflng ngudi khdc. Quan ttgng hon, tat ca
nhiing cd tfnh, nhihig ddc trung ridng do can
dugc ttdn ttgng vd bdo ve de m6i ed nhan cd
thd dat dugc hgnh phftc rieng efla minh vd
phdt tridn sang tgo nhu mdt chfl thd rieng
biet vd dgc thft.
Tft khi ra ddi, chft nghta cd nhdn da la
mft thugt ngfl quan ttgng, phd bien ttong
ddi sdng hge thugt, cung nhu cugc sdng
thudng nhgt d chdu Au. Su ra ddi vd phd
bidn cua "chu nghta ed nhdn" da lam nen
mft chi bao khdeh quan quy gid, Id mdt ddu
mde quan ttgng ttong lieh sft phat tridn cfta
nhan Ioai ndi chung vd sy phdt tridn cua cd
nhdn eon ngudi ndi rieng. No eflng duge
coi la da tao ra mgt cude cdeh mang tu
tudng mai mai ldm thay ddi bd mat cfta
chau Au vd phan con lgi cfta thd gidi vdi
vifc thue day xd hgi phuang Tdy den vdi
eudc each mang cdng nghiep vd hdng loat
thanh tyu khoa hgc, cdng nghd, kinh tl vd
xa hfi nii tilng. Cae yeu td quan trgng
ttong qua trinh nay la ty do tu tudng, ty do
kinh doanh vd tu do sang tao.
2. Von xa hpi

"Von xa hdi" Id mgt khdi niem mdi hon
nhieu so vdi "chu nghta cd nhdn". Nd duge
hinh thdnh dh gidi thieh co che gdn ket xd
hgi vdi nhiing hoat ddng cfta cae td ehfte xd
hgi. Tft ddu the k^' XX, nhd xa hdi hgc
ngudi Phdp - P.Bourdeau (1986) dd phdn
bift ba Ioai vdn: Kinh te, vdn hda vd xd hdi.
Vdn kinh t l co duge tft thu nhgp, ndm gift
vd luu thdng kinh te, tai ehinh; vdn van hoa
cd dugc tft vide xdy dyng vd tdi tao cae gid
tri, bilu trung va di sdn; cdn vin xd hdi la
todn bd cae ngudn vd tiem ndng lien quan
din eac quan hd bin vflng cua mdt thyc thd
xd hdi, tgo nen niem tin, sy cam thdng, sy
gdn kit, hpfp tdc vd nhung hanh dgng mang
tinh tap the. Vdn xd hdi nay nam ngodi tdi

san, vdn tu bdn, nhung lai ndm trong cdc
quan hf cua con ngudi, cfta cac chft tdi sdn.
Nd thi hien ra ngodi bdng: 1) Nilm tin, sy
tin egy ldn nhau; 2) sy tuang ho, cd di ed
lgi; 3) ede quy tdc, cae hdnh vi mau myc,
cae che tdi; 4) sy kit hgp vdi nhau thdnh
mgng ludi [Xem: 5]. Noi edch khdc, vin xd
hdi Id todn bd ngudn lyc thye tl vd tilm dn
xudt phat tft mgng ludi quen biet trye tiip
hode gidn tidp. Ong viit: "Vin xd hfi Id
mdt thude tinh eua mdi ea nhan ttong bli
canh xa hgi. Bdt eft ai cung co till thu thdp
mdt so vdn xd hdi, nlu ngudi do no lye va

chu tam ldm viec dd vd hon niia, bat eft ai
Cling cd the dftng vdn xa hfi de dem Igi
nhiing lgi ich kinh te thdng thudng. Song
khd nang thyc hifn dieu ay lgi tuy thuge vdo
nhflng nghta vy xa hgi (social obligation) ket
ndi (connection) va mgng ludi xa hgi cua
ngudi dy" [Xem: 10].
Coleman eung phan bift ba logi vdn; Vdn
vat the (kdt qud eiia nhung bien doi vdt the
tao thanh cong cy san xuat), vdn eon ngudi
(kdt qud ciia nhung bien doi ttong con ngudi
edu thanh tdi nghd va khd nang thao tdc) va
vdn xa hgi. Theo dng, vdn xa hgi cd ba dae
tinh: 1) Nd tuy thugc vdo mfte do tin cay
nhau cfta con ngudi trong xa hdi; noi each
khdc, no tfty thude vdo nghia vu ma mdi
ngudi ty y thfte thuc hien vd ky vgng eua
ngudi ndy vdi ngudi khac; 2) nd eo gia tri, vi
chua dyng nhflng lien hf xa hdi mang dgc
tinh cua kdnh truyin thdng, cy thi la qua tiep
xue vdi hang xdm, bgn be, mdi ngudi cd the
thu thap nhiiu thdng tin hftu ieh cho eudc
sing, tiiay thi phdn ndo nhflng thdng tin
trong sdeh bdo, tinyin thanh, truyen hinh; 3)
vin xd hfi cdng ldn, khi xd hgi cdng cd
nhiiu quy tde, nhdt la nhiing quy tde cd kem
theo trimg phat [Xem: 6].
Putnam chia se nhiiu f tudng vdi
Coleman khi eho rdng, vdn xd hfi tftc Id

CHU NGHIA CA NHAN VA VON XA HOI...
nhiing mang ludi xd hdi vd mdi lien hf qua
lgi ttong xd hdi, nhiing quy tdc cho phep
ede ed nhdn eflng nhu tdp the gidi quydt
nhflng van dl'chung efta cfng ddng. Vdi
Paxton (1999), vdn xa hfi lien quan din it
nhdt hai van dl quan ttgng: 1/ Cdc hidp hdi
khdeh quan giua cac cd nhdn (tftc la, cac cd
nhdn dugc gdn vdi nhau trong ddi sdng xd
hfi) vd 2/ Cdc hidp hgi ehu quan (quan hf
gifta ed nhdn dya ttdn sy tin tudng va ddi
ftng). Fukuyama (1999) cho rdng, ede khdi
nifm, nhu sy tin e$y, mang ludi vd xd hdi
dan su, trdn thyc te, chi Id ket qud efta vdn
xa hfi, chft khdng phdi vdn xd hfi. Ong
dinh nghta vdn xd hdi nhu Id mgt tieu chudn
khong chinh thue nhdm thftc day hgp tdc
gifla (nhieu hon hai) cd nhdn.
Mde du ed nhiing khdc biet, song tdt cd
cdc tdc gid diu ding y rdng, khai nifm v l
niem tin xd hgi hode sy tin egy la cot ldi,
hoge it nhdt cflng la kit qud quan ttgng cfta
vdn xd hfi. Vin xd hgi, theo nghta rgng
nhdt, de cgp din sy gdn kit nfi tai vd van
hda, niem tin, ede chudn myc va gid tri cua
xd hgi, chi phii cdc tuong tac, nhflng mgng
ludi vd cdc td chuc md ttong dd, chung hinh
thanh (Parts, 2009). Dd gdy dung duge vdn
xa hpi, cde ea nhdn cdn co sy hgp tdc, lien

ket, chia sd vd dieu ndy dudng nhu di
nguge lgi vdi ehft nghta cd nhan, noi khdng
tin tai nhthig didu, nhu y ehi ehung, tri tuf
tap the, phue lgi nhdm, ma chi co y chi, ly
tri, hgnh phue eua moi ca nhdn.
3. Chii nghia ca nhan trong vi^c gSy
dung von xa hgi
Xd hdi phuong Tdy va cdc nin ddn chft
hifn dgi ddt gid tri cuoi ctmg vdo cd nhdn,
dilu nay da tao ra mft sy edng thdng nfi tgi
vd kh6ng the gidi quyet duge giiia cd nhdn
va xd hdi. Nhieu nhd l^ ludn nhin nh|n sy
tang trudng khdng gidi hgn cua chu nghta
cd nhdn la mdi de dga ldn ddi vdi sy hgp
64

nhat hiiu ca giiia cae ed nhdn va xd hpi.
Trong cdc xd hgi hifn dgi, moi ca nhdn ddu
ddc lgp, ty chfl vd nhu vdy, khdng hi ehi
phdi bdi dgo dftc xd hpi. Dli vdi nhiiu nha
phe binh, chu nghta cd nhdn chu yiu nudi
dudng SIC phdn ldn xd h^i vd dieu ndy se
ddn den su bien mdl cua dodn kit xd hgi vd
ddn din su thong tri cua chu nghia vf ky vd
mdt niem tin.
Chung ta thdy, chft nghta cd nhan la sy
phd hfty cua cdc hdng hda edng cgng; nd
phd huy sy tin tudng vd ttdt ty cdng ddn
ttong mgt xd hgi. Trong f nghta do, sy phdt
triin efla ehu nghta cd nhdn ehde ehdn se

ddn den sy hfty dift cfta vdn xd hgi. Ket
ludn tuong ty eo till tim thdy ttong quan
dilm efta Coleman (1988) cho rdng, mfte df
ngudi ta hy sinh lgi ieh ty thdn vd hanh
ddng vi loi ich efta nhdm Id mgt hinh thftc
eye ky quan ttgng cfta vdn xd hgi. Adam
Ferguson ndi: "Cdc quic gia xudt hifn ti^n
cdc thilt chl, v l thyc chdt, la kit qud hdnh
dgng cfta con ngudi, ehft khdng phdi la ket
qud cfla sy thiet ke efla eon ngudi" [1,
tt.l87]. N6i cdeh khde, su ldng trudng eua
vdn xd hgi ddi hdi mgt sic hy sinh cua chu
nghta ed nhdn. Putnam lo lang rang, khi vdn
xa hfi suy giam se keo theo sy lung lay cua
ede till chl ddn ehu, ldm hgc dudng kem
hftu hifu vd ldm suy ylu nhftng lyc lugng
bdo vf tuih Idnh manh vd hgnh phue cua
eOng ddng ndi ehung [Xem: 10]. Trong cuon
Tgi sao chinh trf lgi co vdn di, Stoker (2006)
cho rdng, vife nhan mgnh vdo sy lya chgn ca
nhan va tidu dftng ttong xd hgi tgo ra mft
mdi trudng ddy thdeh thfte eho vipe ra quyet
dinh tap thi vdn Id cdi dac trung cua nen
chinh tri. Bdng edch ndo cd thi gdy dmg
duge vdn xd hgi cho mgt suphdt trien trong
bdi ednh ehu nghta cd nhdn wgoy cdng dugc
di cao vd mdi cd nhdn diu mong mudn
khdng dinh cd tinh rieng bi?t eua minh.

BUI VIET HUONG
Tren thye te, ehft nghta cd nhdn khdng
cho rdng mgt cgng ddng hay mft xa hfi c6
su tdn ttd ngodi cac ca nhdn tao ra no. Mgt
cgng ddng Id mdt tap hgp cdc cd nhdn.
Frederic Bastiat cho rdng, chft nghta cd
nhdn hodn todn khdc tfnh ich ky, vi ve bdn
chat, nd tgo ra mdi lien he xd hgi va keu ggi
sy hgp tae ty nguyen giua cdc cd nhdn theo
dudi Igi feh eiia minh mdt edch ehinh ddng.
De eao ea nhan khdng ed nghta Id ldm gidm
gid tri eiia sy hgp tdc xd hgi, vi cde cd nhdn
cdn Id nhiing thyc till xa hdi. Tinh duy ly cho
phep cdc ca nhdn hgp tdc va giao tiip vdi
nhau. Theo cdeh nhm nay, ehu nghia ed nhdn
cung cdp ca sd ly thuyil lit nhdt cho mgt
cgng dong dich thuc. Id mot ngudn tgo dung
vdn xd hgi quan trgng va vd tdn. Bdi le:
Tha nhdt, egng ddng Id dieu kiin tiin
quyit eua chu nghta cd nhdn. Bdi li, mac
dii cdc ed nhdn cd vai tro chinh yiu, nhung
hg deu cdn ed cgng ddng di dgt dugc mye
lieu eua minh. Vi vdy, chft nghta cd nhdn Id
tiidt ly cfta sy hgp tac xd hdi vd tdng eudng
theo hudng tien bg eua mdi lien ket xd hgi.
Cd nhan vd cdng ddng khdng Ioai trft nhau.
Chu nghta cd nhdn cho rdng, mdi ca nhdn
nhdn trdeh nhifm tu duy eho ehinh minh,
hdnh dfng dya tten tu tudng eua chinh
minh vd dgt duge hgnh phue eua chinh

minh, nhung no phft nhdn quan diem cho
rdng, xa hdi tdeh bift vdi nhiing cd nhdn
hgp thdnh xa hdi dd. D l cao vai ttd tii
thugng cho cd nhdn khdng eo nghta Id lam
gidm gia tri ciia hgp tdc xd hdi. Con ngudi
khdng ehi Id nhflng cd nhan tach bift vdi
nhau, ma cdn Id sinh vat mang tinh xd hfi.
Hdnh dgng phdi hgp thftc ddy eo hgi phat
triin vd mang lgi nhiing lgi ich ma tftng ed
nhdn rieng le khdng till ndo dgt dugc. Sy
phii hgp boat ddng se hgp nhdt, chft khdng
chia tach eac cd nhdn vd cde cd nhan ehi cd
thi tin tgi trong sy hien difn vd phii hgp vdi

nhau ttong eac hogt ddng. Mgt edng ding Id
sy lien kit gifla cac ed nhdn nhdm hgp tde
hdnh dfng vd hanh ddng hgp tdc do Id kit
qud cfta nhihig n l lyc ty dinh hudng vd ty
khdi xudng cfta timg ed nhan ttong nhdm.
Tha hai, cd nhdn vd egng ddng vua la
mgt thi thdng nhdt, viia la mdt khdi mdu
thudn. Su cdng thdng giua khuynh hudng cd
nhdn vd cdng ddng ttong xd hdi hifn dgi Id
khdng the logi bd duge. Vdn dl quan trpng
nhdt Id ldm thi ndo di kit hgp vd thda hiip
hai Idiuynh hudng ndy. Tu ed ly luan vd thuc
tien, sy hgp tdc ty nguydn cfta nhftng con
ngudi ty do thudng tao ra nhung cdi vt dgi
hon bat eft nhiing gi ma nhiing bg dc don le
cd tiie hieu bilt duge mgt edeh ddy du. Cdc

mdi quan he ty nguyen vd cflng cd lgi giiia
cde ed nhdn tu ehft Id ngudn goc tgo ra
nhiing edng ddng dieh thyc. Nhiing ngudi
hodi nghi quyen lye nhd nude ludn flng hf
sy hifn dien cfta cde nhdm ty nguyfn trung
gian giua nhd nude vd ede cd nhan - ede td
ehftc giftp cho cd nhdn thye hifn nhflng myc
tidu cfta hg mft cdeh ty do vd hoan thien hon
[Xem: 4]. Qua trinh ndy tao ra vin xd hpi,
mft ngudn lyc quan ttgng, thiet yeu eho su
phdt trien ciia cde xa hgi trong thi gidi hifn
dgi. Theo kinh nghifm, cdc khu vyc vd qude
gia CO vin xd hdi d mfte cao hon thudng dgt
duge mfte do ddi mdi vd tdng trudng eao
hon so vdi cde xa hdi cd niem tin vd tinh
thdn cdng ddn thdp (xem Ostrom 1999,
Rose 1999, Kaasa 2009).
Tha ba, chu nghia ed nhdn la diiu kiin
liin quyit eho suphdt triin cita vdn xd hgi •
sy hgp tdc tu nguyfn vd quan hf dli tde
giiia cdc ca nhan - edi ehi cd the cd dugc
khi ngudi ddn ed quyin tic chu, tu qudn vd
mgt cdm gide trudng thdnh ve trdeh nhi$m.
Sy phdt trien cua ed nhdn, ty ehu vd ty do
ed the eoi Id dieu kien cdn thiet cho vifc
phdt trien su hgp tde gifta ede cd nhdn, sy


CHU NGHIA CA NHAN VA VON XA HQI..
phy thude lan nhau vd doan ket xa hdi. Mpt

ldi gidi thieh eho nghich ly rdng dudng nhu
Id ty tri vd ddc ldp, mgi ngudi nhgn ra hg se
khdng dugc hudng led rieng, trft khi theo
dudi muc tidu chung cfta minh [Xem: 9,
tt.I24]. Hoge nhu Toequeville khdng dinh,
ttong cdc quic gia ddn ehu hifn dgi, tdt cd
cac cdng ddn diu dgc lap vd yeu dt; hg eo
till gap khd khdn khi ty minh lam bdt eft
dieu gi vd khdng ai trong s6 hg c6 thi bat
huge ddng logi giftp do minh. Do do, tdt ea
hp diu ttd nen bdt lyc, ndu khdng biet edeh
ty nguyfn giup dd ldn nhau. Quyen ty ehft
vd dde lgp cfta ca nhdn cd thi dugc eoi la
dilu kifn tien quyit cho vide thanh lap cdc
hifp hgi ty nguyfn, sy tin tudng, mdi quan
hf vd hgp tde lan nhau.
Tha lu, ehu nghta ed nhdn ddnh gid mdl
cdeh sdu sde gidi hgn cua su hiiu biit cua
mdi cd nhdn vd hiiu rang, chi cd hgp tdc
mdi dem lgi cho cdc cd nhdn su sdng tgo, vi
moi ngudi diu nhdn duge lgi ieh tft nhung
mdu kiln thftc dgc ddo ma mdi ngudi trong
s l hang tridu ngudi khdc dem vao ttong cdc
mang ludi quan hf. Chinh vi vliy, ly tinh
efta eon ngudi tgo dieu kifn eho hg hgp tac
vd giao thifp vdi nhflng ngudi khdc. Trong
xd hgi ty do, ngudi ta ty nguydn tham gia
vdo tdt cd nhiing edng vifc hgp tde xd hdi.
Cfng ddng thdt sy xudt hifn, khi ngudi ta
duge ty do thdnh lap nhiing hiep hfi ty

nguyfn nhdm theo duoi quyin lgi cd nhdn
vd quyen lgi cd tinh h6 tuong vdi nhau.
Trong xa hgi ty do, ede cd nhdn thudng
dong thdi la thanh vien eiia nhieu edng
ddng khde nhau. Sy tiln bf ve mat cdng
nghf ngdy cdng gia tdng ttong Itnh vyc
thdng tin lien lae vd giao thdng lam eho
ngudi ddn cd thdm dieu kifn lya chgn
nhihig edng ddng cd thi ddp ftng mgt edeh
tdt nhat nhu cau vd ky vpng eua hg.

ngudi tim thdy sd thich vd niim dam me.
phdt triin dung sd trudng cua bdn thdn.
duge sdng dung vdi con ngudi thuc eua
minh vd d dd. hg dugc lira chgn cdc gid tri
chung mgt edch tic do. Vifc phdn ehia cdc
chlic nang vd vai tto ttong xa hgi giup cdc
cd nhan dodn kit hon, bdi nhiing hoat ddng
do la cdn thilt dh phii hgp hdnh ddng vd
bat ddu hgp tde. Theo quan diem ndy, vifc
tham gia nhieu hifp hgi khdng de dga, ma
khuyen khfch chft nghta ea nhdn (Triandis,
1995). Vide tham gia vdo nhiiu nhdm va
hifp hdi ty nguyen sd ldm cho cdc cd nhdn
ehft ttgng hon din ttdch nhidm xd hfi.
Hofstede (2001) dd phdn tich 26 nin van
hda, theo do, ehft nghta ed nhdn eiing ldm
tdng long khoan dung vd sy tin tudng.
Pearson ehi ra mdi tuong quan giua ehi sd
ve chu nghta ed nhdn vd sy tin tudng lan

nhau tft cdc cugc khao sat Gia tij The Gidi
1990 - 1993. Waterman (1984) lap lugn rdng,
chu nghta ed nhdn dgo dfte thgm chi cdn
ndng eao phftc lgi xa hdi bdng edch thue
ddy nilm tin, ciing nhu bdng each khuyen
khich mgi ngudi Idm vifc sang tgo, tft dd
ngudi khdc ed thd duge hudng lgi (xem
thdm Madden, 2001). Chft nghia cd nhdn
eiing duge gdn Hen vdi long ty trgng eao
hon vd lac quan hon. Ngudi ddn d cde ndn
vdn hoa ca nhdn thudng cd nhidu ngudi
quen vd ban be (Triandis, 2000); hp hudng
ngogi vd cdi md han dl cd ttdi nghiem mdi
(MeCrae, 2001); hg tin tudng va khoan
dung hon dli vdi nhflng ngudi thufc cac
chftng tgc khdc nhau (Hofstede, 2001). Do
do, chft nghta cd nhdn khdng nhdt thiet gay
nguy hilm cho sy hgp nhdt huu co vd dodn
kit xa hdi. Cde gid trf cd nhdn xudt hi^n
ludn cd lgi cho vdn xd hdi vd vdn xd hgi
dudng nhu ed lgi cho ehu nghta cd nhdn
(xem them Inkeles, 2000). Cae quan hd xa
Tha ndm, ehu nghta cd nhdn giup mdi hfi eho phep cae cd nhdn c6 quyin tiep c§n

66


BUI VIET HUONG
nhftng nguon lyc thufc sd hftu cfta nhung
ngudi cftng hgi vdi minh [Xem: 3].

Thd gidi hifn dgi dang phdi ddi dien vdi
sy ndi ldn cfta qua trinh ea nhdn hoa khdc
lift, sy ehuyen nghipp ngdy cdng tdng ttong
xa hgi vd trong Itnh vyc chinh tri, sy phue
tgp ttong nhflng thdeh thfte ma con ngudi
phdi ddi difn, vd mdt ldn sdng hodi nghi
dugc thiic ddy bdi cdc phuong tien truyen
thdng. Chft nghta cd nhdn cd thi dugc xem
nhu Id mgt he qud eua hifn dgi hda. Xa hgi
hifn dgi duge xdy dyng tten lgi ich ty thdn
eua ede ehu the, vdi tu edch cdc ed nhan dfe
ldp vd cd nhiing quyin bdt khd xdm phgm.
Nhieu nhd khoa hgc xa hgi da du dodn hdu
qua tdt yeu cua vifc hifn dai hoa Id sy phdt
trien khdng gidi han eua chu nghta ca nhdn,
ddt ra moi de dga nghidm trpng tdi sy hgp
nhdt hiiu ea eiia cde ed nhdn vd xa hdi bdng
each md cho xd hfi mfit con dudng feh ky
vo bien vd thieu tin c$y (Etzioni, 1993,
1996; Lane, 1994).
Nhung, chiing ta eiing da thdy, ehu ngtua
cd nhdn xudt hifn cd lien quan chat che vdi sy
gia tdng vin xa hfi, ca trong vd giua cde nen
van hda. Trong nhiing xd hgi md ede ed nhdn
ed nhiiu ty chu vd dudng nhu dugc gidi
phdng khdi cdc lidn kit xd hgi, cae ed nhan
ndy eung cd nhiiu xu hudng hinh tiidnh
nhiing hifp hgi ty nguyfn, ludn tin Iudng lan
nhau vd hinh thdnh tinh than egng ddng.
Con ngudi cfta xd hfi hien dgi cdn ed

dupre cdc khd ndng dinh hlnh cugc sdng cua
mlnh, edn phdi ed sy ty do vd tiem ndng dl
thvrc hidn su thay ddi vd phdt triin sdng tao
xd hgi cua minh. Tu tudng ty do ca nhdn dl
eao phdm gid cfta moi cd nhdn, bao gdm ed
cde quyin vd trdeh nhifm. Neu cd nhan
dugc ty do phdt trien khd ndng cflng co
nghta Id hg phdi eo trdeh nhifm tiirdc
nhihig hgu qud cua sy phdt triin dd va phdi
chiu ttdch nhifm vl hogt dgng cfta mmh.

Thugt ngft cd nhdn phdi bao gom ty do,
edng ly, dftc hgnh, nhdn each vd hgnh phflc;
nhung vifc theo dudi hanh phfte ed nhdn
duong nhien Id vd hau nhu bao gid eung
diln ra trong egng ddng. Ngdy nay, tdn
trgng con ngudi bao hdm ed f nghta tdn
ttgng quyin tham gia cua hg vdo ede hifp
hdi md hg lya chgn, khi ngudi dan ngdy
cdng ty tin vdi vai ttd vd ndng lyc cfla minh
trong vifc gdy dyng vdn xa hfi cho sy phdt
trien bdn viing cua edng ddng vd qudc gia.
Tdi li^u tham khao
[1] Adam Ferguson (1767), An Essay on the
History of Civil Society.
[2] Bishop, Philip Schuyler (2007), Three theories
ofind'tvidualism. Graduate Theses and Dissertations.
/>[3] D$ng Thanh Tnic v i cfng s\r (2008), D I tii
cdp Vifn (Vifn X i hOi hpc), SU dgng von xa
hgi trong sinh ke cua nong ddn viing ven trong

qud trinh dd thi hda (nghiSn cihi tnifmg hpp xi
Ding Quang, huy^n Tft Son, tinh Bic Ninh).
[4] Edward Younkins, Chd nghTa ed nhdn vd tif
do: Cdc tnf egt quan trgng eda cgng ddng chdn
chinh. />individualism-and-freedom-vital-pillars-of-truecommunities
[5] Francis Fukuyama (2003), Ngudn vdn xd hgi vd
sif phdt trien: Chuong Irinh nghf sif tucmg lai,
[6]

T?p chf x a h9i hpc, s l 4 (84).
Hoing Bd Thjnh (2009), Vdn xd hgi, mgng
luai xd hgi vd nhiing phi tdn, T^p chf X i hfli

hpc, s6 1.
Individualism: True and False, />books/individualismandeconomicorder.pdf.
[8] Nguyen Hio Hii (2004), Lich suphdt triin chu
nghTa cd nhdn trong Ihi 1^ XIX, Tgp chf Tri^t
[7]

hpc, so 12.
Robert D.Putnam (2000), Bowling Alone: The
Collapse and Revival of American Community.
[10] T r ^ HChi Dung, Vdn xd h$i vd kinh li,
/>[9]

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