Nghèo đói với vấn đề an ninh lương thực tại một số hộ nghèo trên địa bàn huyện mai sơn, tỉnh sơn la

IAP CHI KHOA HOC
Khoa hgc Xa hpi, So 9 (6/2017) tr. 125-133

NGHEO BOI v d l VAN DE AN NINH Ll/OTNG THlTC
TAI MOT SO HO NGHEO TREN D^A BAN HUYEN MAI SON,
TINH SOfN LA
Dao Thanh Hai, Nguyen Van Hong
Tru&ng Bai hpc Tdy Bdc
Tdm tdt: An ninh luang thuc cdp ho gia dinh la cum lie tuang doi m&i ddi v&i cdc nghiin cuu tgi khu vuc
Tdy Bdc. Theo tdi liiu cua FAO thi an ninh lucrng thuc cdp ho duac ddm bdo khi moi thdnh vien a mgi th&i diim
CO quyen tiip cdn dd luang thuc de duy tri cudc sdng ndng dong, khoe mgnh Thuc ti cho thdy, hien nay cdc hg
gia dinh thugc di^n ngheo id ddng bdo ddn lpc thiiu sd tgi huyin Mai San - linh San La m&i duac ddm bdo di
suy tri cudc song chua ddp ung dugc tiiu chi khoe mgnh ndng ddng. Tgi huyin Mai San vdo th&i diim gidp hgt
cd t&i 20.2% long sd hg ngheo thieu dn dgc biit Id cdc xd viing cao co diiu kiin tu nhiin khdc nghiet. Xdc djnh
duac ngi^en nhdn ddi ngheo vd ihirc trgng an ninh luang thuc se giup cdc hg ngheo cua hiryin Mai San gidm
ngheo bin virng vd ndng cao ca hgi tiep cdn vd su dung luang thtre.
Tir khda: An ninh iuang thyc, doi ngheo v&i an ninh luang Ihtrc.

1. Dat van de
CS Viet Nam hifin nay, can eft vdo tinh hinh phat triln cua kinh tl xa hdi v i mftc thu
nhip cua nhdn dan khai nifim ngheo ddi cd thl tdch thanh 2 khii nifm rifing bifit. "Ngheo" Id
tinh frang mft bfi phan ddn cu chi cfi dieu kifin thoi man mpt phin nhung nhu ciu tfii thilu co
ban cua cupc sfing vd cd muc sfing thap hon mftc sfing trung binh cua cpng dong xet frfin mpi
phuong difin. "Ddi" Id tinh frang mpt bp phin din cu ngheo cd muc sdng dudi muc tfii thilu
v i thu nhap khSng du dam bdo nhu cau va vat chat de duy fri cufic sflng [1].
Van de an ninh luong thuc (ANLT) la npi dung trpng tim cua chinh sach nfing nghiep
cua cdc qufic gia tten todn the gidi. "Luong thuc" theo tft difin tieng Viet Id tu chi cdc logi
nfing sin chua tinh bpt. Theo nghTa tifing Anh, "food" cd nghia l i thftc an bao gdm cfta luong
thpc vd thuc phdm cd gid tti dinh duong cho con nguoi [2]. Do vay, khii nifim an ninh luong
thuc can dugc hifiu rpng ra do Id an ninh ve luong thuc, thpc phdm. ANLT dam bao, ben vftng
v i an toan Id muc tifiu cfta tit ca cac quSc gia phit frifin trfin the gidi. Khai nifm an ninh Iuong

thuc dugc hieu Id phai dam bao thpc phim d cic khia cgnh sau: Thft nhit Ii sp dim bdo khi
ndng cua tit cd cdc thanh vifin frong x i hpi khong phan bift nguoi cfi thu nhap cao hay thu
nhip thap; Thft hai: Dam bdo cho cac thanh vifin dfi d mpi noi, tft viing gan dfi thi dfin vung
sdu, vung xa tft thinh thi i^fin nong thdn diu tifip can du luang thuc thuc pham, mpi thanh vien
trong x i hfii trong mpi luc, du d luc co thu hoach hay giap hat deu co du luong thpc thuc
phim cho mdt cupc sfing khde mgnh v i hifiu qua.
Mai Son Id mgt huyfin miln nui cua tuih San La, trung tim huyfin ly cich frung tim tmh 30
km vl phia Bac. Mac du huyfn la trung tam frpng difim kinh te cua tinh nhung ty lfi hp ngheo cua
huyen Mai Son con khi cao (27,11%) die bifit Id tap tmng d cac xa vimg sau co dia Mnh hilm frd
va dilu kien tu nhifin khic nghift vdi san xudt nflng nghiep. Nghien cuu thuc trang an ninh Iuong
thpc VOT cac hp ngheo - dfii tupng nhay cam nhdm danh gia thpc frang ngheo ddi vd an ninh luang
Ngaynhanbai: 16/12/2016. Ngay nhan dang: 15/6/2017
Lien l^c: Dao Thanh Hai, e - mail:
125


tiiuc l i vifc lim het sftc cin thifit v i cap bich. Kfit qud nghien cftu se gdp phin hoan thifn hon
frong vific hogch dinh cbinh sich phat trien nfing thdn bfin vfing ciia dia phuong.
2. Muc tieu - doi tugng - phirong phap nghien cihi
2.L Muc tieu nghien ctru
Mpc tifiu chung cfta dfi tai la xac dinh dugc nguyen nhin ngheo ddi v i hifin trang an ninh
luang thuc quy mS cip hp gia dinh (HGD) dSi vcn cic hp ngheofrfindia bin huyfin Mai Sen.
D I dgt dugc mpc tifiu chung do, dfi tdi xac dinh muc tifiu cp thl nhu sau:
- Thft nhit la dieu fra, xie dinh thpc frang ngheo ddi tgi difim nghien cftu.
- Thft hai: Xie dinh nguyfin nhdn cua ngheo doi cua cic HGD.
- Thft ba dinh gid dugc 4 tifiu chi lifin quan dfin ANLT tai dia phuong dfi Ii tinh sin cfi
cfta luong thpc, khd nang tiep can luong thpc, tinh fin dinh vd sd dung luong thpc.
2.2. Dii tupmg -pham vi nghi&n cuu
- Dfii tupng nghifin cftu: 30 hp ngheo/1 xa theo cdc thdnh phin ddn tpc (10% ddn tdc
Kinh, 20% din tpc Mfing vd 70% din tgc Thii)

- Phgm vi ngjuen cuu: 3 xa: Mudng Chanh, Chifing Chung vd Chifing Mai - huyfin Mai
Son - tmh Son La
2.3. Phuffng phdp nghien cuu
2.3.1. Chon diem nghien euu
Dpa frfin CO sd thpc tfi tai dia phuong, de tai da chpn ra 3 xd Idm diem nghien cuu dd Id:
X i Chifing Mai, Chieng Chung vd Mudng Chanh vdi 15 thdn bdn dugc Iua chpn tien hanh
nghien cftu.
2.3.2. Phucmg phdp thu thdp so lieu
- Thu thap dft lifu so cap:
Phuang phdp PRA: Sft dung cdc cSng cp PRA sau diy dl thu thip cic thdng tin va sd
lieu, nhdm thu thap thflng tin dieu tta tft cac ca nhan, hfl gia dinh ttong sin xuat nfing Iam
nghifip d difim nghien cuu difiu fra phdng vin bang cfing cu la Bang hdi (phieu difiu fra).
- Thu thap sd lifu thft cip: Kfi thda sS lieu cd sin vfi dieu kifn tu nhien, kinh tfi - x i hpi
tu cac bao cao hang nim vfi phit friln kinh tl, xd hfii cua huyfin, cdc bao cao tfing kfit tft cac
ban nginh dodn the vfi tinh hinh phit frifin, cic hoat dpng ndng nghifp, phi nflng nghifp.
3. Ket qua nghien cftu
3,1. Hi^n trang ddi ngheo vd nguyen nh&n ddi ngheo tai diim nghien cdru
3.1. L Hien trting doi ngheo
Qua difiu tra cho thiy, ty If ddi ngheo tai dilm nghifin cftu cdn d mftc khd cao so vdi mat
bing chung cua huyen Mai Son. Cu the vl hien frgng ddi ngheo dugc thfi hifn d Bang 1 dudi day:


Bangi Hifn trang d6t ngheo tfli diem nghien cun

xa

T6ng so hp

S6 ho ngheo

Til?(%)

So h$ can ngheo

Chiing Mai

1202

453

37,69

177

14,7

Chiing Chung

1196

227

20,21

193

16,1

Muimg Chanh

927

226

24,38

104

11,2

Tiie(%)

Nguon: Sd li^u diiu tra 2016

Bing 1 cho tiiay frong 3 xa tai difim nghifin cftu thi sfl hd ngheo nhilu nhit tgi xi
Chifing Mai, chilm 37,69%. Do dilu kifn dia hinh d ddy tuong doi phftc tgp cd nhifiu day nfti
cao nfin khd canh tic nuong riy. Nguon thu nhdp chinh cda ngudi ddn Id dua vdo cdy ci phfi,
frong nim 2015 - 2016 dotiufintai nfin sin Iugng cd phfi sut giim nghifimfrpngkhiln cho sfl
lugng hp ngheofrongxd nim 2016 tang dot bien. Do dieu kifn dia hmh khfing phft hpp nfin
difn tich canh tdc Ifta chi tap trung vdo mot sl bdn d duoi thi^ cd difiu kien thugn lgi la gin
nguin nudc. Mat khic, so dan cu tip trung ddng khien cho difn tich dit nflng nghifp/diu
i ^ d i Id it nhit. Mudng Chanh vi Chiing Chung li hai xa cd difiu kifn dia hmh tuong doi
dong nhdt do viy ti If hg ngheo cda hai xa Id gin gidng nhau.
3.1.2. Nguyen nhdn doi ngheo
Theo difiu fra khdo sdt thuc tl 90 hp gia dinhfrongvung nghifin cuu nim 2016 cho thiy
cd 10 nguyfin nhin dan dentinhfrangdoi ngheo cua cic hf gia duih. De tii xie dinh dupe 5
nguyen nhdn chinh dan dentinhfrgngngheo ddi chft ylu. Nguyen nhdn chinh cp till dugc thl
bifin d Bdng 2 dudi day:
Bang 2. Nguyen nhan chinh dSn din doi nghio tgi diem nghien cftu
STT

NguySn nhan

Tong so y kiin
SihO

Til?(%)

!

Thieu v6n san Kuat

83

92,22

2

Thieu dat canh tic

59

65,56

3

Do yiu to tu nhien (thien tai, lu lut)

38

42,22

4

Trinh do k^ thuat canh tac

20

22,22

5

Tam Iy trong chfr, y l^i

44

48,89

Ngudn: Tdng hgp so li^u diiu tra ndm 2016

Ddi ngheo do nhieu nguyfin nhin giy nfin, cd ca chd quan vi khach quan. Nhihig
nguyfin nhin chu quan thupc ve ban thin nguoi Iao dpng, nguyfin nhin khdch quan thupc vfi
dilu kifn tu nhifin vi nhftng yeu tl xd hpi tic dgng, nghifin ciiru cp the tftng khia canh nhu sau:
- Ve vdn sdn xudt: Vin li nhdn to quan trpng phpc vp cho sdn xuat, kinh doanh. Tuy
nhifin, frinh ttgng thilu vin ttong cdc hfi ngheo rit cao chilm 92,22%. Hifn 100% cic hd
nghfio tai diem nghien cftu dugc vay vfin tft Ngin hdng Chinh sich xi hfii huyfn Mai Son,
127


mfii mdn vay cd tri gii tft 10 hieu din 30 trifiu vdi mftc lai suit trung binh 0,5%/tiiing tuy

tftng thoi dilm. C i phfi l i mfit Ioai ciy co gii tii kinh t l cao hon bin so vdi cic loai nfing sin
khic tuy nhifin dl ciy dat ning suit hieu qui cao tbi chi phi diu tu khi ldn. Vdi difn tich 1 ba
trung binh phdi dau tu khoang 40 frifiu bao gom chi phi thufie bdo vfi thpc vit, phdn NPK,
phan chuong... Hifin nay voi so vfln chinh sdch cdc HGD thufie difn ngheo dupe vay khfing
dft dl tdi diu tu sdn xuit. Cac hp ngheo thudng gidi quyet vin de thifiu vSn sin xuit bang cich
mua chiu vdt tu nSng nghifp tft cdc cfta hing voi lai xuit 1,5 - 2%/thing v i din thu hogch qud
ca phe bin di vd frang frdi sS ng frfin. Nhu vdy, s l lii hp phai fri ttong 1 nim cho vgt tu ndng
nghifip li khoing 20%, nhifiu hp din sau khi bin ca phe trd chi phi sinh hogt, trft lai tlu hp
khdng cdn tiln du trft frong gia dmh khi vp ca phfi kit thuc. Sd hp sft dpng hinh thftc niy dl
tii diu tu sdn xuit chilm 10%. Mpt hinh thftc khac de co dft nguin vSn sin suit cflng nhu chi
cho sinh boat phi hang thing nhu nfip tifin hpc cho con, I m dau, tiiuoc men dd Id cac hfi ban
c i phfi non. Diy Ii hinh thftc m i cdc hp thudng hay su dpng (cd 29 hp tham gia phfing vin sft
dpng hinh thftc niy). Hit vp thu hoach cd phe ddng ngbia vfii vific s l tien m i hp cfi khfing co
dft dl frang frii cho vifc mua Iuong thue, hp thudng bin c i phfi non cho cic Ihuong lii vdi
gii do thuong Iii quy dinh va gid thudng rit thip. Ngudi ngheo tifip tuc roi vdo vdng Iuan quin
doi ngheo, thu nhip bdp benh, tich luy kem nfin khd chfii^ dd vdi mpi bifin cd xiy ra.
- vi ddt canh tde: Do difiu kifn tu nhifin chft ylu Id dfli mii nfin difn tich canh tdc rit
hgn chl. Chi cd khoang tren 50% s l hfi cd difin tich canh tic fren 5000 m^, thim chi cd 3 hfl
chi CO dudi 2000 m^ hodc khflng cd dit canh tic. Ngudi din chua chiu kho tan dpng de thdm
canh ting ning sudt cay trflng nfin tinh frgng thieu ddi, mdt an ninh Iuong thuc van xdy ra fren
dia bdn huyfn. Cd tdi 59 hp chiem 65% tflng sfl hS difiu fra cho ring thilu dit canh tic la mpt
frong nhftng nguyen nhan cua nghfio ddi. Vdi lupng difn ti'ch ddt sdn xuat binh quan/nguoi tai
dilm nghifin cftu chi dgt 0,08 - 0,15 ha/ngu6i thi hifn nay sdn phim ldm ra khSng dft chi phi
dfi hg frang frdi cuflc song hdng ngdy...
- Yiu to tu nhien: Voi phuong thftc canh tic sin xuat cdn lac hau 100% cac hfi dan sdn
xuit Ca phfi, lua nuong, Iua nudc, ngd san dfiu php thupc vio tp nhien l i chu yeu. Cp thfi thdi
diem tdc gid tien hdnh khdo sdt vdo thang 6 nam 2016 tai xd Chieng Chung, Mudng Chanh
frong mdt vu mua, tgi cac vi tri gin ngufin nudc va xa ngufln nudc thdi diem gieo mg - cay liia
cua ngudi din d frong xa each nhau din 3 thing. Khi cic hp dan d duoi thap gan ngufln nudc
ciy Ilia tft thing 2 nhung cic hd din d frfin cao Igi din thing 5 mdi cd thl ciy liia dupe. Vu ci

phfi nam 2016, tgi dia phuang gap phii thdi tilt bdng gii khiln cho cic np hoa cua Ida ra hoa
diu tifin bi hdng, den thing 4 mdi bit diu cd nhung hat mua diu tifin vao thdi difim niy chi cdn
lai mdt sfi it hoa ra mugn nfin ti lfi diu qud rat thip vd ttong nifin vp cd phfi nam 2016 hau nhu
cic hg gia dinh cbi thu dugc san lupng bang 10 - 20% san lugng ca phfi so vdi cdc nam khac.
- Trinh do. ky thudt canh tdc: Mac du fren 72% sS hp ngheo dugc phdng van bifit chft,
tuy nhifin hg lgi it cd co hpi kilm dupc vific lim thfim tfit nen mftc thu nhgp hifin tgi rat thdp.
Ciing do frinh dp dan tti khfing cao nen da inh huong den cdc vin dfi giio dpc, sinh dfi, nufii
dudng con cii sau nay. Vifc tiep can voi thfing tin vfi khoa hpc cfing nghf, dich vp sin xuat
v i tifip thu cic chu truong chinh sdch cfta N h i nudc cd phin han chfi.

128


- 7am ly trong chd, y lgi: Mfit bp phgn hf ngheo dugc phdng van cd tu tuoo^ trdng chd,
i lai vdo su hd frg cda Nhi nudc, thd khfi chft khdng cMu khd Iam in dfi kifim kl sinh nhai vi
thodt ngheo. Tu tudng mfit bp phin ngudi din mudn dugc vdo frong danh sich hp nghfio.
Thpcfrgngniy di Idm triettifiudfing Ipc sin xuit froi^ mpt bp phin nguoi din.
3.2. Hi$n trcing an ninh luffng thuc v&i cdc hp ngheo tai diim nghiin curu
Theo FAO thi an ninh luang thpc edp hf dugc ddm bio khi mpi thinh vien d mgi thdi
diem cd quyfin tilp can du Iuong thpc de duyfricupc sflng ning dpng vi khde mgnh. An ninh
luong thpc cip hd dpafrfincic tifiu chi bao gdm tinh sin cd vfi luong thpc,tinhIn dinh Iuong
thuc, kha ning tilp cgn Iuong thpc va tifiu dung Iuong thpc. Bdi bio tifin bdnh nghifin cftu
ddnh gid theo 4tifiuchi tten.
3.2. L Tinh sdn co vi luang thuc
Bang 3. San lirong linmg thac quy ra tiln/ngirdi cua cac hd ngheo
Dan vj: kg thdc
Xa

SJn

Binh quan thoc/nam

23,22

12,4

118,22

80,39

18,22

9,28

106,71

67,23

20,2

23,16

93,32

63,46

L6a

Ngo

Muong Chanh

82,6

Chieng Chung

79,21

Chieng Mai

49.96

Binh quSn gao/nSm

Ngudn: So liiu dieu tra ndm 2016

Ket qud nghien cftu cho thay tit cd cic xi tai difim nghifin cftu diu sdn suit li tiioc dl
phuc vp cuflc sflng gia dinh vd dfiu datfrfin93 kg thdc/ngudi/nim. Khflng cd hp gia dmh nio
tgi difim nghien cftu hodn toan php thudc vio vific mua luong thpc. Vdi Iugngtifiuthp ggo
tnmg binh li 70,36 kg/ngudi/nim so voi mftc tifiu thp ggo trung binh cfta ngudi Vift Nam Ii
166 kg/nguoi/nim thi tai diem nghifin cuu chi so sdn co ciia luong thuc mdi chi dapftngdupc
50%. Hifn tai,tiiucin chu yen cua ngudi dan chi cd ggo la ngudn cung cip ning Iuong chinh,
viec bl simg them thftc an cung cap chit dgm, chit beo rdt it. Trung binh mpt ngudi ddn tieu
thp gao/thang dat 5,86 kg. So vdi so dfi kim tp thap dinh dudng cua Vift Nam thi lupng tieu
thp ggo trung binh/1 thing cho nguoi binh thuong la 12 kg/ngudi/thdng. Nhu vgy tai dilm
dilu fra thi cdc hf ngheo tai huyen Mai Son mdi chi dip ung dft lugng ggo gin 50% so vdi
tieu chuan. Ket qui dieu tm cho thiy hifin nay so thing phai sft dung Iuong thpc tft nguon thu
khdc Id 5 thing. Thoi diem thifiu luong thpc thudng bit diu tft thing 2 dfin thdng 6. Nhu vgy
tinh sin cd vfi Iuong thpc tai cic hp difiu fra mdi chi dip ftng dugc 50% so voi nhu ciu thpc
tl. ^i dim bio dugc so luong thpc sd dpng thuc tfi thi ngudi dan phii sft dung cic ngufin thu

khac nhu Idm thue, bdn ngS, sin v.v...
3.3.2. Tinh tiep can luang thuc - thuc phdm eua cdc ho ngheo
Tinh tiep c|n Iuong thuc thuc phim dugc xem xet qua hai khia cgnh: Theo phgm vi dia
ly, theo khd ndng tgo thu nhip.
129


- Tifip can theo pham vi dia ly: Theo cdch tilp can niy thi khd ning tiep can Iuong thuc
- thpc phim dupc the hifn qua khoing cdch tft noi d cfta cic hp gia fflnh din noi frao doi mua
bin Iuong thpc thpc pham. Tai xa Chifing Chung va Mudng Chanh thuong cd cic phien chg
vdo ngdy thft 5 vd chft nhdt hing tuin. Chg thudng dgt d vi tri gin trung tdm cic xd Chieng
Chung v i Mudng Chanh. Do lugng mua, bin tgi cic vung trong x i khdng nhieu. Sftc mua ban
ldn chi tip trung vao thdi diem sau vp thu hogch ngd, c i phfi. Khoing cich tnmg binh tft nhi
dfin chg cfta cac hp Ii 3,03 km. Trong do co xa Mudng Chanh vdi tong s l bdn Id 19 bdn thi
khoing cich gifta cic bin den chg l i ngin nhit trung binh 0,96 km. Do difiu kifin tp nhien gin
vi fri CO ngudn nudc tuong dfli bang phdng nfin cic bin chft ylu tgp trung ngay d trung tim
xa. Xa Chifing Mai Id xa cd khoing cich trung bmh tdi chg la ldn nhit 4,63 km. Trong dd hai
bdn cd khoing cich tdi chg xa nhdt Id 2 bdn ngudi Mflng song tdch bift d frfin cao vdi khodng
cich tdi trung tim xa Ii 15 km, dudng x i di Iai khi khd khin chua dugc bfi tfing hda thdm chi
sau moi tign mua khfing thl di chuyen dugc tft bdn xufing tnmg tim xa. Mic dft x i Chifing
Mai nim ngay qufic 16 4G nhung din cu phin bfi rdi rdc nen cd mpt sfi bin phdi di chuyfin
khodng cich k h i xa mdi din dugc chg nhu bin N i Dfic, khoing cich tdi chg Ii 8 km. Nhu
vdy, tat cd cdc bdn dfin trung tim xa cftng nhu chg - noi tap tnmg bufin bin ciia x i tuong dli
thudn Igi. Dgc bift l i xa Chifing Mai cfi 8 cfta hing budn bdn Iuong thpc fren dia ban x i nfin
mic dft khoang each cua cac ban cd xa tnmg tam chg nhung vifc mua sdm rat thu|in tifn.
- Tilp cin Iuong thuc theo khd ning tgo thu nhip: Tilp can theo khi ning tgo thu nhap
dugc the hifin ttong cic boat dpng san xuit cfta nginh ttong frpt, chan nufii, ldm thue va cac
ngufin khac cfta cdc hfi gia dinh.
D l i vdi thu nhip frfing ttpt, cic logi Ida, ngS, sin trpc tifip tao ra Iuong thpc hogc dupc
mang frao dfii Iiy luong thpc. Tgi 3 x i thu nhip tft frSng frpt ngufin thu chft yen Id tu vifc ban

qud cd phfi tuoi. Ddy Id loai ciy cSng nghifip tuong dfii fin dinh dugc dua vao fring tgi dia
phuong tft nhftng ndm 90 tuy nhifin cd phfi mdi chi dugc dua vdo frong tgi xd Chifing Chung,
Muong Chanh frong khoing 10 nam gin ddy. Day la boat dpng tgo thu nhdp die trung cua
viing nghien cuu. HoEit ddng tao thu nhgp tft chdn nudi rdt manh mun nhd le vd thilu sp dong
diu gifta cdc hp ngheo. Ngoii ra thu nhip bdng tiln tft hoat ddng di lam thue chft yfiu la Iam
cfi thufi (gid 1 cfing Id 120.000 d/ngiy), hii qui vdo vu cd phfi tai thanh phi va cac khu vuc
ldn can vdi gia 1.800 din 2.500 d/lkg qua cd phfi), phun thuSc trft sdu (300.000 d/cfing). Tuy
nhien de di Iam dugc cic cfing vifc niy cic hfi thudng phdi di dfin cac x i khic nhu Chifing
Ban, Bdn Nam, Dpi 1 (tbanh phd Son La)... de Idm viec. Trft chi phi i n d, di lgi moi vp ngudi
dan cfi thu nhip tft 4 trieu din 10 trifu/1 hp/l nam. Tuy nhifin nifin vp cd phe 2016 bi mat miia
nfin thu nhdp tu vific lim dich vp giam chi bdng 30% so vdi cac nam trudc.
3.3.3. Sudung luang thuc thirc phdm
Theo td chftc Y tfi the gidi WHO, ning Iugng tifiu thp cfta con ngudi dugc tinh bing sfi
calo cdn cd frong khiu phin an. Dfii vdi ngudi lao dpng ning cin tft 3.500 - 5.000 kcal/ngdy,
ngudi lao ddng trung binh cin tu 3.000 - 3.500 kcal/ngdy vd ngudi lao dflng nhe cin
2.500 - 3.000 kcal/ngiy. Tuy nhifin, nhu ciu ning Iugng ndy thay dfli tfty theo gioi tinh, Ifta
tufli, dieu kifin khi hau. Theo thip dinh dudng dinh cho nguoi trudng thanh d Vift nam thi
mgt tuin mdi ngudi trudng thinh can dam bdo cdc thanh phin sau ttong bfta in: Mufli, duong,
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diu in (md), thit (cic Ioai), ci (cic logi), qud chin, rau vd Iuong thpc. Voi die dilm difiu kifn
tu nhien nghifin cftu tiln hanh chia thpc phim ra thanh 2 nhdm do Ii: Nhdm cd ngufin goc
dgng vit vi nhdm cd nguon goc thpc vdt. Ket qui difiu tta cho thay 100% cic hg dugc phfing
vin khSng in frii cdy vd cic loai rau qui hing ngiy. Ngoii luong thpc thi rau xanh chinh Id
thftc an hing ngiy cfta hp chiem 94,44%. Cd 5 hd gia dinh cho bifit hp chi sft dpng rau xanh
tu 1 - 3 linfrongtuin. Sl hfi giafflnhndy chu yfiu Id cac hp ngudi Mflng song dfrfincao nfin
vifc fring rau cfta bfi gip khd khdn dgc bift li miia khfi, thilu nguin nudc sinh hoat ciing nhu
ngufin nudc tudi cho rau. Trong 90 hd dugc phdng van cho bilt cd tdi 50% sfl hp tiiudng
xuyfin vdorimgliy cac Ioai rau rftng vfi dl sft dpng nhu mdng, rau don, rau tim bdp v.v...do

hp d xa nguon nudc khflng dd nudc dlfrdng.Vific cung thfim cac logi Vitamin, chit so tft trai
ciy hiu nhu dupc sft dung rit it d tit ci cic hg. Chu ylu cdc Ioai qua dugc liy tft rftng hogc tft
cdyfrongfrongvudn hfl gia dlnh nhu oi, nhin, xoii, mic cpp, tio,... theo mda. Tit ci cic hd
tham gia phdng vin cho bilt hp chi sd dpng cic logi qud cd sdn tgi gia dlnh vi sfl tiln hp lam
ra khflng dd dfi mua tft ben ngodi ve dl sft dpng. Ti If sft dung cac logi qui nhu ca chua, dua
chupt... ciing khflng phd bifin hang ngiy, chu ylu 1 tuan hp sft dpng tft 1 din 2 lin do hp
khSng tufrongdugc cdc logi qud ndy md phii di mua. Die bifit cac bin d viing cao cd tdi 24
hp chiem 26,67% khflng sft dung cic logi qui nay, do vifc mua bin cung khdng thuin tifn.
Nhu vgy vifc su dung thuc phim cd ngudn gflc thuc vat d cdc hd dang xay ratinhfrgngmit
cin ddi gifta cic logi rau xanh, frai cdy. Kit qud phan tich chi ra rdng vifc sft dpng cic dS in
cd nguon gflc dpng vgt da so sd dung voi tuin xuat 1 - 2 lin/1 tuin. Logi tWt ngudi dan hay sft
dpng li tlut Ion dugc mua tft cic phifin chg (xi Chifing Chung, Mudng Chanh) hodc dugc
mua tft ngudi bin rong tai bin. Cic xd viing cao hifim cd ngufln nudc ao hfl nfin nguoi dan it
dupc tiep can sft dung thuc phim cd ngufln goc dfng vit nhu tdm, cua, ci, cd 64,44 sfl hfi
ngheo khdng sd dpng thuy san frong tuin, I;^ do hp khdng sft dpng li khflng cd sdn tai gia
dinh. Vifc sft dung tning ttong gia dinh eiing rat ban che, cdc hd thudng mua trdng vit tu
ngudi bdn rong hodc cdc hfi nudi gia cam co sdn ngufin sft dung.
3.3.4. Tinh 6n dinh cua luang th\rc - thuc phdm
Tgi huyfn Mai Son tinh hinh luong thpc, thpc pham chung cda toin huyfn tuong ddi on
dinh, tuy nhifin dfli vdi cdc hfl ngheo tai 3 xa Chifing Mai, Chieng Chung vd Muong Chanh thi
tinh In dinh luong thuc chua dugc dim bao thl hifn d cac khia cgnh sau:
Thft nhit Id do sftc ^p ve dan so. Trong nhftng nim gin diy, tai dia phuang mac dd
chinh quyfin da sft dung nhieu bifn phdp dfi giam ti If sinh de nhung toe dp tang dan so thi
nhanh ma tic dfi ting sin lupng lua gao Iai giim. Tgi dilm nghien cuu ty If ting ddn sl tp
nhifin d mftc 1,86%. Tong ty suit sinh la 2,87 con, t^ If tdng contiift3 khi pho biln d^ bift
Id xa Chiing Mai. Difin tich dat nSng nghifip/dau ngudi qua 3 the he dang bi thu hep nhanh
chong khiln chotinhfindinh cua Iuong thpc thuc phim dang bi de dga nghiem ttpng.
Thft hai li do inh hudng cfta ylu tfi biln dli khi hiu. Thdi gian gin diyfrfindia bin
huyfin Mai Son da phii gdnh chiu cdc logi thifin tai nhu Iu Ipt hgn ban, dac bift Ii hifn tugng
suong muGi khifin cho cic loai ciy trfing liu nam bi thift hgi nghifim frpng. Trong nam

2015 - 2016 vfta qua do phii hftng chiu dgt lanh nhatfrongIich sft vdo thing 1 - 2 ndm 2016
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vdtinhttgnghgn ban vdo thing 3-4 khifin cho sdn lugng cd phfi cung nhu cac logi nfing sdn
khdc roi vao tinh ttgng mit miia nghifim frpng. Die bift Ii tai xa Chiing Chung va Chiing
Mai, bien dli khi hdu da Iim cho sdn Iupng cdc Ioai ciy fring tai diy giim di 60% so voi cic
ndm trudc gay inh huong den nguontiiunhip cfta ngudi din.
Thft ba Ii do sftc ep vfi Iao dgng vi vifc lim. Tgi fflim nghifin cuu thi 100% cac hf
ngheo sinh sSng d khu vpc nSng thfin. Vdi moi hg gia dinh cd tft 2 - 4 ngudi trong dd tufii Iao
dpng thi diy li noi cung cip ve nguSn Iao dfng rat Idn. Sin xuit tai hp giafflnhchft ylu tip
trung vao miia thu hogch ci phfi, Ida, ngfi. Doi vdi xi Chifing Mai cd mgt dd din cu cao nhit
frong 3 xdtifinhinh nghifin cftu tlu so Iao ddng thilu vifc lim t^ xi dgc bift Id cac hp ngheo
ciing chiem t>' If khd cao. Kfit qui dilu fra cho thiy cdttfin48% so ngudi ttong dp tuli Iao
dfng thilu vific lim vdo thdifflImtft thing 2 din thing 6 hing nam.
4. Kit luan
T^ If hp ngheo giim tft 30,61% (nam 2010) xuflng cdn 27,11% (nam 2016). Tuy nhifin,
ty Ifi hp ngheo khflng ddng dfiu gifta cdc xattonghuyfn. Trong dd 3 xd tgi diem nghien cftu cfi
ti If hp nghfio rit cao die bift Id xd Chieng Mm frfin 30% sfi din ttong xa thupc difn
hf nghfio.
Cd nhifiu nguyfin nhin ngheo vd muc dp anh huong cua cdc nguyen nhan li khic nhau.
Thpc tfi nghien ciin cic hS ngheo cho thiy cd 5 nguyfin nhin chu ylu giy ra doi ngheo Ii:
Thifiu dit canh tdc, thieu vfln sin xudt, tam lyttflngchd i lgi, thifiu k^ thugt canh tdc vd do yeu
to tu nhifin.
Vl an ninh luong thpc vdi cdc hd ngheofrfindia ban huyfn Mai Son con g ^ rit nhilu
khd khdn cp the nhu sau:
- Tinh sdn cd cfta luong thpc hifin nayfrendia bdn 3 xd thupc difim nghifin cftu mdi chi
dipftngdugc 50% so voi tifiu chuin chung cda Viet Nam vifrfinthl gidi.
- Tinhtiepcan Iuong thuc - thuc phim cfta cic hd ngheo: Theo pham vi dia Iy thl nguon
tiep cgn tuong dfli de dang. Trong do cd cac ban ngudi Mdng thuflc xi Chieng Chung cdn gap

nhieu khd khdn do khoing each tft nhd toi chg het 1 gid ddng hflfflxe may cho quang dudng
15 km. Tiep can theo kha ndng tao thu nhip vfi co bin vifc frong ca phfi mang lai thu nhgp
dam bdo dfi mua luong thpc. Din mfta gidp hat hp thudng bi thilu ddi vi giii quylttinhtrang
thifiu luong thpc bing cich di vay hodc mua ng luong thpc vdi lai suit 1,5 - 2%, hodc bin cd
phfi non cho thuong lai.
- Ve sft dpng luong thpc thuc phim: Hifin nay vl co bin vifc sft dpng thpc phim cfta
ngudi ddn mdi chi dip ftng dugc nhu ciu tli thilu boifrongbua com hing ngiy thi thftc an
chft ylu Id gao nfip (dSi voi dan tpc Mdng, Thai) vi ggo te (dli vdi dan tpc Kinh) kit hpp vdi
rau (ming) vd diu php li chft yfiu. Vifc sft dpng cic thpc phim cd nguin gic tft ddng vat cfin
rat nhieu han chfi.
- Tinh on dinh lucmg thpc thuc phim cfta dilm nghifin cftu rat dang bao dpng bfii ^ lpc
cua sp phdt triln dan sl khiln cho difn tich dit/ngudi qua cic till hf sut giira nghifim ttpng.
Ngoii ra do inh hudng cda biln dfii khi hiu san xuit nfing nghiep thuong xuyfin bi mit miia,
Iao dpng du thfta khiln cho tmhfindinh cua luongtiipckhfing dam bdo.
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TAI LEEU THAM KHAO
[1]

Nguyln Vft Phuc (2013). Khdi nifm ve ddi nghfio. Truy cgp tgi: .
Ngiy truy cgp: 06/08/2013.

[2]

Vifin nghifin cftu Quin Lf Kinh T I Trung uong (2010). Dim bio an ninh luong thpc
ttfin thfi gidi vd d Vift Nam.
POVERTY AND F O O D SECURITY ISSUES IN SOME P O O R HOUSEHOLDS
IN MAI SON DISTRICT, SON LA PROVINCE
Dao Thanh Hai, Nguyen Van Hong

Tay Bac University

Abstract: Food security al household level is a relatively new term for research in the Northwest area.
According lo FAO, the household - level food security is assured when all members at all times have access lo
sufficient food to sustain an active and healthy life. Infact, most poor households in Mai Son district - Son La
province are of ethnic minority. Their life is just under medium living condition, and far from meeting the
criteria for a healthy and dynamic life. In Mai Son district, during the intervals between harvests, there is up to
20.2% of the total number of the households suffering from famine, especially in some remote communes.
Identifying the causes of poverty will be of great help to poor households Mai Son district for sustainable
poverty reduction.
Keywords: Food security, poverty andfood security.

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