Vài nét về bản hương ước của người dao ở tỉnh bắc kạn năm 1932

Ddm Thi Uyen-Do Han^NsQ

VAI NET VE BAN HlTONG \f6C CUA NGlTOfl DAO
d TINH BAG KAN NAM 1932^
PGS.TS. Dam Thi Uyen
TS.DSHJ[ngNga
Sai lioc Tliai Nguyen

Tdm tit: Nghien cm ndy dua trin bdn huang u&c aia ngu&i Bao & tinh Bdc Kan
ndm 1932, ndi dung bdi viit thi Men cdch nhin cua cdc tdc gid ve vdn bdn huang u&c dd B
cd su ddi sdnh, cdc tdc gid cdn tiip can mdt sd huang u&c cua ngu&i Tdy, nguai Niing vi
hucmg u&c cita vimg trung du cung th&i dlim xudt hiin. Cdc ddn lieu hucmg u&c cho th
bdn huang u&c cua ngu&i Bao vira thi hien duac nhiing net truyen thdng, dgc tnmg cm d
sdng xahdi ngu&i Bao & Bac Kan, vira phdn dnh qud trinh ndm Idy cdc cong ddng ca sd, c
thiep vdo ddn tdc khu vuc mien nui cua chinh quyen thuc ddn tru&c ndm 1945.
Tir khoa: Huang u&c, ngudi Bao, Bdc Kgn, nira ddu the ky XX.
Ngdy nhdn bdi: 5/5/2018; ngdy gui phdn biin: 6/5/2018; ngdy duyet Sdng: 13/8/2018

Mdflau
Hucmg udc la nhirng quy udc, dieu le cua cpng ddng chimg sdng ttong mdt khu virc,
Huong udc lang xa ddng bing Bac Bd da dupe nghien ctm dudi nhidu goc dd khac nhau.
Tuy nhien, huong udc, tuc le thanh van cua cac tdc ngudi thieu sd d khu vuc mien nui cho
den nay viin cdn it dupe tim hieu, trong dd ed huong udc cua dan toe Dao d tinh Bac Kan.
Bac Kan la dia ban vimg mii cd 7 tdc ngudi ehinh ciing sinh sdng, gdm: Tay, Nung, SSn
Chay, Kinh, Hoa, Hmdng, Dao. Trong qua trinh tdn tai va phat tiiln, mdt sd tdc ngudi d Bat
Kan da xiiy dung biln quy udc cua cpng ddng minh. Qua khap sat cho thiy, nam 1932 xuat
hien hai ban huong udc gin vdi dia ban tinh BSc Kan: huang udc cua "ngudi Man" va hirong
udc ciia "ngudi Thd, ngudi Niing". Bai vidt nay gidi thieu va khao ctru van ban huong udc
cua "ngudi Man", tire ngudi Dao (ttong cac phin viit sau, tac gia thdng nhit gpi la nguoi
Dao - tdc ngudi ed sd dan ddng, "diing vao hang thit hai sau ngudi Tay" d BIC Kan (Tinhiiy
va UBND tmh Bdc Kan, 2003, tt. 222).

Nghien ciru nay la san phim cua DS tai KHCN cip Bp, ma sd B2017-TNA-53.


Tgp chi Pan ttie hgc so 4- 2018
1. VS van ban hirong irdc
Ve ten ggi, huang udc d Viet Nam cd nhidu each ggi ten khae nhau nhu huong udc,
fric Id, huong tuc, huong doan, khoan udc, huang le,... (Le Due Tidt, 1998, fr. 44). Ngay
frong thdi ky cai luong huong chinh diu thd ky XX, eac dia phuang van khdng thdng nh§t
ve ten ggi loai hinh van ban nay. Rieng ban quy ude cua cdng dong ngudi Dao d Bac Kan
nam 1932 dugc viet bang tieng Phap, ed tdn la "Couturaier a I'usage des Mans", nhu the
ciing ed the hieu la ban ghi chep phong tuc hay "Huong udc cua nguci Man" (theo each ggi
cua ban sao nam 1942).
Van ban huong udc khdng cho bidt thdi didm soan thao, song lai quy dinh rd thdi gian
thi hanh. Dieu 56, ciing la didu cudi cung trong huong udc da chi rd: "Huong udc nay quan
Chanh Cdng su duyet y, rdi se phai thi hanh bat dau tu ngay mdng Mgt thang Mdt nam
1932. Ddng trudng se cho yet thi va rao md de ai nay duge biet". Dieu nay ddng nghia vdi
viee huong udc phai dugc soan thao trudc nam 1932. Ban sao lai ghi "Pour copie eonforme,
Bae Kan le 18 Aout 1942". Van ban sao lai nguyen frang, khdng cd ndi dung dieu ehinh hay
bd sung. Nhu the ed nghia day la mdt van ban huong ude eai luong, neu "tara ggi nhiing
huong udc cd tir nam 1921 den trudc nam 1945 la huang udc cai luong huong chinh" (Cao
Van Bidn, 1998,fr.73).
Ndi ve chu the eiia huong udc, ttong lieh su, dac biet la d khu vyc trung du va ddng
bang, eac dieu quy udc cua mdt cgng ddng ngudi thudng xay ra d hai khu vuc: hoae la
huong udc cua mgt don vi hanh ehinh (giap, thdn, phudng, xa, frai, van, tdng), hoac la
huong udc cua mdt td chuc sinh boat cd tinh cbSt chuyen nganh (phudng nghd, lang nghe,
hdi tu van). Ban huang udc ma chung tdi khao euu khdng hoan toan la loai nao frong hai
loai ndi tren. Cdng ddng chu the eua ban huong ude dd dugc gidi ban bdi hai tieu chi: van
ban tap hgp cae didu quy udc cua mdt don vi hanh chinh - dan eu (tinh Bac Kan) va van ban
tap hgp eac didu quy udc ciia mdt cdng ddng tdc ngudi (ngudi Dao). So vdi ragt ban huong

udc thdng thudng, quy md tac ddng ciia ban huang ude nay vira rdng (quy mo cap tinh, ldn
hon quy md lang xa rat nhieu), vCca hep (chi dieu chinh cae mdi quan he chinh tri - kinh te xa hdi frong cdng ddng ngudi Dao, khac biet vdi ban huong udc thdng thudng khdng bi gidi
han bdi tieu ehi tgc ngudi). Cung vi quy md nay, nen huong udc cua ngudi Dao d Bac Kan
cd phin xac nhan cudi van ban kha don gian, chi cd radt chij ky va dau. Trong khi, cae ban
hucmg udc theo don vi lang xa cd xac nhan cua rat nhieu ehirc dich. Ban huang udc xa Diem
Duong, huyen Phii Binh, tinh Thai Nguyen ed 6 xac nhan (Tien chi, Thu chi, Ly trudng,
Chudng ba, Hg lai, Tri phii). Ban huong udc lang Bac Nga, phu Cao Ldc, tinh Lang Son cd
8 xac nhan (Cyu Chanh tdng, Chanh tdng, Ly trudng, Chudng ba, Thii ba, Xa doan, Tri phii,
Dan dinh).
Khdng gidng nhu phin ldn eac ban huong udc lang xa trudc nam 1945, huong udc cua
ngudi Dao (B4C Kan) khdng cd ldi ndi dau ghi nhan truydn thdng van hda cua don vi cd


54

Ddm Thi Uyen - Do Hdng Nga

huong udc va muc dich eua vide xay dyng huong ude. Ngay ticfrangdiu tien da la cac didu
khoan cu thd, tdng sd 56 didu khoan chia ra thanh 19 chuang.
Khao cim each thiic xac lap ndi dung van ban thay rang, nhimg dieu khoan ciia huong
ude xac dinh rd quydn va nghia vu cua cac thanh vien frong cdng ddng. Vi du: viee cai tri,
vide an, viec td chire tuin phdng thude vd Dgng trudng va Thdn trudng, ggi chung la "nhihig
ngudi chire su frong dan" (Didu 1, 2, 5, 21); viec tham gia ling ciru khi cd hda tai, thiiy tai,
dao tae... thudc vd nhiing ngudi nam gidi tir 18 den 50 tudi (Dieu 9); viec phu dich thudc v6
nhirng ngudi tir 16 tudi ttd len (Didu 22); vide quan ly hd tieh thude vd Chanh Man Muc,
Chanh Quan Chidu (Didu 28, 28);...
Cac bien phap thudng, phat dugc quy dinh ngay tai nhiing dieu khoan cu the, chir khdng
dat thanh didu khoan thudng, phat rieng. Ddi vdi nhiing ngudi ehua chip tdi nhan, ngudi gay
rdi tri an; ke thiy hda tai, thiiy tai, dao tac, ngudi gap hoan nan ma khdng chiu img cuu; ke
ttgm cip; pha hoai cay cdi d gan cac cdng trinh tdn giao tin ngudng; con gai hoang thai; ngudi

khdng tuan luat le ve ve sinh chung... thi cdng ddng deu ed bien phap trimg phat (cac Dieu 6,
10, 18, 26, 41, 45, 48, 49). Cimg vdi trimg phat la viee tri an, bao dap, khen thudng nhiing
ngudi ed ddng gdp cho cdng dong nhu tham gia ung cuu khi cgng ddng ed thiiy hda, dao tac
ma khdng may bi thuong hoac bi chet (Dieu 11); ngudi thi dd bang so hgc (Dieu 55);...
Cau true ciia ban huong udc cu the nhu sau: Viec cai tti trong ddng (4 dieu), Viec tuan
phdng (2 dieu). Cap cim (6 dieu), Viec suu thud (5 didu), Viec chi thu ttong ddng (3 dieu),
Vide an (1 didu), Phu dich (1 dieu), Cdng san (2 dieu), Hoa mau cay cdi (2 dieu), Te ie (1
dieu), Vide hd tieh (2 dieu), Hdn tue (11 dieu), Hoang thai (1 dieu). Tang Id (4 didu), Thira ke
thira ty (1 didu), Khao vgng (1 dieu), Ve sinh chung (6 didu). Vide hgc (2 dieu) va Dieu le thi
hanh (1 dieu). Vdi eau tnic nay, ngi dung huong udc phan anh kha day du cac mat khac nhau
cua ddi sdng xa hdi trong cdng ddng ngudi Dao, tu eae boat dgng van hda tam Imh den sinh
hoat hang ngay.
2. Mot so noi dung noi bat cua htnmg vdc
2.1. Phong tuc cda ngu&i Dao duac duy tri qua huang u&c
Ndi dung huong udc tdn ttgng, bao luu mdt sd phong tuc truydn thdng lau ddi ciia
ngudi Dao. Nhiing gia tti nhan van tdc ngudi duge trai ra nhidu didu khoan, nhung dam net
nhat la nhimg quy dinh ve hdn nhan va tang ma. Vi du vd bdn nhan, ngoai nhung tuc le phd
bien d nhieu tde ngudi nhu "phai mugn ngudi lam mdi", "Id vat nha frai din eho nha gai"
(Didu 30), ed radt sd tap tuc dac frung eua ngudi Dao duge quy dinh cu thdfronghuong udc,
chang ban nhu sau:
"Tyc Man Tidn, frudc khi eudi, ngudi con frai phai ddn nha bd me vg lam cdng 3 lin:
lan thu nhat 5 ngay, lan thir nhi 10 ngay, lin cudi ciing 15 ngay. Hai lin sau ndu ngudi con
trai khdng mudn di lara cdng thdi phai dua cho nha gai 5 ddng bac dd chudc. Vd sau n^u


Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc sd'4 - 2018
ngudi con gai chd khdng chju lay, thdi phai ddn cho ngudi eon frai 10 ddng. Ndu khdng thdi
khdng dugc liy ngudi khac" (Didu 32, 33).
"Tuc Man cd khi cha me di hdi chdng cho con gai. Khi ay tbdi nha gai phai bien Id vat
cho nha frai nhu eudi con frai vSy" (Didu 37). "Tyc Man khdng phai lara hdn thii va nop

cheo. Vg gda khi doan tang chdng, mudn di liy chdng khac phai xin phdp bo me ehdng, ndu
bd me chdng qua cd rdi thdi phai xin phep ngudi thay quydn cha me chdng. Ndu ben nha
chdng khdng edn ai thdi dugc midn phep" (Didu 39).
Nhiing net van hda dac trung nay den nay van edn duy tri frong ddi sdng eua ngudi
Dao d Bae Kan nhung da cd sy gian luge it nhieu, chang han nhu vdi tuc "lam cdng" thi
chang re tuang lai chi can den frinh dien nha gai dudi hinh thirc lao ddng frong thdi gian 3
ngay (Tinh liy va UBND tinh BSc Kan, 2003, h. 248), bang 1/10 thdi gian "lam cdng"quy
dinh trong huong udc trudc nam 1945.
2.2. Hwang u&c xdy dmtg tinh than dodn kit, tuang tra trong cgng ddng
Nhiing dieu dau tidn frong huong udc da the hien sy tdnfrgngvdi van hda va muc tieu
gay dyng van hda, khuyen khich ldi sdng hudng thien trong cgng ddng. Didu 4 eiia huong
udc quy dinh: "Dan frong ddng phai lay luong thien lam ky cuong va cin bao tdn liy nhiing
my tuc cua ndi gidng. Nhiing ke gian phi, nhiing ngudi quay rdi frat ty phai lanh xa, raa nhit
la khdng dugc chua chap bg".
De tao lap va duy tri tinh than doan ket, tuong frg frong cdng ddng, huang udc quy
dinh cu the, chi tidt ve viee ung cuu khi ed hda tai, thiiy tai, dao tac hay ngudi gap hoan nan.
"Khi trong ddng cd xay ra vide thuy hda dao tae, Ddng trudng va Thdn trudng phai lap tiic
ndi hieu ddng, chi trii kbi nan nhan da ndi hieu rdi thdi thdi. Ddng trudng va Thdn trudng
mdi ngudi phai cd d ttong nha mdt cai md de lap hieu ddng. Hieu dgng dinh nhu sau: khi cd
giac cudp: md lien thanh ttong do 3 phiit; khi cd hda tai: danh 3 bdi lien nhau rdi each chimg
15 giay lai danh 3 hdi khac; khi ed trdm frau, trdm bd, from ngua: danh 1 hdi rdi each 15
giay lai danh hdi khac. Thdn nao nghe thay hieu ddng, lap tuc phai tiep hieu mo bao thdn lan
can cho den kbi thdn ay ndi hieu tra ldi mdi dugc thdi. Neu thdn lang gieng d xa khdng tiep
dugc hieu, thdi phai mang md den gan ma danh cho thdn iy nghe thiy. Hieu lenh dinh fren
nay ehung cho cae ddng frong tinh, khi thay ddng khac ndi hieu ddng, thdi ciing phai tiep
hieu bao cac ddng lan can den cap ciiu. Khi thay mo ddng, thdi ai nay phai lang tai nghe xem
hieu ddng ve viec gi, rdi Thdn trudng lap tiie nhat dien cho mo bao thdn lan can, nhat dien
mang ngudi va do dac khi gidi ddn noi ciiu iing. Trir nhimg ngudi gia yeu, cdn dan dng tir 18
den 50 tudi deu phai den eiiu iing ca. Khi cd xay ra chay rimg ciing vay" (Dieu 7, 8,9).
Vdi nhiing quy djnh nay, radi ngudi se cd trach nhiem tham gia day du cac cdng viec

chung vdi y thirc ty giac, chii ddng cao, ddng thdi eiing ddi hdi nhiing thanh vidn khac ttong
cgng ddng phai thyc hien nhu the. Ai lam frai quy dinh vd vide iing ciiu se bi xii phat, nang


^6

Ddm Thi Uyen - Do Hdng Nga

nhe tuy ldi. "... Khi cd hda tai hay thiiy tai: phai bdi cho nan nhan hai ddng bac va hai muoi
can gao. Ndu cd viee dao tae, Ddng trudng phai trinh quan ngudi bd vide de dua ra tda nghi
xir" (Didu 10). Tu day, huong udc gdp phin xay dyng va phat huy tinh lang nghia xdm, tinh
thin doan kdt, tuong thSn tuong ai, hd trg, giiip dd ian nhau frong cgng ddng ngudi Dao d
Bac Kan.
2.3. Hwang u&c quy dinh bdo ve moi sinh, moi tru&ng
Trong ban huong udc cua ngudi Dao d Bae Kan, viec bao ve mdi sinh, mdi trudng da
dugc cy thd hda bing eac didu khoan bude mgi ngudi phai chap hanh. Thdng qua nhung quy
udc ehung, edng ddng ngudi Dao hudng den viec bao ve rimg va tai nguyen rimg, bao ve
radi trudng sdng va bai trir dich benh.
Vdi rauc dieh bao ve sinh thai tu nhien va tai nguyen rimg, huong ude quy dinh: "Dan
Man khdng cd rugng thip, nen phin nhieu cay cay d fren mii. Neu khdng dii dat lara an thdi
dan Man duge lara riy. Nhung nhat luat phai xin phep quan Chanh cdng sii va khdng dugc
pha cac rimg cam" (Dieu 23). "Cam khdng ai duge pha hoai cay cdi d gan cac dinh, chua,
mieu, rag. Khdng tuan lenh phai phat 5 ddng" (Dieu 26).
Vdi rauc dich bao ve mdi trudng sdng, hucmg udc khuyen ran: "Trong dan ai cung phai
lay vd sinh chung lam trgng. Nha cira phai giu gin cho sach se. Cam khdng dugc dd rae d
gan sdng, gan gieng nudc an. Trai lenh phai phat tir 2 hao den 1 ddng. Tai pham se giai leo
quan trimg tri" (Dieu 48). "... phai trimg tri neu khdng tuan luat le ve ve sinh ehung d Bac
Ky" (Didu 45).
Vdi muc dich ngan trir dich benh lay lan, ngi dung huong ude de cap den each thiic xir
ly vdi ba loai benh: benh truyen nhidm, benh didn va benh phong. "Khi ed ai mac phai benh

truyen nhidm thdi than nhan hay khdng cd than nhan thdi ngudi lang gidng phai lap tire bao
Ddng trudng. Ai bidt khdng bao, hay an n^c di luat phap se trimg tri. Ngudi ehuc sy phai bao
quan ngay. Neu quan thay thudc chua kip tdi raa benh nhan da chdt rdi thdi Ddng frudng
phai frdng nom viec mai tang cho can than va phai bit gia chu tay rira nhiing dd dimg cua
ngudi dm de ngan su truydn nhilm" (Didu 49, 50).
Cd the ndi, huong udc bao ve mdi sinh, radi trudng bang nhung quy dinh rat cu the,
gin vdi cae mat ddi sdng cdng ddng. Nhiing quy dinh ehi tidt vd ndi dung chip hanh va hanh
vi bi xir phat dd gdp phan nang cao y thiic ve mdi trudng va bao vd mdi trudng cho eac cu
danfrongcdng ddng.
2.4. Huang le&c quy dinh viec bdo ve tri an trong lang bdn
Ban huong udc edn de ra cac bien phap ey thd bao ve frat ty, tri an tten dia ban. Viec
quy dinh cac dieu khoan dam bao tri an vira dap iing nhu cau va truyen thdng ciia cgng ddng
CO sd frong viee giu gin lang ban, vira dap iing nhu cau kidm soat cua chinh quydn. Qua


Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc so 4 - 2018
huong udc cho thiy, ed hai hinh thiie co ban dd cdng ddng co sd ciia ngudi Dao giii gin trat
ty tri an: quan ly hd tich va td chiic tuan phdng.
Vd quan ly hg tich, huong ude kidm soat kha chat che ngudi eu tni ttong dia ban thdng
qua viec nam hd tich, nam su di cu, khach tham vidng. Traeh nhiera quan ly hd tich dugc
phan cdng cho eac chiic sy. "Chanh Quan Chiiu giu sd bg tich cho toan dan Man frong
chau" (Dieu 28). "Khi ed ngudi la den hat, Dgng trudng va Thdn trudng phai eho coi giir va
dd xet xem hg cd di y gi khdng. Khi ed ngudi la den nha ai, bat luan la ngudi gidng gi phai
bao ngay cho ngudi chiic su bidt" (Bidu 5, 6). "Ai di eu phai frinh vdi Thon trudng nai tni
quan cu va noi tni quan mdi trudc 1 thang. Thdn trudng phai tudng viec khai di cu ay cho
Chanh Man Muc va Chanh Quan Chieu biet" (Dieu 29). Tir nhiing quy dinh nay, huong udc
da tham gia phat ddng trong cdng ddng ngudi Dao y thuc phdng gian, bao raat, chap hanh
nghiera chinh quy dinh ve cu tni, "tam tni, tara vang"; de ra cac bien phap can thidt hd frg
chinh quyen phat hien va xir ly vi phara.
Ve tuan phdng, huong udc dat ra quy dinh ve tuan phdng de bao ve frat ty tri an ttong

lang ban, bao ve boa raau ngoai rugng nucmg, ngan chan cac td nan xa hdi nhu from cap.
Neu qua trinh "Ddng trudng va Thdn trudng cat dat vide tuan phdng va frde na ke gian phi"
(Dieu 5) duge thue hien nghiera ngat va hieu qua se phat buy dugc tinh than tu quan frong
cac cdng ddng tu cu cua ngudi Dao, cd tac dung phdng gian bao mat, gdp phan lara eho cude
sdngfrongcac don vi cu tni nay frd nen cd trat ty.
2.5. Ngi dung khudn theo mdu huang u&c cdi luang
Khao ciru ban huong udc cua ngudi Dao d Bae Kan nam 1932, ehiing tdi nhan thay cd
mdt sd ndi dung khudn theo mau hucmg udc cai lucmg, hoac it nhat ciing the bien tinh than
"cai luong", tinh than cua "huong udc can dai" rat rd net.
Thu nhdt, niia dau the ky XX, ttong eudc cai lucmg huang tyc, mdt mau huong udc cai
luang dugc ap dyng cho cac cdng dong chieu theo ma thi hanh da ra ddi. Kdt cau va ndi
dung eiia nhiing huong udc ra ddi theo tinh than "eai luong" nay kha gidng nhau. Huong
udc ciia ngudi Dao d tinh B4C Kan nam 1932 la mgt ban huong udc nhu the. So sanh vdi
ban huong udc ciia ngudi Tay, ngudi Niing d Bac Kan cung thi banh tu nam 1932 va ban
huong udc xa Diem Ducmg (la dia ban trung du cua Thai Nguyen) cd nhieu dieu khoan
tuong ddng. Cae ndi dung chd dinh cu the d radi dieu khoan ciing kha gidng nhau.
Thie hai, nhieu ndi dung frong hucmg udc thd hien rang van ban nay ra ddi radt phan
quan trgng la do nhu eiu kidm soat cua chinh quydn. Theo do, 20/56 didu khoan cua huong
udc cd chd dinh "trinh quan diu hat duyet y". "lam td bim tiinh quan So cip hay quan ddn
sd tai", "quan Thdng sii Bac Ky",... Nhiing didu khoan khdng cd che dinh nhu the nay
thudng la cac tuc le lien quan den ddi sdng van hda tinh thin, cudi xin, tang ma.


Ddm Thi Uyen - Do Hdng Nga
Thu ba, van ban huong udc cd chiia nhung ndi dung mdi theo tinh than phii dy ciia
quan tren. Viec nhin manh vai trd ciia sd thu chi lang xa la mdt vi dy dien hinh (eac Dieu 18,
19, 20). Ndi dung vd sd thu chi la "ndi dung hoan toan radi so vdi huang udc cd va gan gui
vdi huong udc duge ban hanh ddng loat d Bac Ky tir nam 1921 frd ve sau" (Dinh Thi Thiiy
Hidn, 2012, tr. 107). Ciing vdi quy dinh ve sd thu ehi, ndi dung huong ude edn ed nhieu dieu
chinh vd mat huong tuc theo hudng giam bdt phien phi cho dan. Huong udc quy dinh: khi

thu thud "khdng dugc biy ra co ban fra tiec" (Didu 14); khi lam Id td Thin Ndng "dan ed thd
mang dd chin ddn ciing,... Ciing xong Id vat cua ai ngudi ay dugc mang vd, hoac an ngay d
diy ciing dugc, khdng ai phai bidu ai ca" (Dieu 27); khi cd sy tang te "an udng thdi tuy gia
chil, dan khdng bit huge ehi hdt. Sy tieu diing ve cac viec te le khdng dugc qua 30 ddng"
(Didu 43);... Kd ca le khao vgng vdn rit dugc dd cao frong huong udc trudc "eai luong"
Cling ed sy gian luge, chi cd Chanh Man Muc va Chanh Quan Chieu khi ITnh bang phai khao
dan, cdn Ddng trudng va Thdn trudng thdi chi hdm cdng cu phai thdt cac ngudi di bau mdt
biia thdi" (Didu 47).
Nhiing vi du fren day la minh chiing cho vide huong ude cua ngudi Dao d tinh Bic
Kan nam 1932 thd hien y do cai luong. Gidng nhu nhidu ban huomg udc cung thdi diem d
cac lang xa trung chau, van ban huang udc theo mau "cai luong" cua ngudi Dao (Bac Kan)
mudn tdn tai dugc deu phai cd sy tan thanh, img hd cua chinh quydn ben fren.
3. Kdt luan
Trong tien trinh cai luong huong tuc nira dau the ky XX, ngudi Dao d tinh Bae Kan
eung soan thao ra ban huong ude ciia minh. Day la ngudn tu lieu cd gia tri de nghien eiiu ve
huong chinh va sinh boat van hda ciia cac don vi tu cu. Dieu nay cang ed y nghia ddi vdi
mgt dia phuang mien niii nhu Bac Kan, vi ngudn tai lieu luu trii cd gia tri ve huong chinh
khu vyc mien niii trude nam 1945 vdn khdng nhieu.
Cimg vdi dd, huong udc la mdt san pham ciia qua trinh thuc dan Phap tac dgng vao ddi
sdng xa hgi Bae Ky. Nen thdng qua huong udc cd the it nhieu hinh dung ve nhiing can thiep
ciia chinh quyen thye dan tdi cdng vide ndi bg ciia cgng ddng co sd. Vi vay, nghien cim ndi
dung va hinh thiic ban huong udc cdn gdp phan lam sang td qua trmh xam nhap vao td chiic
hanh chinh d viing mien niii cua ngudi Phap dd thyc hidn cac ehu y ve chinh tri, kinh te va
xa hdi tiong lich su.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Cao Van Bien (1998), "Kho huong udc cai luang huong chinh d Bae Ky", Tgp chi
Nghien cuu lich sie, Sd 3 (298), tt. 73-83.
2. Dinh Thi Thuy Hien (2012), "Budc diu tim hidu huang ude cai luong d Bic Ky
trudc nam 1921", Tgp chi Khoa hgc Dgi hgc Quoc gia HaNgi, tr. 104-116.

Tgp chi Ddn tgc hgc so 4 - 2018
3. Huang u&c ddn Mdn tinh Bac Kgn ndm 1932, Ki hieu HLTOl, Vien Thdng tm Khoa
hpc xa hpi. Ha Ndi.
4. Hucmg u&c xd Biim Buang, tdng Hd Chdu, huyen Phu Binh, tinh Thdi Nguyin ndm
1942, Ki bieu HU'3690, Vien Thdng tin Khoa hpc xa hdi, Ha Ndi.
5. Huang u&c Idng Bdc Nga, tong Hodi Viin, phu Cao Ldc, tinh Lgng San niim 1942,
Kl hieu HU'3526, Vien Thdng tin Khoa hpe xa hdi. Ha Npi.
6. Nguyin Ngpc Thanh (2014), "Thiet chi ban eua ngudi Dao", Tgp chi Khoa hoc xd
hdi Viit Nam, Sd 12 (85), tt. 87-94.
7. Le Due Tilt (1998), Vi huang u&c li lang, Nxb. ChinhttnQudc gia. Ha Ndi.
8. Tmh uy va UBNDtinhBIC Kan (2003), Cdc ddn tdc a Bac Kgn, Nxb Thi gidi. Ha Ndi.

Ngudi Dao Tien d xa Banh Trach, huyen Ba Bd, tinh BSc Kan
may ao nhiin dip nam mdi
Anh: Ly Cam Tu, chup nam 2015