Tái định cư tập trung một phương thức thích ứng chủ động bền vững với biến đổi khí hậu và môi trường (nghiên cứu trường hợp tỉnh hòa bình)

Xa hpi hQC, s6 4 (136). 2016 37

TAI DINH CIT TAP TRUNG - M O T PHLTONG THLTC THICH LTNG CHU
D O N G B E N VITNG V 6 I B I E N DOI KHI HAU VA MOI TRUCJNG
(Ngfaidn cun trudng hop tinh Hda Binh)
NGLIYfiN H6NG THAI*

Tom tdt: Bdi viit dua tren kit qud khdo sdt 407 hp ciia 2 xd thupc huyen Mai Chdu,
tinh Hoa Binh, noi dang thuc hi^n ki hogch chu dpng di doi cdc hp cd nguy ca hi anh
hudng bai thien tai, sgt la ddt tai cdc ldm tdi dinh cu Phuang thuc ndy logi bo duac hdu
nhu hodn todn cdc nguy ca do thiin tai vd biin dot khi hgu. Bi cdc hp tu nguyen tham gia
chuang trinh. cdn ndng cao nhgn thuc vi nguy ca thien tai, bdo ddm sinh ki vd cha trpng
xdy dung moi trudng vdn hoa xa hpi phit hpp tgi nai tdi dinh cu. Kho khdn nhdt Id vdn di
thiiu ddt sdn xudt cho cdc hg. Cdn co chinh sdch ho trg tdng thu nhdp tic chdn nudi vd
phi nong nghiip. Ca bdn nhdt Id phdi phdt triin gido due nen tdng vd ddo tgo nghi cho
lao dpng tgi cdc khu tdi dinh cu.
Tit khda: tdi dinfa cu, tfaidn tai, bien ddi khi hau va mdi tnrdng.
1. Din nfa^p
Vdi nfaGng kich bdn kfade nhau, Vift Nam dupe ddnfa gid Id mft trong nhGng qudc
gia bi dnh hudng ndng ne nhat cua biSn ddi khifadu(ADB, 2009; Dasgupta vd cfng s\r,
2009; Cfamfa pfau, 2011). Hon 70% ddn sd cd the bi dnhfaudngbdi nhGng dang thien tai,
khi hi^u cue doan khac nhau. Vift Nam cd nguy co cao chiu riii ro tir biSn ddi kfai fadu,
nhdt la lu lut, bdo td, xam nfaap man, sat Id ddt, o nliiem mdi trudng (Anfa Qudn, 2016).
Mac dd da cd khdng it n5 luc nfaam gjam tfaieu tfaiftfaaido tfai6n tai cung nfau biSn ddi kfai
fadu, Viet Nam vdn pfadi ganh cfaiu nhung tdn tfadt Idn cd vd ngudi va vdt cfadt. Trong giai
doan 2011 - 2015, trung binh moi nam cd 226 ngudi chdt hoac mdt tich do thiSn tai ciing
vdi tfaift faai vdt chat kfaodng 13.647 ti ddng, udc cfaiem 1,2% tdng san pfadm qudc nfi
(Cfamfa pfau, 2015).
Vifc td cfauc di ddi cacfafdan ra kfadi cdc kfau vuc cd nguy co cao Id mft trong
nfaGng gidi pfadp duac dp dung d Vift Nam trong thdi gian qua nfadm ung pfad vdi tfaien
tai. Didu nay pfaufagpvdi quan diim cda Uy ban Lien efainh pfau vd bidn ddi kfaifadu.Td

ehiic nay ket ludn, bidn ddi kfaifaduketfaopvdi tfaih tr^g mat df ddn sd eao tai cdc kfau
vuc hay bi hiim hpa thien tai tren the gidi cd the se tfaiic ddy di cu, vd cac klfaoEichtdi
Vien Xd hoi hoc, Vien Hdn ldm Khoa hoc xd hoi Viet Nam.


38 Tai djnh cu tgp Irung-mgt sd phmmg thuc thich ling ..
dinh eu se ngay cang ttd nen ein tiiiit (IPCC, 2012), Trong CWin lupc quoc gia phdng,
ehdng va gidm nhe tWSn tai din nam 2020, mot ttong nhiing mye tidu phin diu din ndm
2010 Id CO bdn hodntiidnhviec di ddi ddn ra khdi cae khu vyc cd nguy co eao xay ra lu
quel, sat Id dit vd cdc viing nguy Ulm din noi an todn (Chinh phu, 2007), CWen lupc
qudc gia vl Win dii kW hdu (CUnh phu, 2011) cung nhin manh vide ttiln khai eae gidi
phdp ey till dl phdng ching hdu qudtiiientai, lu qudt vd sat Id dit d vung nili,
Mpt sd dia phuong, ttong dd cd tinh Hda Binh, da hodc dang triin khai nhfing
chuong ttinh, dy dn tdi dinh eu (TDC) tdp trung nhdm phdng trdnh tiiien tai vd xem do la
mdt md Wnh quan ttpng ttong chiin lupc thich ling chu ddng ben virng vdi bien ddi khi
hdu, Cdu hdi ddt ra Idttdnfliyctl, cac md hmh TDC ed dupe da so ngudi ddn chip nhdn,
hudng ling vd cd tdc ddng thi ndo din cupc sdng eda hp? NgMen cim cua Vo Thanh Danh
vd Shahbaz Mushtaq (2011) cho thiy, ehuong trinh "sing chung voi lii" (xdy dyng cum,
tuyen dan eu vd nhd d vdng ngdp lu ding bdng sdng Ciiu Long) Id mpt giai phdp tdi ^nh
eu hpp ly va ed Weu qud nhat dinh, nhung chua dupe mpt sd ngudi ddn nhin nhin tich
cue bdi nhiing han ehe ve eo sd h^ ting, Theo bao cao gdn ddy eua Lien hpp quic chd
yen dya ttdn kdt qud khdo sdt tai mpt sd tinh phia Nam Viet Nam tW vl eo bdn, cac
chuong trinh TDCfingphd tWen tai vd bidn ddi kW hdu khdng ehi giup tdng ddng kl khd
ndng ching chju tWdn tai, ma cdn cdi tWen diiu kipn tiip cdn ede dich vy xd hdi cho
ngudi ddn, nhung ttong nWlu trudng hpp lai gdy mpt sd khd khdn eho sinh kl eua eac h6
raC, gidm tinh bin vihig cua chuong ttinh (UN, 2014), Nhu vdy, tac dpng cita vi|e TDC
dudng nhu la khd da dang va phdc tap, nhung eho din nay mdi eW cd rit it ngWen clhi
ddnh gid vl Wpu qud cua cdc ehuong ttinh, du dn TDC dofliientai d tinh Hda Binh cung
nhu d Vi$t Nam ndi ehung,
Bdi vilt phdn tich si lieu khdo sdt do Vien Xd hdi hpe tiin hdnh nam 2016 tai hai xd

viing long hi thdy dien Hda Bmh Id Tan Mai va Phdc S?n thupc huyen Mai Chdu, va ba
khu tdi dinh cu lap ttung dupe xay dung each noi a eu khodng 100 km eho cdc hd ty
nguySn tai djnh cu tdp trung cua hai xa trdn, Hai phuong phdp dinh luong vd djnh, tinh
dupe ket hpp dp dyng Khdo sat dinh lupng dupe'thue Wen vdi 407 hd tiiudc doi ttrong
TDC cWa thdnh 2 nhdm dii sanh gdm: 274 hd Wpn vin ehua TBC va 133 hd da dupe
TDC tap ttung ttr nam 2010, Khao sdt dinh tt'nh dupe fliue W$n vdi 50 trudng hpp. Kit
qua nghien ciiu cung cip them bdng chiing nhdm rut ra nhimg bai hpe kinh nghiSm, gdp
phan ttien khai md hinh TDC phdng ttdnh tiiien tai cd Weu qua vd bin vfing hon, khdng
chi d Hda Binh md cd thi nhdn rdng toan quic.
2. Tinh tr?ng thyc hifn tdi djnh cu- tap trung t?i dia ban khao sat
Hda Binh la tinh tiiupc viing nui Tdy Bde cd ciu tEio dia Unh, kM hju d^e tiiu: hi
fliuy dien, ddi nut eao, nWdu sdng suli vdi dp die cao, luong mua tdp ttung rit Idn flieo
mua dan den nguy ca cao ve ngdp lyt, lu quet, sat 16 dit vd nhfing fliiet hai dofliientai
ttong to gism gdn day Id rdt ddng kl (Huu Trung, 2016). Tai hai xa Tdn Mai vd Phuc
ban, nhung so Uu thdng ke cho fliiy fliito tai va Win ddi khi h|u, mdi ttudng dd anh
huong ttyc ttep, todn di$n tdi td ehiic ddi sing vd sinh kl cua cpng ding ngudi ddn. Ddc
biet eon bdo sd 5 ndm 2007 da ldm 4 ngucri chit, hang ttdm ngdi nhd W lu cuin ttdi va


Nguyin Hdng Ihdi 39
s£5) dd hoan todn. Horn 100 ha ddt canh tdc bi ddt, da vui lip khdng cdn kha nang canh tdc,
hau fait viing ddi nui d hai xa deu xuit hifn nfaGng vlt ndt rfng ed thi gay s^t Id dat rat
nguyfailm.Tfaeo kfado sat nam 2007, cd 652fadtaifaaixS nay cd nhu cdu dugtc TDC dd
dn dinh ddi sdng md muc tieu ddu tien la gidm thilu duoc tfaift hai,fliuongtich ve ngudi
(Dd Ha, 2014).
Trudc thuc trang do, tinh Hda Buih da cd kdfaoacfabo tri lai dan cu dl cfau dfng d6i
pfad vdi i ^ y CO nii ro tfaien tai. Tmfa da chonfainhtfadc TDC tfp trung trong 3fainfatfaGc
TBC CO bdn (TBC tap trung, TBC xen ghep, tu TDC). Kdt qua khao sat vao thang 8 ndm
2016, tmfa da di ddi dugcfaon180 faf den 3 kfau TDC tap trung each noi xuat eu kfaodng
100 km. Thii nhdt, kfau TDC Dong Tdm -fauyfnLac Tfauy ndm 2014 dd tidp nhdn 50 faf

gdm 5 ddn tfe cua 2 xa din TDC. Hifn cdn 70 Id ddt d nhung cfaua tfaucfaifndugc TDC.
Tfaiifaai,kfau TDC Bao Hifu - huyfn Yen Thuy nam 2010 da tiip nhan 70fadtfaufc 3 dan
toe nfaung edn 18 Id ddt TDC chira cd hf cfauyin ddn. Thd ba, khu TBC Yen Ngfaifp huyfn Lac Scm nam 2010 da tiep nhdn 60 fad.
Cfainfa sdch ho trg chung cda tuih eho cdc hf TDC tap trung gom:fadtrg tidn di
cfauyin ldm nfad 23 trieu ddng/faf (nam 2014) va 15 trifu ddng/hf (nam 2010); mSi fad
dugc cap 300 d6n 400m^ ddt d; 5000 m^ ddt san xuit. Ngoai ra cdn mgt sd cfainfa sdch hS
trg uu tien dac bift khde tdy tfaeo tiing khu tGng thdi diim nhu: ho trg ldm bl nude 3
trifu/fag, cap 900.000d ldm nha vf sinh tufaoai,fadtrg bd cfaofagnghdo... (Nguyin Hd
My, 2014). Dac bift, tinfa cd cfainfa sdch cfaua bi tfaufadiddt riing sdn xudt tai noi cii cua
cdc hf TDC ma chi tfau hoi ddt d. Trong nhGng nam ddu sau kfai TQC, tfau nfaap tG dat dai
noi d cu cfaiem ty trgng khd cao trong ca can thu nhap gia dinh cuafao.Hang ndm, mft sd
lao dgng ehinh van gidnh tu 6-9 thang ve que eanh tdc va tfaufaoacfatren dat riing duge
chia t^ noi d cu.
MdfainfaTBC tap trung vdn dang dugc tinh Hda Binh thyc hifn vd rdt kinfa ngfaifm
de cd tfad nfadn rong. Tfaeo ddnh gid cda mft sd nfad quan ly, uu didm vugt trfi cua TBC
t|,p trung Id gidi quyit dugc su an toan cua cfng ddng trudc thien tai va biin ddi khi hfu.
Cac kfau TDC ddu dugc thiet ke xay dyng de ed the loai bd hdu nhu hodn todn nguy co rui
ro thien tai nhu lu lyt, sat Id dit. Han cfae Idn nfadt cua TDC t|lp trung Id xudt ddu tu cao
(ca thu hdi dit, ddu ty ha tdng vd ho trg can xdp xi 100 trifu/fad) ddn den gap khd khdn ve
kinfa pfai ddi vdi tinh cdn ngheo nhu Hda Buih. Tfaeo muc gid nam 2011 vd thdng ke chua
thft ddy dd, dl cd thd bd tri lai dan cu theo Quyit dinh sd 1776/QD-TTg ngay 21/11/2012
cua Thu tudng Chinh phii, Hda Binh cdn kfaodng 700 ty nhung ngudn ngan sacfa dja
pfauong tdi da chi ddp ling dugc 17% (UBND tinh Hda Binh, 2011). Day la mft trong
nfaGng nguyen nfadn ldm cfao qua trinfa TDC bi cfafm, kfad nhieu hf dang Icy tu nguyfn
TDC tu 2010 din nay van chua dugc thyc hifn.
Kfad kfadn Idn nfadt cua cac hd TDC tfp trung la dat sdn xuit chi dugc c ^ 5.000m^
mdi faf. Day la dit tfau hdi cua cdc ndng trudng n6n chdt lugng kfadng cao. Sinfa kl cfau
yen dya vao ndng ldm ngfaifp cua ddng bao ddn tgc tfaieu sd hi dnh hudng nghiem trgng
md trong thai gian ddu chua tfae cd pfauong tfaiic de tfaay ddi ca ciu nguon tfau nhdp. Thu
nfafp tu ngudn dat dugc edp tnmg binfa cfai du cfao cac hf sdng khodng 4-5 tfadng/ndm. Ty

If faf ngfado d cd 3 khu TDC d6u tren 66%. Day Id bdi todn kfad gidi quyit khdng chi ddt


40 Tdi dinh cii tap trung - mdt sd phucmg thiic thich img ..
ra vdi Hoa Binh ma cd le cdn la thach tiific chung cda qua tttoh TDC tiilch dug vdi Win
ddi khi hdu tten loan qudc.
3. Qnyit dinh tdi dinh c» eua cac hp
Vdi thucttangthyc Wen ehiromg trinh TDC kl tten, cae hd gia dinh tiiuong phdi cdn
nhdc ky luSng vd khdng phdi tit ed cac hp dlu quyit dinh se di roi din noi TDC, cho du
ho dang phai dii mat voi nguy co Idn vl thien tai, \a lyt, sat 16 dit, Trong long so 407 hp
dupe khao sat thi co gin 1/3 dd chuyin din noi 6 mdi, Tuy nWen ttong sd 274 hd cdnlai
tW CO 25,9% chua quyit dinh, 37,6% quyit dinh se TDC vd 36,5% quyit dinh se khdng
TDC (vdi nhfing diiu kien nhu hien nay), Diln dang ehii ^ la ty le hd quyit djnh sS TBC
ttong nhdm hp ngheo hole can ngheo chi la 31,1%, tiiip hem dang kl so voi ttong nhdm
khdng ngheo (43,9%), Diiu ndy eho thiy diiu ki$n kinh tl khd khan cd till la mpt ttong
nhihig ttd ngai din viee quyet dinh TDC eua cac hp gia dinh.
Bang 1, Quyet djnh cua h$ yk vi^c tai djnh cir
Dan vi: %
Chira quyit dinh

Ho ngheo, c ^ ngh^o H$ khdng nghgo
29,6
22,3

Chung
25,9

Quyit djnh kh6ng TDC

39,3

33,8

36,5

QuySt dinh sS TDC

31,1

43,9

37,6

135

139

274

N

Ngudn: Sd lieu khdo sdl ciia Viin Xa hoi hoc ndm 2016.

Theo sd heu ttong Bang 2, ly do phd bidn nhit khiin nWlu hd quyit dinh se khong
di chuyin theo ke hoach TDC la tam ly "6 1^ vdn thiy an loan" eua nguoi ddn (32%),
Nhu da ttinh bay a muc 2, nguy co bi sat 16 dit 6 hai xa theo ddnh gia cua cdc co quan
chiic nang la Men hfiu va do la ly do cUnh quyin phai tl chuc TDC. Tuy nWen kU m$t
so hp con ehua nhdn thiic diing ve nguy co ndy tM viSc hp qyyit dinh khdng ehuyin di
cung la diiu dl hiiu. Nhu vay, dl tiiyc Wdn triet dl kl hojch TDC till mdt ttong nhflng
giai phdp can thiet Id tang cuang edng tdettiyentruyin, gidi tWch cho cac hp gia dinh vl

nguy COtiiientai, khdng cW tdpttrungcho nhom hd ngheo ma cho tit cae cdc hd tiiu6c
diSnTDC,
Ly do phd Wenfliiihai 14 viec ngudi ddn quen vdi noi 6 Men t£ii va khdng muln xa
que, ho hang, hang xdm (35%). Hay noi cdch khac, mdi ttitong van hda, xd hpi doi vdi
eong dong cdc ddn tpc 6 day la khd quan trpng ma nai 6 mdi tai khu TDC chua till thay
flic ngay dupe. Hai ly do tiipflieophan dnh lo ngai eda nguoi ddn vl sinh kl t?i noi TDC,
do la "khong co viec lam, thu nhdp" (23%) va "tiiilu ddt san xuit" (17%), NIU tinh gop
lai tM ty le hp dua ra it nhdt mpt ttong hai ly do nay la 34% vd dilu do cho thdy lo Idng
cua ngudi dan ve sinh kl cWnh la mpt ttong nhimg nguyen nhdn phi biin nhit khiin ho
quyet dinh khdng chuyen din noi TDC. Tuang ding voi danh gid trong bdo eao cua LiSn
hpp qudc (UN, 2014), ket qua nay gpi y rdng, viec bdo ddm sinh kl cho nguoi dan tai noi
a moi Id dlto kien rdt quan ttpng dl cd thifliycWen thanh edng cdc ehuong ttinh TDC do
thien tai vd Men doi khi hdu.


Ngiiyin Hong Thdi 41
Bang 2. C£c 1^ do cho quy^t djnh khSng djnh tdi djnh cir cua cdc hf
Dcm v/; %
6 lai vin thiy an t o ^
KhSng mu5n xa quS, hp h^g, h ^ xom
Khong c6 vifc 1 ^ , tiiu nh^p o noi din
Thilu 6k san xuSt d noi din
Phai chjr qui ISu n€n khdng dl nOa
H6 trgr, d^n bO khSng hgp iy
Gi^ sAc khde y^u
Chua c6 nhh a t^i noi din
Thilu thdng tin vl noi din
Chua cd trudng hgc, t r ^ y tl
Cic ly do khic
N

Hf Dghto, cap ngheo Hf khong nghto
36,2
28,3
25,5
35,8
27,7
20,8
17,0
17,0
12,8
13,2
14,9
3,8
12,8
3,8
4,3
3,8
2,1
1,9
1,9
2,1
6,4
7,5
47
53

Chung
32,0
31,0

24,0
17,0
13,0
9,0
8,0
4,0
2,0
2,0
7,0
100

So Ii0u khdo sdt cua Vi0n Xa hgi hgc ndm 2016.

""T^ If hd dua ra cdc I^ do lien quan trueti%)ddn qud tiinh tridn khai cac kefaoacfaTBC
tap trung nfau "pfadi cfad qua Idu"faay"faS trg, d§n bu IdidngfagpIy*' tuy khdng cao (13% vd
9%) nhung cung la nhihig van de rit dang dugc cac ca quan chtic nang luu ^ va rut kinfa
nghifm. Trong kfai do, ty If dua ra cdc ly do hen quan den nfad eua, co sdfaatdng vd tfadng
tin... deu duoi 5%, tfaapfaonnfaieu so vol cac ly do pfad bien nfadt da phdn tich d tren HSn
quan den ba kfaia canh: nhfn tfaiic ve mi^ df riii ro, sinfa ke va mdi truong vanfadaxa fadi.
4. Danh gid cua ngirdi ddn vh cufc s6ng t^i khu TDC so vdi nffi d cii
De dugc danh gia lafaifuqud vd ben vihig, chuong trinh IDC khdng cfai giup ngirdi
ddn tranh hiem hoa thien tai ma can phdi tgo chofagcac dieu kifn sinh sdng tdt hon, hodc
it nfadt la kfadng kemfaonnoi d cu. Dira tren y kien cua 133 hg da efauyen den kfau TDC,
cdc pfadn tfch sau ddy tdp trung so sdnh dieu kifn smh song cua hg so vdi noi d cii qua 5
cfai bdo: ddt thd cu, ddt sdn xuit, co sdfaatdng, vifc ldm va tfau nfadp, siic khde, quan faf
cdng ddng.
Bing 3. Difn dch mft so lo^i dat cQafaft^i khu TDC so vdi noi & cQ
^
^
D3t thd cu

hhon
Tuong duong
Nbiluhon
N

Dat sin xuit ndng nghifp

69,9
12,8
17,3
133

^^(^ W- %

Dit pha hoang

9.8
10.5

37,6
54.1

133

133

Nguon: So lieu khdo sdt cOa Vi0n Xd hgi hoc ndm 2016.

4.1. vi dat thd cu
Nfain chung, ddt thd eu tai khu cdc TBC cd difn ticfa ftfaonva khdng tfaudn lgi efao

sulfafaoatvd chan nudi bdng noi d cii. Trong sd cdc hd da cfauydn ddn kfau TDC cd tdi


42 Tdi djnh cu tgp trung -mgt so phuong thtic thich ling .,
70% hp ed dit till eu it hon noi d eu (Bang 3). Tpi khu TDC, mdi hp cM dupe eip tit
300m^ din 400m^ ddt d theo diing han mure dupe Chinh phu ban hanh. Tuy nMen, khde
bidt Idn nhdt gdy ttd ngai eho tl chuc cupc song ciia cdc hd TDC khdng cW la di^n tich
nhd hon md la kbdng gian sing. Tai noi d eii, dit d eda hp ludn dan xen vdi dit rung, ddt
vudn liin kl t?o. ra mdt khdng gian sing thdng thodng, phdng khoang theo dung each
song cua dong bdo dan tpc tWdu so. Cdu true eua khdng gian sdng nay edn tao dilu Iden
oho vile chdn nudi hpp vp smh, ddm bdo khdng 6 nWim mdi ttudng. Cdn tai khu TDC,
dat till eu dupe phanflieoId, khdng cd khdng gian dem ndn rit khd khdn chotiidiquen 16
chile ddi sdng vd t£ip qudn chan nudi cua ding bdo ddn tpc tiiilu so. Hp cdn edflidigian
detiiiehngW vdi dilu kien song mdi.
4.2. Ve dit sdn xuat
Khd khan, ttd ng^ Idn nhit dii vdi eae hd TDC la fliiiu dit san xuit. Do quy dit cii
h|n n6n moi hp TDC cM dupe eip 0,5 ha vd kit qua Id cd tdi 80% si hp TBC cd dipn tfch
dat san xuit it hon so vdi noi d cu (txmg binh khodng 2 haAp), Hon niia, dit cip cho cac
hO TDC deu Id ddt ttong cay edng ngMpp dai ngay tiiu hii tvr ede ndng ttudng nen chit
lupng khdng cao,tiiuongdem lai thu nhdp kha thdp, Tuy nhidn vdi cM'nh sdeh Imh hoat
ttnh ehuatiiuhdi ddt rimg t£ii noi d cu, nen khd khan vl dit sdn xudt ciing phdn ndo duoc
khde phue,
'^'f ^^^ ^<- s ^ ''i^t cdng gia tang nhu eiu tiiay ddi eo edufliunhdp gia dmh flieo
I'^r^l
hO TBC,

^ t . "^i"f
"^ '*" " » " * ° * " " * * P " °°"S ngW?p khde, Dii vdi nhiiu
kho khdn Miit de phat ttiln chdn nudi Id vdn dl ddu ttr con gidng ban ddu"0- dept cd dieu kien de phdt triin nudi Irdu bd de nhung cdchd diu ngheo lihong
CO tten mua con gidng Cd Idiu trong mdy ndm cd 15 hg duQc phdt bd du dn.

Ngoa, ra thi ciing rdt it hg cd tiin diphdt triin chdn nudi. Mong mu6n cita nhm,
hg ta nha nuac cho vay vdn de mua bd gidng".

N™,A

tu

u-

f

D^^^d n ^ l n fc, ^- t'^

.

(Nam, 46 ttidi, ddn tde Dao, lap 7/12)

" ^ t ! ' ' ° ^'"« ' ^ "*^ * " =™S dira vdo sdc lue Id c L .

chudi san xuat do cae doanh ngWpp td ehiic, Khdo sdt tai dia bdn TDC eho t^y xa
S Z Dlnritot^ " ° ^
^''-""' " • * * ° " " ^ " ^ « P *^^°8 O " ^ ««» *ue 4
dd TZ
I ^ - T f" " ° ' " ™ " ' ^ ' ^ ^ " S mpt Id dit duoc eip la qua fl^ip khdng

^d «rtttht'-'f:'^n*'''°^^=^°/^^

c-^poMnh;;it:s:^r.i^«----^^^^^

ddi e o t w ^ d l l i ^ ' H': f "* *""' ^^ "'^^ '"* "'ã* ôã ^"^ " y

4.3. vi ca sd hf tkng

va n u l r ,l 'ttong
t n f ssan
^ txuat
i t n'nong
o" ' ' ngWep
\ ^ ' Id
! ^khia"''''''"«
^ ^ khu
- " ^TBC
^ dupe
"oat
canh duy^"^
nhit ''md" ^ede


Nguyin Hdng Thdi 43
ddnfa gid kem hon so vdi nai d cii. Cd tdi 89% ngudi trd ldi cfao rdng ngudn nude tai cac
kfau TBC kem so vdi nai d cu. Do cdc Idiu TBC d6u d vung ndi dd vdi nfaidu hang ddng
va khe ngam ndn rit kfad giu: dugc mnie vao mCia kfad. M|c du cac kfau TBC diu dd dugc
tinfa diu tir xay dyng ngu^n nude gidng kfaoan,faftfadng hh chda va dudng 6ng dan nfaimg
do diSu kifn dde tfaii nen ngudn nude tfaudng kfadng cfai tfailu vd yiu, ma gia nude cdn khd
cao so vdi Ihu nhap cua eac hd (cd khu tdi 5000d/m^). Ddy Id didu cdn nfaanfa cfadng khde
phue nfadm ddm bao 6n dinh cufc sdng tai cdc kfau TBC. Hon niia, tren cac viing dat san
xudt dugc chia cho cac hf khdng h6 cd hf thdng kenh muong tudi tieu ngi d^ng, ddy cung
la mft 1^ do lam cfao sdn xuat cua cdcfafTBC ludn blp bSnh, pfay thugc vdo thdi tilt vd
thu nfadp hay bi suy gidm dofaanhdn.
BSng 4. Dieu Ui^n ctf sd h^ tSng \k djch v^ y tl gido dye d khu TDC so noi d- cd

Dan vj: %
Ngu6n nude
Du6ng xS giao th6ng
^^guiith6nghSngli6a
Thong tin lien lac
Bi^n lu6i
V| sinh m6i trufmg
Co sd khdm chiia b^nh
Tnifmg hgc
Anninhtr$ttuxah$i
N

Kim hon
88,7
0,0
3,8
1,5
0,8
19,5
16,5
11,3
25,6
133

Kh6ng thay doi
3,0
1,5
3,8
10,5
19,5

14,3
12,0
8,3
18,0
133

TSthon
8,3
98,5
91,7
88,0
78,9
66,2
69,2
79,7
55,6
133

Ngudn: Sd lieu khao sdt cua Vi^n Xa hgi hgc ndm 2016.

Ngodi nguon nude, cdc co sd ha tdng kfade ciia cdc khu TDC deu dugc danfa gid tdt
faon so vdi noi d cii, nhat la ve "dudng xa, giaotiidng"(99%), "chg, luu tfadngfadngfada"
(91,7) va "tfadng tin lidn I^e" (88%) (Bdng 4). Cd dugc nhiing thanfa qud nay Id do su ddu
tu kfad ddng bd, ca bdn cda cfainfa quyin kfai xdy dung cac khu TBC vd ciing bdi dia hinfa
thudn lgifaannoi d cu.
Vd giao due, cd tdi 80%faddanh gia trudng hgc tai cdc khu TBC t6tfaannoi d cu.
Sir cai thifn ve giao d\ic khdng chi the hifn d tnrdng lap, co sd vdt chit, qudng dudng di
lai ma cdn the hifn d ngudn nhdn luc gido vi8n dugc danh gia Id tdt faan tai quf nfaa.
Trong moi kfau TBC deu ed tnrdng mam non vdi ca sd vdt cfadt va ddi ngn g i ^ viSn kfad
tdt. Dilu kien gido due tot faan so vdi noi d cu Id mdt trong nhiing ly do dl cdc hg tu

nguyen TBC tap trung. Hg nfain tfady tuang lai tuoi sdng ciia con em kfai dugc tiip cdn va
thu hudng mdi trudng gido duefagctap tdtfaonnoi d cii:
"Bd chdu di tii vi bdn ma tuy, em phdi nudi mdt cpn riing vd mgt con chung. Ld hd
ngheo nhung em tin tudng con em se khd han a que. Nai cdc chdu kho quen dugc
nhimg ldi ldm cua bd m?. O ddy cdc chdu dugc hpc tgp tdt han md khdng bi cdc
bgn triu chpc".
(Nii, 37 tudi, dan tgc Thdi. Idp 4/12)


44 Tdi djnh cu tdp trung - mgt sS phuang thiic thich iing...
Vl y tl ed tdi 60% hp ddnh gid co sd kham chtta bdnh t?i not TDC tot hon noi *
cu hdm y ed'vl co sd vdt chit, nang luc ddi ngu nhdn vien y td va d^c b * Id Idia ndng
tiip can Ben canh dd, dilu kien ve smh mdi ttudng cung dupe cae hp danh gia kha ttch
eve kM ed 66%' eho rdng tit hon nai d eu, Cd till ndi, viee chudtt bi kha tdt co sd h? tdng
cdng cdc dich vu xa hdi eo bdn nhu y tl, gido dyic eho eae khu TBC Id mptteongnhihig
dilu ki$n CO bdn dl cac hd tv nguypn chuyin den nhdm tiiieh ung chd dpng bdn vitag vdi
fliien tai va biin dii kM hdu,
4.4. vi vi^c lam va Ihu nhdp
Gin 1/2 (49%) si hp dupe khdo sdt cho rdng viec lam vd thu nhdp cua hp kdm di va
32% cho rdng vi$c lam vd tiiu nhdp tdt Idn so vdi noi 6 cQ (Bang 5), Nhu vdy, nhihig lo
ngsd cua ngudi ddn noi d cu vl dilu kien smh kl (dit canh tdc, viec lam, fliu nhdp) o noi
TBC Id CO CO sd, Cin luu y rdng, eOng ding TDC mdi cM dupe mpt vdi ndm nen chua
tiiieh ung dupe hoan todn vdi phuong thde sdng mdi va cdch thilc td ehde sdn xudt can
phdi thay ddi so vdi tdp quan san xuit d qud nha,
"Bit sdn xudt it, chi cd 5000m' lgi xdu nen thu nhgp tU ddt ndy chi dit sdng dugc
vdi thdng/ndm. Niu cd site khde vd chdm chi thi Idim viec ldm cdng nhdt vdi muc
150.000d - 200.000d/ngdy Id khdng qud khd. Khdng ki nhiing nguoi cao tuii
Ididng cdn siic lao ddng thanh niSn d ddy vdn quen vdi cdch sdng cU d que. Hg
khdng chit dgng kiim viec ldm, sdng dua chd yiu vdo rieng. Khi cdn hdy hit tien
lgi len rieng chgt ludng bdn. Khdng cd tinh todn ddu tu tich lUy. Chdn nudi irdu

dS d ddy khd thugn lgi nhung cdc hd deu thieu vdn ban ddu".
(Nam, 36 lull, ddn tpc Mudng, Idp 12/12, trudng xdm TDC)
Dieu quan ttpng Id hiu hit ede hp TDC dlu cdn nguin thu nhdp tir dit ritag san
xuit ciia hp tai noi d eii do chua bj thu hdi, Nguin thn nhdp nay ed vai ttd bd sung rit
quanttpngttongeo eiu thu nh|ip cda hp TDC ttong thdi gian dau sau di cu,

Icimdi
Khong thay doi
T6thon
_N

Bdng 5. Ddnh gid m$t s6 m$t cu bdn so v6i tru^c khi TBC
>
Banvl:%
Vi^c 1^, thu nh$p Silc khde Quan h$ xa h$i, h6a
nhip cong d6ng
48,9
30,1
6,8
18,8
37,6
38,3
54,1
32,2
31.6
133
133
133

Ngudn: So ii?u khdo sdt ciia Vi$n XS hdi hoc ndm 2016.

4.5. vi siic khde
Vipe TBC cdch noi d eu gdn 100 km vdi dieu ki$n kM h|u nguin nude tiiay ddi rd
rpt thucmg co anh hudng nhiiu tdi siic khde cpng dong ttong flidi gian diu. Song do co sd
vdt ehdt, ttang tiiiet bi eua cac tt^m y tl eda ode khu TDC duge xdy dimg khd tit, cpng
vdi su hi trp vS y tl ciia cdc ban ngdnh chinh quyin, quan dpi ndn ty le danh gia silc khde
kdm di la 30,1%, van xip xi t^ le ddnh gia sue khde tot len so vdittTrdcdi eu (31,6%)
(Bang 5).


. Nguyen Hdng Thdi 45

"Khi ddn tit Mai Chdu vi khu TDC, chinh quyin cdc cdp tgi dia phuang ki cd
cdng an, qudn dpi diu chung sue hd trg dgc biit cho hp. Trgm y ti ludn cd day d-U
ca sd thudc thiit yiu. Bdm bdo thuc hien dugc muc tiiu cua tinh de ra Id on djnh
ddi sdng vd sue khoe cua ngudi ddn di cu dirC^.
(Nam, 57 tudi, ddn tdc Kinh, lap 12/12, Chii tich xa cd khu TBC)
4.6. Quan h^xd hgi va hoa nhgp c^ng dong
Nhung thay doi trong quan hf xd hfi dugc danfa gid la mdt su phat trien quan trgng
ciia cfng d6ng cu dan TBC. Cfauyin tii kfau vuc viing sau vimg xa nai Idngfadtfauy difn,
pfaoi^ tue tfp quan lacfadu,vanfadaxa hfi cdn nfailu han cfae den cdc kfau TBC deu gan
tnmg tam huyfn, gdn dudng qudc Id, nen cd the ndi ddi sdng vdnfada- xa hdi da duge
thay ddi ddng ke. Day Id cofafitidp can vdi ddi sdng hien d^, van hda tien tien va Id dieu
kifn de cdc 1h6 faf tiep theo cd the phdt triin ngang bang vdi cdng ddng ban dia tai cac
khu TBC.
"Ly do quan trgng nhdt di gia ^nh chiing tdi xudng d^ TBC trudc hit Id nghi
den tuang lai con em. Con cdi cd ca hpi phdt triin, cd pa hgi tiip xiic vdi vdn
minh, moi truong xd hpi tdt. Ca hgi hgc lin cao, hpc chityen nghiep han hdn a
gui. Trin do trudng cdp 3 cdch 40km, con em rdt khd phdt triin. Ca hpi tim vi$c
^

thodt ly khoi nong nghiip cUng han hdn a qui".
(Nam, 47 tudi, ddn tfe Dao, Idp 7/10, trudng xdm TBC)
Cd the ndi, cgng ddng TDC da cd cafagide pfaat trien ngudn vdn xa hdi han so vdi
noi d cii. Day Id ngudn luc quan trgng trong ddi sdng ma rat kfad dinfa lugng dugc ngay
trong thai gjan diu mdi TBC. Dieu kifn quan he xa hdi,fadanfafp cgng ddng dugc faan
54% sdfadddnh gid tdt han trude, trong khi ty if ddnh gia kem faan tnrdc cfai gdn 7%.
Phin Idn trong sd do Id nfaiing ngudi cao tudi, kfad ndng tfaicfa nghi hda nfafp kem. Ban
tfadn cdc xa cd cdc kfau TBC ciing ed tdi tren dudi 50% dan cu Id ngudi Mudng nfau noi
xuit cu n6n su kfade biet vdnfadaphong tiic tfp quan la khdng ddng kl.
5. Ket luan va khuyin nghi
Ca hai xa Tdn Mai vd Phiic San dugc khdo sdt deu chiu anfa hudng nang nd ve rui ro
tfaien tai va bien ddi khi hdu, mdi trudng, nfadt Id sgt Id dit. Trudc tfauc trang nfau vfy, bd
tri lai ddn cu nfadm giam tfaieu toi da tfaift faai Id mdt nhu cdu biic thiit ciia cdng ddng.
Ddy cung la nhiem v\i ciia chfnh quyen vd eac nhd qudn I;^ dl thucfaifnchuong trinh bd
tri, dn dinfa ddn cu viing bi anfa hudng thien tai tfaeo Quyit dinfa sd 1776/QD-TTg ngdy
21/11/20I2 cua Thii tudng Chinh phii.
MdfainhTBC tfp trung cd the dugc xem nhu cd tfnh cfau dfng vd bin vftng nfadt dl
tiifcfa iing vdi Ihien tai va bien ddi kliffadu,mdi tnrdng. Tuy nhien, do cfai pfaf thu hdi dat,
dau tu xdy dungfag.ting khu TBC va cdc cfainfa sdcfa ho trg nen day la mdfainhcd xuit
ddu tu cao nhat so vdi 2 mdfainfatu TBC vd TDC xen gfaep. Clifnfa khd khdn vl kinh pfai
vd quj dat xdy dung khu TDC, quy ddt sdn xudt da ldm chdm qud trinfa tfaucfaifnTBC tu
nguyen cfao cdc hd ^ dang ky. Tinh Hda Buifa can phdi hgp vdi trung uong cd nfaiing giai
phdpfauyddng ngudn luc de ddp iing nfau cdu TDC cua cdng ddng ndy.


46 Tdi dinh cu tip trung • mQt so phuang thic thich ung .
Tren 1/3 nhiing h | chua di chuyin quyit djnh se khdng TDC vdi ba ly do phd bi&
nhit la: nhanfliucchua du vl nguy co rid rotiiidntai; lo ngai tiiieu dat canh tdc vd nguin
sinh kl tai khu TBC; vd spfliaydii mdi ttudng vdn hda, xd hpi. Ddy ciing la 3tedngai
dii vdi ehuong ttmh TDC. Trd ng?i tiiii nhit cd thi dupe din gd bd bdng^gidi phdp tang

cudng edng tiettiyentiruyln,vdn dpng vd giai tiiieh cho cdc hp gia dtah ve nguy eo tMen
tai, s?it Id dit. Til ttai nghidm vd ddnh pd cua nhOng hp dd TBC cho tiiay, vide ddm bao
ngiiln sinh kl cho eac hO TDC Id mpt vin dl tiiuc tidn can dupe chii ttpng ttong qud hMi
lap kl hoach va ttiln khai cdc chuong ttinh TDC tap ttmg. Tro ng^i tin! ba cd till dupe
gidi quyit niu mdi ttudng vdn hda, xd hdi vd hda nhdp cpng ding tai noi TBC dupe quan
tam xdy dvmg phu hop.
Trenflivctl, vi tri eua ed ba khu TBC hiu nhu da loji bd hodn loan nguy ca hi sat
Id dit vd nglp lut, dam bdo cho viec TBC dupe bin vung, NMn ehung, h?i ting co sd, kha
ndng tiip can vd hudng thu dich vu xa hdi co bdn nhu y tl, gido d\fc tai cdc khu TDC
dupe ddnh gia cao han so vai noi d cu, Ddy la dieu kien de cac hp TDC ed the sdm In
djnh va phdt triin ddi song, Ngudn nude sinh hoat, nude tudi cho sdn xudt tWdu vd cd gia
tiidnh cao Id diim yiu so vdi noi d ed. Ban cM d ^ Quy hoach lai ddn cu eua tinh Hoa
Binh cin phii hpp vdi cdc ban nganh chde ndng edi tMdn chit lupng ngudn nude vd ha
giathanhnude sinh hoat t^ cdc khu TDC, Can xay dung hd thing kdnh muong ndi ddng
de chu dpng tudi tieu tang ndng sudt cdy ttdng vdt nudi.
Do khdng edn qu^ dat, nen dit san xudt dupe cap ehe cdc hp TDC vira tMlu, vda
khdng ed chit lupng cao dl sdn xudt ndng ngMpp. Mdc dd da cd mdt sd chinh sdeh hi trp,
tuy nMen de nang cao thu nhdp cua cdc hd gia dinh TBC cdn phai cd hp thing ehinh sach,
gidi phap vd cac phuong thile ho ttp M|u qua theo hudng phdt triin chdn nudi vd tdng co
cdu thu nhap tir cdc nguin thu pM ndng ngMdp. Co bdn nhit la phdi phdt triin gido diic
nin tang vd ddo tao nghi cho lao ddng tai cdc khu TBC.
Tdi Ufu tham khao

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D, Reynolds, N. L, Andrew, and N, K. Dulvey, 2009: Vulnerability of national economies to the
impacts of ctimatB change on fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 10: 173-196,
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, ng4yl2/l 0/2016,

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mnh bO tri l?i dan cu vdng: thien tai, djc bift kh6 khin, bi«n gi*i, hSi dio, dl cu tu do, khu rimg die
dtmg giai doan 2013- 2015 vi djnh hudng din n5m 2020,
'^'""''hCv/vp^cpehiiS^hu">f'

'^°^ ''^' '^^

'*° '''"''°* * * ° ^ * " " "^ ^'"^- '^"'^ ' *

*


Ngt^in Hdng Thdi

47

Dasgwpta, S., B. Liqilante, C. Meisner, D. Wheeler, and J. Yan. 2009. The impact of sea level rise on
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