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Xdhgihgc,s62(138),2017

81

NGHIEN CUtJ VE TANG L O P TRUNG LUTJ: TlT KINH NGHIEM
CHAU A DEN THI/C TIEN VIET NAM'
TRINH DUY LUAN*

Torn tat: Bdi viit md ddu vdi khdi ni^m xd h0i hgc vi tdng lap trung luu vd cdc yi
td cdu thdnh bao gdm tdng Idp trung luu "ca" vd "mdi". S{r hinh thdnh nhiing tdng la
trung luu mdi d chdu A vd khu vuc Ddng Nam A cd nhiing dgc diim rieng vd ddng nhit
vai trd khdc nhau trong ddi sdng chinh tri, kinh ti xd hgi vd vdn hda a mdi qude gia.
Vi$t Nam, qud trinh cdng nghi$p hda, hi$n dgi hda vd phdt triin kinh ti thi trudng d
hudng XHCN da ldm hinh thdnh tdng Idp trung luu vdi ndng cdt la nhdm doanh nhdn
nhiing chuyen gia trinh do chimin mdn cao vd gidi qudn ly. Diim ludn nhiing nghien c
gdn day nhdm nhgn di$n vd "dinh hinh " tdng Idp trung luu d Vi$t Nam hiin nay, bdi
chi ra mdt sd vdn phuang phdp ludn vd phuang phdp do ludng tdng Idp trung liru a Vi^
Nam hien nay cdn dugc luu y trong nhiing nghien cuu tiip theo vi chu di nay.
Tirkhda: tdng Idp trung luu, giai cdp trung luu, gia &ih trung luu, Ddng Nam A.
1. Khai niem
Sy xudt hipn ciia tdng lap trung luu (TLTL) hay (cae) giai cdp trung luu (GCTL) dd
dugc de cap tren sach bao khoa hpc xa hOi, xd hOi hpc tren the gidi tiong nhilu thap ky
qua. Da co nhieu tranh ludn xung quanh ndi ham, phgm vi bao qudt cda khai niem nay.
Ben cgnh do, cac van de nhu sy xuat hipn, nhdng ddc dilm vd vai tid kinh tl, xa hOi,
chinh tri cua tang lap trung luu trong cdc xa hOi khdc nhau cimg da va dang dugctieptyc
thao ludn trdn cac diln dan khoa hoc xd hOi. Vl mdt thuat ngii, dang luu y la tiong sach
bdo khoa hpc xd hOi bdng tilng Anh, cum td "middle class" ("giai cdp trung luu") dugc
su dung phd biln hon cym tu "middle stiatum" ("tang lop trung luu"). Trong khi d ViOt
Nam, chling ta hdu nhu ehi diing cym td "tdng Idptiimgluu" md hilm khi gpi do la "giai


cap tnmg luu"^.
Hgi Xahgi hgc Vi4t Nam.
' Bii viet trong khuon k h i d l tii; Gia dinh trung luu a Vifl Nam v&i cdc qud trinh phdi triin kinh te - xd hgi
- vdn hoa. Ma s i : KHXH-GD/16-19/12 thupc Chuong trinh NCKH cdp BO "Nghign clhi dinh gid ting thi
vl gia dinh thdi kj* cdng nghif p h6a, hi^n dai hda dat midc, hOi nhSp quIc te". Vifn Hin tSm Khoa hpc xS
hOi Vi?t Nam.
^ Vi the, tir diy v^ sau, cym ttr "giai cap trung luu" (GCTL) s5 duyc chung toi sii dyng khi n6i v^
nghiSn cuu cua c i c tac gid nude ngoii, cdn cym td TLTL sS duyc sijr dyng khi n6i v l cdc nghiSn cihi ij
Vi^t Nam.


82

Nghien cHu vi tdng lop tnmg luu ..

Trong Td diln Xd hdi hpc Oxford (Marshall, 1998: 648-649), tren nhilu phuong
dipn, GCTL la thuat ngd ma gidi hpc thuat it hdi ldng nhdt khi sd dyng vdi vide co gdng
dinh nghia nd tiong mdt cdu ngan gpn: dd Id radt giai cap ed ehung tinh trgng vide lam va
thi trudng. Tren thuc tl, GCTL tiong cac xa hOi cdng nghiep hon mOt thi ky qua da dupe
md ra rdt rdng, thdnh mpt tap hgp ngudi bao gdm tu giam ddc cac cdng ty cho din nhihig
ngudi thu ky cua hg - dilu md kho co the coi la phu hgp.
Trong lugn gidi thdng thudng thi tat ca cdc logi cdng nhdn cd trdng deu thupc
GCTL, nhung v l mat xa hOi hoc, csdn phan chia giai cdp nay thanh cdc nhdm khac nhau
theo tieu chi la hp chia se nhiing cdng vi$c, thf trudng vd vi the chung. Chdng hgn, John
H. Goldthorpe tiong cdng tiinh "Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modem Britm"
dd phdn biet mOt giai cdp dich vy gdm nhfing nhd qudn ly cao cap vd edc nhd chuyen
mdn, vdi giai cdp dich vu tre hodc cap thdp hon, thi bao gdm nhiing nha chuyen mdn cq>
thdp hon nhu giao vien, eae nha quan ly va quan tri tre, nhdn vidn hdnh chinh, nhihig
ngudi lam edng viee khdng phdi chan tay, nhu kd todn, thu ky; vd nhdng ngudi sd huu
doanh nghipp nhd (nhu trudc ddy vin ggi Id tiiu tu sdn). Tuong dng thi giai cdp dich v\i

dugc gpi la "GCTLtren" (upper-middle class), giai cdp dich vy tre dugc gpi Id "GCTL"
(middle class), nhung nhdm cdn lgi gpi chung la "GCTL dudi" (lower-middle class).
Chdng hgn, d Anh, "GCTL tren" bao gdm khodng 10% ddn sd, "GCTL" chilm khodng
20% va "GCTL thdp" ciing chiem khoang 20% nua. Tinh gOp lai, GCTL la giai cap Ion
nhdt tiong cdu true xa hOi Anh (Goldthorpe, 1980).
Tuy nhien, mdt so nha xd hOi hgc, ddc bipt la nhiing ngudi theo quan diem Macxit, khdng chap nhan viec coi tat ca edng nhan cd trdng deu thuOc GCTL, dya tidn co scr
la tinh tigng vipc lam cua hp nhm chung la tuang duang (ho^c thOm chi cdn kem hon)
so vdi nhfing thanh vidn cua giai cap cdng nhdn. Hg thich gpi nhdm nay Id giai cap
cdng nhdn mdi. Dd la quan diem ma phdn Idn cdng nhdn cd trang khdng ddng tinh ciing
nhu khdng cd du bdng chdng xa hdi hgc. Ciing nhu vdy, thuat ngfi "GCTL" gid day
thudng dugc cac nha bao va cac nhd chinh tri su dung (tdt ban) thay cho cum td "so
ddng/ qudn chdng trung luu" (middle mass), chi nhung ngudi cd thu nhap gan vdi thu
nhgp trung binh.
Nhfing sd lipu td cuOc nghidn cdu cd quy md qude gia d Anh cua Marshal Gordon
va cOng sy (dugc cdng bd tiong Social Class in Modern Britain, 1984) cho thdy: ngudi
dan cd :^ kiln khd phdn bipt vl thdnh phdn ciia GCTL. Chdng hgn, 35% ngudi dugc hdi
eho rdng GCTL bao gdm nhfing nha ehuyen mdn; 11% thi chi nhdc din cae nhd qudn 1^;
va 7% eoi GCTL la tdt ca eae cdng nhdn cd trang.
Ngoai ra, cdn cd nhfing y kiln cho rdng cd mOt vai kilu loai GCTL khac nhau.
Chdng hgn, GCTL dugc phan chia thdnh "GCTL mdi" (bao gdm cdc nha chuyen mon
hudng luong, quan tii ky thudt, cdng nhan c l trdng lam quan ly - nhfing ngudi cd kj^ ndng
vd kinh nghipm dac bipt); "GCTL cu" (bao gdm nhung ngudi sd huunhd vd nhfing ngudi
tu kmh doanh); vd "GCTL ngoai bien" (marginal middle class), bao gdm nhfing cdng
nhdn hudng luong ldm lao ddng thd so va cae cdng nhdn lam djch vy cd nhdn. Mdc dO tdi
sdn xuat vj the cua cac nhdm nhd nay, muc dp c l kit xd hOi eiia hg nhu mpt giai cdp/ tang


Trjnh Duy Ludn

83


Idp, vd vide hg cd mOt vdn hda giai cdp rieng hay khdng - la khde nhau gida cac xd hdi
(Erikson va Goldtiiorpe, 1992).
2. Sur xuat hipn cua (cac)'^ giai cap trung luu d Chau A va nhung dgc diem cua chung
Cdc nha xa hpi hpc chdu A da cd nhiing nghidn cdu budc dau lam sdng td ve eai gpi
Id GCTL d chau A, qua mOt sd quoc gia/ vung lanh tho dai dipn. Chi din gdn day mdi cd
nhfing nghidn cdu so sdnh va toan dien dl hilu duge nhung ddc dilm ehung cung nhu sy
da dang cua cdc GCTL chdu A td nhieu edch tilp cgn. Nhiing hien thyc cua chau A dugc
xem nhu la mOt bdi cdnh khu vyc dde thu ma GCTL Idn len td do, va vi thi d day khdng
the dp dyng cac kinh nghipm vd md hinh cua phuang Tdy mOt cdch gidn don.
Nhin vdo cac GCTL td chilu cgnh v; thi dgt dugc (status attainment/ achieved
status), mOt sd tdc gid da chu y den qua trinh cdng nghipp hda - nhu la nhan td da thdc day
su CO dOng xa hOi vd bien ddi vi the trong cae eau tnic phan tang. Hg thdng nhat djnh
nghia (cdc) GCTL la nhfing ngudi xudt hiOn do kit qud cua su co dOng xa hOi va chiem
dugc vi the nhu vay (Tunin, 1967; Treiman, 1977). Ngoai ra hg cung luu y rdng hinh anh
vl uy tin va vai tid cua GCTL gifia cac nude d chdu A Id rdt khdc nhau, va chung cung
phan anh nhfing con dudng hiOn dai hda khdc nhau eiia cae nuoc nay.
Vao dau nhiing ndm 2000, mdt series cdc nghien cuu tien ehu de "Sy xudt hidn eua
GCTL d chau A va nhfing ddc dilm eua chiing" da dugc tiln hanh tgi 6 qude gia vd viing
lanh thi gdm: Han Qude, Hing Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines va Thdi Lan. Cac
nghien cdu dd phdn tich bdi cdnh vd nguon gdc xd hdi xuat than cua GCTL, chi ra nhiing
ddc dilm cua (cdc) GCTL, vd tii day tim hilu vai trd xd hdi va chinh tri ma GCTL chilm
gifi d moi qude gia / vung lanh thi dugc nghien cdu (Xem series cdc bai viet tren Tap chi
The Developing Economies, XLI-2 (June 2003: 161-284), vdi cdc tdc gia duge tiich ddn
dudi ddy).
Qud tiinh hipn dai hda va tdng trudng kinh t l d chau A cho thdy nhfing dgc dilm rdt
khac so vdi nhfing qude gia phuong Tdy - noi hipn dai hda didn ra tudn ty, trong vai thi
ky. 6 chau A, hien dgi hda bdt ddu muOn hon nhung lgi dien ra tix)ng khoang thdi gian
ngdn hon dudi hinh thdc "cdng nghiOp hda nit ngdn". Hon niia, trii hai qude gia Nhat Ban
va Thai Lan, thi cac nude dugc nghien cdu diu da tdng la thuOc dia cua cac cudng quoc

phuang Tay. Chi dO thupc dja dd cd nhihig tdc dOng nhdt dinh din hien dai hoa, nhung
qua tiinh ndy chi tiiyc sy hipn huu td sau Chiln tranh Thi gidi idn tiid 2, khi phdn Idn cdc
qude gia - dan tgc mdi gidnh dugc dOc Igp tin rdng tdng trudng kmh te cd the la ly do
sdng cdn cua hg, dd bdt ddu tiln hdnh hipn dgi hoa. Vdi nhfing cd gdng nhdm dgt tdi myc
tieu tdng trudng, hg thudng xdc Igp ben tiong bien gidi cua minh cdi ggi la nhung che do
theo chu nghia phdt trien dOc tai (Tamura, 2003).
Do qua trinh cdng nghipp hda nit ngdn, cdc ddng di cu ndng tiidn - do thi d chdu A
tdng manh, kit qud la GCTL do tiii ddu tien Id sy "kit ndi/ hda tidn cua rdt nhilu nguon
* Cym tir GCTL vii cdc GCTL c6 nghTa khdc nhau. Khi sii dyng n6 d s6 ft, li dl nhic din GCTL trong xa
hOi phuong TSy, c6n d thi si nhieu (cdc GCTL) 14 dl chi phiic hpp cic giai cap xa hgi khic nhau, dang xudt
hifnfifcic quIc gia ehiu A hi$n nay.


84

Nghien cuu ve lang lap tnmg Iteu ..

g6c xa h6i khac nhau". Hon nOa, mot the he dac biet nh&ig cu dan do thi roi que huong
ra do tiii lap nghiep, nhung vhi di bo me 6 lai, van con bdo luu manh mg nhihig gid tri
nong thon cua minh. Co thS con qua sdm de khdng djnh ho se gia nhap mgt giai cap - g6c
d6 thi th6ng qua "hon nhan npi bp giai cap", nhung trSn thuc te thi hiSn nay ho khong c6n
luu giu: ca y thiic giai cdp l§n van hoa giai cap cua rieng minh nQa.
GCTL chau A hien nay khdng c6 nhung ddc diem nhu GCTL a chau Au tni6c day,
v6n du(?c phan bi^t vdi cdc giai tdng khdc bdi vdn hoa va y thiic (Giddens, 1973), ciing
khdng gidng vdi "quan chung trung luu mdi" d Nhgt Ban, von khong cd bat ky vj the hay
bieu tnmg dac bi^t nao cua rieng hg (Murakami, 1984). Vi the, GCTL chau A chi cd thi
dugc phac hoa, it nhat vao thdi gian nay, nhu la mgt tdng lap trung gian giiia TLTL dual
vd TLTL trin. GCTL chdu A chia se nhiing ddc diSm chung d mdt mijrc dg dang ke, song
hinh hai thuc tg cila GCTL d mdi nude 1^ rdt khdc khi so vdi GCTL ciia mdt nude khac,
tiiy thugc vao nhieu nhan td. Cac nhdn td nay bao gdm nhfing tiSn de eua hi^n dai h6a,

qud trinh tang trudrig kinh tg (dac bi^t, tdc do phat triln va each thiic ma cdc dong di cu
ndng thdn - dd thi diln ra), cdc chuong trinh chfnh sach ma chinh phu theo dudi, va
nhOng didu ki$n mdi trudng. Vi v^y khi chi ra sir xuat hien vd cdc d ^ didm ciia hg, ta sg
d6ng thdi thay dugc ca su da dang ciia cac GCTL d chdu A.
Nghien ciiu tnrdmg hgp cua Han Qude, Arita Shin (2003) cho thiy GCTL d day di
Idn len trong bdi canh cua cac ddng di cu lao dgng o ^t tir ndng thdn ra dd thj cimg vdi
qud trinh cong nghiep hoa rid ngdn, vdi s\f phdt tridn rdt nhanh cua giao due. Tat ci
nhihig dieu kien nay dd thuc day qua trinh co dgng xa hgi, dugc dac trung rdt rd bdi s\l
lien kdt xa hgi nhiing con ngudi c6 ngudn gdc xd hgi rdt khdc nhau. NhOng s(t lien kdt nay
tao ra mgt cdu triic phdn tdng khdc thudng bdi nhiing kenh quan trgng dd di ddng di len,
bao gdm khdng chi sif di dgng tir GCTL cu thdnh GCTL mdi, ma con tir cdng nhan va
ndng ddn trd thanh GCTL cu (dudi hmh thiic co dgng bdn trong thi h$ hojc giiia cac th6
h g . Hon nta, vi$c it cd nhiing rao cdn ddi vdi di ddng di Idn dudng nhu ciing phdn nao
gidi thich vi sao GCTL Hdn Qude khd cd thd nudi dudng mgt vSn hda rieng ciia hg.
Hdng Kong, Singapore vd Malaysia thi rat khdc vdi Han Qude. Dd hidu ve GCTL
ciia eac nude hay vimg Idnh thd nay cdn phdi tinh ddn nhiJng tidn dd cho edng cuOc hi?n
dji hda ciia hg, bao gom ndn dgc l^p va nhiing hidn ddi chinh tr) di kem, ciing nhu ddc
diem cua hg nhu nhimg nha nude - ddn tdc hay nhOng thdnh phd thugc dia cu.
Theo Tai-Lok Lui (2003), su xudt hien cua GCTL mdi trong lich sii cua Hong Kong
tir mdt thanh phd thuOc dia ddn khi trd vd vdi Trung Qude, da la mgt tien dd khidn GCTL
Hdng Kdng cd phan mien cudng khi phdi ed nhihig hanh dgng chinh trj d^a trdn sdng Men
ridng ciia minh. O Hdng Kdng khdng cd ndn ndng nghi$p ndn GCTL mdi thudng xudt hi?n
tir nhiing ngudi nhdp cu nhanh chdng thanh dat vd di Idn. NhOng ngudi thugc GTCL moi
cua Hong Kdng dugc phac hpa nhu la nhOng ngudi khat khao theo duoi edc lgi ich kinh tl
vd thd o vdi chinh tri ddn mOc hg phdi vi|n den chidn luge thdo chay khdi Hdng Kdng.
d Singapore, theo Keiko Tamura (2003), s\r thd a vi chinh trj cila GCTL dien ra
trong mgt nhd nude - dd thj, khdng cd ndng nghiep, gin gidng nhu H6ng Kdng. 0


Trinh Duy Ludn 85

Singapore, hp thdng ehinh tri do chinh phu ndm gifi vd thyc thi cae chinh sach nhdm nudi
dudng mOt GCTL tinh hoa. Dilu ndy dugc xem nhu Id nguyen nhan chinh tgo ra sy xa
Idnh ve chinh tri cua GCTL. De hieu la, dl bdo ddm cho sy tin tgi va dn dinh chinh tri cda
mOt qude gia - dd thi nhd nhu Singapore, chi dO chinh tr; dudi su lanh dgo cda Dang
Hdnh dOng Nhan ddn datichcue theo dull nhfing chinh sdch phat triln ngudn nhdn lye va
chinh sdch gido dye nham nudi duong mOt GCTL mdi vdi rdt nhilu uu dai. Dugc mOt
chinh phu manh h§ trg nhu vgy, GCTL Singapore din nay van hit sue ung hO chinh phu
tiong vice duy tri tang trudng kinh tl nhanh va bao dam edc phdc lgi vdt chdt, tuy nhien,
hp Cling rat hoai nghi ve trien vpng ddn chu hda dat nude.
Trong mpt quoc gia da sac tOe nhu Malaysia, net ndi bat cda GCTL Malaysia xudt
phdt td nhung sang kien manh me cua ehinh phdtiongvipc nudi dudng mOt nhdm sdc tOc
ddc biOt, nhdm ngudi Malay. Trong khi da dang hda cdc chinh sach kinh tl cda mhih,
chinh phd Malaysia coi GCTL ngudi Malay nhu la nhihig dai didn chd ylu cda phat trien
kinh tl, cho du dinh nghia vl cdc GCTL va nOi dung eiia cac chinh sach nudi dudng
chdng diu thay ddi theo thdi gian. Do GCTL Malaysia ludn nhgn dugc sy ho trg chu ylu
ciia chinh phu, nen cd le \i the cho din 1999, hg vdn mang tinh bdo thu vl chinh tri
(Torii, 2003).
Vuang qude Thdi Lan, vdi khu vyc ndng nghiOp rOng Idn, di cu ndng thdn - dd thi
mang tinh tuan hoan, ngudi di eu td ndng thdn van khd dinh cu d dd thi va thudng phai
quay ve nai xuat cu. GCTL Thai Lan da xuat hipn trong mdi trudng kinh te xa hOi nhu vgy,
noi ma eo sy tap trung nhieu ca hOi (nhu cd dugc hpc vdn/ gido due) cho sy di dgng di Idn
/thang tiln d cac thanh phd, ddc biet la d thu dd Bangkok. Hg thudng cd nguon gdc td cdc
tdng lop xa hOi thdp d dd thi. Ddng thdi, mSu; du ddtiaiqua su ket ndi cae nhdm cd nguIn
gdc xd hpi khac nhau, GCTL Thai Lan vl ca bdn van cdn kha ddng nhdt theo nghia la tap
hgp nhung ngudi cd hoc vdn (Funatsu vd Kagoya, 2003).
Tgi Philippines, qua trinh hien dgi hda ddt nude Igi diln ra kha chdm chgp, bdi ty
Ip tdng trudng cua khu vuc kinh tl hipn dgi khdng du mgnh de cd the tuyen chgn dugc
nhieu lao dgng hon. Dilu nay dd anh hudng din d|c diem eua GCTL Philippines vd
nhihig vai trd chinh tri cua nd, vdi sd lugng tuong doi nhd cung vdi mdc dp cl kit xd
hOi cdn thdp. Mdc du ho dang d mOt vj tri cd thi thdch thdc nen chinh tii truyin thing

qua vipc dua ra nhftng md hinh mdi trong tham gia chinh tri, song mdc dp cd kit xd hOi
tiidp dd khiln hg thudng phai tham gia vdo nhfing trd choi lien kit hay to chdc Igi, md
kit qud thudng la sy thdt bai va khdng gdy dyng dugc cho minh nhung dnh hudng chinh
trj dd manh (Kimura, 2003).
Nhin chung, GCTL cda chdu A ra ddi trong qua trinh cdng nghiOp hda va hiOn
dai hda thdng qua su ca dOng xa hOi di Idn trong ca cdu phdn tdng xa hpi vd c6
ngudn gdc xd hOi rdt da dang. Nhfing khdc bipt gifia cdc nude ve cac tidn de cho phdt
triln va cdc chinh sach phat triln, vl ca cdu xd hpi trudc do, dang co nhiing anh
hudng sdu rOng din ddc diem cua GCTL, thgm chi dnh hudng cd din thai dO chinh
tri cua hg. GCTL chdu A dang chilm gifi nhfing vai trd nhdt dinh trong quan hp vdi
nha nude, ddc bipt trong tdng trudng kinh tl, thdc day dan chu hda x3 hOi, tham gia


86

Nghien ctiu ve tdng Idp trung luu ..

chinh tri d nhfing mdc dO khdc nhau, tuy thudc vao dSic dilm phat triln cua moi
nude (Tamura, 2003).
3. Stf xuat hi^n tdng Idp trung luu d Vipt Nam
Trong ba thdp nien Ddi mdi vda qua, Viet Nam da dat dugc nhung thdnh tyu to Idn
ve kinh te va xd hdi. Viec chuyen sang nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng Xa hOi chii
nghia, ddy manh edng nghipp hda, hipn dgi hda ciing la nhiing tac nhan quan trgng tao ra
nhiing bien ddi trong cdu triic xd hgi, dugc the hipn mOt each didn hinh tiong hien tupng
phdn tdng xd hdi cdc nhdm ddn cu.
Kinh te thi trudng, md cua hOi nhap va sy phat trien mgnh me va nang dOng eda cac
loai hinh hogt dOng san xudt kinh doanh dd tao ra nhilu eo may, van hpi cho nhilu ca
nhan, nhieu nhdm xd hdi di dgng di len thanh cac nhdm giau c6, kha gia. Sy phdt trien ciia
hp cd the lam doang rOng khoang each giau ngheo, nhung ddng thdi ciing gdp phdn tao ra
ddng lyc tdng trudng kinh tl vd tien bO xa hpi.

Cung vdi thdi gian, edc nhdm xd hOi mdi nay duge khang dinh vi tri va vai tio tiong
CO cdu kinh tl - xa hOi. Co the ke ten nhfing tang Idp mdi nhu doanh nhdn (ddc bipt la
doanh nhdn khu vuc tu nhdn), gidi chuyen gia quan ly va khoa hpc ky thuat, nhiing nhan
vien cd trinh dp cao tiong cac ngdnh sdn xudt, kinh doanh vd dich vy hidn dai nhu vien
thdng, tai chinh, ngan hang, cdng nghe thdng tin,....
Tuy vgy, hau het eac nghien edu edn chua hudng vao "tdng Idp trung luu" nhu la
ddi tugng nghien ciiu trye tiep tiong eae phdn tich va khdo sat cda minh. MOt vdi cdng
trinh neu cd de cap den thi mdi chi la nhung dy phdng (dy bao) ve TLTL ma chua thyc sy
nghien edu, kilm dinh cy the tu thyc tien. Gidi khoa hgc xd hdi cimg thudng cd dy cam
dudng nhu xd hOi Viet Nam qua Ddi mdi dd hOi du cdc dilu kiOn cho sy xudt hien ciia
mOt TLTL tren eo sd cac "nhdm xa hdi vugt tiOi", vd vi the da co nhfing khuyen cao vS
sy can thilt phai nghidn cdu hien tugng nay, nhdm xa hOi nay mOt each cdn bdn.
Cdu hdi thudng dugc ddt ra la: xd hdi Vipt Nam sau 30 ndm Ddi mdi, dudi tac ddng
cda qua trinh ddy mgnh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda, ehuyin sang kinh tl thi tiirdng da
hOi du nhfing dieu kipn de hinh thanh mdt tdng lop trung luu hay ehua? Va nlu cd tW hp
da va dang hinh thanh td nhiing con dudng ndo, tu nhfing ngudn gdc xd hOi xudt than nao
(trudc dd)? Vd xa hon, hp dang hoac se chilm gift nhfing vai trd nao tiong ddi sdng kinh
tl, xa hOi vd chinh tii ciia ddt nude? (Trinh Duy Luan, 2006).
Day qua that la cac cau hdi phdn anh nhfing ddi hdi bdc thilt vl m$t !y luan va thyc
tien tiong viOc nghien cdu vd hogch dinh cdc chinh saeh cd lien quan den sy phat triln ciia
TLTL d ViOt Nam hipn nay. Vd day la chu dl can ed nhilu nghien cdu nghiem tuc, dai
hoi mdi cd thi dugc lam sdng td cd vl ly ludn va thyc tien.
Tilp theo sy xudt hien vd phat tiiln eua tdng lap doanh nhan, sy xudt hipn cfia
TLTL la mOt budc phdt trien mdi cua cdu true xa hpi giai tdng d nude ta tiong thdi k^ Doi
mdi. Cd till tiidy rdng TLTL dang la lyc lugng kmh t l - xa hOi cd khd ndng to Idn ddng
gdp cho sy phat trien kinh te, ca tiong sdn xudt va tieu diing, cd cung va cdu, tiding md


Trjnh Duy Ludn


87

rOng dau tu, san xudt kinh doanh, tao vipc lam, va di dau trong vipc hinh thanh mOt ldi
sdng mdi, cdng nghipp hda, hiOn dai hda va dd thi hda - hay ndi ggn lgi - mpt Idi song cua
xa hpi phdt trien theo hudng hipn dgi hda. Tren thyc te, nlu nhfing biln ddi cua edu tide
xa hdi trong qud tiinh cdng nghidp hda, hidn dai hda d Vipt Nam co ddn din nhung hO qua
tich cyc ndo dd, thi cd le trudc het phdi ke den sy xudt hidn cua cdc ylu td mdi nhu tang
Idp doanh nhan, TLTL va vai tid cua ehung tiong vide thuc ddy phat trien kinh te va phat
tridn xa hOi trong hipn tgi vd tuong lai. Vi the, can phai cd nhilu nghidn cuu hon nfia, de
chi ra dugc quy md, nhfing ddc dilm, vi thi va vai tio kinh tl, chinh tri, van hda, xa hOi
cda TLTL Viet Nam, nhu nhilu nghien cdu da cd ve TLTL chau A da dugc phdn tich d
tren. Tuy vay, cac nha xd hOi hgc mdi chi bdt ddu de c$.p den sy hien dien cua TLTL ma
chua thyc su dinh hinh dugc nd.
4. Mpt vai nghien cuu gan day ve tang Idp trung liru Vipt Nam hiSn nay
Tu phia cac hpc gia nude ngoai, td ndm 2008, cd thd nhdc den tdc gia Victor T.
King (2008a). Cdng trinh "The middle class in Southeast Asia: diversities, identities,
comparisons and the Vietnamese case" (Tang lap trung luu d Ddng Nam A: sy da
dgng, ban sac, so sanh vd trudng hgp Viet Nam) cua dng d§t ra nhidu vdn de ve nOi dung
va phuang phap khi nghidn cdu v l TLTL d Ddng Nam A, trong dd cd viec xac dinh
TLTL dya tren hai chi bdo; hgc vdn va tieu dung, nhfing kho khdn khi phai so sdnh TLTL
chdu A vdi TLTL d phuong Tay, vice phdi sd dung d the sd nhieu ("cdc" TLTL) de phdn
anh sy da dang trong ban sdc va vai trd cua "cae" TLTL d cdc qude gia chau A...
TLTL Viet Nam dugc d l cap trong cong trinh ndy, vd tiong mOt bai vilt biln the
khac vdi 2 ddng tac gia Vipt Nam (King va cdng sy, 2008). "Professional middle class
youth in post-reform Vietnam: identity, continuity and change" (Gidi chuyen mdn tre
tiling TLTL d Viet Nam sau Ddi mdi: ban sdc, sy lien ti^c vd biln ddi), dugc phdn tich
tien mdt mdu gdm 226 ngudi (ea nam vd nu thuOc nhdm tudi td 19-25) tai 4 dd thi Idn
eua Viet Nam Id Ha NOi, thanh phd Hd Chi Minh, Da Ndng va Hai Phdng. Mau nay Igi
duge ldy td mdu cua cude Dilu tia SAVY 1 (2003-2004 ) vdi 2 chi bao xac dinh TLTL Id:
hpc vdn va tidu dung. Vi v^y, thuc chdt bai vilt chi dl c^p din mOt nhdm rdt nhd cua

TLTL tie (flianh nien) dd thi Viet Nam. MOt nhgn dinh ly tiid ciia nghien ciru Id: cho den
thdi dilm dilu tra (2004), cd rdt it bdng chdng cho thay nhdm TLTL tre nay dang phat
tiiln mOt ban sdc chinh tri ridng cua hg. Ly do cd thi Id do hp van tilp tyc gdn bd vdi linh
vyc vipc Idm vd giao dye thuOc khu vyc nha nude, efing gilng nhu thi he cha anh hg
trudc day dd tiing gdn bd.
Cudn sdch "The Reinvention of Distinction: Modernity and tiie Middle Class in
Urban Vietiiam" (Phdt hipn Igi ndt dOc dao: Hipn dgi vd tdng Idp tinng luu d cac dd tiij
Vipt Nam) la series cac bdi vilt kha ly thu cua nhdm hpc gid quIc t l (Nguyen-Marshall,
Drummond, Belanger, 2012) ve tdng lap trung luu dd thi Vipt Nam trong qua khd tiiuOc
dia (ddu till k^ 20), ciia nhung ndm 1960 d Sdi Gdn, vd d thanh pho Ha NOi thdi ky Dii
mdi va hgi nhap hipn nay, td cdch tilp cgn lien ngdnh (sd hpc, vdn hgc nghe thu^t, kinh
tl, xa hpi hgc, kiln tiiic va quy hoach dd tiii). V l TLTL d Ha NOi hiOn nay, bai vilt cua
Lisa Drummond: "Middle class Landscapes in a Transformmg City: Hanoi in the 21st


88

Nghien cHu vi tdng lop trung liru .,

Century" trong euon sdch la kha ly thd td gdc nhin cda quy hogch vd xa hOi hgc dd thi.
Tdc gid sd dyng thudt ngu "canh quan" cua quy hoach dd thi de mieu ta su xuat hi^n
cda TLTL d Ha NOi qua cac quan sat thudng ngay: Dd la su nd rO cdc tda nha cao
tdng vdi cac can hO cao cdp, cdc "thanh phd tu nhan khdp kin" (gated community- nhir
Khu Dd thi mdi Ciputra), cac sidu thi hay trung tam mua sdm (shopping mall), sSn
golf vd cac tidn nghi giai tii, su gia tang d td cd nhan, phd biln cua dilu hda nhiet dO,
nhfing ky nghi / du lich, dac biet la cdc ehuyin du Heh nude ngoai, cac trao luu "hang
hieu" theo chudn khu vyc vd todn cdu,... tdt cd diu mang xu hudng ldi song ciia mOt
TLTL dgc tnmg. "Cdnh quan" nay cho thdy "tinh trung luu" ro net cda mdt bO phgn
dang kl ddn cu thdnh phd, ma theo tac gia "da bi cdc nha qudn ly vd hoach dinh chinh
sdch "bd qua mdt each thanh cdng", va vi v^y, cung cdn it dugc gidi nghien ciiu tiong

va ngoai nude chd y.
Ndm 2014, Vipn Nghien cdu Chau A cda Bdc Au (Nordic Institute of Asian
Studies - NIAS) d Copenhagen, Dan Mgch dd xudt ban cudn sdch cda tac gia Catherme
Earl (2014) dudi tieu dl "Vietnam's New Middle Classes: Gender, Career, City" (Tang
Idp trung luu mdi d Viet Nam: Gidi, Cdng viec, Thdnh phd). Cdng trinh chu yeu dya
tidn each tilp can nhan hpc, vdi cac tu liOu lieh su - ddt nude hpc vd "cau chuydn dudng
ddi" (life history) dl phdc hpa hinh anh mOt sd nhan v | t dgi dipn cho cdi ggi Id "tang
Idp trung luu mdi" d thdnh phd Ho Chi Minh thdi kf "sau Ddi mdi". Hon nfia, tiSu
diem cua cudn sach la d nhfing chilu canh "gidi, cdng viec va thanh pho" nhu tieu de
cua cudn sdch. Tuy nhidn, nd ciing cung cap cho dOc gia Vipt Nam mpt hinh dung ve
nhung nhdn v^t thuOc cdi ggi la "tdng Idp trung luu mdi" d do thi Vipt Nam dudi gdc
nhin ciia mOt hpc gia nude ngoai.
Dinh nghia vd xdc dinh vai trd cda TLTL qua chi bdo tidu dung, Nguyen Van Thinh
vd cOng sy (2010) tiong bdi viet "The emerging middle class in Vietnam transitional
economy: identification, measurement and consumption behavior respect to economic
growtii" (Tang lop trung luu dang xuat hien trong nin kinh t l ehuyin ddi d Vipt Nam:
nhgn dgng, do ludng va hanh vi tieu dimg dii vdi tdng trudng kinh tl) dd tiln hdnh udc
lugng quy md TTTL Viet Nam theo mdc tidu diing va cdu tnic tieu diing cua cd nhdn. Cac
tdc gid da sd dyng cac ly thuylt vd md hinh kinh t l lugng dl dy bao. Ly thu la hg sd dyng
c^n dudi mdc chi tieu dung theo chi bdo tuypt ddi cua World Bank (td 3-10$ PPP/ngdy/
ngudi), tii day udc lugng dugc ty I? TLTL d Viet Nam ndm 2010 la 40%, dy bao 2015 la
60% (so vdi 5% ndm 1992). Cae tac gia nghidn cdu cung thira nh§n Id hg mdi chi de cap
tdi hdnh vi tieu dung eiia TLTL ma chua till tinh din vai trd ciia hanh vi tilt kipm va ddu
tu, vd cang chua thi tinh din eac vai tid chinh tri, xd hOi va vdn hda cua TLTL Viet Nam
tiong 30 ndm qua.
Lien quan den chi bao tieu diing, tien cac phuang tien truyin thdng gan ddy, cac
Tap doan Maketing qude tl da dua ra nhfing dy bdo vl quy md TLTL mdi d dd tiii Vi|t
Nam (theo nhiing tieu ehi xdc dinh rieng ciia hp). Dd la nhung con sd ddy Igc quan, dua
trdn mdc tidu dung va dl dy bao nhu cdu tieu diing, dac bipt Id cac san phdm thuang hiOu
nude ngoai, nhu hai doan trich dudi day:



Trjnh Duy Ludn 89

Theo khdo sdt mdi nhdt ciia Tgp dodn tu vdn Boston (BCG), Vi$t Nam hiin Id q
gia cd tdc dd tdng trudng tdng lap trung luu vd gidu cd mgnh nhdt Bdng Nam A, d
kien len 33 tri$u ngudi vdo ndm 2020.

(Vnexpress, ngdy 20/1/2014)
Ngdn hang ANZ phdi hgp vdi Tap dodn Nghien ciiu thi trudng Roy Morgan udc
tinh mdi ndm, Viet Nam si cd them khodng 2 tri$u ngudi tieu diing gia nhdp vdo
tdng Idp trung Itm. Ddy chinh la dgng lire ndi dia quan trgng thuc ddy tdng trud
kinh ti.
(Vnexpress, ngay 13/7/2014)
0 trong nude, nhfing nam gan ddy, da cd mOt sd cdng trinh nghidn cdu true tilp vl
TLTL Viet Nam.
D I tai NCKH cdp nha nude "Tdng lop trung luu trong phat tiiln xd hpi va qudn ly
phat tiiln xa hOi d ViOt Nam" (Ma sd KX.02.16/11-15) do Doan Mmh Hudn va Trdn Thi
Mmh Ngpc (2015) ldm chd nhipm la mOt nghien edu cd tidu dl va nOi dung rdt hdp dan
gidi nghien cuu cd quan tdm. Tuy nhidn, ngoai nhipm vy trpng tdm Id chi ra vai tid cda
TLTL ndi chung tiong phat triln xd hOi vd quan ly phat triln xd hOi, dl tdi dd chua xd \^
nhung CO sd phuang phap luan va phuong phdp hp trong viOc xac dinh va do ludng TLTL
d Viet Nam, trong khi day la mOt yeu cau then chot de tii do cd thi "dinh hinh" quy md,
cdu tnic ciia TLTLva do ludng vai tid ciia ndtiongeac Imh vyc kinh tl, xd hOi, vdn hda...
d Viet Nam, cung cdc yeu to tac dOng phuc tap, da ehieu tdi nhimg vai tro nay.
Biii Dgi Diing (2014) trong bdi vilt "Quy md tdng Idp trung luu tai Vidt Nam theo
tieu chi thu nh$p" dl cap din phuang phap xdc dinh quy md TLTL theo tidu chi thu
nhdp, gidi thiOu cdch tilp can xac dinh quy md TLTL d M^ (theo chi sd tuong dii: td
60% din 200% trung vi thu nhap theo ddu ngudi) vd thi dilm ap dungti'nhtoan tren nin
sd lieu Dilu tra mdc sdng dan cu 2010dl xac dinh quy md TLTL tgi 60 tinh thanh ciia

Viet Nam.
Gan day, Bui Thi Cudng, Phgm Thi Dung vd Td Ddc Tu (2015) vdi bdi viet "Tang
Idp tinng luu d Thanh phd H6 Chi Minh: Co cdu va ddc dilm nhan khdu" ddtiinhbdy
mOt nghien cdu dang chu y ca vl ngi dung va phuong phap. Dya tien mau gdm 383 ngudi
dugc tiich xudt td mdt mdu Idn han (661 ngudi dang lam vipc tiong 1.080 hO dugc khao
sat) cac tdc gia dd tinh ra quy md TLTL cua thanh pho Hd Chi Minh vdo thdi dilm khdo
sat (nam 2010) Id 57,9%. Vl phuong phdp, dang chu y la edc tdc gid khdng sd dyng tieu
chi thu nhdp hay ehi tieu ma sd dyng khung phan nhdm nghi nghiOp cda Ting cyc Tdng
ke, cd dilu chinh va bd sung, de phdn loai va khang dinh 5 nhdm nghe nghiep dugc xep
vao TLTL cua thanh pho. Dd la cae nhdm: (1) Lanh dao, qudn ly Dang, Nha nude, dodn
thi xa hgi, ca quan hdnh chinh sy nghiOp trong khu vyc Dang, Nhd nude, doan the; (2)
Lanh dao, qudn ly cdng ty tiong khu vyc tu nhdn; (3) Chii co sd kinh doanh hO gia
dinh phi ndng nghipp; (4) Chuydn mdn k^ thugt, nghiOp vy, dich vy, thuong mgi; (5)
Nong dan Idptidn.Phuang phap nay dd trdnh dugc vipc xac djnh cdc chi baotiiunhap vd
chi tidu - vin rdt khd thu thap day dd va chinh xdc tren thyc dia. Tuy nhien, tren thyc tl


90

Nghien cdu vJ tdng lop trung luu ..

thi cac thanh vidn cua moi nhdm (dac biet la cac thanh vidn ciia nhdm 4) thudng bi phdn
tdng tiong nOi bO theo cdc ddc dilm ed nhdn vd gia dinh, ndn khdng phdi tdt ca cac tiianh
vien cua nhdm diu ed dd dilu kidn (chdng han ve thu nhgp) de duge xep vao TLTL.
Le Kim Sa (2015) cd nghien cuu "Tdng Idp tnmg luu d Viet Nam: quan dilm tiep
can, thyc tien phdt triln va eae kien nghi chinh sdch". Cd Id ddy Id nghidn cdu dinh lupng
ddu tien vl TLTL d Viet Nam dya tien bO so lieu cua 5 cuOe Dieu tia Muc song Dan cu
Viet Nam (VLSS) tiong cac ndm 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010 va 2012. Nghien euu dd xac
dinh quy md cua TLTL Viet Nam theo tiep c|in da chilu, vdi 3 chi bao ca bdn. Dd la chi
bdo thu nhgp (dugc xac dinh d mdc tien 2 Idn ngudng ngheo); chi bao giao dye (dugc xac

dinh bdi hpc vdn cda cua it nhdt 1 thanh vien hp gia dinh phai td Trung hgc phd thdng tio
len); vd chi bao nghe nghipp (dugc xac dinh bdi it nhdt cd 1 thdnh vien hO gia dinh lam
nghe phi gidn don). Td do, nghien cuu dd udc lugng quy md TLTL Viet Nam (theo tiep
can da chilu), hien chiem khoang 31,5% dan sd dat nude (Le Kim Sa, 2015). Day ed le la
nhung eon so ddu tien ve quy md cua TLTL d ViOt Nam theo tidp cdn da chidu. M|c dii
cdn cd nhfing hgn che nhdt dinh, nghien cdu ndy da thd nghiem vd ggi ra nhieu vdn de ve
phuang phdp nghien cdu vd phuong phap do ludng da chilu ddi vdi TLTL d ViOt Nam.
Phuong phap nay mang tinh "co dan" nhilu "nghipm s i " v l quy md TLTL thdng qua cdc
"bO lpc", tiong bdi cdnh nhilu nghidn cdu dd dua ra nhung eon sd rat khac nhau vl quy
md TLTL dya tren tiep can don ehieu (thu nh§.p, chi tidu hay nhdm nghd nghidp).
MOt ting quan sa bO tren day eho thay hinh anh cua TLTL dang xuat hien d Vi^t
Nam va nhu eau nghien cdu ve tdng Idp ndy dang khd sdi ndi, vdi nhung ydu cdu khdt khe
vl CO sd ly ludn, phuong phdp ludn va phuang phap hO mOt cdch chat che. Ben cgnh khai
nipm TLTL bao gdm cac ca nhdn cdu thdnh TLTL, cdn cd mpt chu de khac rat diiags chii
y. Dd la khai nipm "gia dinh trung luu" - noi luu gifi cac khudn mau Idi song cua nhfing
don vi xd hOi quan trgng ciia TLTL, vd vai tio ciia chiing tiong phdt triln kinh te, xa hOi,
van hda cua ddt nude hiOn nay va trong nhfing thOp nidn tdi. Nhfing vdn dl phuang phap
xdc dinh vd do ludng quy md, cdu trdc, vai trd cda cdc gia dinh trung luu Viet Nam hi?n
nay cung la nhfing vdn dl ddi hdi nhilu tim tdi, phat hipn va van dyng trong nghien ciiu.
Chdng tdi se cd dip de cap den nhfing van de cy the hon nhung vdn decda TLTL va Gia
dinh trung luu ViOt Nam trong nhung nghidn cdu mdi sdp tdi.
Tai li^u tham khao
Arita, Shin. 2003. The growth of Korean middle class and its social consciousness. The Developing
Economies, XLI-2 (June 2003):201-220.

B£)i E>ai Dung. 2014. Quy mo tang 16p trung lini t^i Vi^t Nam theo tiSu chf thu nh$p. Tgp chi Kinh li va
Chinh tri Thi gi&i, Sl 6 (218).

Bai The Cii6ng, P h ^ Thj Dung v4 T6 Dire Tcau v4 djc dilm nhan khdu. Tgp chi Nghien ciu phdt triin, Vi§n Nghidn cihi phSt triin

Thinh phi Hi Chi Minh, Sl 12(2): 73-79.
Doin Minh Hudn vd Trdn Thj Minh Ngpc. 2015. Bdo cSo Ting kit D I tii NCKH cdp nhi nu6c
KX.02.16/11-15: Tdng l(Sp trung luu trong phdt triln xS hOi vd quin 1^ phit tiiln xS hOi is
Vi^t Nam.


Trjnh Di^ Ludn

91

Earl, Catherine. 2014. Vietnam's New Misdle Classes. Gender, Career, City. NIAS, Copenhagen.
Funatsu, Tsuruyo and Kazuhiro Kagoya. 2003. The middle class in Thailand: the rise of the urban
intellectual elite and their social consciousness. The Developing Economies, Vol 41(2): 243-263.
Giddens, Anthony. 1973. The Class Slruciure of the Advanced Societies. London: Hutchinson.
Hattori, Tamio, Tsuruyo Fonatsu. 2003. The emergence of the asian middle classes and their characteristics.
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Kimura, Masataka. 2003. The emergence of the middle classes and political change in the Philippines. The
Developing Economies, XLl-2 (June 2003): 164- 284.
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the Vietnamese case. International Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies, Vol. 4, pp. 73-109.
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post-reform Vietnam: identity, continuity and change. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 42(4):783-813,
Cambridge University Press.
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chinh sich. Bao cao tong k^t De tai cap 8$. Vi^n Hin lam Khoa h^c x i hOi Vi$t Nam.
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h6a (qua nghien cihi ?^6m Doanh nhin). Bio cio Nhi^m vy cdp B$, Vi^n X i hpi hgc. H i NOi.



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