Tiếp cận các thuyết về phân tầng xã hội và quan điểm về phân tầng xã hội hợp thức, không hợp thức

TS Phucmg Oanh. Tiip edn til edc thuyet viphdn tang...

TIEP CAN CAC THUYET VE PHAN T A N G XA H O I VA
QUAN DIEM VE PHAN T A N G XA BQl HQfP THU'C,
K H 6 N G HOP THU'C
Td Phuang

Oanh*

Z

rong lich sU xa hdi hge da tung tdn tgi nhiiu trudng phdi ly thuyit viphdn tdng
xa hgi Trgng bai viit nay tde gid di cap din ly thuyit chiic nang, ly thuyit xung
dgt cua cde nhd xd hgi hge phucmg Tdy khi bdn vi phdn tdng xd hdi va quan niim vi phdn
tdng hgp thuc vd bdt hgp thiic d Viit Nam. Nghiin eiht cdch kien gidi theo edc thuyit di
tit do ehi ra tinh hgp ly, hgp thic eiia phdn tang xS hfl ddng thdi nhin nhgn vd khde phue
nhiing mat chua hgp ly, bdt hgp thiic cua phdn tdng xd hgi Khing dinh phdn tdng xd hgi,
bdt binh ddng Id tdt yiu vd tdn tgi lau tidi trong siiphdt triin cua lich sir lodi ngudi.
T i khda; Phdn ting xa hfi, bit bmh ding xd hfi, hpp thuc, bit hpp thic.

Phdn ting xd hdi Id mdt khdi nifm dupe
nhilu nhd xd hdi hpc quan tdm nghiSn ciu.
Din nay, frai qua nhung biln doi cia tiidi
gian, phdn ting xa hdi vdn cd nhiing ttanh
ludn vd kiln gidi khac nhau theo cdc trudng
phdi nhit djnh.
1. Thuyet chirc nang vl phdn tang
xa hfi
Cdc nhd xd hpi hpc theo thuylt chic ndng
khdng dinh, phdn ting xd hfi vd bit binh
ddng xd hfi la mdt hifn tupng pho biln, sy

tin tai tit ylu vd khdng till ttdnh khdi
hong xd hpi lodi ngudi. Phdn ting xd hfi da
diSn ra hong qua khi va sS tilp tyc bilu
•Hoc vi^n Chinh trj quoc gia Hi Chi Minh.

56

hifn nhu mft net nli b^t ttong xd hSi
duong d?i va tuong lai. Nhttng nhd xd hpi
hpc tin tuli gin liln vdi tiiuylt ndy Id:
Comte, Spence, Durkhemi, Parsons,
Merton, Davis, Moore...
v l mjt thudt ngtt, chi thuylt chic
nang cdn dupe gpi la thuylt chic ndng cau trie hay thuylt ciu trie - chuc ndng.
Md hinh ciu trie chic ndng dya ttSn quan
dilm xem xa hpi nhu mft hf thing glm
niiiSu bf phdn khac nhau cing tdc dfng dl
t?o ra tinh In djnh tuang dli. Thuylt chic
ndng cho ring, xa hfi do ciu hue xd hpi
ciu thdnh, dupe xdc dinh nhu nhihig mdu
hdnh vi xd hpi tuong doi In djnh. Cdc ciu
trie xa hfi quan hpng nhit Id nhOng bf


NghiSn ciu An Dp va Chdu A. So 3-2017
phdn chinh, cdc tiiilt chl ttong xd hfi nhu
gia dinh, tdn giao, chinh ttj vd he thing
kmh tl. MSi thdnh phdn ciu true xa hfi
dupe hilu theo nghia chic ndng xa hdi, quy
vao kit qua boat ddng nhu mot ting thi. Vi

mdi bf phdn ttong xa hfi cd mpt hay nhilu
chic nang quan ttpng cin thilt cho xa hfi
tin tai dl duy tti tinh bin vttng cia xa hfi.

toan hf thing xd hpi. Parsons tm tudng
ring ttjt tu xa hpi dupe xSy dyng ttSn cac
gid ttj md cdc thanh viSn trong xa hfi cing
chia se. Hf thing cac gid trj phd biln djnh
hinh bdi cac thilt chl dupe nhdn manh ban
diu ttong xd hdi. Nhihig ngudi cd cdc gid
ttj cao nhdt se nhdn dupe dja vi cao, su uu
dai khac nhau vl thu nhap, dac lpi khde...

Thuylt chic ning mft phin bit ngudn
t i quan diem cia nhd thyc ching luan,
ngudi tao ra ngdnh xa hfi hpc ngudi Phdp August Comte va dupe nha xd hdi hpc
ngudi Anh Spenser phat triln vd diy m ^
cdch tilp can ly thuylt ndy. Ddy Id mft ly
thuySt ve phdn tang xa hpi dupe chap nhan
rpng rai cudi till ky XIX diu XX. Nhttng
ngudi theo thuySt chic ndng coi ly thuySt
cia hp nhu mdt phin cia quy ludt ty nhiSn:
nhttng ngudi gidu la do hp cd trinh-df, kiln
thic, ky ndng hay nhttng khd ndng sdn cd
nSn hp xing ddng dupe gitt, dupe thy
hudng nhihig tdi sdn cia hp. Ngupe 1^,
^ nhung ngudi ngheo khdng cd dupe nhiing
' dilu kifn va kha ndng nhu vdy nSn ddng
^ phdi sing ngheo khd.

Kingsley Davis vd Wibert E. Moore
(1945) cho rdng "su bdt binh ddng xa hdi
la mgt di sdn md nhd vao do xd hgi bdo
dam nhung dia vi quan trgng nhdt phai do
nhung nguoi cd tdi nang nhdt ddm nhiim
mdt edeh cd y thue. Tit dd, mdi xa hdi bdt
ki nd dem gidn hay phiie tgp phai khiin cho
eon ngudi khac biit nhau vimgtuy tin
vd tin nhi^m, do do md phdi cd mgt sd bdt
binh ddng dugc thiit chi hda"'. Vdi tu
cdch Id mft co chl vdn ddng, mdt xa hpi
nhu thd ndo dd piiai phdn phii nhimg thdnh
viSn cia minh vdo cdc dja vj xa hdi va
khiln hp thuc liifn nhihig bdn phdn d cdc
dja vi dd. V|ly thi mft each khdng ttanh
khdi, mpt xa hfi phdi cd cdch ndo do dS
phdn phii nhttng phin thudng khac nhau
tiy theo dja vj, nhifaig phin thudng vd su
phan phoi chimg ttd thdnh mpt bd phdn cua
ttdt ty xa hfi va nhu vdy ldm ndi ISn sy
phdn ting.

'
S
i
3
!'
i
1
i

i
i

'Theo Parsons, phan ting xd hfi Id sy bdt
bmh ddng xa hfi vd cin thilt dl tao ra sy
khich If cho nhiing ngudi se phdi ddm nhifm
nhimg chic nang hay ttpng trdeh khd khan
cia xa hfi. Theo ong, phdn ting xd hfi Id
ddng mong udc vi nd cho phep hS thdng xa
hpi vdn hdnh dupe buih thudng. Parsons
nhin xd hfi tuang ty nhu co thi con ngudi
vdi nhilu bf phdn hpp thdnh. Gidng nhu
cdc bp phdn cia co thi, cdc thilt chl ttong
xa hfi phdi thyc hifn chic ndng mot cdch
chinh xdc dl duy hi su In djnh ehung cia

Su bit binh ddng la mft tinh tit ylu
ttong sy tdn tai cia thdi cudc, duong nhidn
vdi moi cd nhan xing ddng hay mdt nhdm
Tonny Bilton, Kenvin Bonnett, Philip Jones,
Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard vd Andrew Webster;
Nhdp mdn Xa hdi hoc, Nxb. Khoa hoc xd hii, Hd NOi,
I993,tr.61.

57


To Phucmg Oanh. Tiip cgn tic edc thuyit viphdn tdng...
ngudi ndo dd cd ndng lyc se phdi nh|n
dupe mdt vj tti phi hpp theo tti tuf, tdi

ndng, die df cia hp vd do v^y se cd sy
phdn cip ro rft vdi nhChig ting bdc khde.
Ro rdng ttong xd hfi sS phSn cip nhttng vi
tti thich hpp cho nhttng con ngudi thich
hpp. Cd nhttng vj tri ddi hdi sy clng hiln
va khd ndng tiiich ing va tuong tdc cao, l?ii
cdng cd nhiing vj tti cd su ddi hdi nh?
nhdng, don gidn horn. Vd nhiing ngudi
chilm gitt nhttng vi tti dJc bift ddi hdi phdi
dupe huin luyfn, bii dudng vd tham gia
phat ttiln khong ngimg dl cd nhiing ndng
lyc vupt frpi xipg ddng vdi vj tti ddm
nhdn. Va xd hdi duong nhiSn phdi chip
nhdn, phdt huy vd xdy dyng hf thong phan
thudng xing ddng vdi cdng sic vd sy dau
tu cia cd nhdn hay nhdm xa hpi dd.

m ^ chic ndng cia phdn ting vd chi y
din tt^ng thdi tiiang bdng, din nhttng co
cdu hem Id nhiing chuyin bien. Vdi each
gidi thich nhu vdy, ly thuylt ndy dupe coi
Id ly thuylt hpp thic hod va bdo vf su phdn
ting va bit binh ding ttong xd hpi. Do vay,
thuylt chic ndng da khong chi y din hdu
qud, dSn mdt ttdi tieu cyc cia sy phdn ting
xd hfi. Hp da xem nhp nhiing ttanh chip,
bit In bat nguIn t i sy mit cdn bdng gdn
liSn vdi cdc giai tang ttong xd hfi, diSu dd
khiln thuylt chic ndng bfc If sy philn
difn, chua phdn anh dupe phdn ting xd hfi

mft cdch day du.
2. Thuyet xung dft viphdn ting xa hfi

Thuylt xung dot idling djnh ring phdn
ting xd hfi liSn quan trye tilp tdi bit btoh
ddng giai cap. Do su mau thudn, xung dft,
NhQng quan dilm cia thuylt chic ndng ttanh gidnh quyln thing ttj giOa cdc giai
da thong tri nen xa hfi hpc My sudt nia cip md smh ra bit binh ddng vd phan ting
diu till ky XX, sau dd nd bi nhilu nha xd xd hfi. NhOng tac gid nli b$t theo thuylt
hfi hpc phS phdn vi hp cho ring khdng thi ndy cd till kl tdi Id Srnimel, Pareto,
tinh dupe tim quan ttpng vl chic ndng cia Michels, Velblen, Park, Mills, Haberrmas,
cac vj hi ttong xd hfi mpt cdch khdeh quan. Horkheuner, Dahrendorf.... Theo thuyet
Cdng khdng till tinh dupe sy IStiiufc phi nay, bit binh ding va phdn ting xa hfi tdn
biln cia sy khde bift vl quyln lyc, uy tul tai do phin Idn ddi sing xa hpi cia con
vdo sy bit binh ding ttong kinh te da dupe ngudi ndm ttong nhiing mli quan hf quyen
thilt chl hda vl miit phap ludt. Nhiing thi luc da dupe thilt chl hda vd con ngudi bj
quyln lyc, uy tin do chi cd thi cd dupe do phu thudc ttong dd. Nhung nhdm xd hfi
tiidng qua hoat dfng huin luyfn, dao tao dupe uu dai, chilm uu thi cd khd ndng giir
ma chi d nhiing ngudi gidu mdi cd du tiln mpt hf thing cdc gid ttj vd dja vi thing tri
b^c dl chi phi va Hnh hfi. Cd till thiy, dl duy tti CO ciu xa hpi cd lpi cho hp. Id
nhttng ngudi theo thuylt ndy cd nhttag han bit bmh ding vdi cdc giai cip khde.
che nhat djnh khi chi dya vao tilu chi gid
Nhfing ngudi theo thuylt xung dft chu
tri dia vj xd hfi, gjt bd nhOng ylu td khde
nhu kinh tl, chhih ttj, vdn hda ttong qud ylu dya vdo ylu t l chinh tri dl phdn tich vl
hmh phdn ting xd hfi. Hp tiiudng nhin phdn ting xd hfi. Theo thuylt ndy da nhto
58


NghiSn ciu An Dp vd Chdu A. SS 3-2017

nhdn va phan tich sy bit binh ding ndy sinh
do sy phdn phii khdng ding diu cdc ngudn
lpi, khi da t$p tnmg cho nhiing nhdm cd
dilu kifn uu ttdi hon, hp da phdt trien Ip
cdng dupe phdt triln, ttong khi dd nhdm
ylu the hon it dupe diu tu, nlidn dupe
nhimg quyln lpi han chl l?i c i bi thu hep
vi khd phat huy hit dupe ndng lyc md ddng
ra nlu dupe khai thdc vd ddu tu phi hpp se
cd nhilu co hfi ddm nhan nhOng vj tti
xing ddng. Chinh sy thilt chS vd duy tti sy
bit bhih ding dd tao nSn sy phdn cdch rit
ldn giOa ngudi gidu vd ngudi ngheo, t^o
khodng cdch ngdy mpt Idiic nghift khien
ngudi ngheo khd cd thS phdt huy hit nang
l i ^ v a vd hmh ehung xd hpi da bd qua
ngudn luc doi ddo vd ddng gid nay.

cip, cdch mang xa hfi nhim xda bd nhiing
mau tiiudn, xung dft ttong quan hS sd hihi,
t i dd tao dilu kifn cho lyc lupng sdn xuit
phdt triln chinh Id nguon gle, dfng lyc thic
diy su phdt ttiln cia ljch s i ttong xd hfi cd
giai cap.
Vdi nhOng ngudi theo thuylt xung dot,
mdi ca nhdn hay cdc nhdm xd hfi do sy tin
t^ nSn ludn cd su hanh gidnh, chiem doat
lpi ich khde nhau dl ciing cl vd duy tri vi tti
cho minh vd ban chit do sy bit cdng bing
ttong sy phan chia nen cdc cd nhSn vd cdc

nhdm ludn ludn ding vdo nhOng thS chdn
dl bdo vS minh.

Nhiing ngudi theo thuySt xung dft dd
phS phdn gay git thuylt chic ndng vl su
phdn ting xd hdi. 'Theo hp, lap ludn cia
Mft ttong nhiing ngudi dupe cdc nhd xa nhimg ngudi theo thuylt chic ndng cho
hfi hpc phuang Tdy cho Id djt nin tdng ring phdn ting xa hfi Id mft hifn tupng
kinh dien cho ly thuyet xung dot Id CMdc^. tich cyc, mang tinh chic ndng vd cin thilt
C.Mdc da kS thia, phat triSn, xay dung nSn cho sy tdn tai cia xd hpi, thye chdt la sy
Iy thuySt xung dft - gidi quylt mdu thuin xd phdn chic nang. Tunin, mft dai biSu cia
hdi, thi hifn rd ndt d quan dilm diu ttanh thuylt ximg dft cho ring "chmh tu than hf
giai cap. Ong cho rdng, sd hiiu tu nhan vS tu thing phdn ting xd hfi h^n chl sy phdt
lifu sdn xudt vd phdn edng lao dfng xd hfi ttiln cdc thanh viSn cd tdi ndng tilm ndng d
Id nhiing ngudn gdc chinh cia phdn ting xd nhOng ting dudi"'
hpi. Phdn ting xd hfi lien quan true tilp din
TiSp cdn nhihig kiln gidi co bdn cia
su bit binh ding giai cip, trudc hit vd chu
ylu Id bit bmh ddng vl kinh tl, vl quan hf mft sl nhd xd hdi hpc phuang Tdy vl phdn
sdn xuat, vl sd hiiu, to chic sdn xuit, phdn ting xa hfi, ehung ta phai Itm y ring, khi
phii va tiSu ding cia cdi bit ngudn t i ddnh gid vl bit btoh ddng vd phdn ting xd
nguySn nhdn elt ldi id chl df tu huu vl tu hpi, khdng nSn tuyft dli hod mft ly thuylt
lifu sdn xuit. Theo ong, quan he sd hiiu tu
nhdn vl tu liSu san xuit Id diu hifu co bdn
nhit cia phdn ting xd hfi v i diu ttanh giai

Tonny

Bilton,

Kenvin

Bonnett,

Philip

Jones,

Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard vd Andrew Webster:
Nhdp mdn Xd hdi hoc, Nxb. Khoa hgc xd hii, Hd N i i ,

^ Gunter Endruweit (Chii bifin): Cdc /)5 thuyet x3 hdi
hoc hien dgi, Nxb. T h i giiii, Hd N^i, 1999, tr.l64.'

1993, U-.62.


Td Phuang Oanh. Tiip cdn tit ede thuyit viphdn tdng...
ndo do md phdi bilt kSt hpp nhOng diSm thi chl, chl dp chinh trj, hf thing ehinh
hpp ly dl cd thi gidi quylt vin dl nay saeh vT mo, cdc ylu t l tac ddng cua thi
hong cac xd hfi cd giai cap. Ching ta can trudng va qud trinh hfi nhdp kinh tl qudc tl,
v ^ dyng cdc ly thuylt mft cdch linh hoat sy phdn cdng lao dfng xa hdi vS mat nghi
vd khdo leo dl ndng cao ban ly thuylt vl nghifp vd vj thi xd hfi. Thi hgi, ciic dJc
phdn ting xd hdi.
tnmg khu vyc, vitog nhu: dilu IdSn kinh tl
3. Quan diem ve phan tang xi hfi tu nhiSn, co sd ha ting va van hda. Thu ba,
cac ylu t l thudc vl ca nhan: sy khde nhau
htf^ thirc va khong hop thi^c
vl ndng lyc (thi chit, tti tuf), dilu kifn, ca
Trong ljch s i da cd nhilu quan nifm may; sy clng hiln, ddng gdp thuc tl cia

vd cdc each tilp cdn khde nhau vl phdn mdi ca nhdn cho xd hfi.
tang xa hdi. Hifn tupng phan tang xd hpi
Sd dl cd hifn tupng phdn ting xa hfi Id
vin dang la vin dS dupe ddt ra vdi y nghia
khoa hpc va tam anh hudng ttong thyc tiin do cac nguySn nhdn co bdn: ThU nhdt, cd
sdu sic. Cdc nha nghiSn ciu vdn Ididng sy tin tai cia hifn tupng bit binh ddng
ngimg ddt ra nghi vin vl hifn tupng phdn mang tinh ca ciu cia tit ca cac chl dd xd
ting xa hfi, tiiyc su day cd phai Id mpt hien hdi loai ngudi vi con ngudi khi sinh ra
tupng ty nhiSn, khdeh quan, tit ylu tdn tai khong phdi ai cung ngang nhau vl cac mat
Idu ddi hay cM la sdn phim cia mft thdi ky tu thi chit, tti tuf, dilu kifn, co may... Thi
Ijeh s i nhit djnh? Phdn ting xd hfi cd tit hai, ttong xd hfi ludn cd sy phan cong lao
khdng, cd tich cue khdng hay nd rit xiu, dfng xa hfi, sy khde biet nhau vS nghS
hodn todn tiSu cyc? Phdn ting xd hfi cd t%o nghiSp cimg nhu dieu kifn dl nim bit, fliuc
ra dfng lyc cin tiiilt cho sy In dinh, phdt iiifn CO hfi. Chinh sy khde nhau vl mic
hien cia xa hfi, tao ra su cong bdng vd tiln thu nhfp va cdc dilu kifn ldm vifc gitta cdc
bf xa hfi hay la ngudn gle cia mpi sy loai nghi nghifp la mft ttong nhiing ylu tl
xung dot, bit bmh xd hfi, kim hdm sy phat t ^ ra su khde nhau vl dja vi cia nhung
hien cia xd hdi?... Va nhu vdy thai dp ndo ngudi lao dpng ttong xd hdi. BSn canh dd,
sS phi hpp vdi hiSn tupng nay: tiiia nhan sy khac nhau vl mdt vi till ttong xd hdi
vd tiiilt chl phi hpp hay phdi ngdn chdn, cung din den sy phdn ting xa hfi. Su lam
diy Iii pham vi tdc dfng? Vi IS dd, cin dung va thao ting quyln luc se tao ra su
thiet phai ly gidi mft each khdeh quan phdn tdng xa hfi va ldm gay git, biln djing
nhttng nfi dung trSn, se giip ching ta nhin nhimg ttdt ty tu nhiSn ttong xd hfi.
nhdn ding bdn chit cia phdn ting xd hpi,
t i dd de ra phuang hudng gidi quylt phi
hop doi vdi hien tupng nay.
Cd ba ySu tl cin vd di dl din din phan
tang xd hfi: Thii nhdt, cdc ylu td thupc vl

60

Theo tac gia Nguyin Dtoh Tin - mft
nhd xa hpi hpc Viet Nam da ddy cSng
nghiSn ciu vl phdn ting xd hpi chi ra rdng
dS phdn tich vl Iy thuylt nay ein nhan thic
ttSn cd hai phuong difn phuong difn Iy
luan vd Uiyc tien, t i dd dua ra hai khdi


Nghien cuu An Do va Chau A. S6 3-2017
nhan din den nhung bit dn tam ly cua mdi
ca nhSn khiln cho vipc nhin nhan ve phan
ting xa hpi cd nhung hoai nghi, kho ch&i
&uc, nhit la trong bdi canh cd su tac dpng
manh m€ cua toan cau hda, hpi nh^p quoc
Phdn tdng xd hoi hop thirc: khi noi toi
tk va phat triln kinh t l thi trudng.
hop thuc la nguoi ta nhin manh toi sir phu
Phan ting xa hdi hpp thiic phan Snh mat
hop vdi phap luat, chuan muc dao due, sir
phu hgp vdi kha nang va muc tieu phat tich cue, la co sd, ddng luc thiic diy tinh
trien cua xa hpi loai ngu&L Phan ting xS nSng dpng, chu dpng, sang t^o cua mdi ea
hoi hpp thuc dua tren su khac biet mpt each nhan, nhdm xa hdi trong viec phat hi6n, kiim
tu nhien ve nang luc (the cMt va tri tue) va thac cdc CO hpi dl 1 ^ g i ^ chinh dang,
cac dieu kien co may cung nhu su phdn vuon l&i thanh 6^ trong cae lihh vuc eua
cong lao dpng trong xa hpi. Duong nhien, ddi sdng, thich iing nhanh vdi bdi canh kinh
dieu ma ehung ta can xac dinh a day chinh tl - xS hdi va co che thi trudng. NMn ehung,
la tai nang, AJTC dp, la m^c dp cong hien su phan ting xa hdi tao ra xu hudng chuyin
hpp ly cua moi nguoi cho xa hpi trong hica. manh me va ro net trong nhan dilic, tu
nhung hoan canh cu the. .Thuc chit, phan duy, hanh dpng xa hdi tu tri tre, bao thu,

ting xa hpi hpp thuc chinh la cong bang xa Idiep kin sang cdi md, nang ddng, linh boat,
hpi, la muc tieu diu tien cho mpt trat tu xa mang Iai cac ccr hdi va d ^ ung tdt hon cde
nhu cau ngay cang da dang, phong phu cua
hpi phat trien.
cac ca nhan, nhdm va cac giai tSng xa hdi
Phdn tdng xa hoi khdng hop thuc: la su
trong nen kinh te thi trudng.
doi lap vm phan ting xa hpi hpp thuc, phan
ling xa hpi khong hpp thuc nhin manh tdi
Nhiing he luy bdi tae ddng tu mat trai
su phan ting khong dua tren su khac biet tu tieu cue eua phan ting xa hpi, dae biet la
nhien giua cac ca nhan, khong t ^ ra do su phan tang bat hpp thue biSu hi€n rd n^t
khac nhau ve tai dure va sir cong hien mpt trong ddi sdng xa hdi ma chiing ta khong
each thue tk cua mdi n ^ d i cho xa hpi. khd dl nhan bilt. Dien hinh va phd biln la
Phan ting x3 hpi khong hpp thiic khi ndi tinh trang phdn hda giau ngheo^ bit bmh
din la nhung m ^ trai vdi dao ly xa bpi, do ding va khoang cdch chenh lech giua cac
la nhfing hanh vi chdng p h ^ luat, tham nhdm ngudi trong xa hpi vS thu nhdp, miie
nhung, lua gat, trpm c ^ , buon ban phi sdng, thu hudng cac gid tri vat chit, tinh
phap de trd nen gjau cd, luon Ipt, xu ninh, thin cung nhu dieu kiSn tilp can cac eo hpi
di cd vi tri cao trong xa hpi, hoac ludi eho su phdt trien toan dien ca nhan, dam
bi^g, y lai de roi vao su ngheo kho, hen bao chit lupng cupc sdng. Nlu khdng cd su
kem. Phan ting xa hpi khdng hpp thirc la
nhan thiic dung ddn vdi nhfing su can thiep
trai ngupe, ddi lap va phan gia tri vdi phan
phu hpp tir thi chl, ca chl, chinh sach, bd
ting xa hpi hop ttiuc. Day chinh !a nguyen
may quan ly, van hanh xa hpi, se diy ngay

niem ca ban nhim luan giai vl phan tang
xa hoi 6 Viet Nam trong ^ai doan him

nay, do la phan tang xS hpi hop thuc va
phan t5ng x3 hoi khong hop thiic.


Td Phuang Oanh. Tiep can tii edc thuyit viphdn ting...
cdng xa khodng each gidu - nghdo eung
nhu nguy ca va thyc tl ngay cdng ttim
ttpng vl bit binh ddng xd hdi, sy ddo Idn
gid tri, gay rli lo?n xd hpi. Cac vin nan vd
bilu hifn tiSu cue nhu gidu cd bit chinh,
dja vj xd hpi cao, thy hudng cdc dac quySn,
dac lpi khdng tuong xing vdi tdi nang,
nang lyc, su ddng gdp cho xd hfi... Id
nhiing ly do co bdn gay suy gidm, tiijm chi
khing hodng nilm tin cia ngudi ddn vdo
chl dp cung nhu vdo nhimg ngudi dji difn
cho chl dp. Tdc dfng xiu t i mdi trudng,
cpng hudng vdi nhiing yeu to ndi tgi, sy rii
ro, gdp khd khdn, ttd ngai ve kinh te, vifc
lam, thu nlidp ho$c mdu thuin, xung dft
ttong cudc sing... la co sd. Id dilu kifn
trye tilp tso phdt nhitag hdnh vi tiSu cue,
bit man, ching dli cia mft bf phdn xd hfi,
khiSn cho xd hfi mit In dinh.

gay gdt vd phi djnh sach tton cac ludn
dilm cia nhiing ngudi theo thuyet chic
ndng ddn din chu truong tim cdch xda bd
phan ting xa hfi. Chi cd phdn ting bit hpp
thic, tidu eye thi mdi la cdi cin ngan chdn,

kiSm sodt vd ting budc diy Iui, xda bd.
Dilm mdi ttong cdch kiSn gidi ting
tich hpp t i cdc ly thuylt dupe nha xd hfi
hpc NguySn Dinh Tin khing djnh mpt cdch
rd rang rdng phdn tang xd hdi Id mft thyc
thi cd ciu trie hai mdt song hdnh tin tji:
Phdn ting xd hpi hop thic va phdn ting xa
hdi bit hpp thic''. Thdi dp cin cd, phi hpp
cua ehung ta la Ididng don gian ung hd hay
phi nhdn phan ting xd hfi ndi ehung md
cdn nhdn thic, phdn djnh rd rdng, ing hf
cac gia ttj cia phan ting xd hfi hpp thic va
dl xuit gidi phdp ngan chdn, khing chl,
kilm sodt, gidm thilu tdc hai cung nhu thu
hep pham vi tac ddng cia phdn ting xa hfi
bat hpp thic. Thyc hifn dupe dilu ndy se la
mdt dft phd vl tu duy, mdt ly ludn, mang
dSn cau tra Idi mpt each thuySt phuc vl sir
chip nhan hay khdng cia phdn ting xa hfi,
bat bmh ding xa hpi.

NghiSn ciu cdc ly thuylt, quan dilm vl
phan ting xa hpi, ching ta cd till kl thia,
phdn tich, tilp thu cd phS phan, chpn lpc
nhung h£it nhdn hpp ly t i dd bd sung, dua
ra cdch kiln gidi mdi. Ching ta phai khing
djnh ring, khdng phdi phdn ting xd hfi ndi
ehung diu Id tich cyc nhu nhttng ngudi
Phdn ting xd hdi bieu hien va ed nhttng
tiieo tiiuylt chic ndng dl cdp md chi cd

tdc dfng cd tich cyc vd tiSu cue. Nhitag bilu
phan ting xd hfi hpp thic mdi cd chic
liifn, tdc dfng tich cyc vd tiSu cue cia phdn
nang tich cue, tao ra ttdt ty xd hfi, edng
ting xd hdi Id kit qud cia hoat dfng kinh tl,
bang xd hpi, ding thudn xa hpi, dodn kit xa
phdn cdng lao dpng xd hpi, tl chic, quan ly
hfi. Tilp cdn, nhdn thic ding din dl ching
san xuat - kinh doanh vd ca chl phan phii
ta cd thai df ding ddn cung nhu su hpp tac
lpi ich ttong xd hpi. Phdn ting xa hfi, phan
ty gidc vd hifu qud ttong hdnh dfng xd hpi.
cdng lao dfng xa hfi, phdn phii lpi ich vd
BSn canh dd, ching ta cung cd nhttng dilm
khdng ddng tinh vdi nhiing ngudi theo '' Nguyin Dinh Tin, Phdn ldng xd hdi hgp thUc vd
tiiuylt xung dft khi da quy phdn ting xd cong bdng xa hdt cr Viet Nam hien nay, Nxb. Chinh trj
hfi ndi ehung Id tiSu cyc, t i dd phS phdn qu6cgia,HdNei,tr.l53.
62


NghiSn eiiu An Dd va Chdu A. Sd 3-2017
phat triSn kinh te - xa hdi ed mdi quan he
chat che, tac dpng qua 1^ vdi nhau trong
nin kinh tS thi trudng, nd ed thi Id lire diy
hay luc can cua nhau, tuy thupc vao co che
va nang lue dieu hanh, quan ly x3 hdi.
Can xdc dinh phdn ting xa hdi la mdt
hien tupng cd tinh quy luat ddi vdi bat ky
mpt xa hdi ndo vd nd se ton tai dai lau eung
vdi thdi gian. Phan ting xa hpi phai dupe

hieu, phan tich, nhin nhan va ddt trong b6i
canh cu the, ddc biet ddi vdi Viet Nam cin
phai chii y den su tac dpng, dae tnmg cua
nen kinh te thi trudng dinh hudng XHCN
trudc xu the toan cau hda, hpi nhap qudc tl.
Ben canh do, cong cudc xay dung, chinh
don Dang, ddy manh cai each hanh chinh,
phat triln eae dich vu hanh chinh edng theo
hudng xa hdi hda, hoan thien he thdng phap
luat, lam trong saeh bp may nha nude,
phong didng tham 6, tham nhung, liing
doan ciing la mdt giai phdp rat quan trpng
gop phin thuc hi6n muc tieu dan giau, nude
manh, xa hdi edng blng, dan chu, van minh.
He thong bp may ehinh quyen, can bp edng
chiic, vign chiic lam viec trong co quan nhd
nude, cdc td chtic chinh tri - xa hpi... ludn
ren luyen, tu duong, gifi ^ pham ehit d^o
diic, CO tu each t5t, trong sach va lam tdt
chuc phdn cua minh, ciing mdt bp may nha
nude p h ^ quyen thuc sir hieu qua, chde
chdn cdc hanh vi tham d, ldng phi se bi phat
Men va diy lid la mpt nhan td gdp phdn han
ehe, tien tdi ngdn ehan rdt huu hi$u vi^c
phan ting khdng hpp thiic, tao nen tang cho
phan tdng hpp thirc.

Khdng nen quy mdt each don gian phan
tdng xd hpi chi la cdi tich cue nhu quan dilm
ciia nhung ngudi theo thuyet chiic nang, ho^c

thdnh dde trung phien dien mpt chieu ve cai
tieu cue, cai xlu nhu ^ kiln cda nhihig ngudi
theo thuyet xung dot Trdn diuc te, phdn tang
xa hpi cd ea mat tich cue, mat tdt - phan ting
xd hpi hop thiic va mat tieu cue, mat xau phan ting xa hpi bit hpp Ihiie. Tuy vao timg
loai phan ting ma ehiing ta ed nhung danh
gia, thai dp va c^h ung xir tuong dng. Xdy
dung, phat triSn mdt xd hdi cd phdn ting xd
hpi hpp thiie, tich cue Id muc tieu cin dat
dupe nham dem lgi su cdng bang va tien bp
xd h6i, ddng thdi cung la mdt thdeh thiic can
phai vupt qua trong b6i cdnh nSn kinh tl thi
trudng ffinh hudng XHCN, hpi nhap qudc te
sdu r§ng d nude ta.
Tai lieu tham khao
1. Tonny Bilton, Kenvin Bonnett, Philip
Jones, Michelle Stanworth, Ken Sheard va
Andrew Webster (1993), Nhgp mon xd hQi hpc,
Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hdi, Ha Npi.
2. Gunter Endruweit (Chu bien) (1999),
Cdc ly thuyet xa hoi hpc hi$n dgi, Nxb. Thi
gidi. Ha Npi.
3. CRitzer: Cdc ly thi^et xd hoi hoc,
Ngudi dich: Vu Quang Ha, Nxb. DHQGHN,
tsl;2001
4. Nguyen Dmh Tdn (2015), Phdn tdngxS
hoi hap thirc vd cong bdng xa hoi a Viet Nam
Men nay, Nxb. Chinh tn qu6c gia. Ha Npi.
5. Le Ngpc Hung (2008), Lich su vd ly
thuyet xd hgi hoc, Nxb. Khoa hoc xa hpi. Ha Noi.

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