Tiếp cận lý thuyết khung sinh kế bền vững DFID trong nghiên cứu sinh kế của người mạ ở vườn quốc gia cát tiên

TAP CHi KHQA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016

ISSN 2354-1482

TIEP CAN LY THUYET KHUNG SINH KE BEN VUTVG DFID T R O N G
NGHIJ&N ClTU SINH K E CUA NGlTOfl M ^ Of VlTCCV Q U O C GIA CAT TTEN
ThS. Nguyin Ddng Hiip

Phi'

Nghiin cieu viphdt trien ndng thdn vd gidm ngheo trong nhieng thdp ky gdn day,
vdn di sinh ki vd sinh ki bin vitng dd trd thdnh mgc tieu nghien cuu v&i nhiiu cdp dp
vd hu&ng tiip can da dgng. Theo do, khung sinh ki bin virng do Bp Phdt trien Qudc te
Anh (Department for International Development — DFID) dua ra duac cdc hgc gid vd
cdc ca quan phdt triin irng dung rpng rdi vd dugc coi la mpt cdch tiip can todn diin vi
cdc vdn di phdt trien vi sinh ki cua con ngu&i vd ddi ngheo trong cde boi cdnh khdc
nhau. Tiip can ly thuyet khung sinh ki bin vitng DFID trong nghien cieu sinh ki cua
ngu&i Mg & vu&n qudc gia Cdt Tien Id xem xet cdc logi tdi sdn cua nguai Mg dung de
dam bdo sinh ke cua minh bao gdm: vdn con nguai, vdn vdt chdt, von tdi chinh, von hf
nhien vd vdn xa hpi. Qua do ddt vdn de nghien cuu sinh ki cua ngu&i Mg trong bdi
cdnh vd cdc thi chi, chinh sdeh cd dnh huang den su tiep can vd su dung cdc tdi sdn
sinh ke md cudi ciing dnh huang den kit qud sinh ke.
Tie khda: sinh ke, ben vung
muc tiiu vd udc nguyin cua hg". Trong
khung pban tich sinh ke ben viing ciia
DFID thi "sinh ki bao gdm cdc khd ndng,
cdc tdi sdn (bao gdm cd cdc ngudn luc
vdt chdt vd xd hpi) vd cdc hogt dpng cdn
thiet di kiem sdng" [2].

1. Khai niem sinh ke, sinh ke ben

vimg va ly thuyet Idiung sinh ke ben
vimg DFID

LLSinhki
Sinh kl (livelihood), mgt khdi
niem tiiudng dugc hieu va su dung theo
nhieu each va d nhung cap dd khac nhau.
Ngudi dau tien sii dyng khai niem ndy la
Robert Charapers vdi nghia nhu sau:
"sinh ki gdm ndng luc, tdi sdn. cdch tiep
can (sir du tru, tdi nguyin, quyin s& hiru,
quyin sit dung) vd cdc hogt dpng cdn
thiit cho cupe song" [1]- Td chiic CRD
(Trung tam phat tnln ndng thdn miln
Trung Viet Nara) khi trien khai edc
chuang trinh boat ddng phat tnln cdng
ddng giai thicb rdng sinh kl Id "tap hgp
tdt ed cde nguon luc vd khd ndng md con
nguai cd duac, kit hgp v&i nhitng quyet
dinh vd hogt dpng md hg thue thi nhdm
di kiim sdng cUng nhu de dgt dugc cdc
'Trucmg D91 hoc D6ng Nai

O Viet Nara khai niera sinh ke
dugc gidi thich trong Tir dien Tieng Viet
vdi nghia "sinh ke la viec lam de kiem
an, de muu sdng". Trong gidi nghien ciiu
khdi niem sinh ke mdi chi xudt hien frong
thdi gian gan day tren co sd tiep thu
nhiing khai niera ciia cac tac gid nudc

ngoai. Tren thyc te khdi niem "sinh ke",
hay "hogt dgng muu sinh", "phuang cdch
kiem sdng", "hogt dgng kinh te", "tap
qudn rauu sinh" dugc cdc nha nghien ciiu
sii dung trong cdc nghien ciiu cua rainh
khi nghien ciiu ve hogt ddng kinh te cua
cac tgc ngudi gan vdi chuyen nganh dan
tge hge kinh te hay nhan hgc kinh te.
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TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016
Trong nghien ciiu ndy thugt ngu
"sinh ke" dugc sii dung vdi y nghia Id
nhirng phucmg each kiera sdng cua tgc
ngudi hay ciia mdt cgng ddng, eu the la
"sinh k l " bay nhung "phuong thiic kiem
sdng" ciia tdc ngudi Mg sdng xung quanh
khu vyc Vudn quoc gia Cat Tien. Nhung
"phuong thiie kiem sdng" bao gdm cac
boat dgng kilm sdng theo phucmg thicc
cd tmyen (ttdng trgt, chan nudi, ngbe tbu
cdng, khai thac cdc ngudn lgi ty nhien)
va nhiing phuong thiie kiem sdng mdi
dugc hinh thanh qua qua trinh tiep xiic
vdi cdc dan tgc lan can, qua chinh sdeh
bd trg va dao tao ngh§ ciia nhd nudc,
cung nhu tii sy phdt trien ngi tai frong
boat ddng kinh te cua ngudi Ma.

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hodc ndng cao thim cdc khd ndng vd
cua cdi cua minh vd cd trong tuang lai
md khdng ldm tdn hgi den cdc nguon
luc mdi tru&ng" [4].
Sinh ke ben viing la van de quan
ttgng ttong nghien eiiu ve phuong thirc
muu sinh ciia ngudi Ma d quanh Vudn
qudc gia Cat Tien. Bdi vi, ngudi Ma va
cac tgc ngudi tgi chd khae eung nhu cac
tgc ngudi nhap cu da timg khai thac eae
ngudn lgi tii Vudn qude gia Cat Tien
nhung nay kbdng cdn niia hoac khdng
dugc khai thac nira. Trong khi van phai
ddm bdo phat tri8n kinh te va bao ve moi
trudng, nhat la bao ve sy da dgng sinh
hgc cua Vudn qudc gia Cdt Tien, thi
nhiing phuang thiic muu sinh hien nay
cua ngudi Ma, cd that sy la mgt sinh ke
ben viing?

1.2. Sink ki bin vimg
Mgt cau hdi quan frgng dugc dat
ra ttong nghien ciiu sinh ke Id the nao Id
radt sinh kl bin vung, ttong khi khdi
niem sinh ke dang ngay cang trd nen
quan trgng trong cdc nghien eiiu nhan
hgc kinh tl. Dinh nghTa sinh kl ben vung
dugc Hanstad diln gidi rang: "Mpt sinh

ki duac coi Id bin vitng khi nd cd khd
ndng ieng phd vd phuc hdi khi bi tdc
dpng, hay cd thi thiic ddy cdc khd ndng
vd tdi sdn & cd th&i diem hien tgi vd
trong tuang lai trong khi khdng ldm xdi
mdn nen tdng eua cdc ngudn luc tu
nhien" [3]. Tdc gid Koos Neefjes gidi
thich sinh ke ben viing: "Mpt sinh ki
phdi tuy thupc vdo cdc khd ndng vd cua
edi (ed ngudn luc vdt chdt vd xd hpi) vd
nhung hogt dpng md tdt cd Id cdn thiet
de muu sinh. Sinh ki cua mpt ngu&i hay
mpt gia dinh Id ben vung khi hg cd the
duang ddu vd phuc hoi tru&c cdc cdng
thdng vd chdn dpng, vd tdn tue duac

1.3. Ly tkuyet kkung sink ke ben
vdng DFID
Tiep can sinh ke theo khung sinh
kl bin vung duge trinh bay ttong cdc
nghien ciiu ciia Chambers va Conway
[5]; Seoones [6] [7]. Trong dd, khung
phan tich sinh kl bin vung do Bd Phat
trien Qudc te Anh (Department for
Intemational Development - DFID) dugc
cdc hgc gid va cdc co quan phat trien img
dung rdng rai ttong phan tich ve sinh ke
va ddi ngheo. Trong khung phan tich ndy
dl cap din cae yiu td va thdnh td hgp
thanh sinh kl bao gdm: (1) Cde uu tien

ma con ngudi cd the nhgn biet dugc; (2)
Cac chiln luge ma hg lya ehgn de theo
dudi cde uu tien dd; (3) Cac the che,
chinh sdeh va td chiic quyet djnh den su
tilp cgn eua bg ddi vdi cae logi tdi san
hay ca hdi va cac ket qua md bg thu

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TAP CHi KHQA HQC - BAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 02-2016

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dugc; (4) Cdc tilp can ciia hg ddi vdi
nam logi vdn va kha nang su dyng hieu
qua cac loai vdn minh cd; (5) Bdi canh
sdng cua con ngudi, bao gdm cae xu
hudng kinh te, cdng nghe, dan sd, cac eu
sdc vd miia vy [8].

nguyen vat lieu tu nhien dl tgo dyng sinh
kl. Cd rat nhieu ngudn lye tao thdnh vdn
ty nhien bao gdm ed cdc ngudn lye dat
dai, nudc, rimg, da dgng sinh hgc, vd
nhiing ngudn tai nguyen khdng the tdi tgo
dugc nbu khoang sdn [9].

De cap den khdi niem "vdn"
(capital), khung phan tich srah ke bin

vihig cbo rang con ngudi su dung cac
loai vdn rainh cd de kiem song. Con
ngudi dya vao nam logi tai sdn vdn, hay
hinh tbiic vdn, de dam bdo an ninh sinh
ke hay gidm ngheo, bao gdm: (a) Vdn vat
chat dd la eo sd ha tdng va cdc logi bdng
hda ma ngudi san xuat can de hdu thuan
sinh ke; (b) Vdn tai ehinh ngy y ve cdc
ngudn lye tai ehinh ma con ngudi sii
dung de dat duge eae myc tieu sinh kl
cua minh; (c) Vdn xa hdi la cae ngudn
lue xa hdi ma con ngudi sii dyng de theo
dudi eae muc tieu sinh ke eua minh, bao
gdm quan he, mang ludi, thdnh vien
nhdm, niem tin, su phy thudc lan nhau vd
frao ddi cung cap cac mang an ninh phi
chinh thdng quan frgng; (d) Vdn con
ngudi dgi dien cho cac ky nang, fri thiic,
kha nang Idra viec va siic khde tdt, tat cd
cgng lgi tao thdnh nhiing dilu kien giiip
con ngudi theo dudi cac chien luge sinh
kl khae nhau va dat dugc edc rauc tieu
sinh kl. 0 cdp do hg gia dinh, vdn eon
ngudi Id sd lugng va chdt lugng lao ddng
cua hd vd loai vdn nay khac nhau tiiy
thudc vao kich cd cua hg, tiinh do giao
dye vd ky nang nghi ngbiep, khd nang
quan ly, tinh trgng siic khde, tti thiie ve
eae cdu tnic sd htiii chinh tiidng va pbi
chinb thdng (nhu cac quyin, luat phdp,

chudn myc, cdu ttiic chinh quyin, edc thu
tiJC...); (e) Vdn tu nhien Id tdt ca nhiing

2. Ly thuyet khung sinh ke ben
virng DFID va van de sinh ke ben
virng cua nguoi Ma « virdn quoc gia
Cat Ti6n
Nghien ciiu su dyng ly thuyet ve
khung sinh ke ben viing de nghien eiiu ve
sinb ke eiia ngudi Mg d Vudn qudc gia
Cat Tien dudi gdc do sd hiiu va tiep can
eae loai vdn sinh ke. Theo dd, sinb ke
bao gdm cac kha nang, edc tai san vd cdc
boat ddng can thilt de sinh sdng; mgt
sinh ke duge xem la ben vtmg nlu nhu
nd cd the ddi phd vd phyc hdi dugc sau
cac cang thang vd siic ep, duy tri vd tang
cudng cdc kba nang, tai sdn vd cac hogt
dgng trong hien tai va tuang lai, nhung
khdng hiiy hoai eo sd tai nguyen thien
nhien. Tiep can sinb ke dya tten sy phat
trien tu duy ve xda ddi gidm ngheo, dya
tren each sdng cua ngudi ngheo vd nbiing
ngudi dl bi tdn thuang, dya fren tara
quan trgng cua co che va the ehe; dl xudt
cac boat ddng phat trien raa ttong do con
ngudi la tmng tara.
Nam ngudn vdn (bien sd) ttong
khung sinh ke ben viing bao gdra vdn ty
nhien, vdn xa hdi, vdn con ngudi, vdn tai

chinh va vdn vat chat.
2.1. Von tw nhien
Ngudn lyc ty nhien Id khdng gian
va mdi tmdng sdng cua tgc ngudi va ddt
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TAP CHI KHOA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016
dai Id ragt logi tai san vd cimg quan ttgng
ddi vdi hogt dgng muu sinh cua ngudi
ndng dan. Trong do quyen sd hiiu va su
dung ddt dai la nen tang vd co sd de
ngudi ndng dan phdt huy cac ngudn lyc
khac. Thdi ky tmdc ddi mdi vung ngudi
Ma sinh sdng ehua ed hinh thiie sd hiru
Nha nudc ve rimg. Ddi vdi ngudi Ma
rung la ngdi nha chung rgng ldn, thudc
sd huu chung cua ca cgng ddng. Tren co
sd nin ndng nghiep ray la phd bien, hinh
thiie sd hiru frong xa hgi Ma xua kia ehu
yiu la sd hiiu cgng ddng ve vung dat,
viing lanh tbd duge khai thae de eanh tac.
Nhiing quan niem ve su sd hiiu ciia cgng
ddng fren mdt dia vuc xdc dinh bao gid
eiing ro rang va nghiem nggt. Ddi vdi
ngudi Ma eGng nbu cdc tdc ngudi thieu
sd d Tay Nguyen, budn ldng Id chii sd
huu tgp the ddi vdi toan bd lanh tbd ciia
minh. Dgc bi8t, quan ni^ra ve so hiiu
chung cua budn lang ddi vdi dia vyc smh

ty cua rainh cdng frd nen nghiera ngat vd
thieng li8ng ban bdi nd dugc long ghep
vdi tin nguang thdn ddt: "dat cua ldng
ndo cd than ddt ciia ldng dy, raa thdn dat
la chil sd huu tdi thugng, tuy vd hinh
nhung lgi quyen nang - ke cd ddi vdi
nhihig chil sd hiiu dicb thye la dan lang."
"Nhiing mdc gidi dat dai nay ciing duge
luu tmyen qua nhieu the he va frach
nhiem cua mgi thdnh vien frong budn
lang la bdo ve bat cii gid nao cae ranh
gidi tmyen thdng nay. Dd vira la nghia
vu, vira Id danh dy eiia mgi ngudi. Ddt
dai cua budn lang mang radt y nghia rdt
linh thieng ddi vdi ngudi Ma va khdng ai
d ngoai lang dugc xam pham. Tham chi,
tmdc day, dat riy ciing khdng thuge sd
huu tu nhan md do lang giao ddt eho cd

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nhdn hoac gia dinh de canh tde tam thdi.
Dil vgy, ttong cudc sdng, quyen sd hiiu
cd the dugc cdng nhan, dugc tdn frgng
hoan toan vd cd ludt tuc bdo ve" [10].
Ciing frong boi cdnh dd, khi dan sd it,
nhu can con ngudi chua vugt qua sy tai
tao Clia rimg nen ngudn tai nguyen thien
nhien d vung ngudi Ma cdn kha ddi dao.
Viec khai thac, md rgng dat dai de tiln

hanh boat ddng frdng ttgt phu thudc vdo
ngudn nhan lye va nhu cdu cua mdi gia
dinh. Cudc sdng cita ngudi Mg thdi ky
nay cung phy thudc rat nhieu vdo viec
chiem doat cac ngudn lgi tir rung - ngudn
vdn ty nhien cdn kbd ddi dao va td ra hao
phdng vdi con ngudi.
Tuy nhien, tir ddi radi den nay,
ngudn lyc ndy dang cd nhiing thay doi
ldn, anh hudng khdng nhd din ddi sdng
kinh tl cua bd con viing ngudi Ma. Kinh
te hg gia dinh dugc khuyin khich phat
trien vd dac biet, cdc hg gia dinh da dugc
ttao quyin su dyng ddt, quyin tu ehii v6
ddt ndng nghiep vd ddt riing eho ngudi
dan. Luat dat dai nam 1993, eae bg gia
dinh dugc Nhd nudc chia ddt de khai thac
vd su dung ldu ddi. Phdn ldn dien tich dat
ndng nghiep cua xa da dugc giao cd dinh
cho timg hd va dugc chia binh quan theo
nhan khau. Tuy nhien tinh hinh dan sd tii
do den nay da ed su bi§n dgng dang k£,
nhiing hd ddng con, quy dat cii hi chia
nhd dan kbi cd thanh vien den tudi lap
gia dinh rieng. Vi the tinh ttang thieu ddt
san xudt d cac viing ngudi Ma dac biet la
ttong cac hg gia dinh fre mdi ra rieng.
De khac phyc tinh frang nay, mgt
sd hd da chii dgng tang them dien tieh ray
tiidng qua quy ddt rimg raa Nha nudc

giao cho. Rling va ddt rimg chiem phan


TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HQC DONG NAI, SO 02-2016
ldn dien tich ddt tu nhien vung ngudi Ma
vdn tmdc kia Id sd hiiu ehung cua cdng
ddng va cudc sdng eua ngudi dan phdn
ldn van phu thudc vao viec khai thac cac
ngudn lgi tii rung. Tuy nhien tir khi ddi
mdi den nay va sau khi vudn qudc gia
Cdt Tien dugc thanh lap chuang trinh
giao dat, giao rung dugc trien khai,
ngudn lyc nay da phdn da thudc v l sd
hiru ciia lam trudng Nhd nudc va vudn
qude gia Cat Tien. Phdn dugc giao cbo
cdc hd gia dinh khoanh nudi, eham sde
chiem dien tich khdng dang ke. Ben canh
do, dp luc eua viec di dan cua cac dan tdc
d noi khac den ciing vdi viec khai thac
mdt each thieu y thirc, cdc tai nguyen tir
rung da bi tan phd nang ne. Nguon san
vat tir rung, vdn la ngudn sinh ke cho
ngudi dan tmdc day ngdy cang can kiSt.
He thdng ddng thuc vat cua rimg dang
dan suy thoai, lam cho rimg khdng cdn
khd nang dap img cac nhu cdu luong
thyc, thyc phdm eho con ngudi nhu trudc
day. Sy suy giam chat lugng cung nhu
diSn tich ddt rimg edn tac ddng den cdc
boat dgng smh kl khac (chan nudi, thu

cdng gia dinh).
2.2. Von con ngu&i
Ngudn lyc con ngudi dae biet la
tri lye va thi lyc cua ngudi Ma so vdi
ttirdc day cd nhiing biln ddi dang ke. Vdi
chinh sach hd frg ciia Nha nudc, moi xa
cd 01 ttam y t l vdi 5 giudng benh dgt
chudn qudc gia, ddi ngu can bg y te xa
duge dao tao khd co bdn, cimg vdi he
thdng frang tiiilt bi y tl tiing budc duge
hoan thien. Din nay, hdu hit ba con
ngudi Ma dugc hudng che do khdm bao
hilm y te va sir dyng thudc miln phi theo

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chuang trinh 139 cua Chinh phu. Giao
thdng va chdt lugng dich vu y te dang
dan dugc n ^ g cdp nen khdng it hg gia
dinh ngudi Mg da tilp edn toi cdc benh
vien tuyen huyen, tinh. Mdc dii vay, thdi
quen cham sdc sire khoe chu yeu thdng
qua tri thiic va kinh nghiem dan gian van
cdn duy tri, song tinh ttmg nhd thdy
cung mdi khi hi benh hdu nhu khdng cdn.
V6 tri lyc, tmdc day ngudi Ma
hdu nbu khdng biet dgc, biet viet vi nen
giao due hgc dudng khdng tdn tgi. Tir ddi
radi den nay, vdi sy hd frg cua Nha nudc
tinh frang giao due, he thdng trudng ldp d

viing ngudi Ma da cd nhung thay ddi
ddng kS. Tren dia bdn cdc xa, da cd h |
thdng tmdng tir mam non, tieu hgc, tnmg
hgc CO sd. Ngodi ra h? thong tmdng dan
tgc ndi t r i eung da di vao boat ddng, ddi
ngu gido vien ca ban da duge chuan hoa.
Tuy nhien tinh frang bd hge cung nhu
chat lugng hgc cua cdc em hgc sinh van
la van de cdn dugc quan t ^ nghi€n cim.
So vdi tmdc ddy, trinh do hgc vdn
cua mdt bd phgn chu hd, dac bigt la cdc
chu hg fre da cd nhung thay ddi ddng kg.
Cdc hg gia dinh dS biet d&u tu cai tien td
chirc sdn xudt, cai tien khoa hgc ky thuat
va ddu tu kinh te cd hieu qua. Cae hg da
tilp cgn dugc vdi cde chuong trinh tap
huan, hudng din ky thu^t, khuygn ndng,
khuyen lam cua nha nudc chii dgng ap
dyng frong canh tdc sdn xudt. Bdn canh
do do cdng cu gdn vdi ngudi Viet, ngudi
Ma cung hgc hdi ky nang frong lao ddng
sdn xudt, nhung tri thirc tign bd mdi frong
cac boat ddng sinh ke. Mae du vgy, sy
phdt trien vg ngudn lyc con ngudi d viing
ngudi Ma van cdn dang d trinh do thap.


TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI. SO 02 - 2016
2.3. Von xa kpi

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ehiic doan the mang lai. Trong edng ddng
ngudi Ma, cac doan the ddng vai frd quan
frgng frong bd frg va phdt trien sinh kl.

Mang ludi xa hdi ciia radt gia
dinh Ma, bao gdm quan he hg hang, ldng
giing, ban be, ddng nghiep vd cdch tbiic
cac mdi quan he nay dnh hudng den srah
kl eua hd gia dinh. Giup da lan nhau la
mdt hanh dgng pho bien frong cugc sdng
hang ngay ciia ngudi Ma. Trong boat
ddng ndng nghiep, cac hg gia dinh nhdn
dugc nhieu su giiip do tir gia dinh va ban
be. Cac dang giiip do nay cd the la cho
raugn ddt sdn xuat khdng tinh lai, ddi
cdng frong eae cdng dogn sdn xuat nhu
eay, bua, cham sdc vd thu bogcb hoa
mau. Trong chan nudi, cde hd gia dinh
nhan dugc su giiip da tir eae mdi quan he
xa bdi nhu cho nhau gidng gia siic, gia
cdm hogc ldy giup nhau rau de lam thiic
an chan nudi. Trong thu hdi lam san, giiip
do lan nhau bao gdm viec cung nhau di
chat gd de lam nhd, chia se lam sdn eho
tat ed dan lang. Dya fren cac mdi quan he
gia dinh, hg hang vd ban be, hg gia dinh
ed the vay mugn tiln de phat trien sdn
xuat, cd the tim dugc viee lam. Trong

tmdng hgp thieu luang thyc, hg gia dinh
cd the nhdn dugc frg giiip luang thyc
hogc tien mat tir mgng ludi xa hdi. Tuy
nhien, mgt sd ket qua khdng mong raudn
cd the xay ra la hg gia dinh cd the khdng
trd dugc ng nan va lam vdo tinh frang
khdn khd ban. Ngoai cac dinh che do,
cac mdi quan he frong edng ddng ngudi
Ma hien nay edn chiu su chi phdi ciia be
thdng hdnh chinh, ludt phdp ciia Nha
nudc. Mang ludi xa hgi mdi da xuat bi?n
dudi dang cdc td chirc Ddng, chinb
quyen, doan the d dia phuang. Ngudi
ndng dan Ma dugc hgc hdi, giao luu va
tiep nhan nhiing ca hgi va quyen lgi do td

2.4. Vdn vgt ckdt
Trong tmyln thdng, ngudn lyc vat
chdt cua ngudi Mg rdt ban ehe, dgc biet la
CO sd bg tang. Gan nhu toan bd ngudi
ddn sdng trong dieu kien, hodn canh bi
thieu thdn cdc phuang tien, vgt dung
frong ddi sdng vd hogt ddng san xudt. He
tbdng dien, dudng, tmdng, tram ciing
nhu nhd d, cdc tien nghi vd vat dung gia
dinh cdn d miic thap. Tir ddi mdi din
nay, rat nhieu uu tien, hd ttg dau tu phdt
trien cua Nha nudc, frong dd, van dl
ndng cao chat lugng co sd ha tdng dugc
quan tara hdng ddu. Viec frien khai thyc

hien edc dy an vl ea sd ha tang nhu Du
an giam ngheo eae tinh mien nui frong do
mgt sd cdng trinh da duge trien khai xay
dyng gdm: edi tao dudng giao thdng tii
tmng tara xa vao eae ban, be tdng hoa he
thdng kenh muang, hd ttg cdng cu,
phuang tien sdn xuat (may edy, may xay
xdt,...); ddi vdi chuang trinh 134, ttong
nam 2007, vdi ngudn vdn thudc chuang
ttinh, hdng loat edc cdng frinh ddu tir xay
dyng da dugc trien khai d vimg ngudi
Ma, nhu chuang trinh nudc sgch smh
hoat; cdng ttinh dudng giao thdng,...
Ngoai ra, eiing frong ngudn vdn cua
chuang trinh, edc hd ngudi Ma dac biet
khd khan da dugc hd frg tien de xay dung
nha d. Chuang trinh 135 giai dogn II,
nam 2010, vung ngudi Mg da thyc hien
viee triln khai dy an ddu tu hd frg phdt
triln san xudt eho cdc ban dgc biet kho
khan. Ddi vdi ea sd hg tdng, mdt sd cdng
trinh dang dugc xay dyng nhu cdng trinh
nha van bod, cdng trinh nudc sinh hogt.
106


TAP CHi KHOA HQC - BAI HOC BONG NAI. SO 02 - 2016
ddng thdi hd frg lam nha vg sinh, cai
thien radi trudng,...

ISSN 2354-1482

lugm,...), lam thug, tigt Idem, cae khodn
ttg cap cua nhd nudc ciing giup cai thien
sinh kg cua ngudi dan,... Tuy nhien,
kbdng phai tdt ca cdc ddi tugng sir dyng
ngudn vdn tin dung, edc khoan ihu tien
mat deu mang lai hieu qud sinh ke. Do
tap qudn sdng tmdc day, han niia ddi
sdng Clia ba con qua thieu thdn, ngudn
vdn vay thdp khdng du dg ddu tu, ben
each do viec chi tieu thieu k l bogcb ngn
khdng it hg da ngheo ddi lgi cang ngheo
ddi han do gap rui ro hogc sir dung cac
ngudn vdn nay khdng dung myc dich.

Ket qua dat dugc ve co sd ha tdng
qua cac chuang trinh frgn da gdp phdn
tich eye frong viee cai thign sinh k l eua
ngudi dan. He thdng duge ndng cdp, md
rgng thuc day boat dgng tilp xiie, trao
ddi, luu thdng hang hod, md rdng tbi
tmdng eua ngudi Ma vdi eae dan tgc fren
dja ban. Dieu kien nha d, nude sach sinh
hoat, chat lugng cua ha tang vl gido due
va y te,... da cd nhung bude tien ddng kg,
gop phan nang cao chdt lugng ngudn
nhan lyc. Nhigu gia dinh Ma da sam
dugc xe may, may xdt ggo, ti vi, dien
tiioai di ddng,... giiip cai thien ngudn lyc

vgt chdt cho timg hg gia dinh.

Ket qud khdo sat ve tinb hinh vay
vdn phyc vy sdn xuat cua cac hg ddng
bao Ma cho thay khd nhieu hd khdng sir
dung hoac su dyng ngudn vdn vay khdng
dung myc dich (siia nhd, chiia bgnh, raua
sara,...). Ket qua dilu fra v l tinh hinh sic
dung ngudn vdn tdi chinh cd dugc do
boat dgng sdn xuat cung frong tinh frgng
tuang ty. Tir khi cay ea phe, dilu, chg ttd
thanh eay hang hda, moi hg gia dinh
ngudi Mg cd dugc mgt ngudn tiln mat
khdng nhd sau radi vy thu hoach. Trung
binh moi hg cd thg thu dugc hai, ba chuc
den hdng ttam trieu ddng radi vu. Mgt so
bd do biet tinh toan lam an da dau tu vao
mua trau, bd, may cdy, may tudt liia,
phdn dgm... de phuc vu san xuat, nhung
sd nay khdng cd nhidu. Vdi sd tien ragt
tuong ddi ldn, do khdng cd thdi quen tiet
kiera vd thieu tinh todn, nhilu bg tieu
tiling vao cdc viec chua thyc sy can thilt
va khdng hd frg eho sinh ke. Luc giap
hat, viec an chiu, mua chiu ciia dai ly da
thShh ragt thdi quen phd bign frong cdng
ddng. Den mua thu hoach, cac chii dai ly.

2.5. Vdn tdi ckink
Sau ddi mdi ba con viing Ma

duge tiep cgn ngudn luc tai chinh tir cae
chuang trinh hd frg cua nhd nudc va thi
frudng. Day dugc xem Id mdt ngudn lyc
khd quan ttgng trong hd frg sinh kl cho
ngudi dan. Cac hg ngheo da dugc tigp
can vdi ngudn vdn tin dung tir nhiing
chuang ttinh khac nhau nhu: chuang
frinh vay vdn eua Ngan hang Chinh sdeh
xa hgi (NHCSXH) vdi tin dung uu dai hg
ngheo. Cac ngudn vdn nay da hd frg vd
tgo dilu kien thuan lgi cho cdc hd gia
dinb frong viec ehuygn ddi gidng cdy
frdng vdt nudi, tang thu nhdp va gdp phdn
xoa ddi gidm ngheo. Co chl vay vdi lai
sudt thdp da tgo cho ngudi dan co hgi tan
dyng edc nguon tdi nguygn va siic lao
dgng sdn ed dk phkt triln kinh tl. Ngoai
ra cdc khodn thu tiln raat do bdn cac san
phara (frdng frgt, chan nudi, hai
107


TAP CHi KHQA HQC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016
cdc con budn san phara trir ng ngay tgi
rIy hoae tai dai ly va khdng it nhung gia
dinh thu hoach Ign tdi hang tan ca phg,
dilu ciing mgt thdi dilm nhung khdng
dem dugc ddng tien ndo ve nhd do
thudng xuygn phdi vay ngng lai theo
phucmg thiic bdn sdn phara non dau vy

vdi gia chi bdng Vi gid thi tmdng. Vdi ldi
tu duy thilu tinh todn, gia mua chm ludn
gdp ruai, tham chi gdp ddi, frong khi gid
bdn chi duge mdt nua gid thi tmdng Id
nguygn nhan ngudi dan kbdng thoat dugc
nghdo ddi. Theo mgt so nhan dinb ciia
cdc nha nghien ciiu, day la hien tugng
"lara thug fren dat cua rainh" dang dien
ra khd phd bien d ede ddn tgc mien nui
nudc ta.

ISSN 2354-1482

hdi, tai chinh cua ngudi Mg dang dan cai
tiiien. Trong kbi do, ngudn lyc tii nhign
(nhat la ddt dai vd nguon nudc) dang bi
hgn chg va ngheo kiet dan vd ngudn luc
tdi chinh Id mgt bdi todn khd cho phat
triln sinb ke cua ngudi ddn.
3. K^tluan
Ngudi Ma ndi chung va ngudi Ma
d Vudn Qudc gia Cdt Tien ndi neng, mgc
du da dugc cdc ban nganh, cdc cdp chinh
quyen quan tara cbi dgo va hd ttg frong
qua trinh dinh cu nhung cugc sdng ciia
ddng bao van gap nhieu khd khan, phan
ldn hg la nhimg cu dan ngheo, ddi sdng
vdn gan bd mat thiet vdi riing va sinh ke
phy thuge vao tdi nguyen rimg. Qud trinh
di ddn vd tdi dinh eu da eho thay nhieu

thach thiic ndy sinh sau tai dinh cu nhu:
Thay ddi vl khdng gian sinh tdn, thay ddi
phuang thirc canh tdc din din thay ddi
hogt dgng muu sinh; thigu ngudn nudc dS
sinh boat va san xuat; tbieu ddt san xudt;
thieu vdn; sy le thuge vao ngan sdeh nha
nudc, xung dot lgi ieh (cgng ddng va
Vudn qudc gia)... D I thich img vdi hodn
canh mdi, cdc hogt ddng muu sinh cua
ngudi Mg da cd nhiing bign ddi dudi
nhilu hinh thiic. Ndng nghiep trdng frpt
van la nganh kinh tl chu dao, dem lai
ngudn tbu nhdp chmh eho ngudi ddn.
Viec md rdng dien tich va thdm canh cay
lua nudc da dap iing phdn nao nhu cau
lucmg thyc. Chan nudi dang cd xu hudng
chuyin dich theo hudng tang ty ttgng
frong CO eau thu nhap nhung cdn eham
ehap. Mae dii dugc sy hd trg ve vdn, ky
thuat,... tii phia nhd nude nhung viec md

Trong chien luge phat trien kinh
tg vimg ddng bao dan tdc Ma, muc tigu
day mgnh cdc ndng sdn hang hda, da
dang boa san xuat va tbu nhap thi su ban
che ve ngudn vdn Id radt can frd khdng
nhd. Thieu vdn, ngudi dan it cd dieu kien
ddu tu phan bdn, ky thuat de nang cao
nang sudt cdy trdng, dau tu ve gidng,
thiic an de md rdng cban nudi,... Su ban

che v l ngudn lye tai chinh ciing Id
nguygn nhdn ea ban lam eho ehat lugng
ngudn lye con ngudi khdng cd dieu kien
dg cai thien.
Qua phan tich sy tbay ddi ciia cdc
ngudn lyc muu sinh, cd the thay, chat
lugng mdi ngudn lyc dang ed su thay ddi
tbeo nhiing xu hudng khdc nhau. So vdi
tmoc ddi mdi, eung vdi sy hd frg cua
Nhd nudc va su nd lyc cua ban than tgc
ngudi, cac ngudn lyc nhu eon ngudi, xa
108


TAP CHi KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016
rdng quy rad chan nudi cdn dang gap
nhilu can frd bdi nhiing khd khan ve
ngudn tbirc an, dilu kien thdi tilt,... Vdi
su khan hiera edc ngudn nguyen lieu tir
ty nhien ciing nhu sy xudt hien ngay cang
nhieu cua cac san phdm bang hoa sin ed
trgn thi tmdng, edc nghi thu cdng gia
dinh dang cd xu hudng giam ddn vai ttd
frong ddi sdng. Hogt ddng khai thdc
ngudn lgi ty nhign ciing khdng cdn gitr vi
tri quan frgng nbu trudc ddy bdi nhiing
tiiay ddi ve chinh sach qudn ly v l tdi
nguyen rung va viee khai thac qua mirc
dan den can kiet ve tai nguyen rimg Id
mdt khd khan khdng nhd frong phdt trien

sinh ke cua ngudi dan. Da dang boa
nganh nghe eiing dang la hudng di radi
trong viee chuyen ddi ca cdu kinh te, tuy
nhien, dinh hudng chua that ro rdng va cu
thg. Nhin chung, do xudt pbat diem ve
kinh te - xa hdi d raiic thdp cimg vdi su
hgn che ve ngudn lyc muu sinh va
phuang thiic rauu sinh, van de ngheo ddi
cila ngudi Ma vdn dang la mgt thdch thirc
ldn doi vdi phat ttign smh ke ben viing.
4.

Kien nghi

4.1. Diiu tra ting tke, quy
kogck dat dai & cpng dong ngw&i Mg
Ap lyc cua viec gia tang ddn sd
eiing vdi viec mua bdn chuyin nhugng
dat sdn xudt d viing ngudi Mg din den
tinh ttang thilu ddt san xudt. Day Id mdt
thdch thiic ldn ttong cdng cugc muu sinh.
Theo kit qua dilu tra tgi mdt sd hd
ngheo, thi vdn dl thilu ddt sdn xudt Id
nguyen nhan din tdi tinb frang ngheo ddi.
Giai phap ttvdc radt la phai ttien khai

ISSN 2354-1482

cdng tdc quy hoaeh dat, ning cho timg hd
ngudi Mg. Tir dd cd nhiing chinh sdcb

phil hgp dl phdt trien kinh t l cho bd con.
4.2. Pkdt triin sdn xudt

nong

nghiip
San xuat ndng nghiep la thg manh
vd Id ngudn thu chinh cua phan ldn hd
gia dinh ngudi Mg d Vudn qudc gia Cat
Tien. Tuy nhign nhung frgn thyc te lai
khdng cao, tbgm ehi la rat thdp do tinh
trang thigu dat eanh tae, thilu vdn, canh
tde ehua hieu qud bdi phuang thiic canh
tae edn cham ddi radi, cdng cu san xuat
thd so, dat dai dat bgc radu, nang suat cay
ttdng thap. Hien tai bd con rdt cdn nhiing
ehinh saeh, bien phdp phii hgp va khd thi
nhdra chuyen ddi co cau kinh tl, ca cau
cdy ttdng vdt nudi. Cdn dinb hudng phdt
ttien cay frdng va vat nudi dg trd thdnh
san pham hang hod, dac biet la nhung san
phara ban dia frd thanh hang hod dac sdn,
tang thu rdidp. Qua khao sat thyc te,
chiing tdi nhan thay rang thi manh kinh
te d vung ngudi Mg van Id khai thdc ning
vd chan nudi gia siie, gia cam. De phat
huy dugc dieu nay cbiing ta nen tiep tbu,
nang cao vd phdt huy tn thiic bdn dia cila
cdng ddng cu dan Ma, nghien eiiu eay
frdng, vat nudi tmyen tbdng phii hgp vdi

dieu kien sinh thdi nhu nudi Ign rimg,
huau nai, mat ong, nhira, cheo... vd
trdng cae loai cay gd quy nhu trdm
huang, song may, hd tieu...
4.3. Tdng cw&ng led ick tir rirng
Md binh qudn ly tai nguyen ning
dua fren cdng ddng (CBFM) da dugc
chiing minh thdnh cdng frong viec ndng
eao hieu qua bdo ve tdi nguygn rimg vd


TAP CHI KHOA HQC - DAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016

ISSN 2354-1482

giiip dam bao hem ve sinh ke eho ngudi

ddng bin viing" la md binh giara ngheo

dan sdng dya vdo rimg, md binh nay dam

Clia Oxfam dua frgn ly thuyet phdt triln

bao sy binh ddng vl tiep ean cua cae

sinh kl. Da dang hoa cae boat dgng sinh

thanh vien ttong cgng ddng vdi cdc hoat

ke, md hinh phat trign du lich bgn virng

ddng va lgi ich tir viec qudn ly hieu qua

duge xem la mgt ttong cdc budng sinh ke

tai nguygn rimg.

quan ttgng cbo ddng bao cac tdc ngudi

Ngudi Ma d Ldm Ddng, ddi sdng
vdn gan bd mat thiet vdi rimg va sinh kg
chii yeu phy thude vao rimg. Tuy nhien,
nhirng hogt dgng khai thac tdi nguyen
rung da va dang la moi de doa ldn vdi tdi
nguygn va da dang sinh hgc d Vudn qudc
gia Cdt Tien. Vi vay, de giai quyet tinh
trgng ndy d vimg ngudi Mg, cdn phdi
phue bdi lai chinh dien tieh rimg da bi
radt di bang viec ddy manh phat trien
kinh te rimg, giiip ngudi ddn khai thae
cdc sdn pham cua rimg mdt cdch bgn
vung. Dam bdo muc tieu bdo tdn tai
nguyen rimg va lgi ich cua cgng ddng
ngudi Mg nai day, viee giao quyen qudn
ly vd bao ve rung, ttdng riing khdng chi
dem lai ngudn tbu nhdp cbo ddng bdo ma
cdn tang cudng y thiic gan bd vdi rimg va
nang cao nhgn tbiic bdo ve rimg.
4.4. Pkdt triin kogt dgng kinh te
phi nong nghidp

"Gidm ngheo dua tren da dgng
hod sinh ke, tao cdng an viec lam va thu
nhdp nhung van ddm bao, tdn frgng va
phat frien cac van hod tmyen thdng ciia
dia phuang, eung nhu phdi dam bao tieu
chi bdo ve mdi tmdng vd phat trien cdng

thieu sd, gdp phan xoa ddi giam ngheo.
4.5. Ndng eao ndng Iwc von tdi
ckinh vd von con ngwai
Trinh do hgc van thap, dilu kien
siic khde khdng dam bao, ehi tieu thieu
kg hogeh, khd nang tich luy thdp la
nguyen nhan dan den ngheo ddi d cdng
ddng ngudi Ma. Thdi quen ndy da an sau
vdo nip nghT cua ngudi dan lam anh
hudng khdng nhd tdi ngudn luc eon
ngudi va ngudn lyc tdi chinh ttong phat
trign sinh ke, han ehe den viec ddu tu cho
san xudt, tira kigm viee lam va Id mgt
frong nhiing nguyen nbdn lam cho khdng
it hd gia dinh ngudi Ma roi vdo canh ng
nan trien mien. Vdi each ban cdc san
pham ndng nghiep non nhu hien nay, ho
khdng cd tich luy de dau tu cbo san xuat,
nang suat thap, sd thang thieu ddi eang
tang Ign, hg bi roi vao tinh trang luan
qudn frong vdng ddi ngheo. Gidi quyet
tinh frang nay can sy vao eudc quyet liet
cua chinh quyen dia phuang va cbinh su

nd luc cua ngudi Ma.


TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HQC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016

ISSN 2354-1482

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
1. Chambers, Robert (1983), Rural development: Putting the last first, Longman
Scientific & Technical, co-published in the Umted States with John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., New York.
2. DFID
(1999),
Sustainable
Livelihoods
Guidance
Sheets,
/>dan
theo Nguyen Van Sim (2010), "Khung sinh ke bin viing: Mgt cdch phdn tieh
toan dien ve phat trien va giara ngheo", Tgp chi Ddn tdc hgc, Sd 2, \x: 3-12.
3. Hanstad, Tira and Robin Nielsn and Jennifer Brown (2004), Land and
livelihoods: Making land rights real for India's mral poor, LSP working paper
12, Food and Agriculture Organization Livelihood Support Program.
4. Neefjes, Koos (2000), Environments and Livelihoods: Sttategies for
Sustainability, Oxfam, Oxford. (Ban djcb tieng Viet: Mdi tru&ng vd sinh ki: Cdc
chien luge phdt trien ben vimg, Nxb. Chinh tti qudc gia, Hd Ngi, 2008).
5. Chambers, R. and G. Conway (1992), Sustainable rural livelihoods: practical
concepts for the 2Ist century (Sinh ke ndng thdn ben viing: cac khdi niem thye
hanh cho the ky 21). IDS discussion paper, 296. Brighton.
6. Seoones, I (1998), Sustainable mral livelihoods: a frame work for analysis (Sinh

ke ndng thdn bgy viing: khung pban tich). IDS working paper.
7. Seoones, 1 (2009), Livelihoods perspectives and rural development (Sinh ke vd
phdt triln ndng thdn). Joumal of Peasant Studies, 36:1.Can be found in
i/srapp/titie~content=t713673200.
8. DFID
(1999),
Sustainable
Livelihoods
Guidance
Sheets,
ht^://www.nssd.net/references/SustLiveli/DFlDapproach.httn#Guidance
ddn
tiieo Nguygn Van Sira (2010), "Khung sinh kl bin viing: Mdt each phan tich
toan dien vl phdt triln va giam ngheo". Tap chi Ddn tpc hgc, Sd 2, tr 3-12.
9. DFID
(1999),
Sustainable
Livelihoods
Guidance
Sheets,
bttp://www.nssd.net/references/SustLiveli/DFIDapproach.httn#Guidance
ddn
theo Nguyen Van Sim (2010), "Khung smh k l bin viing: Mdt each phan tich
toan dien vl phdt triln vd giam ngheo". Tap chi Ddn tpc hgc, Sd 2, tr 3-12.
10. Luu Himg (1994), Budn ldng cd truyin xu thucmg. Nxb. Van hda dan tgc. Ha
Ngi, tx 92.

HI

TAP CHI KHOA HOC - BAI HOC BONG NAI, SO 02 - 2016

ISSN 2354-1482

ACCESSING THE THEORY OF THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS
FRAMEWORK DFID FOR STUDYING THE LIVELIHOODS AT CAT TIEN
NATIONAL PARK
ABSTRACT
Studying on rural development and the reduction of the poverty in recent
decades, it is seen that the issue ofthe livelihoods and the sustainable livelihoods have
become a target of the research with multiple levels and diversified approaches.
Accordingly, the UK Department for International Development (Department for
International Development - DFID) set the framework for the sustainable livelihoods
used widely by scholars and development organizations, and considered as a
comprehensive approach for developing the issue of human livelihoods and poverty in
different circumstances. Accessing the theory ofthe sustainable livelihoods framework
DFID for studying the livelihoods of MA people in Cat Tien National Park is io
consider Ma's kinds of property used for ensuring their livelihood security, including:
human capital, physical capital, financial capital, natural capital and social capital.
Thereby the study of MA people's livelihood in circumstances, institutions, and policies
has affected the access and the usage of livelihood assets that ultimately affect
livelihood outcomes.
Keywords: livelihoods, sustainable