Vốn xã hội trong bảo tồn đa dạng sinh học liên minh châu âu (EU) và kinh nghiệm cho việt nam

KINH TE-PHAP LUA

^ VON Xn HOI TAONG aho TON on DANG SINH HOC O
U€N MINH CHAU nU (€U) Vn KINH NGHlfM CHO VlfT miA
Nguyen Thi Ngoc*
Tom tat: Ciing vai su phdi trien cita nhdn logi noi chung, cong dong cdc quoc gia a
chdu Au vet Viet Nam noi rieng co su Ion lai, lich luy vd phdt trien cita nhieu logi hinh von
khdc nhau, Irong do von xd hoi Trong bdo vi: mot Iricdng, bdo ton da dang sinh hoc, von xa
hoi dupe cho la mot Irong nhirng yeu to chinh, quyet dinh den linh ben vung ciia cdc he sinh
thdi. Cdc quoc gia thuoc Lieu mmh Chdu Au (EU) duac ddnh gid co nhieu thdnh cong Irong
ITnh vuc bdo ve moi trirang, bdo Ion da dang smh hoc nha dp dung cdc gidi phdp phdi huy
nguon "von xd hoi" sdn co. Bdi viel ndy sc: phdn lich. ddnh gid vai Iro cita von xd hoi Irong
bao ve moi Iruong, bdo Ion da dung sinh hoc o cdc nuac EU lir do de xudt mot so bdi iwc
/cinh nghiem co ihe dp dung a Viel Nam.
Til- khoa: bdo ve moi Irmmg. von xu hdi. luio ion da dang sinh hgc. Lien minh Chdu Au

1. Khai quat chung ve von xa hpi

sinh hpc co the dirge hieu khai quat la

trong biio ve moi truong, bao ton da dang

"chuan muc" phi chinh thuc ciia cpng ddng

sinh hoc

ve bao ve moi truong, bao ton da dang sinh

Cho den nay, 'Von xa hpi" da dugc de

hpc Nguon von nay dupe tao nen tii' m6i

cap nhieu trong cac nghien cim tren th^ giai.

lirong quan sinh dpng giira con ngiroi voi

.song chua co mpt dinh nghia thong nhit. Co

con nguai. con nguoi vai Ur nhien. Ngu6ii

the hieu mpt each khai quat theo each dinh

\'6n na> dupe nlian biet thong qua each ha\

ngliia ciia Francis Fukuyama. \-6n xa hoi la

"chuan mirc" nguoi ta song, ung xir \oi

mpi chuan muc phi chinli thiic, dugc bidu

nhau, uiig xu vai moi truang xung quanh.

liien Irong thuc le, co lac dung thuc dt\y su

ling xir vai cac loai Thong thuong, each irng

hop liic giira hai, hay nliieu ca nlian',

xu tir nguyen, nhan van se tao ra ngu6n v6n

Theo each dinh nghia tren. von xa hpi

trong bao vc moi truang, bao Idn da dang

xa hoi dang quy, dac biet trong iTnh vuc bao
ton da dang sinh hoc
Co Ihe thay ro su phu thupc cua v6n xa

' TS, Vien Nghien ciiu Chau Au
' Tiiin IliiLi Quang (2006), '-Tim hi^u khai niciii v6ri
\.T hoi", Tap ehi Khoa hoc xd lidi, s6 7, Ir 74-81

hoi vao cau triic van hoa, m6i n^n van hoa se
CO nhfrng "chuan muc"" khac nhau Irong img
xir giua con nguai voi eon nguai, giua con


^mh

xa

IS

iuil...

ngu6i vai tu nhidn. Chdng han, co su khdc
nhau ro ret trong v6n xd hSi a cdc quoc gia
Bdc Au (Dan Mach, Thuy Dien, Phdn Lan),
voi cdc quoc gia a Dong Au va Tdy Au^. CJ
Bac Au, muc do tham gia ci^ cdng dong vdo
cac boat d6ng xd hoi trong d6 co bdo ve moi
tmang, bdo t6n da dang sinh hpc cao hon

nhidu 6 cac quoc gia Dong, Tay Au. Dieu
nay duac ly giai xuat phat tir tmyen thong
van hoa canh tac n6ng nghiep trong lich sir
cdn CO su chia se, lidn kdt cua cpng dong, ket
hpp vai viec thi hanh che dp phiic lai ma cac
nha nuac a Bac Au thuc hien. Cu the la, hau
hdt cac quQc gia Bac Au c6 chd d6 phiic lpi
cao, cac hoat dpng mang tinh hiep hpi, cpng
dong nhu cac NGO, nha tha, c6ng dodn
dupe the che hoa rpng rai ndn dd phdt huy t6t
nguon von xa hpi. Trong mpt so truong hpp,
moi quan he tuang h6 giUa cd nhan, gia dinh,
dong tpc 6 nhimg quoc gia nay cung gop
phan tao nen "chudn muc" nhat dinh cho
cpng dong. Didu nay rdt kho tim thdy o cdc
quoc gia phia Dong va Tay Au, noi co chd
dp phiic lpi kem phdt tridn.
Mac dil chau Au dupe danh gia la khu
vuc CO ndn van h6a kha da dang, song dac
diem chung nhat day la ndn van hoa cua
nhimg ngueri "song tren lung ngua", hp co
cupc song phong khoang, hai boa, ton trpng
tu nhidn, ton trpng muon loai. Didu nay gop
phan tao nen "chuan muc" dao diic rieng,
luon thuong true trong y thiic cua nguoi
chau Au vd bdo ve, bao t6n cac he smh thdi.

^ Claire Wallace and Florian (2005), Bridging and
Bonding Social Capital: Which is More Prevalent in
Europe?. Euronp.an Commirojnr. — ->

Chdng han, chuan muc "khong dn thit cdc
loai thu rimg" co a hdu het cpng dong van
hoa phuong Tdy, trong khi do nguoi Viet
Nam lai coi ddy la nhiing mon dac san va san
sang chi tra de thoa man nhu cau cua bdn
than. Ngdy nay, chuan muc vd bdo vd moi
truing con dupfc nguoi dan chdu Au y thirc
ro va the hidn thong qua vide xd rac thai
dling loai, dung nai quy dinh hoac khong hiit
thuoc la a nhiing khu vuc cong cpng v.v.
Ben canh do, phai cong nhan rang trong
bao vd moi truang, bdo ton da dang sinh hpc
CO su phu thupc nhat dinh giiia von xd hpi
voi kha nang kinh td cua cd nhan vd vi tri xa
hpi cua hp. Nhung nguoi c6 didu kien kinh
td, CO vi the xa hpi thuong de dang chap
nhan "hy sinh" lgi ich cd nhan dd duac s6ng
trong mpt moi truang trong lanh, hai hoa voi
tu rihidn, voi cac loai... Noi each khdc, hp de
dang chap nhan cac "luat bdt thanh van"
trong cpng dong mien la co thd bdo vd duac
moi truong song, bdo vd siic khoe eho hp.
2. Sir dung von xa hoi trong bao ton
da dang sinh hoc ff chau Au
O EU, von xa hpi duoc ddnh gid
thong qua mpt so dau hidu ca bdn bao
gom: la thanh vidn cua cac hiep hpi bao
ton, bdo vd thien nhidn; chi s6 nidm tin;
cac chi so lidn ket von xa hpi (mang xa

hpi, ho trp xa hpi) v.v.
Tai khu vuc ddt nong nghiep va rimg tu
nhidn^ nguai dan EU co nhan thiic ro net vd
moi quan he giira he sinh thai nong nghiep
vaJie sinh thdi tu nhien, vi vay hp tu nguydn
nhac nha nhau cimg bdo ve ngu6n da dang


26

NGHIEN CQU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°1(196U017

sinh hpc nay. Cang a nhimg khu vyc nguai boat dpng chan nuoi gia siic, gia cam, san
dan CO y thirc cao ve cac chuan muc bao ve ban 6 mpt s6 khu vuc dupe cpng dong dan
moi truang, noi each khac hp c6 nhimg "quy cu a cac nuoc EU thuc hidn theo nhieu
tdc ngdm, danh gia ngdm" chi phoi hoat hinh thiic, trong do co hinh thirc sii dung
dpng bao ve moi truang, viec day manh bao uy tin cung nhu nguyen tac ngam cua gia
ton da dang cang dupe tien hanh de dang, dinh, dong tpc tai khu vuc do . Tham chi,
nhanh chong. Thong thuang, nhung quy uoc cr mpt so noi nguai ta xay dung cac nhom
nay dupe sir dung ket hpp vai cac quy cpng dong ty nguyen bao ve da dang sinh
dinh, quy tae bat bupc do cac ca quan co hpc, nhu bang ducri day:
tham quyen ban hanh. Chang ban, cac
Bang 1: Nhom cpng dong tu- nguyen bdo ve da dgng sinh hoc &Anh

Cac nhom xa hoi

Nhom bao ve va
quan ly lim vuc
Nhom quan ly rimq
Nhom sir dung hpp

ly nguon nuae
Nhom quan ly dieh
hai long hap
Nhom quan ly dpng
vat hoang da
Nhom quan ly nghe
ea
Nhom nong nghiep
nong thon va cai
thien moi trucmg
song

Cac muc tieu nham cai thien da dang sinh hpc
Da dang sinh hpc Da dang sinh hpc tai Da dang sinh hpc tai
trong nong nghiep va cac viing dem
eac khu vuc can bao
da dang hoa he thong
ton nghiem ngat
trang trai
X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X

x

X

X

X

Ngudn Jules Pretty and David Smith, (2004), "Social Capital in Biodivenity Conversation and
Manageinenl". Conservation Biology No 3. Volume IS. pp 634

Duong nhien, nhung nguai tham gia
vao eae nhom nay deu nhan thirc dupe viee
bao \'e da dang sinh hoe se mang lai nhidu
lgi ich cho tap the, tham ehi iiliie'u lpi ich cho

ehinli ban than minh. Thuc Id cho thdy vao
nhung nam 1990, a Anh co klioang 408-478
nghin nhom cpng dong bao ve moi tnrong
khae nhau thu hut sy tham gia eiia 8 ddn 14


27
tridu h6 gia dmh, trong d6 chu yeu Id cdc
nhom nho til 20 ddn 30 nguiri^.
Nguon von xa h6i trong lmh vuc bao ve

moi truong noi chxmg, bdo t^n da dang sirih
hpc ndi rieng cung c6 su thay ddi tiiy thudc
vdo miic dp,quan tam cua chinh quyen ddnh
cho timg khu vyc nhdm duy tri, phdt tri^n
nhiing chuan myc phi chinh thiic. Vi du, he
thong nudi trong, canh tac ndng nghiep
tmyhn th6ng a Tay Ban Nha, Bd Ddo Nha
dugc duy tri miic dd da dang sinh hpc cao
nha CO cdc chuang triiih hd trg bao tdn
tmyen thdng canh tdc cua ndng dan dia
phuong''. Hodc tai Phap, nguoi ta co nhidu
ho trg tich cue giiip ngudi ddn duy tri truydn
thdng canh tdc, xay dung cdc trang trai ndng,
lam, ngu nghiep kidu cdng vidn. Nhirng hd
trg nay dugc ngudi dan dia phuang hydng
img manh, tir do duy tri, phdt huy dugc
tmydn thdng canh tac qu^ bdu. Ro rang, vdn
xa hdi trong bdo tdn da dang sinh hpc khdng
dd dugc khai day bdi cdc chinh sach cua nha
nude nhimg nha nuoc co vai trd rdt quan
trong trong vide thiic ddy ngudn vdn xa hpi
trong bao ve mdi trudng thdng qua giao due,
tuydn tmy^n tao ra thd hd cdng dan cd trdeh
nhiem vdi mdi truong, cd long ydu thien
nhien tha thidt. Chdng han, d Dan Mach, tre
em dd dugc phan cdng thdnh cdc'nhdm hpc

^ Jules Pretty and David Smith (2004), "Social Capital
in Biodiversity Conversation and Management",
Conservation Biology, No.3, Volume 18, pp. 634.

Maria Alio, Eva Igleasias and Maria L. Loureiro,
(2013), Famers' Preferences and Social Capilal
towards Agri-Environmental Schemes for Protecting
Birds, the Agricultural & Applied Economics
Association's, Washington, DC, pp. 3-5.

l;y thuyet cung nhu thuc hdnh vd bdo ve da
dang sinh hpc, tii do giiip cdc em ldm quen
d ^ vdi each ldm vide nhdm^.
Ngudi chau Au cung nhdn thdy rang dd
bao tdn da d£Uig sinh hgc, cpng ddng ngudi
dan dia phuong khdng ih^ diing ngodi cudc
va giua hp phai cd su tin tudng, cimg giiip
do nhau dd thuc hidn muc tieu. Chdng han, d
Phap, dd bdo ve cdnh quan khu vuc dim Idy
Pares du Marais du Contentin et du Bessm,
chinh quydn khu vuc nay da kheo leo khuydn
khich ngudi ddn dia phuang phdt huy ngudn
tri thiic bdn dia vd bdo tdn cac loai ddng,
thyc vat, giu gin sinh canh sdng cho chiing
tir trudc tdi nay*. Duang nhidn, ngudi dan
phdi dugc hudng lpi tir vide bdo tdn thdng
qua vide khai thdc cdc ngudn tdi nguyen d do
cho mye dich thyc phdm, hang hda, du licfa
sinh thdi v.v. Vdn xd hdi hay ndi cdch khac
Id cac "chudn muc" ve bao vd mdi trudng,
bdo ve da dang sinh hpc, khai thdc sii dung
tdi nguydn thidn nhien, Iiic nay se trd ndn vd
cung quan trpng, nd cd the giiip cdng ddng
quan ly tdt dugc cac ngudn tai nguydn, kim

ham, han che dugc hanh ddng gay dnh
hudng xdu tu chinh cdng ddng hoac tir bdn
ngodi. Thdng thudng, nhung vi pham cdc
"chudn muc" hay nhimg "quy tdc ngdm" se
bi cdng ddng Idn an, khdng chdp" nhan, lam
cho ducmg su xdu hd,.tir doTam thay ddi
^ Hiru Tuc, (2010), Visao nguai Thuy Si. Dan Mach
hanh phiic nhdt the gi&i?. URL: truy cap ngay 28/04/2014.
* Jules Pretty and David Smith, (2004), "Social
Capital
in
Biodiversity
Conversation
and
Management", Conservation Biology, No 3 Volume
18, pp. 635.


28

NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°1(196).2017

hdnh vi cua ca nhan, tham chi dudi khdi noi
cutni.
De bdo vd cdc loai chim d Tdy Ban Nha,
ngodi no luc ciia chinh phu, ngudi ta ciing
ghi nhdn nhiing ddng gdp dang ke cua cdng
ddng dia phuang nhd nhirng "nguydn tac
ngdm" rang budc trong quan he giiia cac cd
nhan d dia phuang. Nhd dd, hp da tu nguydn

bao nhau thay ddi thdi quen canh tac phd
hoai da dang sinh hpc cii bang hinh thiic
canh tac mdi, xay dyng "chuan muc" canh
tdc mdi nham giu gin sinh cdnh sdng cho cdc
loai chim. Cac khu vuc canh tac dugc thuc
hien theo phuong thiic luan canh vira tao ra
dugc lupng thuc pham thidt ydu hdng ngay
vira duy tri dugc cho tni an cho cdc loai.
Thuc td cho thdy "mang ludi xa hdi" d
chau Au rat phat trien. Trong ITnh vyc bao vd
mdi trudng, cd sy xuat hidn va gia tang dang
kd cua nhidu td chiic tinh nguydn trong
nhttng nam gdn ddy. Nhiing td chiic nay da
va dang thu hiit dugc sy tham gia cua cdng
ddng dia phuang, tham chi cd nhidu td chiic
cdn xuydn qudc gia. Trong mpt didu tra cua
Claire Wallace' va dugc Euro Barometer ghi
nhan cd tdi 62,2% sd ngudi dugc hdi khdng
dinh hp la thanh vidn cua 14 td chiic khdc
nhau, trong do la thanh vidn cua cac td chiic
vd bdo vd mdi trudng, da dang sinh hpc.
. Miic dp tham gia cua cdc thanh vidn cao nhat
Id cdc nude Bac Au, sau dd giam dan d Tay

Au vd th4p nhit d Ddng Nam Chau Au. Tuy
nhien, sy tham cua cdc thdnh vien cung d
nhidu cdp dp khac nhau, cd thanh vidn chii
dpng, cd thdnh vidn bi dpng, trong trudng
hgp ngudi diing dau to chiic Id ngudi cd hoat
dpng tdt, Idy dugc nidm tin cua cdng ddng

thi duong nhien s6 cd nhieu thdnh vien tich
eye va chu ddng tham gia.
Ci tim VI md, Lien minh Chdu Au va
chinh quydn cac nude thanh vidn da xdy
dyng dugc hd thdng ludt phdp, chinh sdch
tao ca sd thudn lgi cho td chiic, mang ludi xa
hdi phi lpi nhudn vd bao ve mdi trudng, bao
tdn da dang sinh hpc. 6 tam vi md, cdc qudc
gia ddu phat huy vai trd cua cac td chirc,
mang ludi xa hoi, ndng cao nhdn thiic cdng
ddng vd bao vd mdi trudng, chii y ddn giao
due, dao tao ngudn nhdn luc, ndng cao trach
nhidm ciia ca nhan trudc cac van dd chung.
Day cung la nhiing kinh nghidm quy cac
nude trdn thd gidi ndi chung, Viet Nam ndi
ridng CO the tham khao va van dung.
3.

D I xuat nhung bai hoc kinh

nghiem cho Vidt Nam
Vidt Nam Id mdt trong 16 qudc gia co
tinh da dang sinh hgc cao tren the gidi. Da
dang sinh hpc ddng vai trd quan trpng trong
vide duy tri sy cdn bang ciia cdc chu trinh va
he sinh thai trong tu nhidn, ddng thdi la
ngudn tai nguyen quan trpng dd phdt tridn
ddt nude*. Tuy nhidn, hidn nay Viet Nam

' Claire Wallace and Florian (2005), Bridging and * Nguyen Huy Dung, Vu Van pOng 2007, Bdo ton da

Bonding Social Capilal- Which is More Prevalent in dang sinh hgc a Viel Nam-m6i lien he vdi phat tri
Europe?, European Commission, pp 7.
ben vung vd bien doi khi hdu. Hoi thao chuvfin dk vh


(h..

: acx*

29

HIM...

dang phai ddi mat vdi thuc trang suy thoai da

eac chuan muc ciia cdng ddng ve bao ve mdi

dang sinh hpc do khai thac, su dung dat bira

trudng tai dia phuang minh.

bai, thdi quen danh bat buy diet, xay dung ca
sd ha lang 6 at...

Thir hai, can cd ehinh sach nham ban
che "di vdn" va phat huy vdn xa hdi. Chang

Bao vd da dang sinh hpc la nhiem vu

han cac ca quan hoach djnh chinh sach eiia

quan trpng, dugc Dang, Chinh phii va Bp Tai

Nha nude can cd nliung nghien cim thiet

nguyen va Mdi trudng dac biet quan tam

ihuc nham xay dung mot co chd tham gia

song ket qua thu dupe cdn nhieu han ehe,

hidu qua eua cdng ddng, mang ludi xa hpi,

Vlpt trong nhung nguyen nhan la viec chua

nhat la nhirng epng ddng bi anh hudng tieu

phat huy dugc vdn xa hpi trong viec bao tdn

cue do khai thae, sir dung qua mire ngudn tai

da dang sinh hoe tai cpng ddng. Tir viec

nguyen da dang sinh hpc; han ehe tdi miie

nghien cim viec sir dung ngudn vdn xa hpi

thap nhat, tham ehi xda bd thdi quen an thit

trong bao ton da dang sinh hpc d cac nude

cac loai ddng, thyc vat hoang da cd nguy ea

chau Au, tac gia manh dan de xuat mpt sd

bi de dpa v V.

kinh nghiem cho Viet Nam.
Hien nay, Viet Nam cd nhieu Id ehuc xa
3.1. Gidi phdp vT mo

hpi phi lpi nhuan vd bao tdn da dang sitili

Tliir nhdl, can xay dung he thdng luat

hpc dang hoal ddng lir trung uang den dia

phap va eae chinh sach ro rang, lao dieu kien

phirang nhu eac hdi. doan the, hiep hdi,

thuan lpi de eac to chirc phi lgi nhuan. Id

v.v. Do vay, cdng tae quan ly can duge

chire phi ehinh phii, mang lirdi cpng ddng ve

Nha nude ehii trpng ddng thdi tao dieu kien

bao ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc;

cho cae td chirc nay tir quan mdt each cd

khuyen khich mang lirdi nay xay dung, gui

trach nhiem theo ''quy irde. huong udc"

giu cae quy lac hay la eae ehuan muc ve bao

dupe chinh hp dc ra.

ve mdi trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpc,

3.2. Gidi phdp vi mo

Chang han, Nha nude va Chinh phii ed
nhimg uu dai nhat dinli cho cpng ddng dia

De ngudn vdn xa hdi trong bao ve da

phuang lu quan \ e biio ve da dang sinh hpc

dang phat huy tdt d cap dp cpng ddng. Viet

nhu lo ehiic tuyen duong, hd tra eho eae ca

Nam can ed nhung bien phap du> tri. phat

nhan, tap the cd sang kien hay trong bao ton

huy ihdng qua \iec thudng xuyen giam sat,

da dang sinli hoe, bao ve eac loai dpng thuc

nhac nhd kjp thdi de cac ca nhan tir nhan

vat quy hiem. Chinh quyen dia phuang cd

thay dupe gia tri eiia da dang sinh lipc \'a tu

the tham van va hd trp cpng ddng xay dimg

hudng cac hanh dpng eiia minh nham bao ve
gia tri nay,

Da dang sinh hoc va Bien doi khi hair Moi lien quan
lai ngheo doi va phat trien ben vfintJ Ma MA, ([• \

Cae hoat ddng truyen thdng dai ehiing
ve bao \'e mdi truont:. bao \Q da dans sinh


30

NGHIEN CCrU CHAU AU - EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°in96).2017

hpc can tien hanh thudng xuydn, den mpi

and

tang lap nhan dan, dae biet la ngudi dan sinh

Critical

sdng d khu vyc cd tinh da dang sinh hpc cao,

Environment Development, Vol. 16, 355.

eac khu bao tdn thien nhien.

Natural

Resource

Perspective",

Management:
The

Journal

A
of

3. Claire Wallace and Florian (2005),

Day manh giao due dao ditc mdi trudng,

Bridging and Bonding Social Capital: Which

bao vd da dang sinh hpc tir gia dinh tdi

is More Prevalent

trudng hpc nliam giiip the he tre nlian thiic

Commission

in Europe?,

European

dupe vai trd va trach nhiem eiia minh ddi vdi

4. Thomas Macias and Elysia Nelson

viee bao ve cae gia tri chung, xay dung nep

(2011), "A Social Capital for Environmental

sdng van minh, gan gui vdi ty nhien, Trai

Concern:

nghiem, kliam pha tu nhien ed the coi la hinh

England", Rural Sociology

thiic hiiu hieu giiip khoi day Idng yeu thidn

4, pp. 562-581.

nhien eho hpe sinh va nliiing ngudi tham gia,
Kinh nghiem tu eae nude EU cho thay, nha
trudng ciing nhu cac td ehue bao ve mdi
trudng, bao tdn da dang sinh hpe can cd
khuyen khich, im tien eho hpe sinh tham gia
vao eae hanli trinh kham pha tim hieu tir

5.
Capital

Evidence

Ton
in

van
the

from

Schaik
European

Norther

New

No.76, Volume

(2002), Social
Values

Study

Surveys, working paper at the OECD-ONS
Intemational Conference on Social Capital
Measurement

London,

September 25-25,

2002.

nhien, tir dd giup hpc sinh tieh liiy them
nhung ky nang can thidt cho cupe sdng eiing
nhu khai day long yeu que huang, dat nude.

6. Neiralsabel and PortelaMarta (2010),
"Social Capital and Growth in European
Regions", Regional and Sectoral Economic

Ngoai ra can tap trung bdi dudng, xay
dimg dpi ngii tri thirc, ianh dao, cac nha khoa
hpc cd tinh yeu sau sac vdi thien nliidn, am
hieu ve da dang sinli hpc de hp cd the phat huy
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7. WimVanOorsehot, Wil Arts and John
Gelissen, (2006), "Social Capital in Europe:
Measurement
Distribution

and

Social

of

a

and

Regional

Multifieaceted

Phenomenon", ACTA Sociologica.

Volume

49, No. 2, pp. 149-167.

1 Jules Pretty and David Smith (2004),
"Social Capital m Biodiversity Conversation
and Management", Conservation

Studies, No. 2, Vol. 10, pp. 19-28.

Biology

No.3, Volume 18, pp, 631-638.
2. Jerome Ballet, Nicolas Sirven and
Melanie Regmers (2007), "Social Capital

8. Nguydn Quang lukn

(2008), Phdi

huy von xa hoi Irong bdo ve moi Irmmg.
URL:
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