Sinh kế bền vững cho người dân đồng bằng sông cửu long

^^^^^

Nghien cCTu - Trao doi

/ Sinh ke ben vihig clio
ngiiori dan Ddng lidng song Culi Long
O LE MINH TRAN
Giim ddc Ban quin ly du an dau tUxay dung
Bo Til nguyen vk Mdi trUdng

. V an chong chiu khi h$u ting hgp vi sinh ke ben vUng DBSCL dang
I dugc trien khai thuc hign, dip Ung y§u cau cap thiet ddi vdi cugc sdng
cua ngudi dan.

Dong bang sdng Cifu Long
nim 5 cue Nam cDa To quoc, gom
12 tTnh va motttianhpho trUc thuoc
trung Udng, chilu dai giap biln
khoang 700 km. Day la mpt trong
nhijfng dong bang Idn, phi nhidu
cua viJng Ddng Nam A va the gidi
vdi h§ thing sdng ngdi chang ehjt.
DBCL la vung cd y nghTa chiln
luoc trong phat KT-XH cua dat
nUde. TSng trudng kinh t l duy tri
on djnh 6 mUe kha, binh quan cDa
viJng udc dat 8,87%/nam. Gia trj
san xuat ndng nghiep cua vung
ehilm 33,2%, cdng nghiep ddng
gdp 9,3% gia tn san xuat edng
nghiep cua c^ nude.

Trong nhilu thang nay, tinh
hinh khd han va xam nhgp man
tgi cac tinh DBSCL dang 6 miifc
bao dpng. Hlu h i t cCfa sdng, ven
biln nude man d i u lan sau vao
dat liln tii 40-60 km, do man do
dupc tU 4-12 g/l. Theo dU bao
trong nhOng nam tdi, myc nudc
biln se ngay mot dang eao, kha
nang xam nhap man se rit Idn.
LUU IUdng nUdc thUdng nguon v l
bj giam sut se khdng du lUu IUdng
dly man, nude man se xam nhap

sau vao ndi dia gay khd khan Idn
tdi san xult ndng nghiep va ddi
song nhan dan, vide xay dyng 11
bac thang thCiy dien tren ddng
chfnh va cac dap thCiy dien tren
ddng nhanh se tae ddng d i n
ddng chay mua lu va mua can.
Hien tai, toan viJng cd khoang
4526 nha may nude vdi tong edng
suat cua eac nha may nudc khoang
985.017 m^/ngay dem, trong dd
nUde mat chilm 55-60% tong
cdng suit. Ngoai ra, tren toan
vung hidn cd khoang 36 KCN tap
trung dang hogt ddng, vdt tong
nhu cau dung nUdc khoang

82.000 mVngay dem. Luqng nude
thai tU cac khu edng nghiep nay
kholing gin 70.000m^/ ngay, day
la mdt trong nhiJfng nguin cd the
tac ddng xau d i n chat IUdng
nguon nUdc. Theo quy hoaeh din
nam 2020, toan vung DBSCL cd
khoang 69 KCN di vao hogt ddng.
Nhan thUc dUde t i m quan
trpng cOa van d l nay, Chi'nh phu
va Quoc hdi da chT dgo va ban
hanh nhilu quylt sach nham
nang cao hieu qua sii dyng thdng
tin, dCf lieu TNN, bko dkm phat

triln ben vOng TNN, phdng
chd'ng, giam thilu tac hgi do nUdc
gay ra, va phan bo edng bang,
hdp ly trong khai thac, sQ dung,
TNN. Nguon nUdc mat vung
DBSCL hien nay, dang bi suy
giam do hoat ddng xay dyng eac
edng trinh thDy dien dau nguon
d i n d i n xam nhap man dang
ngay cang xam nhap sau vao
vung ding bang. D l phyc vy
cdng tac quan ly TNN can phai
kilm soat chat ehe xu t h l dien
biln nguon nUdc ndi ehung,
nguon nUdc mat ndi ridng, dac

biet v l mua can, cung nhy giam
sat eac tac ddng den nguon nydc
nhu hoat ddng khai thae, sii dyng
nUdc, hoat dpng xk nude thai vao
nguon nUdc, xam nhap man vao
vung dong bang. Mac du, vung
DBSCL da cd mdt s6 tram quan
trac thuy van, quan trae xam
nhap man, tuy nhien vdi myc dich
de dy bao, canh bao 10 nen tan
suat, edng nghd quan trac khdng
bao dam de giam sat dUdc eho
muc dich quan trac, giam sat va
quan ly TNN. Xam nhap man tren
cac song ngay cang gia tang va

Tai nguyen yg Moi tru-dng | Ky 2-Thang7/2016

^7


cd diln bien phdc tap dang ngdy
edng an sau van vung ddng
bang, cdc quan trac man hien cd
tap trung d vung ven biln khdng
ddp dng dUde nhu d u kilm
sodt man ngdy cdng xdm nhdp
sdu vdo vung DBSCL. Vi vdy,
can tang cudng bd sung cdc
tram quan trae, gidm sdt man d l

kiem scat xam nhap man vdo
ddng bang.
Do phdt triln KT-XH, ngdy
cang nhieu edng trinh, nha mdy
cung nhu cdc hoat ddng sdn xult
xd nude thai vdo ngudn nUdc.
Vide qudn ly, bdo ve TNN ddi hdi
phdi ed du thdng tin ve chat lupng
nudc de cd nhdng gidi phdp kjp
thdi khi xdy ra sU cd d nhilm
ngudn nudc. Hien nay, d DBSCL
da cd 60 dilm do chit luong
nudc, tuy nhidn tan suit lly mlu
ch? Id 1 lan/thang, vi vay khdng
ddp dng dUOc nhu c i u kilm soat
chit luong nudc. Vide tang eudng,
bd sung cdc tram quan trac, gidm
sat chat IUdng nUdc d eac khu
vgc cd nhieu hoat ddng xd nude
thdi vdo ngudn nude d l cd nhtfng
thdng tin sd lieu cd bdn phgc vg
ddnh gid tdc ddng eda cdc hoat
ddng nay la rit ein thilt de phuc
vg edng tdc quan ly, bdo ve TNN.
Cae tde ddng cda BOKH d
Vidt Nam rat nghiem trpng, la mdt
thdch thdc ddi vdl viec xda ddi
gidm ngheo, thtfc hidn cdc myc
tieu cua thien nien k^r vd phat
trien da't nudc b i n vdng. Cdc

nganh vd cdc vdng de bi tdn
thUdng nhlt vdi BDKH Id TNN,
ndng nghidp, an ninh luong thtfc,
stfc khde cdng ddng, va hd sinh
thdi cac vdng ddng bang ven
biln. De quy hoach eac gidi phdp
chdng chju BDKH tdng hdp vd
sinh ke ben vdng cda ngtfdi ddn
sdng phu thuoc vao ngudn cap
nudc td NDO d DBCL d n phai cd
14

cac thdng tin v l ; Sinh ke ben
vOng cda ngudi dan phg thude
manh vao viec khai thdc NDD,
dac bidt la ngUdl dan vdng ndng
thdn va vdng sdu vdng xa. Theo
thdng kd cd khodng 4,5 tridu
ngudi phg thupc vdo NDD cho dn
udng 6 DBSCL. Todn vdng cd
553.135 lo khoan khai thde vdi
tdng luu luong la 1.923.681
m%gdy. Sd luong lo khoan khai
thdc cd luu IUdng nhd hdn 200
m^/ngdy la 552.203 Id khoan, sd
Id khoan cd luu luong Idn hdn 200
m^/ngdy chi cd 932 io khoan. Cac
Id khoan khai thac NDD chu yeu
tdp trung khai thac nudc fl ting
qp2-3 (417.010 Id khoan), trong

khi d 6 ting chtfa nudc edn lai ehl
ed hon 100.000 lo khoan khai
thac. Tdng lUOng NDD khai thac
cua todn vung DBSCL la
1.923.681 mV ngay. Khai thdc td
tang qp2-3 la 977.514 m^/ngdy.
Trong dd cho nhu d u sinh hoat
id 801.730 m3/ngay, cho sdn xult
ndng nghidp 769.619 m'/ngdy vd
cho san xua't cdng nghiep la
352.332 m^/ngdy. Vide khai thdc
NDD cdn nhilu diem ohUa hop iy,
thilu kilm scat da phin ndo gay
tde ddng xau tdi TNN dddi da't.
Dilu nay t h l hien qua tdc dp suy
gidm cao dp mtfc NDD vd Itfdng
tich trd ngdc NDD hang nam. Thi
dg, nam 2000 Id 515 tridu m^ vd
nam 2010 gidm cdn 337 trieu m',
dilu nay cd nghTa la tdng lupng
tich trO NDO hang nam dang bi
giam vdl mot tdc dd trung binh la
77 tridu m^/nam.
Mang quan trie TNN dudi dit
vdng DBSCL ddng vai trd quan
trong trong viec thu thdp va cung
d p thdng tin ddnh gia dien bidn
sd luong va chit luong NDD theo
khdng gian vd thdi gian. Cdc
thdng tin quan trae da gidp nang

cao do chinh xae eac ddnh gia vd

Tdi nguydn yg Mdi truong | Kt2-Tlian|7ffl016

mdc dp dnh hudng cda khai thac
nudc din TNN dudi dat. Thgc t l
cho thiy, thdng tin quan trac day
dd s§ lam gidm rdi ro d i u ttf,
nang cao chit IUdng cdc kit qud
danh gid TNN, Idm rd cac dnh
hudng trong dd ed dnh huflng cda
BOKH, cda biln ddng khai thdc
nudc xuydn bidn gidi d i n NDD
vung DBSCL. Vi vay, ddu tu ndng
d p vd xay dgng bd sgng mang
qgan trae NDD d l cung d p
thdng tin, phgc vg kiem soat khai
thdc NDD hieg qgd, lam rd cdc
tac ddng cua BDKH, khai thdc
nudc eda eac qudc gia thupng
ngudn chung bidn gidi tdi TNN
dudi d i t vdng DBSCL la hit sdc
d n thilt va ed y nghTa thgc tiSn
Idn. Vide sd dgng ngudn vdn vay
cda Ngdn hdng T h l gidl de ndng
d p vd xdy mdi mang quan trac
TNN dudi dat vung DBSCL cd
hieu qud.
Hien nay, DBSCL dang dd'i
mat vdi mdt thach thde to Idn, anh

hudng nghidm trong den phat
triln KT-XH dd la v i n de xdi lfl bd
sdng vd bd bien. Theo cac bao
cdo v l danh gid v l thgc trang sat
18 bd biln tai eac tinh ven bien
DBSCL thi ed hang tram dilm bd
bien, bd sdng bi sdi Id nghiem
trpng, Idm mat hdng nghin hecta
d i t hdng nam. Xdi lfl bd biln xdy
ra da phd hdy nhieu cdng trinh
xdy dtfng, khu dan cu, dudng giao
thdng vd ldm m i t di nhieu dien
tich dat eanh tac. Bdi tg bd biln
gay ra sa bdi ludng tag, ben cdng,
bdi lap cda sdng, lam gidm dl kha
nang thoat id, gay ngap ung tren
dien rdng. Hdn nda, BDKH lam
nudc biln dang vd mat trdi cda
cdc hoat ddng phdt trien KT-XH
da gdy ra nhilu tac ddng tieu ctfc
nhu mit can bang bdn cdt, suy
gidm rdng ngap man ven bien
dang lam gia tang tinh trang xdi lfl


bd sdng, bd biln k l ea ve cudng
dd va tinh phUc tgp.

xay ra tai nhieu diem ven biln
anh hudng den ddi song cua

ngUdi dan ven bien.

Tinh trang xdi 16 bd biln khu
vUe DBSCL dang ed dien bien
TrUdc thUc trgng xdi Id bd
h i t sLic phUc tgp vdi cudng dd song, bd biln dang diln ra h i t
ngay cang tang. Tai Ca Mau, theo sUc nghiem trpng, Nha nUde va
thing ke cija cac cd quan chUe chfnh quyln dja phUdng da cd
nang, mdi nam sat 16 khoang 900 nhijfng co gang phdng ehong sdi
ha da't, trong dd phan Idn dien tfch 16. Nhilu dja phUdng da ap dung
da't ven bien. Tgi tuyin bd bien giai phap cdng trinh nhU ke eUng
Tay tinh Ca Mau cd chilu dai vung bd d l tranh sdi Id. Ddy la
khoang 93 km, trong dd 8 km giai phap cd suat dau tu cao,
dang bi sgt 16 nghiem trpng. chua thuc su bin vOng, hidu qua
Tuyin bd bien Ddng co chilu dai tai mdt so khu vye, khdng phu
khoang 150 km, nhilu dogn da bj hpp vdi xu t h l chung dupc nhilu
xdi Id, an sau vao dat lien, gay sat nude hien nay hUdng tdi la ap
Id tilrlO m din hdn 30 m, trong dd dyng cae bien phap "than thien
ciia Ganh Hao va Ho Gui la hai vdi mdi trudng" va "tra lai khdng
npi sgt 16 nghidm trgng nhat. Hau gian cho sdng". Viee nghien cufu,
qua eija tinh trang xam thUc la Ung dung cac giai phap phu hdp
hang ngan ha rUng phdng hd da de han che sat 16 bd sdng, bd
bi cuon trdi ra bien; hang tram bien, suy thoai rUng ngap man la
cdng trinh phuc Ipi xa hpi, cd s6 can thilt va cap bach.
ha t i n g ndng thdn, nha 6 cua
Thilt lap mang quan trae
ngUdi dan bj pha hijy. Tgi Bac
giam sat TNN mat se giup cai
Lieu, cung xay ra tinh trgng bien
thien chat lupng thdng tin, so' lieu

xam thuc, gay sat Id nhilu khu
v l tinh hinh khai thac sCf dyng
vUe bd bien. Tren eac tuyin bien
nude mat cung nhutinh hinh bien
Bgc Lidu, cd tren 30 diem thudng
dgng eija ddng chay trong sdng.
xuyen bj sat Id, nghidm trpng nhlt
Mang quan trae, giam sat khi di
la cCfa bien Ganh Hao (huyen
vao van hanh se gdp phan thue
Ddng H^i), cCfa biln Nha Mat
dly cac hanh dpng nhanh chdng
(TP. Bgc Lieu). Tgi Tra Vinh, tinh
kjp thdi dd'i phd vdi cac tinh
trang xam thUc cung dien ra rat
huong bat thudng lien quan d i n
phUc tgp, tap trung tai khu vUc bd
nguon nude nhu suy giam nguon
bien huydn Duyen Hai. Theo so
nudc, d nhilm nudc, nhilm man,
lidu cDa Hgt Kiem iam huydn
ID lut, han han qua dd bao ve tryc
Duyen Hai, trong vai nam trd Igi
tilp Ipi ich va sinh k l eua ngUdi
day, trdn 10 ha rUng phdng hd
dan. Khi cd thdng tin dU bao,
ciia huyen da bj bien xam thyc.
canh bao sdm cae edng tac doi
Dgc biet, tai xa Hidp Thanh, trong
phd nhu phdng tranh, di ddi dan

10 nam qua, tren 30 ha dat ndng
den npi an toan, ed the giam rd
nghiep va rUng phdng hd cija xa
ret so ngudi b| anh hUdng, giam
da bj cuon trdi ra biln, ca mdt
bdt dUdc thiet hai ngudi va cua.
dogn de dai tren 3 km bj pha huy.
Dae biet, tai DBSCL, ndi cd
ft nghidm trgng hdn Ca Mau, Bgc
khoang 1,92 tneu ha dat ndng
Lidu, Tra Vinh nhUng 6 cac t?nh
nghiep vdi sinh k l ehinh la canh
Ben Tre, Sdc Trang... tinh trang
tac ndng nghiep nudi song
xam thyc gay sat l6 bd bien cung
khoang 17 trieu ngUdi thi viec giU

gin ngudn nudc ludn dUpc coi la
cdng tac uu tien hang dau. Day
chfnh la hieu qua KT-XH rat Idn
CLia dy an, mac du khd tfnh toan
cy the bang tiln
Ben cgnh dd, vide ed dly dCi
cac dij' lidu ve nguon nude giup
cho cac cap quan ly TNN va cac
ddn vj sii dyng nude cd the hieu
rd hdn dUdc eac tac ddng cCia
viec khai thac sCf dyng nudc den
nguon nude, qua dd dUa ra dupc
cac bidn phap sCf dyng nUde toi

Uu, t l i da hda ldi ich kinh t l cOa
nguon nude, dong thdi khdng iam
suy giam d i n mdi trudng cung
nhu ti'nh toan ven cua nguon
nudc trong tUdng lai. Vi vay, giUa
chi phf dau tu cho Dy an chd'ng
chju khi hau tong hdp va sinh ke
b i n vOfng DBSCL so vdi cac Idi
ieh ed the dgt dUde, chung ta thay
dau tu vao ITnh vyc quan trie
TNN se cho hieu qua kinh t l cao
khi thdng tin dUdc thu thap mpt
each hien dai, dong bd.
Dy an ehong chiu khf hau
tong hdp va sinh k l b i n vOng
DBSCL cd tac ddng tich cue d i n
xa hdi, gdp phan bao ve thanh
qua lao dgng, san xuat cua toan
xa hdi, khdng nhQng giam nhp
thiet hgi va on djnh ddi song cua
hang chye trieu dan cU trong khu
vUe DU an ma edn tao ra dieu
kien eho Bd TN&MT tang cUdng
nang lyc quan ly, chf dgo, dilu
hanh cac hoat ddng chuyen mdn,
nghiep vy. Ngoai ra cd the cd
mpt so tac dpng d i n xa hdi khac
eua DU an nhu lay da't de xay
dung cac trgm quan trac, tuy
nhidn dja dilm xay dUng mdi se

dupc tham van ky IUdng vdi
ngUdi dan va ehinh quyln dja
phUdng d l giam thieu toi da cac
trydng hpp phai giai phdng mat
bang, gSy xao trdn ddi sing cua
ngudi dan.H

Tai nguyen yg Moi Iruong | Kif2-Tliang7/2D16

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