Một số giải pháp bảo đảm hòa nhập xã hội của các nhóm xã hội bị thiệt thòi ở việt nam

CHI/ONG TRlNH NGHIEN CtfU CUA DETAI KHOA HOC CAP NHA NtfdC
MA SO KX 02-17/11-15

MOT SO GIAI PHAP BAO DAM HOA NHAP XA HOI
CUA CAC NHOM XA HOI Bi THIET THOI Cl VIET NAM
PGS.TS. LUU KIEIM THANH ThS. DOAN VAN DUNG*

Dithifc bito bio dim hda nhdp xS bgi cho dc nbdm xg bgi bj thigt Ihdi, cto sifndlifc
daNbinudc, dacgiigddng^li0ivicia
thinh bto thto ctonbdmxSbglbj tbigttbdt
Biodimbianhipxihgicbonhdmxab^Ibjthigttiidllimgtstfldiing^nhviquandiim,
mpc tigupbittriin da Vigt Nam td eon npidi trade cgng ding qudc tg.

H

fiataapxa hpi (HNXH) eho eic
taflm dto eu li vto dd Ifa ttpng qui
ttita phit tridn cua mni qufic gia. Su
vfa dfing manh me cda ddi sfing kita td - xi
hgL sg phit tridn cua nfl'n kmh tg thi trutag
dem dgn mgtthgctglicfi tatog tofim dfii
tumg xi hfii gap ttd nggittongviec tidp eto
cic ngufin Ivrc,tigpcfa cic co hfii pbit tridn.
Nhtog tafim xa iifii niy khfing cfi nhieu co
hfii dugc thu hufag tatog t h i t a qui phit
tridn chung, cfi thd dtog bfln Id eda qui
ttita phit tridn.
1. Khdi quitvdtaiiiigvfadd HNXH cua
cic tafim xi hOi b) thigt thfii
Nhtog ngudi chiu hiu qua do ehidn
ttata, ngufii nghflo, totog ngiidi khfing noi

nuong ti^, tie em, ngudi tfa tit, dfing bao d
vtog siu, vtag xa, vtog die bigt khfi khfa,
vtog thign nluen khdc nghigt, hii dio... li
tatog dfii tumg cfa efi su ttg gidp cda xa
hpi, cpng dfing. Su trg gidp niy khdng chi
gim don la ttg gidp vd kita tg, gidp hp vugt
qua dugc tatog tiiigu hut ve com fa, ao

mge trudc mdt ma quan ttgng ban la ldm
thd nao dd hp tidp cfa dugc vdi co hfli phit
tridn, tg m'mh cfi thd hfia taip vfii ddi sfing
xa hpL CO thd tu bao dim cufic sfing vd efi
totog dfing gfip eg tbd vdp dfii sfing kita td
- xa hfii cua cflng dfing. Vi viy, su ttg gidp
HNXH ngdy etog qum ttgng. HNXH nhu
mfit eon dirong dd tatog dfii tugng xa hfii
bi thiet thfii cfi thd hfia mito vio dfing chiy
chung eua xa hgL Cic bign phip HNXH
ctag vdi sg nfi luc cda bdn thto lihfim dfii
tirong ydu thg, todm xi bfii bi thigttiifiida
gdp plifa tgo ra totog tidn de cho eic
todm dfii tumg nay cfi the vupt qua totog
ttd nggi, khfi khfa, rio cfa dd cfi ca hfii tidp
cm eac ngufin Ivrc, thu hufag totog thanii
qui chung cua qua trita phit tridn.
Nhtog nim qua, Dtog vi Nha nudc eg
the bda cliu tnrong ve HNXH cho cdc tadm
xi hfli hi thigt thdi, tau cdp sfi bio hidm y td
eho htog ehue triflu ngirdi nghdo; ddu tu
mfif nam hfag ngfa ty dfing cho xda ddi.

' Hpc vi$n Hdnh chinh Qu6c gia

np CHf QUAN Lf NHA NUdc - sd 239 (12/2015)


CHUO

I H NGHIEN COU COA OE TAI KHOA HOC CAP NHA NUdc, MA sd KX 02-17/11-15

glim ngheomap dat cho dong bao cac dto
tdc khu vfrnky Nguyen khong c6 dat hoac
thigii_dai|^Jt canh tie; quy phat trien vay
xda dfii, giam ngheo len den litog chuc ngfa
tydfing/nim..
Nhtog ^ c lam cu the neu tren, nham
tao ra co hfii phat trien cho cac nhdm dto
cuyduHBflffiig xa hpi. Tuy vay, su dong bp
giiia phit trien voi tien bp xa hpi vfa chua
dupc bao^|j|i, khofag each giua ngudi giau
vi ngudi^Ho cd xu hufag ngay cfag Ifa.
Tbeo Kdt qua dieu tta muc song hp gia dinh
cac nam cda Tdng cue Thong ke, khoang
cdch chgtopch thu nhap giua nhdm cao
todt vi todj thap nhat nam 2010 la 9,2 lto;
n f a ^ 0 1 2 j l lan. Thgc te, nguoi giau co
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ e p cto cac dich vu xa hpi, tau
chimsde.strc khoe, giao due. dao tao nghe...
lieu kien de lam giau them (cd
1 ngufii giau dugc hufag phde
1 hon so vdi 20% nhdm ngudi

) cho thay, de bao dfai cflng
Jiam bfit khoang each gitra cac
toflm xahdi, Nha nudc cfa co dinh hufag,
giii phip ddgiam bdt khoang each chenh
lgch giiu^Heo va su phan tfag xa hgi.
Thge tidn totog nam qua, cohfli va kha
ntog Ugp eft dich vu cong cua cac nhom
din cu cfi su khae biet dang ke. Ngudi
nghflo, ngufii dan d vung kho khan dufag
touit cd cohditie'pcfa vdi cac dich vu cong
so vfii c a c j d m dto cu khac nen dan den
khofag cich phfa biet "giau - ngheo" ngay
cfag rfi ret Co hpi de HNXH, thu hufag
totog thita qua cua phat trien doi vdi cac
tadm dai^rt yeu the trong xa hpi dang trd
thdta mdt Jpi de Ifa cfa dugc quan tam.
Dd gidp ciic nhdm xa hgi yeu the, nhfim
xa hfli bj thigl tiioi, chung ta cfa cd nhfag
gidi phiptftog bp ve chinh sach, cic nguon
Ivrc ddu t u g hpi, can su no luc eua cpng
^ W P H I B B !at khac, day cung la sg khdng
djta bfa chat ot dep cua Nha nudc, la casd

dd khaitiiactoto dien tiem nfag, ngufin luc
cua qufic gia ttong qua trita phat uien.
Van dd HNXH cua cac nhdm doi tugng
xa hgi bi thiettiidicfa dat ra ttong qua ttinh
phat trien, toat lakhimattriicdacochethi
trafag da tao ra Idioang each ve thu nhap,
cd nguy co ddy mpt so nhom doi tumg ydu

the ngay ctog xa nhtag co hpi phat trien.
Tuy nhien, ve mat ly luan va thuc tidn,
chung ta dang thieu nhtog nghien cuu ve
vfa de nay Cflng tac HNXH, tai HNXH can
cd tatog dieu kien, tien de gi, totog ye'u td
nao tac dpng? Cae tofim xa hpi bi thiet thoi
da va dang HNXH nhu the nao? Rao cfa nao
dang can trd qua trinh HNXH?... Tat ca
nhfag npi dung bdc thiet tten dang ddi hdi
tatog cfa tta ldi phu hgp.
He thdng the che, thiet che ve HNXH 6
nudc ta da va dang dugc xay dung va trien
khai. Du vgy, cac bien phip HNXH d nudc
ta vfa con nhieu han che. Dfi la khung tiie
che, chinh sach chua thuc sg bao quit het
cac nhdm ddi tupng.
Sg trg giup HNXH mang tita tu thien
nhidu hon la nhtog bien phap co tam toin
dai ban, trg giup ve ca hgi, moi trufag de
cac nhdm ddi tugng xa hpi bi thiet thdi c6
the hoa nhgp bfag sg nd luc cua bfa than
va su trg giup cua cpng dong, xa hgi. Dieu
nay ddi hdi cfa tiep cfa vfa de HNXH cho
nhdm dfii tugng xa hpi bi thiet thdi d mgt
phuong dien cfi tinh chat chien lugc va long
the hon, tao dot phi trong xay dimg va thuc
hien chita sach, phap luat, cac phuong thuc
HNXH, tao ra nhfag thay ddi cu the trong
viec tao lap moi trufag hda nhap cho mdi
nhfim doi tumg. gdp phan xay dimg mgt xa

hpi tdt dep hon.
2. Cichtidpcfa ttong xiy dtog vd thvic
thi chita sich bio dim HNXH cho cdc
tadm xa hfii hi thigt thfii
Dd bao dam qua trinh HNXH cho eac
nhfim xa hfii bj thiflt thdi d Viet Nam, cfa

TAPCHfQUANlfNHANl/
.1


CHUONGTRINH NGHIEN COU CCIADE TAI KHOA Hpc CAP NHA NUdc M A sd KX 02-17/11-15

phii chu y dgn mfit so vfa dg CO bfa sau ddy:
M0t li, HNXH la "ttog tnrong cho mpi
ngufli" hoic "ttif ngugc vfli loai truxa hfii" nic la khi mpi tiiata vign ttong xa hfli cd the
tham gia diy dd vio eudc sfing xa hfli vd
dupc hufag mgi lpi ich vi ca hpi trpng xa
hfii. Chfag h m tou, ngudi khuydt tit ed the
duge hd ttpvd mat vit chdt taung tiiidu eic
hnat dflng ho ttg vd vto hda, gidp due, Uta
thfa thi vfa dfag trade nguy ca chua cd co
hfli hoic khflng thirc sg HNXH. Ngufli gii cfi
thd dugc bio dim vd mgt dfli song vat chdt
toung thidu sg cham sfic tmh thto, thidu su
quto tdm thi d phuong dien nio dfi da bi
loai trd vd mat xa hfli. Vdi cic nhdm dfii
tirong ngufli togp cu, ngufli ngheo dfi thi,
cufic sfing bdp beto cua hg cung dmg tao

ra rdo cto HNXH.
Haili, cie tidu chf HNXH eda cie tafim
xa hfii b( thigt thfii eta tinh dgn miic dfi
tham gia va quyen tigp can cua nhfim doi
tugng niy vdi eic dich vu xa hfii thigt ygu,
tair thfing tm, giio dgc, y td, vigc lam va
dichvu phdp ly.
Cdc Udu chl ndy phfa toh su eto tliigt
phdi bdo dimtigngnfii vi sg dfing gfip bmh
dfag cua mpi tafim xa hfii bi thiflt thdL
ctog tou sg phto chiacdngbfaglpiichmd
tfag tnifag mang lgi.
Trong qui trita phat tridn, Viflt Nam cfa
bio dim rfag totog ngudi thigt thfli todt
ctog dugc chu y vi cd CO hfiitigpcfa vfii tdt
cd cdc dieh vu tiiidt ygu. Ddng tiifii, cfa bao
vg cdc thdta vifln khac ttong xa hfli trafic
tatog rui ro niy sita ttong nfl'n H t a td hien
dgi vi cfi mtic thu taap trung b'mh. Cto bao
dam muc HNXH tfii tiiidu eho cdc tafim dfii
tumg xi hfii hi thidt thfii vitidntdi hfii taip
xa bgi khfing gifii h m cho eic tafim dfii
hitag niyBa la, HNXH egaeictafimxahfiibi thigt
thfii can phii thuc sg dugc Udp cto mfit
cich toto (Ugn tten nhidu phuong dign.

HNXH vtia la viec tgp mfii tratag hda
taap vtia tap ntog Ivrc HNXH cua eic tadm
xa hfli bi thigt thfiL bio dim dd qui trita
hda taip nay la suchu d$ng td hai phia: su

cbu dong sin stog tdphia nhdm xi hpi hi
thiet thdl va siisSn stog suhd tratich cue
da cpng dSng trong viec tia^up nhdm xa
hpi bj tiiiet thdi hda nhap.
Dd tao ntog lue HNXH eua cic tadm
ddf tutag xi hfii bj thiet thoL eto thvrc hfen
thflng qua eie hogt dfing khic taau, toir
giio due HNXH, eung edp eic dieh vg efing
cto thidt, tgo ra tatog difln dto dd ehia sdy
kidn, quan didm cua tadm ddittHpngxa hfii
hi thigt thfiL
Bgn cgta dfi,ddtafimxahfifhf togt thdf
thvrc su dupc HNXH, cfa cd su thay dfil
ttpng tafa thlic va hngt dfing hd ttg cua
cfing dfing xa hgi. 6 Vigt Nam hien nay,
tadm dfii tirgng xa hfii bi thiet thfii vto dugc
tafa dien, dfah gii tu mfi hita tu thien
hoic mfi hita kita tg. Mfi hita tu thifln col
tatog ngudi bi thiflt thfli li tatog ngufli
eto cac dich vu ttg giup ttong ddi sfing htog
ngiy. Nhfim dfii tumg xa hfii bi thiet thfli hi
col Id dtog thuang vi theo mfl hita nay, tu
thign li cich duy todt dg giup do hp. Mfl
hmh kmh tgtigpcfaviechfi ttg tafimxa hfii
hi thiflt thfli chl don gifa li bfi tto hp vd mat
dfli sfing kinh te, ctmg cdp cho hp tatog
difl'u kign sfing tfii thidu dd bp cfi tbd duy tri
dugc cufie sfing.
Nhin ehung, xa hfii Vigt Nam vfa nhin
torn tafim dfii tutmg xa hfii hi thigt thfii

then mfi hita tu thifln hoic mfl hita kmh tg,
chita vi vay, tatog dita kidn vi su phto
biflt dfii xu vto tidp tuc li mfii de dpa vfii
tafim dfii tutag xa hpi bi thifit thdL Trfln
thirc td, tadm dfif tirong xa hdi bi thigt thdf
hofa tofa cd kha nfag cd mdt cupe sdng
dpc lap vi tir ttpng dvra ttfln tafa quyen.
Nhdm dfif tumg xa hdf bi thigt thdi cd khi

TAP CHf Q U A N Lf NHA NUdC - Sd 239 (12/20151


CHUONG TRlNH NGHIEN Cau COADETAI KHOA HOC CAP NHA NUdc M A sd KX 02-17/11-15

nfag dfing gfip eho cgng dfing xa hfiL Didu
quan ttpng li cm cfi mfit xa hpi hfia taap,
khfing rio cto eho tdt ea mpi ngufli, du
ngufii dd cd thufic tafim dpi tugngxa hfii bi
togt thfiihay khfing.
3. Mfit sfi giii phip bio ddm HNXH cfia
cic nhfim xi hfii bi thigt thfii
Thdnhit, cfa cfi chito sieh xa hfii hfia
cic boat dgng hfi ttg HNXH eda tafim dfii
tumg xa hfii hi togt thdi.
Dd tadm dfii tumg xa hgi hi thiet thfii
HNXH khfing ehi eto dgn vai ttfi nfing cfit
cua Nhd nude ma cto cfi su tham gia eda
tnfa xi hfiL trudc hdt la, cac tfi ehue xa hpL
nghd nghiflp, cic tfi ehue tu togn va eie
doata nghigp. Xa bfii hfia HNXH se tgo nen

ngudn Ivrc to Ifa, tgo mfii trafag HNXH. Sg
hfla taip khflng thd la sg ehu dflng tu mpt
phiamacfinefacfisg chu ddngtucatadm
ddi tumg xa hfli hi togt thoi vi cflng dfing
xa hgi. Chita vi vay, xa hfii hfia boat dgng
niy chita la bio dim su sto stog, su ehu
dfing tieh cvrc cda efing dfing xa hfii trong
vige tgo ra tatog didu klen cfa todt eho
tafim dfif tugng xa hfli bi toet thfli cfi co hfii
dupc hfia taip vi tii hfla taip.
Thd hai, cfa dfii mdi ttong bao dim
HNXH cho cic tadm xa hdi bi toflt thdL
- 6 gfle dfi vi mfi, viflc xay dimg dupe hfl
thfing chfto sieh cho tofim doi tumg xa
hfiibitoetthflimang tita kha to cao li didu
hdt stic quanttpng.Dd tita kha to hien hto
ttong cic chito sich, chita saeh xa hpi phif
gfa Udn vfii kha ning xay dvmg vi tridn khaf
cdc dich vg xa hgL Viflc ehuyen eic mfl hita
ehfta sich tu ttg cap vd mat tif chita, tu mfl
hita xa hfif, mfi hinh tu togn sang cae mfi
hita dio tgo nghfl', diotgokyntogsfing, tfi
chlic cic dich vu ntog cap khi ntog sfing
dpc lip eua tadm dfii tutag xa hfii bi togt
thfli li hdt stic cfa todt Dfing thdi, Udng nfii

eua tofim dfil tupng xa bfii hi toflt thfii cfa
dugc thd hign rfi ttong tidn trita xay dtog
ludt vi hg thong chito sich cho chita tafim
dfii tumg nay. Cic boat dfing nghifln cto va

thvrc h i t a ve cflng tie xa hfii ctag eto thgm
chuc ntog vi nhiflm vg dfing gfip vdo vigc
dua tidng nfii eua tafim dfii tutag xi hfii bi
togt thfii vio ttpng cae chito sieh xa hfii vd
chuang ttita xa hgi.
- Tigp cfa hoa taip eto dupc lfing ghip
ttong qui trita xdy dtag cdc chita sdcii
data cho tafim doi tumg xa hfii bi todt
thdL Cich tidp cfa nay Id dita hufag tic
dflng tofa dien ve mat xa hfii eho tafim dfil
tumg xi hfli hi thigt thfii vi khfing bi toet
thfli. Hign nay, cic chita sich d Vigt Nam
Ufln quan dfln vto dd todm dfii tutag xi hfii
hi toet thfii ctog tau tatag doi tirong ydu
thg dang tap tnmg qui nhidu vdo dfii tutag
cto tic dfing m i it quan tim ddn tdc dfing
vio eie doi tutag Ufln quan, vdo difl'u kign
sfing cua xa hfii hoic cfi dd cgp, taung viec
tridn khai thue hign cdc chinh sich khflng
dfing bfi.
Cie phuong tifln thflng tin trayfln
thdng eto tuyfln trayen vd tatog ddng gdp
tieh cvrc cua todm ddi tumg xa ligi bi tliigt
thdi vdi ddi song xa bfli dd ndng cao toto
thuc eda cfing dfing xa hfii vd vai trd cua
tofim dfii tumg xi hfii hi toet thfiL gfip
phfa thay doi tatog dita kidn xa hfiL thay
dfii eieh nhm eda cdng dfing xa hdi vd todm
dfa cu nay; tgo didu kfgn, mfii tnrong de
tafim dfii tumg nay khfag dinh vaf ttfi,

ttach rtoem xa hfli vi cfl dfing gfip cu thd
chpcfingdfingxibfiL
- Phfa cfing CO qumcua Chita phu chiu
ttach nhiflm qufa ly vd vto dg hfla taip vd
tii HNXH cua cac nlifim dfif tumg xi hfif hi
togt thfiL
- Thue hien xa hfii hfia, da dgng hfia
ngufin Ivrcttongcung fag djeh vu cfing cho

TJ«LP CHl Q U A N Lf N H A NUdc - Sd 239 (12/2015)


CHUONGTRINH NGHIEN COU COA OE TAI KHOA HOC cAP N H A NUtJC, M A Sd KX 02-17/11-15

tafim dfif tumg xi hfif hi toet thfiL Cic dich
Dd bio dim HNXH cho eic tofim xa hpi
vg cfing cfa tip trung vio dich vgxi hgL cac bi todt thfiL cto ehu y den chita sdch dd
dich vg tog phfi vdi cie rui roed thd xay den ddp tgp nghd, chmh sdch bao dim co hpi
vdi todm doi tumg xa hfii bi toflt thdi va tidp eto vi thg hufag cic dich vu efing ea
cac dich vu cd tita chat khde phgc dfii vdi bfa taim hfi ttg ehg qui trita HNXH.
' tadm dfii tiBjng nay.
Trong qui ttita trien khai cic ehfta
TTiiiba, cfa sg nfl Ivrc cua Nhi nufic, eda sich, cfa nlito thtic rfi tatog khfi khto cda
'
cfing dfing xahdi vacua chita bfa thfa cie tafim xa hfii bi togt thfii ttong viec HNXH
tadm xi hfii bi togt thfii ttong qui trita hfia ttfln cic phuong dign vd the ehdt, sue khde,
' taip. Vd phia Nbd nufic, cfa tap tiimg mgt kha ntogtigpeto, chuydn dfii nghd nghigp,
trita dfi giio due, tam ly... dd giup hp khie
sfi vfa de CO bfa sau:
'

-Khde phgc tmh ttmg toeu thfing tadt phue vi hfia taap vci cupc sfing tfit hon.
Vd trien khai cie chita sich dfii vfii cic
'
va chfing chdo eua mfit sfi chita sich, dfii
'
khi man thufa taau tau chita sieh hfia tafim xa hpi bi togt thfiL cfa Uto boat, trita
' taap vdi cac chita sich xda ddi, giim cic thd tue rudm ri, tao didu kifln thuto lpi
ngheo, chita sich an sita xa hdi de bio nhat cho cic tadm xa hfii bi toflt thflL
Nhu vay, vigc thvrc hign cic chita sieh
'
dam sg tgp tiimg ngudn Ivrc cho qui ttita
'
HNXH. Cic chfto sich cto fin dito ttong dfii vdi tadm xa hdi bi toet thfli cfa hufag
I
mfit khotog thdi gian todt dmh de vigc tridn ddn viflephit buy tatag mat mgto eda hg,
tou kita nghigm song eua ngufli cao tuoL
'
khai thgc hifln cho thufa lgi.
'
-Cfa tfag cumgtidngndi eda eic tadm khit vgng song cua totag ngufii khuygt tit,
'
xa hfii bi toflt thfli ttong hogch dmh, thue to tte em lang thang co nhfi va ed cua totag
'. eic chita sich bio dim HNXH. Cic tau ngiroi mic beta hidm nghflo degidphphda
cdu, mong mufin, nguyfln vpng cda cic toip vdi cufic sfing tfit iion.
I taflm xahdi hi toet thdi cfa dupc Nhd nufic
Dfing thfii, cto chu y dao tao dfil ngu
!
uu tifln ttpng vigc ban hdta va tridn khai cfa bfl, cfing chtic chuygn ttich ho ttg cie
i
thuc bien cae chfta sich xahpL ttpng dfi cfi tofim xa hfii hi toet thfii. Dfil ngu eto bfi,

cfing chuc ndy phiitiivrcsu li tatog ngufli
t
eac chita sich an smh xa hfiL
<•
- Cic chita sich dfii vdi tadm xi hfif bf efi ttich nhigm vfii cfing vlge, tata thiic vi
! toet thfli cfa humg tdi hai mge tigu cobfa y thue ddy dd vg trach nhiflm cua mita dfii
I
li giup do, bio vg cic tadm xa hfii bi togt vfii tafim xa hfif bi toflt thfii dd dua cic
t
thfii va giup cho cic tofim xa hgi bj togt chita sich dupc thuc to higu qui ttong
i
thdi phit tridn, de hg vuan Ifln HNXH vd thgc tienO
t
khfag dita mito ttong ddi songxa hdL Vigc
Tii B$u tbam khio:
I ban hdta vi tridn khai thvrc hign cdc chita
1. GS.TS. Vu DQng (chu bifln). Thich
sich HNXH doi vdi tadm xa hdi hi toet thdi dngxa bpi cia cic nhdm yeu thi dnudc ta
I cfa theo phuang cham "eung cdp eho hp Men nay. H. NXB Tu didn Bich khoa, 2012.
,, cif cfa ciu chu khdng chi cung cdp chn hp
2. Tdng cgc Thfing ke. Diiu tra mdc
j eon ei". Didu nay giup cho tadm xa hdi hi song hd gia dinh nam 2010,2012.
toet thfii HNXH mpt cich bdn vtag, gidp
3. Trutag Dgi hpc Khpa hpe xa hfii vi
I hg vugt qua totog khd khto dd cd cudc nhfa vto, Kyygu Hui thio "Ddimdi cong tic
sfing tfit hon.
xahpi trong nin kinh tethi tnrdng, 2009.
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TAP CHf Q U A N Lf NHA N U O C - Sd 239 (12/2015)

D