Nghiên cứu xuyên quốc gia và đa địa điểm về văn hóa truyền thống của người việt ở hải ngoại trường hợp nghiên cứu tín ngưỡng thờ cúng hùng vương ở thành phố san jose, hoa kỳ

Khoa hgc Xa hgi v^ Nhan vSn

Nghien culu xuyen quoc gia va da dja diem ve van Iioa truyen tiiong
cua ngifdi Viet cl hai ngoai: triidng hop nghien culu tin ngifSng thd ciing Hung Vifdng
d thanh pho San Jose, HoaKy
(> T^'
J f ^
I 'D Z l ' 5

Nguyen Thi Hien*
Vi^n Van hda nghe thudt quoc gia Vi^t Nam

Ngay nhan bai 10.7.2015, ngay chuyen phan bi?n 15.7.2015, ngaynhan phan bi?n 4.8.2015, ngSychapnh|in dang 10.8.2015

Bai bao 1^ in$t phSn trong cdng trinh nghiln cmi cua tac gia ve van h6a truyen thong cua ngtrdi Vi^t d
thung lung Silicon, California, Hoa Ky. Nghien cihi v^ van hoa truyen thong cua mgt cpng d^ng di cir & hai
ngo^i se Ithong dky du neu chi tap trung v^o mot dia diim, mit nln tim hilu cdc van de cua cong dong hai
ngo^i ca d d4t nudc noi cir tru vk dkt nirdc q u i hirimg - noi hg ra di vh sau do trd ve vdi cdc moi quan h^
xuyin qu6c gia [l]. Biing phtrffng phap nghien clhi xuyen qu^c gia va da dia dilm trong boi canh toan c^u
hoa, tac gia thay r^ng, trong qua trinh hinh thanh, duy tri va phat trien, c6 nhung yeu to van h6a truyin
thong bi Idiilm khuylt, bi thay dhi trong qua trinh hoa nhdp d hai ngoai. Trong boi canh toan cau h6a,
ngirdi Viet Nam d nudc ngoai co y thuc hon ve ban sac van hoa cua ddn t^c va hp luon bd sung, likm giau
de dam bao ban sac van hoa dv^c duy tri va phat trien. Thong qua mpt trirdng hprp nghien cuu cu thl vl
tin ngudng thd ciing Hung Vuong d thanh ph6 San Jose, bai vilt d l cap din vile giu- ^ ban sdc vSn hoa
ddn t$c cua cpng dong ngirdi Viet trong boi canh xuyen quoc gia, todn cau hoa va nhirng no Ivc tim kiem
sur ho trpr "tu ben dudi" va "td bin t r l n " de dam bao viec trao truyen va phdt huy di san van hoa cho the
hf tinmg lai.
Tir khda: bdn sdc vdn hda, nghien ciru xuyen qudc gia vd da dia diem, ngu&i Viet & hdi ngogi, tin ngu&ng th&
cdng Hiing Vuang, van hda truyen thdng.
Chi sd phdn loai 5.11
Tong quan nghien cuii

Ngudi Viet d hai ngoai vln luon giu dugc cac hinh
thuc thuc hanh van hoa trayen thong ma ho mang theo
den dat nudc noi ho dinh cu nhu thd cung to tien, thd
cung Hung Vuang, thuc hanh tin ngudng thd MSu, cac
nghi ll vong ddi. Tren ca sd thong tin thu thap dugc
tu cac chuy8n nghien cuu dien da ve tap tuc thd cung
Hung Vuang d thanh ph6 San Jose, CaHfomia, Hoa
Ky va d tinh Phu Thp, quan sat tham du ll Gi616 Himg
Vuang d ca hai dia diem, va cac cugc gap gd, phong
van thong tin vien la ngudi Viet tai Hoa Ky va Viet
Nam, nhihig ngudi than, ban be cua hg d Viet Nam, tac
gia bai viet di sau tim hieu ve viec luu giu va phat huy
gia tri van hoa ciia tin ngudng thd ciing Hiing Vuong d
hai ngo^i va diic ket mot so nhan dinh vh viec gin giii
ban sac van hoa cua ngudi Viet d hai ngoai trong b6i
canh xuyen quoc gia va toan cku hoa.

Nghien curu cgng dong ngudi Viet d hai ngoai noi
chung, d Hoa Ky noi rieng la moi quan tam cua nhidu
hoc gia quoc t l va trong nudc. Vao nhiing nam 80 cua
the ky trudc, khi dong ngudi dinh cu 6 at tdi Hoa Ky
sau chien tranh co phSn ling xu6ng, co nhilu cong
trinh nghien cdu tap trung vao cac van de ve ti nan, on
dinh cu6c s6ng (William Liu va Elena Yu, 1978) [2].
Sau do, cac nha nghien cuu quan tam den sir hoa nh^p
cua ngudi di cu vao xa hgi Hoa Ky va xung dot giiia
cac the he, tieu bieu nhu Min Zhou va Carl Bankston
(1998) [3]. Cong ttinh cua Aguilar-San Juan, Karin
(2009) [4] di sau tim hieu ve ban sSc van hoa ciia ngudi
Viet d Little Saigons, khu trung tam sam udt nhat ciia

cgng dong ngudi Viet d Los Angeles, Hoa Ky. Gdn
day, CO mgt so hgc gia Viet Nam quan tam nghien cdu
ve van hoa cua ngudi Viet d nudc ngoai, tieu bieu \k
cong trinh vl van hoa, xa hgi, hon nhan ciia ngudi Viet
tai Quang Tay, Trung Qu6c ciia tac gia Nguyin Thj

"Email: hiennguyenb@gmail com

SSweNGwVigl^am, 4(5)5.2016

51

^1

ratariibi


K h o a h g c X a hgi ^/s Tslhan

Phuang Cham (2006, 2012) [5, 6]. Nguyin Duy Thieu
va cgng su nghien ciiu ve Hch su di cu va loi song cua
A transnational and multi-locational research into ; ngudi Viet d Lao (2008) [7], Mgt so nha nghien cuu
the traditional culture ofthe overseas Vietnamese: . khac Cling da nhan ra khoang trong trong nghien cdu
' ngudi Viet d hai ngoai, tieu bilu la bai viet ciia Hoang
the Hung Kings worship ritual in San Jose,
Nguyen Vu ve xu hudng tai thiet cac thanh to cua van
the United States
hoa Viet tai New Orleans, Hoa Ky (2010) [8] va Chi
Tmong Huyen dl cap din nhung chilu canh tinh than
Summary

sau kin ttong ky uc va dung tudng ve que huang ciia
The article is part of the author's research work
nhimg ngudi song d hai ngoai (2010) [9].
into the traditional culture of the Vietnamese
people in Silicon Valley, California, the United
Tu goc dp xuyen quoc gia va da dia diem, thuc
States (US). Research on traditional culture of a
hanh tin ngudng, hoat dgng ll hgi trayin thong ciia
migrant community abroad would be incomplete
ngudi Viet d hai ngoai dugc cac hgc gia quoc te va Viet
if only focus on just one location; therefore,
Nam quan tam han vao nhiing nam gm day, dac biet
it is necessary to explore the issues about the
tu nhimg nam dau ciia the ky XX. Dang chii y la cong
community in both the country of residence and
tnnh cua Hien Nguyen Thi va Karen Fjelstad [10] tim
the native country where they have left, and
hieu qua trinh trao doi, giao luu giua cac ong dong, ba
then return to the transnational relationships
dong d California va d miin BSc Viet Nam; Ashley
[1|. By the transnational and multi-locational
Carrathers (2001) [11] nghien cuu ngudi Viet d Uc,
methods in the context of globalization, the
Hoa Ky, Viet Nam de tim hieu qua trinh hoi huang va
author found that, in the process of formation,
nhiing xung dot ve chinh tti ttong cgng dong ngudi
maintenance and development, there were
elements of traditional culture that had been
Viet Nam d nudc ngoai; Priscilla Koh (2012) [12] bao
defected, altered during the integration process

ve thanh cong luan an tien sy tai Vrije University vl
overseas. In the context of globalization, the
nhihig trai nghiem cua the he Viet kieu thd hai ttd ve
\^etnamese abroad have become more aware of
Viet Nam dau tu va sinh song tai TP Ho Chi Minh...
the cultural identity of the nation, and they are
always complementing, enriching to ensure the
Gitf gin ban s i c dan tpc trong bd'i canh xuyen
cultural identity to be maintained and developed.
quo'c gia va toan cau hda
Through a specific case study on the Hung Kings
Doi vdi cac nha nghien ciiu khoa hpc xa hgi va
worship ritual in San Jose city, the article refers
nhan van, toan cau hoa la su chuyen dgng cua con
to the preservation of the national culture of
ngudi, hang hoa va y tudng xuyen qua ranh gidi quoc
the Vietnamese community in the context of
gia. Toan cau hoa con la quan diem cho rang, the gidi
transnation and globalization, and also refers to
the efforts to seek the supports from all sources
ngay cang co nhieu moi quan he chong cheo thong qua
to ensure the transmission and promotion of
mang ludi truyen thong, phuong tien di chuyen hien
cultural heritages for future generations.
dai, nhimg dong chay xuyen bien gidi ve di dan, van
hoa, ton giao. Neu chi xem xet toan cau hoa chu yeu
Keywords: cultural identity, Hung Kings worship
dudi goc dp kinh te va giam thieu sir phdc tap cua cupc
ritual, tke overseas Vietnamese, traditional culture,
song con ngudi vao cac luc lugng thi trudng, hay vao

transnational and multi-locational research.
cac moi quan he giira cac chinh phii, quoc gia, cac to
chiic quoc te thi chua dii. Viec nhan manh vao khia
canh kinh te, hay chinh tri dl bo qua nhdng thuc hanh
van hoa, nghi le trayen thong cua cac cgng dong hai
ngoai. Tren thuc te, cac cgng dong d hai ngoai van
luon giu ban sac van hoa ciia dan tgc minh, hoa nhap
nhung khong hoa tan. Ngudi Viet Nam d hai ngoai da
xay dung, duy tri va phat ttien cac thuc hanh van hoa

li^llSSiVietN^

59


Khoa hgc Xa hgi va Nhan vSn
trayen thong ciing nhu khang dinh ban sac dan tgc la
mgt vdn dl can dupc quan tam, danh gia trong cac moi
quan he xuyen quoc gia va toan cau hoa.
Do dac dilm cua ddi tupng nghien cdu d nudc
ngoai va su ttd ve dat nudc que huang, nen nghien cuu
xuyen quoc gia ve van hoa hai ngoai khong chi doi hoi
su hien dien cua nha nghien cuu trong cac nudc khac
nhau ma con can chinh cac doi tuang nghien cuu, cac
thuc hanh van hoa (nhu nghi le, le hgi) cung mang tinh
xuyen quoc gia. Nghien ciiu xuyen quoc gia da pha vd
phuang phap truyen thong cua dan tgc hpc la bao gom
quan sat va phong van dien ra ttong thdi ky 1-2 nam,
song cung, an cung vdi cpng d6ng de hieu biet ro ve
hp (Amit, 2000:2) [13]. Trong nhan hpc va nghien cuu

van hoa, c6 nhiing khai niem thay doi v6 khong gian,
van hoa va quoc gia (Appadurai, 1996) [14] da khien
cac nha nghien cuu tap tnmg vao doi tupng d nhieu dia
diem nghien cuu mang tinh xuyen quoc gia. Hgc gia
Marcus, 1995 [1] xac dinh mgt hinh thuc mdi nghien
cuu dan tgc hgc la "chuyen tu dan dia diem va boi
canh dia phuang cua cac ke hoach nghien cuu dan tpc
hpc truyen thong tdi viec nghien ciiu su ludn chuyln
cua cac y nghia van h6a, doi tupng, vd ban sac ttong
khong gian, thai gian khuyech tan. Hinh thuc nay xac
dinh mpt doi tugng nghien cuu ma khong the chi tap
trung tim hieu chuyen sau ve hp tai mpt dia diem ma d
nhieu dia diem". Trong boi canh toan cau hoa, nhiing
ngudi di cu, nhu ngudi Viet d hai ngoai da timg ly
huang hoac the he thu hai, nhung ngudi sinh ra d dat
nudc sd tai, nhung gid day hg thudng xuyen di lai giiia
nai d mdi va dat nudc que huang, c6 nhirng ttao doi
khong ngung ve van hoa xuyen qu6c gia. Hg trd ve
Viet Nam tham than, tham gia vao cac thuc hanh van
hoa trayen thong d que huang nhu ll hpi, ciing gio
ttong gia dinh, dong hg, di le d cac din thd, mua sam
do thd Cling, khan ao te, lugng thd, d6 trang tri tten
ban thd... Nhiing hien vat, y tudng, tti thiic ttong dong
chay xuyen quoc gia nay tac dgng manh me tdi thuc
hdnh van hoa ttuyen thong, lam dam da them ban sdc
cua cac cgng dong d hdi ngoai.
Trong qua trinh hinh thanh, duy tri vd phat triln, co
nhiing yeu to van hoa truyen thdng bi khilm khuylt,
bi thay doi ttong qua trinh hoa nhap d hai ngo^i. Gid
day, trong boi canh toan cau hoa, ngudi Viet Nam d

nudc ngoai l^i cang y thiic hon vl ban sac van hoa cua
dan tgc va hp da bo sung, Iam giau them dl dam bao

KHOAHOC
KHIGilGHi

ViaN,lam

4(5)5.2016

cai hon c6t van hoa trayin thdng dugc duy tti vd phat
huy ttong cupc sing hien tai va cho the he tuang lai.
Nhiing nghi ll thd cung trudc day da khong dugc thuc
hien theo nghi thiic trayen thong, vi hp khong nhd chi
tilt, khong mang theo nhiing tai lieu, hien vat can thiet
khi di cu. Gid ddy, hg trd vl que huang de tham than,
tim hieu, hpc hoi nhimg gi md hp thay can thiet de hinh
thanh, duy tri va phat trien cai hon, ban sac van hoa cua
dan tpc Viet mpt cdch tdt nhat d noi cu tni. Co ngudi
da mdi ca thdy ciing sang Hoa Ky de nhd hp day cdc
khoa Cling td phii, ll thinh thanh, thinh phdt. Dd thd
Cling, tmdc day do khdng mua dugc d Hoa Ky, hp da
diing nhung gl co d do, nhu mua cdc biic tupng ldm
bang thach cao, bang sii thd Thanh Mdu Thien Hau cda
ngudi Hoa dat tten ban thd Mau cua ngudi Viet. Trong
qud trinh ttao ddi, ttd ve Viet Nam, hg da nhd ngudi
than, ban be mua giiip nhihig hien vat can co ttong
dien thd, tu ban thd, ngai thd, den nhiing dd ttang tri,
an thd, long ngai ban thd td, lu huang, bdt huang su
men, lu dong, cdu ddi, mam bdng gd, dai rugu, hoanh

phi, kieu bat cdng, ao, mii te... Di ddu ttong viec mua
nhirng do tl tu ndy la dng Nguyin Thanh Liem' - mdt
thanh vien tich cue cua Ban Chap hanh Hdi D§n Hung
hai ngoai. Bdng cac mdi quan he vdi ngudi than, ban
be, ong da ggi dien hoac true tiep trd ve Viet Nam de
nhd dat mua nhiing ttang phuc, dd thd ciing. Anh Bdn,
mdt ttong nhiing ngudi hg hang cua dng Liem song d
Ha Ndi ke rang, ban dau cung khdng biet nhieu ve cac
do thd tu, nhung td khi dugc nhd mua giiip, anh da
tim hieu ve ttang phuc cung tl, dd t l khi, vd tim chd
dat hang chat lugng cao tai cdc phd d Ha Ndi^. Vdi su
giup dd ciia nhiing ngudi d Viet Nam trong vi?c mua,
chuyen dd thd ciing sang Hoa Ky, va hgc hoi them vl
nhiing tri thde ve te ll. Ban Chdp hanh Hpi din Hung
da td chuc cac ngay tl ll cac bac tien hien, gid To
Hung Vuong long trgng, the hien long tri an ddi vdi
dat Td va cac vi tiln nhan.
Mdt sd ngudi Viet Nam dan thudn ttd vl que huang
tham than, tham gia cdc boat ddng, sinh hoat d que
huong, lam an, dau tu, tai hoa hpp vdi gia dinh ttong
mpt khoang thdi gian. Mdt sd khac lai quay ttd lai Viet
'Dirge sy cho phep ciia ong Nguyen Thanh Liem, trong bai viSt nSy
toi dung ten that ciia ong, con tat ca nhung thong tin vign Ith^c dugc
thay doi ho, ten de diim b^o s^friengfir
^ p i dung phong vSn anh Nguyen Ngpc Ban, mpt nguoi hp h^ng ciia
ong Nguyin Thanh LiSm 6 Ha Npi, thang 7.2015.


K h o a hgc X a hoi v^ M h S n vSn

^li^
J^'i n sinh sdng vd van coi Viet Nam la "nha" cua minh.
Nhung da sd nhirng ngudi di cu di vl tham que huong
va roi Iai mang theo mmh nhihig ky uc, nhiing thu
ma hg co dil mang theo dugc. Do la tti thuc van hda,
ttuyen thdng, thuc hanh nghi ll, nhung ylu td giiip hg
khang dinh ngudn gdc ban sac cdng ddng cua minh.
Hg sinh hoat hang ngdy vdi nhirng bua an Viet, thap
nen nhang tten ban thd hp, bdn thd gia tien cho nhirng
ngudi da khudt, td chuc gid td, gid dng bd, tham gia
cac thuc hdnh tin ngudng bdn dia nhu len ddng, thd
Cling Hung Vuang, di chiia ll Phat. Ddi vdi nhom
ngudi ndy, hp rat quan tdm den viec xay dung, bd sung,
lam gidu them van hoa Viet Nam bang nhieu hinh thuc
khde nhau. Hp "ttd ve vdi cdi ngudn" de "xin chan
nhang" bdt huang thd thanh, thd gia tien, mua hien vat
thd Cling, tim hieu hinh thuc thd ciing, tiln hanh nghi
16, lam gia pha ddng hp...
Tin nguvng tha ciing Hung Vutmg cua ngvoi Viet
dt thanh pho San Jose
Thanh phd San Jose ndm ttong trang tam Thung
liing Silicon, ndi tieng ve ky thuat, cdng nghe cao, la
nai tap tmng nhieu nhat cac tap doan ndi tieng ve cdng
nghe thdng tin, dien tu. San Jose ciing la mdt trong
nhirng thanh phd cd nhilu ngudi Viet Nam sinh sdng,
da xdy d\mg dugc khu thuang mai tuong ddi sam uat
mang ten Saigon Business District, sau do dugc ddi
lai vdi ten gpi la Little Saigon, gidng nhu d thanh pho
Los Angeles. Day la mgt khdng gian thuang mai, van
hda vdi cua hang, khu mua sdm, am thuc mang ban sac

Viet Nam.
Sd ngudi Viet Nam ddu tien den sinh sdng d thanh
phd San Jose tu nhiing nam 1960 va da so la ngudi
ti nan tu sau nam 1975. Theo thdng ke, co khoang
125.000 ngudi Viet dang sinh sdng tai day. Ngodi khu
thuang mai mang tam hdn Viet, ngudi Viet d San Jose
dang phat triln manh me nhiing khdng gian thuc hanh
van hoa trayin thdng nhu Din thd Hung Vuang^ han
10 dien thd Mau, gdn 30 chiia, trang tam day tilng Viet
Van Lang.
"Con dau, cha me do" la quan niem trd thanh ddng
'Ten clvnh thuc b Den tho Quoc to Hiing Vucmg, dia chi o 780 South
First Street, San ose, California, Hoa Ky. Vi tin nguong tha ciing
_ ^... nguoi
Hung "'
""""^ Viet,
"" nen
""" tac
""" gia
" " bai
"' viit
'""' diing
'^' ten
'"" DSn
^~'' tho
"'"
Hur Jixang de tranh su ap dai cho tit ca cac dan toe khac cr Viet
Nr

\is^Zi%\ilam'

luc dl cdng ddng mdt nhom ngudi Viet d thanh phd
San Jose luu lac sang miln Bde Califoraia xay d^mg
mpt ngdi din thd Himg Vuang. Khdi su bdng viec
thanh lap Hdi din Hiing hdi ngoai (Association of
Kmgs Hung Temple) va dang ky vdi chinh quyln tilu
bang California va Lien bang Hoa Ky nhu la mgt td
chuc phi chinh phu (NGO) co tu each phdp nhan, ho^t
ddng hgp phap tten toan lanh thd Hoa Ky. Thuc hanh
nghi le gio Td Himg Vucmg dupc bat ddu tu nam 1981.
Ban ddu, nai thd cung chi la mdt hdi trudng thue tam
de Hpi den Hiing td chuc te le (sdng bay ll, dd thd
Cling, chieu khi le xong, do te dugc thu dgn va cdt giii
tai tu gia). Trong nhiing nam ddu, hdng ndm Hgi chii
ttpng vao viec td chuc nhung budi le chinh trong nam,
gdm 4 dip ll chinh la Tet Nguyen dan, Le gid Hai Ba,
Le gid Td Hung Vucmg vd gid Due Thanh Tran. Ndm
1992, hg xay dupc mdt ngdi mieu nhd d cdng vien. Sau
do, Hdi da thue mdt nha kho va sinh hoat nai do dugc
10 nam (1994-2004). Nhan thay viec thue nai thd tu
tdn kem. Ban Chap hanh Hdi da quyet dinh mua mpt
ngoi nha trong tnmg tam thuang mai San Jose vdi dien
tich han 450 m^ de thd cac Vua Hiing ciing cac vj thanh
tien hien Viet Nam.
Den Hung md cua hang ngay cho khach thap
phucmg den te le va hang nam td chuc 4 nghi le chinh
la Tet Nguyen dan, Le gid Hai Ba, gid Td Hiing Vuong
va gid Due Thanh Tran. Ca sd thd tu nay phan nao
da dap ling nguyen vgng co mpt chdn trang nghiem
cua cdng ddng ngudi Viet d hai ngoai de thd ciing tien

nhdn vdi triet ly udng nudc nhd ngudn va ttao trayen
thdng nay cho cac the he tuang lai.
Mpt ttong nhiing muc dich chinh cua viec thanh
lap ngdi den la tao su Hen ket giira que cha ddt td va
nhiing the he con chau sau nay. Hoan canh dua ddy,
nhiing ngudi ly huong da "dung mpt ngdi den de con
chau tim ve dong gidng". Khi vieng tham nai nay, mpi
ngudi thap nen hucmg, tudng nhd ve dat Td va cac vi
tiln nhdn da day cdng gay dung va bao ve ddt nudc.
Khu thd Cling td tien nay la noi con chau tim den de
bilt them ve Iich su, con ngudi Viet Nam cung nhu
phong tuc tap quan ciia cha dng luu trayen lai. Quan
trpng hon ca, cac thanh vien cua Hgi mudn vinh danh
td tien cua minh, bao tdn di san va giao due con chdu.
Ong Liem cho biet, mac dii sdng xa que hucmg, nhung
"chiing tdi vdn mudn gin giu trayen thdng va phong tuc
ciia minh, khdng chi cho the he chiing tdi ma con cho


K h o a hgc X S hpi v^ N h a n vSn

nhiing the he tuong lai (xem them Fjelstad vd Nguy6n
Thanh Liem, 2011) [15].
Ve each bai tti dipn thd, hinh thuc td chuc, quy md,
nghi thde te le, dd ciing le Himg Vucmg, neu dem so
sanh vdi cdc khia canh tucmg img ttong cac den thd tai
Khu di tich lich su din Hiing, chung ta thdy nhiing net
tuang ddng. Hinh thde bai tti cac ban thd va ttang tri
diu mang ddu dn van hoa ttiiyln thdng ciia ngudi Viet
va cac hinh thuc te ll, smh hoat van hda mang y nghTa

tudng nhd ve cpi ngudn. Hlnh thde be ngoai nhu chi
tilt quy ttinh t l ll co thl thay ddi tiiy theo ban te va
dng chu te, nhung d ben trong vdn la sy tdn thd Hung
Vuang - dng td cua dan tdc. Gid day, den thd Hiing
Vuang d thanh phd San Jose da ttd thanh nai tham
quan ciia cac nha lanh dao, ngoai giao Viet Nam, ciing
nhu cua cac nhd nghien ciiu, sinh vien, ngudi ddn sdng
xa xu, ngudi Viet Nam di du ljch din California. Niem
mong mudn thd ciing Hiing Vuang d hai ngoai nhdm
vinh danh di sdn van hda Viet Nam va tao dieu kien de
nhiing nhdm sac tdc khac c6 the tim hieu ve van hda va
phong tuc thd cimg td tien ciia ngudi ViSt. Do la mdt
hmh thuc de khdng dinh ngudi Viet la mdt cdng ddng
CO nhiing bieu dat van hda rieng va quan ttpng han
cd Id gido due the he tre sinh ra va ldn len d hai ngoai
hudng ve que huang, dat nudc Viet Nam, ve nai chdn
vd cdi ngudn.
Tim kiem su- ho trv "tu* ben tren'"*
Ddng chdy xuyen qudc gia ve cac hien tugng ton
gido tin ngudng ddi khi dupc xem xet nhu la khdng
gian tdn giao chuy8n dgng bang cac hinh thde da chieu
md su chuyen dpng do nam ttong nhung iing xu xa hdi
va gidi h ^ bdi cac mdi quan he quyen luc. Khai niem
xuyen qudc gia "tu ben tten" va "tu ben dudi" giup
cho viec the hien mdi quan he quyen lyc ldng ghep vdi
su lan tda tdn giao. Trong khi xuyen qudc gia "tu ben
tten" dupc cac qudc gia ddn tpc vd kinh tl toan cau hd
ttg, tao dieu kien, cdn xuyen qudc gia "tu ben dudi" lai
dugc bdt ddu bdi nhiing chuyen dpng tu cdng ddng, tu
cac mdi quan he ca nhdn giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi.

Xuyen qudc gia ve tdn giao "td ben tren" diln ra khi
^Phin nay xem them trong bai viet ciia Nguyin Thi Hiln (2012)
"Thay doi nhimg khong fan bien, bo sung va lam giau: Nghien ciru
xuyen quoc gia va da dja dilm ve Ihyc hanh tin nguong va ll hoi ciia
cong dong nguoi Kinh o hai ngoai". Tap chi Nghien ciru vdn hoa, s6
4, tr.65-94.

KHOAHOC
C&N6NGH£

Mal m

4(5) 5.2016

cac qudc gia khuyln khich sy phat trien md rdng cua
cac tdn gido, cdc hgi dodn, cac ca sd ton gido nham thu
hut cdc tin dd, phdt triln du ljch, kit hgp khuyln khich
nhiing ngudi di cu gui tiln ve que huong trg giiip trong
lmh vyc thd ty (Guamizo va Smith, 1998) [16].
Khdng gian thd ciing cua din Hung hien tai d trung
tam thanh phd San Jose, theo kl hoach cua Hgi khdng
phdi chdn ldu ddi vi chua ddp iing dugc nhiing yeu
cdu tdi thilu nhu bai do xe, khdng gian tap trang ddng
ngudi, thu hiit gidi tre... Thay vao dd, hg mong mudn
cd mpt ngdi din co kiln tnic Viet, bao quanh la khudn
vien cdy cdi va hd nudc yen ttnh, cd khdng gian cho
ddng dao ngudi dan tdi te le vd td chdc cdc budi sinh
hoat cOng ddng.
Hien nay, Hpi din Himg dang phdi ddi mat vdi nhieu
khd khdn dl duy tri ngdi den va tap tyc thd cung. Sd

lugng thanh vien tham gia giam manh, vi the su ddng
gdp, lam cdng qua khdng nhieu. Nhieu thdnh vien cd
tudi ciia Hpi din Hung da mdt, ldp tte sdng tan man,
qud ban rdn vdi cdng viec, khdng cd nhieu thdi gian
tham gia cac hoat ddng van hda, te ll va mdt phan, hp
ciing hda nhdp ban vdo van hda, ldi sdng duang dai tai
Hoa Ky han nhiing thl he dau tien. Hpi den Hiing ciing
gap phai khd khan ttong viec thu hiit sy hd ttg cdn
thiet tu phia cdng ddng ngudi Viet d San Jose ttong bdi
cdnh hung thinh ciia Phat giao. Cac chua mdi liSn tuc
dugc xdy dyng, sd lugng tang nhanh, tu mdt vai ngdi
chiia vao nhiing nam 80, den nay d day cd gan 30 ngdi
chua. Nhieu ngdi chua khang trang, rgng rai nhu chua
Ddc Vien cd bai do xe, co khdng gian td chuc ldp hpc
tieng Viet cho khoang 500 tre em. Ben canh do, nhiing
hinh thuc thuc hanh khac lai cd chieu hudng phat trien
ttong cdng ddng ngudi Vipt d thdnh phd San Jose, do
Id tin ngudng thd Mau tam phu, tu phii, xdy dyng cac
dien thd Mdu, nhd thd hg.
Trong bdi canh do, Hgi den Hiing dang nd lyc tim
mpi each de thu hut cac thanh vien cua cdng ddng
tham gia vao cac budi te le tai Den. Hp mong mudn the
he tre se tiep tuc phat huy trayen thdng vd keu gpi sy
ho trg, tham gia tu cac tang ldp trang nien, thanh nien,
mdi nhung ngudi theo dao Phat, dao Mau den din thd,
tham gia vao ban te cua Den.
HOi din Himg cung dang tim kilm sy hd ttp tti Chinh
phli Viet Nam. Tu khi Vien Van hda Nghe thuat qudc
gia Viet Nam xay dyng hd sa qudc gia ve Tin ngudng

62


Khoa hgc XS hgi v^ Nhan vfin

^"^r^^ii

thd cung Himg Vuang d Phii Thg ttinh UNESCO
(2011) va dugc vinh danh ttong Danh sach di sdn van
hda phi vdt thl dai diSn ciia nhan loai (2012), mdi quan
he chinh thuc giira Ban Chdp hanh Hdi den Hiing d
thanh phd San Jose vdi Chinh phu Viet Nam mdi bdt
ddu. Ong Liem cung cdp nhilu tu lieu cho Vien ttong
qua dinh hoan thipn hd sa dl cu trinh UNESCO vl
viec tin nguong thd cung Hiing Vuang dd lan tda sang
cdng ddng ngudi Viet d hdi ngoai. Tmdc ddy, cac mdi
quan he ciia Ban Chdp hdnh Hpi den Hiing chu yeu
thdng qua ngudi than, ban be, nhirng ngudi lien quan
d Viet Nam, thi nay hp dang tim kiem cdc mdi quan he
"tu ben tten" de phat huy vd phat ttiln cac tap tuc thd
Cling Hung Vuong d hdi ngo^i.
Van de xuyen qudc gia "tu ben tten" dupc tao ra bdi
cdc nha nudc, dan tgc vd nln kinh tl toan cau, ttong
khi dd, nhirng phong ttio ciia ngudi dan va cac moi
lien he giiia con ngudi vdi con ngudi tao ra cac mdi
quan he xuyen qudc gia "tu ben dudi". Ban ddu, thd
Cling Hung Vuang d San Jose la mdt vi du diln hinh vl
quan he xuyen qudc gia "tu ben dudi", nhung gid day
la ca "td ben tten". CJ ddy, nhiing ngudi di cu, khong
cd su hd ttg chinh thuc nao da mang trayen thdng thd

cung vua Hiing den Hoa Ky. Tren thuc te, Hpi den
Hung dugc thdnh lap bdi mdt nhdm nhihig con ngudi
chii yeu gdc d mien Bac, di cu vao Nam, rdi sau chien
tranh bang nhieu hinh thuc khac nhau djnh cu d Hoa
Ky tu nhiing nam 1970-1980. Da sd vdn giu mdi lien
he chat che vdi ddt nudc que hucmg. Phai ndi rang hp
la nhirng ngudi cd mdi quan tdm den bao tdn va phat
huy di san van hda thd ciing Hiing Vuong va coi minh
la nhiing ngudi bdo ve van hoa ddn tpc.

[jfliiiii

Chmh phu Viet Nam vl mat tdi chinh dl raua mdt khu
dat rdng rai han. Hp mong muon xdy dyng mpt ngdi
din khang ttang vdi kiln tnic Viet Nam va thudn ti?n
cho nhung ngudi din tl Ie, tham quan va sinh hoat
cdng ddng^.
Ket Iuan
Sy hien hiiu ciia din thd Hiing Vuang d thanh phd
San Jose the hien tam quan ttpng ciia tap tyc thd ciing td
tien cua ngudi Viet, mdt net ban sac van hda cua cpng
ddng vd Id di sdn van hda ket ndi cpng ddng ngudi Viet
d hdi ngoai vdi Viet Nam. Den thd ndy Id nai luu giu
nhiing tap tyc truyen thong tdt dep, noi sinh hoat van
hda tin nguong cua ngudi Viet d hai ngoai. Ngay nay,
Hdi den Hiing mong mudn viec thd cung Hiing Vuong
d hai ngoai dugc chinh thuc hda, dugc Chinh phu Viet
Nam ghi nhan cdng lao giu gin trayen thdng vdn hda.
Quan ttpng hon ca, do Id mdt hinh thuc bdo tdn va luu
tmyen di san van hoa dan tpc nham giao due the he tre

ve que huong, ve dat nudc Viet Nam vd ve cdi ngudn.
Ngay nay, van hda Viet Nam da dugc kieu bao luu
giu va phat huy. Ban sac van hda ciing la mdt trong
nhiing dieu kien co ban de dugc cdng nhan la mpt dan
tpc chinh thuc d ddt nudc nai cu tni nhu tmdng hgp
dan tdc Viet d Cdng hda Sec, dan tdc Kinh d Tmng
Qudc^ Hy vgng, vdi sy hd ttg "tu ben tren" cua Chinh
phii Viet Nam cho khdng gian thd ciing, thuc hanh
tmyen thdng noi chung va tin nguong thd ciing Hung
Vucmg ndi rieng cua kieu bao d hai ngoai se gdp phdn
khang dinh va tdn vinh ban sac van hda ciia dan tdc
ddi vdi ban be qudc te, ddng thdi thiic ddy su hpi nhdp
qudc te mdt each toan dien cua Viet Nam.

Trong sd dd, cd nhiing ngudi xuat than tu trong gia
dinh cd dng, cha ldm thay cung, hay trong ban te le ciia -Tac gia bai viet da tmc tiep tham gia mot so cupc hop lien quan den
hdi lang ttiiyln thdng tii nhimg nam 1950, nhu dng viec Ban Chip hanh Hoi den Hiing lim kiem sy lio tn? ciia Chinh phii
Viet Nam. Cu the vao thang 4.2015, tac gia tham dy buoi iam viec
Bdng, hay dng Ddng - thanh vien ttong ban tl cua den. giija Ban Chip hanh hoi va Tong lanh sir Viet Nam £ai thanh pho San
Ngay nay, hg tim mgi each hd trg vdi hy vgng dam bao Fancisco Thang 5.2015, tac gia Eham dir cupc hop giira cac bp, ban
nganh lien quan ve hinh thiic hd trg Hpi den Hiing theo y kien chi dao
ttiiyin thdng thd ciing Hiing Vuang dugc trayen ni thl ciia Thil tuong Chinh phu vl chu tnrong dong y ho trp theo hinh ihijc
he nay sang thl he khac. Chiln luge cua hg id tim kilm xahoihoa. Mat (ranToqu^c Viet Nam. Bp Ngoai giao vaBp Vanhoa
cac n.' • quan he xuyen qudc gia "tu ben tren" bang la 3 don vi se dung ra lam dau moi cho qua trinh nay.
'Dupc cong nhan chinh thi'rc la mpt dan tpc d mot dat nifdc. ngudi
each dl • =^hi sy hd trg tu phia Chinh phu Viet Nam, Viet duoc ho trp kinh phi tii ngan sach de phat trien ve van hoa, truy€n
cac r W 1 hgc xa hdi, nhiing nhd nghien cim di sdn thong, ngon ngti ciia dan toe minh Tai cac dia phucmg co nhilu ngirdi
. hoa, va a UNESCO. Trong 4 nam qua. Ban Chdp Viet sinh sflng, tre em duoc hoc kiln ihijc bang tilng Viet. Ngirdi Vi?t
CO quyen su dung tilng Viet tai cong sd ciing nhu Ida an. Ngoai ra,
•3 j-jf ia chinh thuc lam viec vdi Lanh su quan cpng dong ngudi Viet Nam co the thanh lap chuang trinh phat thanh

- Nam tai thanh phd San Francisco ve su hd ttg cua va tmyln hmh bing tilng Viet lai nirdc so tai.
Vi

liSSIIdSiVietNani^'''"--

63


Khoa hgc Xa hOi v^ Nhan v3n
L&i cdm an
Tdc gid xin trdn trpng cdm an Quy Phdt trien khoa
hpc vd cong nghe quoc gia (NAFOSTED) da ho trpr
nghien cuu ndy. Tdc gid cung biet an cdc thong tin
vien Id kieu bdo sinh song tgi thdnh pho San Jose vd
nhirng ngu&i thdn, bgn be, gia dinh cda hp & Viet Nam
dd cung cdp nhirng thong tin quy bdu de hodn thdnh
bdi viit.

Tai lieu tham khao
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The Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography", Annual Review of
Anthropology, pp.95-117.
[2] Liu William, Elena Yu (1978), Refugee Status and Alienation
Theory: The Case of Vietnamese in US.. Chicago: Illinois.
[3] Zhou Min and Carl Bankston (1998), Growing up American •
How Vietnamese Children Adapt lo Life in the United States, New
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[4] Aguilar-San Juan, Karin (2009), Lillle Saigons- staying
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nguai Kinh d lang Vgn Vi. Giang Binh, Dong Hung. Qudng Tdy,
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Trung Qudc a Van VT. Nxb Lao dpng.
[7] Nguyen Ehiy Thieu (chii bien) (2008), Di cu vd chuyen doi loi

eSiNGNCHEVietlNam, 4(5)5.2016

sdng - iruang hgp cpng dong ngirdi Vi4l a Ldo.

Nxb The gioi

[8] Hoang Nguyen Vu (2010), Diasparic Motions- The Shi^^ng of
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[9] Chl Truong Huyen (2010), "Imagining Oneself Otherwise:
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[11] Caruthers Ashley (2001), Exile and Return • Deterritoriallzing
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[12] Koh Priscilla (2012), Vietnam's Familiar Strangers Narratives of Home, Homeland and Belonging Among Second
Generation Viet Kiiu in Sdi Gon. Vrije Unlverstiy Amsterdam.
[13] Amit V (2000), "Introduction: Construction the Field",
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World, London and New York' Routledge, pp 1-18.
[14] Appadurai, Arjun (1996), Modernity at Large: Cultural
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tiSn trong xa hpi duong dai: Tnrdng hpp tin ngu&ng thd cung Hiing
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