Báo cáo "Một số vấn đề lý luận về đạo đức môi trường " doc

MOT
SO VAN
OE
LY
LUAN
VE
OAO
DQC
MOI
TRUONG
Vu Dung
Vie?2
Tarn ly hoc.
Moi
truang
va xay
dirng
moi
tmong
ben virng la van de loan cau va
ciia
mm
niroc.
Trong boi canh phat trien kmh te, loan cau hoa,
hoi
nhap
ciia
cac
quoc
gia,
moi trirong

dang bi khai thac can
kiet,
su
6
nhiSm
moi tmong ngay
cang cao anh
hirdng nghiem
trong den
sue
khoe cua con
ngiroi,
den
sir
phat
trien ben
viing
cua cac quoc gia.
Truoc thuc
trang tren da c6 nhieu
dign
dan
quoc te
dugc
to chuc ban ve van de moi
truong.
Hoi nghi thuong dinh dau
tien
ve
moi tru-ong

dugc to chuc tai Stockhom nam 1972. Hoi nghi da dua ra tuyen
bo chung
CO
7 diem va 26 nguyen
tdc
cu the ve bao ve
moi
truong. Hai muoi
nam sau, nam
1992,
Lien hop quoc
t6
chuc Hoi nghi quoc te
Ian
thu 2
ve
moi
truong tai Rio de Janneiro. Hoi nghi nay
lan
dau tien da
chinh
thuc cong nhan
ban chat toan ven,
chinh
the va phu thuoc
lin
nhau cua Trai dat - ngoi nha
chung cua
chiing
ta, cac quoc gia

phai
hop
lire
mang
tfnh
toan cau de
giil gin
va
bao ve moi truong Trai dat. Hoi nghi da dua ra 27 nguyen
tk
boat dong
nham
bao
v^
moi truong ben vung.
Ngoai
ra.
Lien hop quoc con dua ra mot so Cong
udc
ve bao ve moi truong. Chang han, Cong
uoc
quoc te ve buon ban cac
loai
dong thuc vat hoang da nguy cap (CITES, 1972), Cong uoc
Vien
ve bao ve tang
Ozon (Vien, 1985), Cong uoc BASEL ve kiem soat van chuyen qua bien
gioi
cac phe thai nguy hiem va
viec

tieu buy chung (New York, 1990), Cong uoc
khung ve thay doi
khi
hau
ciia
Lien hop quoc (New York, 1992), Cong uoc ve
da dang sinh hoc
(Rio
de Janneiro, 1993), Nghi dinh thu Kyoto ve
giam lugng
khi
thai gay
hieu
ung nha
ki'nh
lam cho Trai dat am dan
len
(Nhat Ban, 1997)
va gan day nhat la Hoi nghj thuong
dinh
ve bien doi
khi
hau cua Lien hop quoc
a
Copehagen, Dan Mach, thang 12 nam 2009. Trong nhung nam qua, nhieu
cuoc hoi thao quoc te ve moi truong da dugc to chuc Co the noi
6
pham vi
quo'c te, van de moi truong da va dang dugc quan tarn rat
Ion.

Tir cac
hgi
nghi,
cong uoc va cac hgi thao quoc te tren
ngudi
ta khong chi ban den thuc trang o
nhiSm
moi truong ngay mot dang
lo
ngai,
ma da
di
ra nhieu
chuain
muc
ve
bao
ve moi truong Trai dat. Cac
chuSn
muc da phan anh
nhOng chuSn
muc dao
due
moi truong
can
thiet
ciia
moi ca nhan va cua cong dong.
TAPCHI'TAM
LV

HOC.
SO 2 (131), 2 - 2010
6
nuoc
ta, tii khi phat trien kinh te thi truong, mo
ciia,
hgi
nhap quoc te,
moi truong cung da va dang la van de
thdi
su c6
tinh
quoc gia. Trong may thap
ky gan day, nhieu nguon tai nguyen
ciia
chung ta bi khai thac can kiet den muc
bao dong, moi truong bi
6
nhiem nghiem trgng. Chiing ta c6 the dua ra vai so
lieu
minh hoa sau: Theo thong ke
ciia Ngan
hang The gioi, Ngan hang phat
trien Chau A, Chuong
tiinh
phat trien
ciia Lien
hgp quoc (2000),
thi
82% nha

may gay 6 nhiem
nam
trong cac khu dan cu; 90% so nha may
xay
dung truoc
nam 1995 khong c6
phuong
tien
xii
ly chat thai;
miic
do 6 nhiem khong
khi
vugt tieu
chuan
tii 2 - 5 lan; 6 nhiem bui
chi,
tieng on
tir
cac phuong tien giao
thong ngay cang nghiem
Irgng;
neu nam 1945 do che phu
ciia riing 6
Viet Nam
la 45%,
thi
den nam 1998 do che phu chi con
29%;
giai

doan 1970 - 1995, m6i
nam
CO
350.000 ha
rirng
bi tnet pha, den nam 1998
van
con 150.000 ha bi triet
pha m6i nam; 19 trieu ha (chiem 50% dat d6ng bang) la dat suy thoai; 28 loai
dong vat c6
vii,
10 loai
chim,
21 loai
luong
cu va bo sat dang bi de doa, 10.837
loai
dong thuc vat
bien
dang bi de doa v.v Truoc thuc trang tren, Dang va Nha
nuoc ta da c6 mot so Nghi quyet, chi thi ve bao ve moi truong nhu Nghi quyet
41
ciia
Eg Chinh tri, ban hanh Luat bao ve
moi
truong, thanh lap mot so co
quan chuyen ve moi truong. Tuy vay, viec
khai
thac,
sir

dung tai nguyen khong
hgp ly, su o nhiem moi truong dang c6 xu
huong
tang va dang
d miic
ra't dang
lo
ngai.
Mot trong
nhirng
nguyen nhan
ciia
thuc trang tren la nhieu ngudi dan
va cong dong chua c6 y
thiic
bao ve
moi
truong, chua c6 cac hanh vi giu
gin
va
bao ve moi truong. Hay noi
each
khac la chua
hinh
thanh
d
nhieu nguoi dan
dao
due ve
moi truong.

Mat khac, cac cong
trinh
nghien cuu ve dao
due
moi truong
6
nuoc ta
hien nay rat khiem ton. Hau nhu chiing ta
vln
chua c6 nhirng nghien cuu mot
each
he thong ve dao
due
moi truong, chua c6 nhung danh
gia,
khao sat
6
pham
vi long ve dao
due
moi truong. Co the noi, viec nghien cuu ve ly luan va thuc
trang dao
due
moi truong, tren co so do de gop phan vao viec xay dung va nang
cao dao due moi truong
6
nuoc ta hien nay la viec lam ra't can thiet, co y
nghia
thuc tien cao. Trong bai viet nay chung toi
chi

de cap de'n mot so van de ly luan
ve dao
due
moi truong.
1.
Khai
niem
dao
due
moi
truong
Dao
due
la mot hien tugng xa hgi phan anh cac moi quan he hien thuc
bat ngu6n
tij
ban than cugc song
ciia
con nguoi. Trong doi song xa hgi, doi hoi
tat yeu
mgi
nguoi phai y thuc dugc y
nghla.
muc
dich
boat dong
ciia minh
trong
qua khu, hien tai va tuong
lai.

Nhilng
boat dong do bao
gid
cung co
sir
chi phoi
ciia nhflng
quan he giira cac ca nhan, ca nhan va xa hgi. Nhung moi quan he do
qui dinh gioi han nhat dinh nham dam bao
Igi ich
cua cong dong va xa hgi.
Nhung qui dinh nay tu giac tao thanh dong
luc
cho
sir
phat trien xa hgi. Do la
cac qui tac, chuain muc hoan toan tu giac trong hanh dong
ciia mgi
ca nhan
TAP CHI
TAM
LV
HOC.
SO
2
(131),
2 - 2010
trong tat ca cac quan he xa hgi. Noi
each
khac, do chinh la dao

diic ciia
con
nguoi trong xa hgi.
Dao due co the dinh
nghia
theo cac
khi'a
canh sau:
- Dao
due
la mot
hlnh
thai y thuc xa hgi, la tong hgp cac qui tac,
nguyen
lac,
chuain muc xa hgi nho no con nguoi
tir giac
dieu chinh hanh vi
ciia
minh
sao cho phii hgp voi
Igi fch
va hanh
phiic ciia
con nguoi, vai tien bg xa
hgi trong quan he ca nhan - ca nhan va quan he ca nhan - xa hgi.
- Dao
due
la toan bo
nhiing

qui tac, chuain muc nham dieu chinh va
danh gia
each ling xii
cua con
ngUOi voi
nhau trong quan he xa hoi va quan he
voi tu nhien.
- Dao due la he thong cac qui tac, chuan muc
bidu
hien su tu giac trong
quan he con
ngUoi
voi con nguoi, con nguoi voi cong dong xa hgi. voi tu nhien
va voi ca ban than minh.
Mot so pham
trii
co ban cua dao
di'fc:
Khi nghien
ciiu
dao
due,
chiing ta can quan tarn den mot so pham
trii
co
ban sau:
a) NghTa vii
Nghia vu
ciia
dao

diic
the hien
o
chg khi con nguoi tham gia vao boat
dong san xua't va boat dong song anh ta y
thiic
dugc trach nhiem
ciia
ban than
do'i
voi nguoi khac va doi voi cong dong. Ngay tii the ky
XVll -
XVIII,
cac nha
duy vat Phap da chi ro "Nghia vu dao due la cai tat yeu doi voi ta't ca mgi nguoi
thuc hien trach nhiem
ciia
minh".
NghTa vu dao
due
da xua't hien rat
sdm
va no
ton tai voi thoi gian, ton tai qua cac giai doan phat trien
ciia lich sii
loai
ngUoi.
Dieu do cho thay, 6 bat ky che do xa hgi nao,
6 thdi
ky phat trie'n xa hgi nao

thi
nghia vu cung rat can thiet.
NghTa vu the hien nhu la
y
thiic.
tinh
cam con
ngifoi ve
moi quan
he hai
hoa giiia nhu cau va
Igi ich
ca nhan voi nhu cau va
Igi
I'ch
ciiia
cong dong, xa
hgi.
Dieu dang
chii
y la viec thuc
hien
nghTa vu dao
diic
bao
gio
cung mang
tfnh tu giac va do chinh ban than
d~,
nhan

thii'c
ro van de. Do vay, khi thuc hien
nghTa vu dao due. con nguoi
luon
co cam giac hanh
phiic.
hai long
vi tinh
cam
cao thugng, vi long tu trgng va phaim gia
ciia
con nguoi.
NghTa vu dao
diic
la y thuc va
tinh
cam
ciia
con
ngUOi
tu nguyen, tu giac
thuc hien cac hanh dong
ciia minh
theo cac
chufin mu'c
chung
ciia
xa
hgi.
NghTa

vu dao due
ciia
con
ngudi
co moi lien he chat
che
vdi nghia vu phap ly. Nghia
vu dao due va nghia vu phap ly
ciia
con nguoi deu co chung muc
di'ch
la nham
dieu chinh hanh vi
ciia
con ngudi cho
phTi
hgp vdi
qui
tac.
chuiin
muc chung
ciia
xa hoi.
TAP
CHI
TAM
LY
HOC.
SO 2
(13

1).
2 -
2010
Nghia vu khgng hlnh thanh mot
each
tu nhien, nhat thdi ma no dugc
hlnh thanh va hoan thien trong ca qua trinh giao
due,
tu giao due, ren
luyen
trong boat dgng thuc tien
ciia mdi
ca nhan, tham chi qua qua trinh dau tranh,
thii
thach
ciia
cugc song.
b)
Lifolii^
tarn
Luong tarn cd the dugc hieu nhu tieng noi ben trong day
quydn
uy chi
din,
thdi
thiic
con ngudi ta lam
nhiJng
dieu tot, ngan can, chi
trich

lam nhung
dieu xau.
Theo quan diem bien chung
ciia
dao due hgc thi luong tarn la y thiic
trach nhiem va
tinh
cam dao due
ciia
ca nhan ve su tu danh
gia
nhiing hanh vi,
each cu
xii ciia minh
trong
ddi
song xa hgi.
Sir
hinh thanh luong tam la qua
trinh phat trien
lau
dai
tir
thap den cao trong qua trinh
lao
dgng san xuat va giao
tie'p xa hgi.
Cd the
neu
ra cac

miic
do phat trien
ciia
luong tarn nhu sau:
- Y thuc ve cai can phai lam do
sir
sg hai bi triing phat boi thiet che xa
hgi hoac y niem tam
linh.
- Y thiic ve cai can
phai
lam, can phai tranh vi xau
hg
trudc ngudi khac
va trudc du luan xa hgi.
- Y thuc
ve
cai can phai lam
vi
xau ho vdi ban than. Khi ca nhan xa'u ho
vdi ban than, vdi nhiing hanh vi
ciia
minh la budc dau
ciia
cam giac luong tam.
Tir
cam giac do den su phan xet cac suy
nghi,
hanh vi
ciia

minh thi do chinh la
luong tam. Vi the, luong tam cd quan he chat che vdi y thuc nghTa vu cua con
ngudi.
Khi con ngudi lam nhirng dieu xau, doe ac
thi
luong tam can
riit.
Trai
lai.
khi ca nhan lam
nhu'ng dieu
tot, cao thugng
thi
luong tam thanh than. Do
vay, trong cau
triic
cua luong tam ton tai khai niem xau ho, hoi han. Giir cho
Immg
tam trong sach la mot tieu chi hanh phiic va tieu chi song cua con ngudi.
c) llueii
rd dc
TTiien
va ac la cap pham
trii
ddi lap
nhaii
trong mgi thdi dai, la thudc do
ddi song dao
due
cua mgi ca nhan. Thien va ac ciing la pham

trii
co ban lam
thudc do ddi song dao
dii'c
cua con ngudi.
Cai thien la cai tot dcp bieu hien
Idng
nhan ai
ciia
con ngudi trong cugc
song hang ngay. Do chinh la hanh vi the hien
Igi
ich cua ca nhan
phii
hgp vdi
yeu ciiu va su tien bo xa
hdi.
Cai thien phai dugc the hien qua viec gdp phan
thuc day su tien bo xa hgi, dem lai
Igi
ich cho mgi ngudi trong xa hoi. Ho Chi
Minh da ndi:
"'Vice
thien
thi
du nhd den ma'y cung lam, viec ac thi
dii
nhd den
TAP
CHI

TAM
LY
HOC.
SO 2
(1
31),
2 -
2010
may cung tranh"*". Cai thien la phan dau cho cugc song
ciia
con ngudi ngay
cang trd
nen
cao thugng hon, tot dep hon va giau linh nhan van hon.
Ca^
ac la
cai
dang ghet, ghe tdm, cai can
phai
gat bd trong
ddi
song ca
nhan va xa hgi.
Cai
cac lam mat di cai van minh, cao thuong cua
cude
song con
ngudi
C^uan
diem ve thien va ac mang tinh lich sir va cd the hoan doi cho

nhau. Cai thien va ac dugc chiing ta danh gia tuy vao nd cd thiic day hay can
trd su phat trien
ciia
xa hgi, hanh phiic
ciia
con ngudi.
Trong nghien cuu ve dao
diic
moi trudng, cac pham
trii
nay can dugc
quan tam
vi
chung phan anh nhirng bieu hien co ban cua dao
due
moi trudng.
Trong viec thuc hien dao due moi trudng cac ca nhan va to chuc can thuc
hien
nghTa vu, trach nhiem va luong tam
ciia minh
ddi
vdi
viec bao ve moi trudng.
Chinh qua hanh vi
ciia
con ngudi ddi vdi moi trudng nd cung phan anh cai thien
va cai ac
ciia
con ngudi, hay ndi each khac, cai cao thugng, van minh
ciia

con
ngudi va cai xa'u xa cua con ngudi.
Dao due moi trudng la mot dang cua dao due xa hgi. Nd the hien quan
he cua con ngudi ddi vdi
mdi
trudng
Tir phan tich khai mem dao dire d tren ta cd the dua ra khai niem dao
due mdi trudng nhu sau:
- Dao
di'rc
moi
tntdng Id
mot hinh thdi y
thi'rc
xd hoi, la tong hop cac qui
tac, nguyen tac, chuan
mitc nhc}
do con
ngifdi
tu gidc dieu chinh hdnh vi cua
minh
vcfi
moi trudng sao cho phu
hcrp
vdi
Ic/i
ich va hanh phiic
ciia
con ngudi,
vdi tien

bg
xd hgi vd vdi
suphdt
trien mdi trudng mot
each
ben
vilng.
Tir dinh nghTa ve dao
due
mdi trudng ta thay can chii y mot so diem sau:
- Dao due mdi trudng la toan bg nhirng qui tac, chuain muc dieu chinh
hanh vi cua con ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng nham dem lai
Igi
ich va hanh phiic
cho con ngudi va dam bao
sir
phat trien mdi trudng mot
each
ben vung. Dao
dire mgi
trudng la toan bg nhung qui tac, chuain muc nham dieu chinh va danh
gia
each
ung xir
ciia
con ngudi vdi mdi trudng.
- Nhd cac qui tac va chuan muc nay ma con ngudi tu giac dieu chinh
hanh vi cua
minh
vdi mdi trudng. Nhu vay, dao dire moi trudng the hien hanh

vi
ciia
con ngudi ddi vdi mdi trudng vira mang tinh bat budc va vira mang tinh
tu giac.
Nd mang tinh bat budc vi dd la nhirng chuan muc va qui
tdc
cua xa hgi
(nhirng chuain muc danh cho mgi ngudi). Mat khac, mdi trudng lien quan den
mgi ngudi trong cong dong va xa hgi. Do vay, thuc hien cac chuain muc ddi vdi
mdi trudng la trach nhiem, nghia vu va luong tam
ciia
mgi ca nhan va
td chiic
TAP CHI
TAM
Ly
HOC,
Sd 2
(131),
2 -
2010
xa hgi. Bao ve rirng dau ngudn khdng chi de bao ve
Igi
ich
true
tiep
ciia
nhirng
ngudi song
true

tiep trong khu vuc dd (lam cho dat khdng bi trdi mau, giir
khdng khi, mdi trudng sinh thai trong
lanh,
chd'ng
Id
dat,
lu
quet ), mii cdn bao
ve mdi trudng sinh
thai
cua cac khu vuc khac (dam bao khdng khi trong lanh,
giam lu
lilt
cho mien xudi, gdp phan phat trien ben virng
ciia
khu vuc va dat
nude ).
Nd mang tinh tu giac vi d day khi ca nhan va cong dong thuc hien cac
qui tac va chuan muc ddi vdi mdi trudng do bi thdi thiic cua luong tam, do tu y
thiic dugc trach nhiem va nghia vu cua
minh
ddi vdi mdi trudng. Hg nhan thuc
dugc su can thiet phai bao ve mdi trudng vi cugc song
ciia
minh,
ciia
cong dong
va xa hgi. Day la su khac biet cua dao dire mdi trudng vdi cac hanh vi ddi vdi
mdi trudng do
yeu

cau
ciia
cac qui chuan phap luat - nhirng hanh vi ddi vdi mdi
trudng mang tinh bat budc.
2.
Mot sd tieu ehi danh gia dao dire moi trudng
Dao
diic
mdi trudng
ciia
ca nhan va cong dong khdng phai la cai
gl
dd
trim tugng, ma nd dugc the hien qua nhung hanh vi cu the
ciia
con ngudi ddi
vdi mdi trudng. Do vay, danh gia dao
diic
mdi trudng
ciia
con ngudi
can
dugc
danh gia qua cac hanh
vi
irng xir cua con ngudi
dd'i
vdi mdi trudng. Cd the dua
ra mot sd tieu chi co ban de danh gia hanh vi dao
diic

mdi trudng
ciia
con ngudi
hien nay:
a. Hanh vi dao due mdi trudng la hanh vi thuc hien cac chuan muc ve
mdi trudng. Ndi
each
khac, hanh vi dao
diic
mdi trudng trudc bet phai la hanh
vi mang tinh chuan muc. Trong nhirng nam qua da cd nhieu chuan
mirc ciia
nude
ta va qud'c te ve bao ve mdi trudng, dae biet la Luat bao ve mdi trudng de
bao ve mdi trudng. Hanh vi mang tinh dao
diic mdi
trudng
phai
la nhirng hanh
vi thuc hien cae chuan muc nay de dam bao su phat trien mdi trudng mot each
ben virng. Cd khia canh can chii y khi thuc hien cac chuan mue mdi trudng:
-
Mdi
trudng xanh: Mdi trudng xanh la tieu chuan co ban va lau dai ddi
vdi boat dgng san xua't,
sii'
dung, khai thac tai nguyen va xay dung mdi trudng
hien nay. Mdi trudng xanh the
hien
d cac

ydu
cau cu the sau: Chinh sach xanh,
cdng nghe sach, san xua't xanh, tang trudng xanh, ddi song xanh, mdi trudng
trong lanh, khdng d nhiem.
- Su phat trien
ciia
mdi trudng cd tinh ben
vii'ng.
- Hanh dgng
ciia
con ngudi vi mdi trudng tu nhien.
- Tdn trgng
sir
phong phu, da dang
ciia
mdi trudng sinh thai, he sinh
thai.
b.
Y
ihirc
ve nghia vu
ciia chii
the ddi vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng.
TAP
CHI
TAM
LV
HOC.
Sd 2
(131),

2 -
2010
c. Y thiic tu gidc, tu nguyen cua chu the dd'i vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng.
d. Su tac dgng
ciia liuyng
tdm
chii
the ddi vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng (tu
y thiic
ciia chii the
ve nhu'ng dieu can lam
de
bao ve mdi trudng, su lo sg, sg
hai,
xau ho
ciia chii
the khi cd hanh vi trai vdi nhirng qui dinh ve bao ve mdi
trudng,
sir
tu phan xet, tu danh gia
ciia chii
the ve nhirng hanh vi cua
minh
dd'i vdi viec bao ve mdi trudng).
e. Viec bao ve mdi trudng gan vdi
viec
hai hoa ve
Igi
ich - hai hoa
Igi

ich
cua con ngudi va
Igi
ich
ciia
thien nhien.
g. Chia se trdch nhiem de duy tri
sir
toan ven
ciia mgi
trudng toan cau.
Tren day chi la nhirng nghien
ciiu
budc dau ve mot sd van de ly luan cua
dao
diic
mdi trudng. De cd dugc nhung van de ly luan ve dao
diic mdi
trudng
mang tinh he thd'ng, chiing ta can cd nhung nghien
ciiu sau
ve ca ly luan va
thuc tien ve van de nay. Song nhung van de trinh bay tren la nhiing co sd co
ban de xac
djnh
va danh gia ve dao
diic
mdi trudng d nude ta
hien
nay.

Chu thich
(1).
Ho
Chi
Minh, Ve van de giao
due,
NXB Giao
due.
Ha
Noi,
1990,
tr. 55.
TAP CHI
TAM
LY
HOC.
Sd 2
(131),
2 - 2010