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DOMENIKOS THEOTOCOPOULOS (EL GRECO) 1541-1614
Domenikos Theotokopoulos was the last and perhaps the greatest mannerist of all time. Born on
the island of Crete, Domenikos Theotokopoulos acquired the name El Greco, the Greek, in Italy
and Spain. He was first trained in the Venetian School by an unknown Cretanian artist still
working under the Byzantine tradition. After working as an icon painter, he left Crete in 1568 to
study western-style painting in Venice. There he was influenced by the Venetian artists Titian and
Tintoretto, embracing their rich colors and free, sketchy manner of painting. Such early Venetian
paintings as his Christ Healing the Blind Man (figure 1) demonstrate his assimilation of
Titianesque color and of Tintoretto's figural compositions and use of deep spatial recesses.
Further Italian inspiration came during the years El Greco spent in Rome, from 1570 to 1576
where Michelangelo had developed a new style called mannerism in which realistic views of the
physical world were looked down upon in favor of a more subjective view, one that existed not in
nature but in the intellect. Space was compressed, colors were bizarre, and figures became
elongated and were intertwined in complex poses. Mannerism, from the Italian word for style, was
highly self-conscious and artificial, emphasizing the artist's ability. Its intellectual basis appealed
to El Greco. The sculptural qualities of the work of Michelangelo also inspired him. A study of
Roman architecture reinforced the stability of his compositions, which often include views of
Roman Renaissance buildings.
In Rome he met several Spaniards associated with the church in Toledo, who may have persuaded
him to come to Spain along with the fact that he failed to win major commissions in Rome. In
1576 he left Italy and, after a brief stopover in Malta, arrived in Toledo in the spring of 1577 and
remained there for the rest of his life and produced his most important works. Although the
spiritual climate of the Counter Reformation, which was extremely intense in Spain during this
time contemporary Spanish painting was too restricted to hold the interest of El Greco. He had
already formed his style before his arrival in Toledo and continued to explore and intensify the
possibilities of mannerism while his contemporaries in Italy returned to more naturalistic styles.
He quickly began work on his first Spanish commissions, producing numerous artworks for the
church. El Greco's was well suited to the aims of the Counter-Reformation.
The greatest masterpiece and largest of El Greco's major commissions is The Burial of Count
Orgaz (figure 2), which was bought for 1200 ducados. The painting illustrates a popular local
legend. In 1323, Don Gonzalo Ruíz, native of Toledo, and Señor of the town of Orgaz, died. He