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.

.Introduction
Advanced 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0
by Peter Walsh
Wordware Publishing © 2003
Companion Web Site

Advanced 3D Game Programming Using DirectX 9.0
Peter Walsh
Wordware Publishing, Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Walsh, Peter (Peter Andrew), 1980Advanced 3D game programming with DirectX 9.0 / by Peter Walsh.
p. cm.
ISBN 1-55622-968-2 (pbk.)
1. Computer games–Programming. 2. DirectX. I. Title.
QA76.76.C672W382 2003
794.8'167768–dc21 2003007140
CIP
Copyright © 2003 Wordware Publishing, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
2320 Los Rios Boulevard
Plano, Texas 75074
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means without permission in writing from Wordware
Publishing, Inc.
1-55622-968-2
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
0403
DirectX is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
All brand names and product names mentioned in this book are trademarks or service marks of their respective

companies. Any omission or misuse (of any kind) of service marks or trademarks should not be regarded as intent to
infringe on the property of others. The publisher recognizes and respects all marks used by companies, manufacturers,
and developers as a means to distinguish their products.
All inquiries for volume purchases of this book should be addressed to Wordware Publishing, Inc., at the above
address. Telephone inquiries may be made by calling:
(972) 423-0090
Dedications

To my beautiful fiancée Lisa Sullivan
I love you with all my heart.
Peter
To my parents, Manny and Maria

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Adrian
Original edition for DirectX version 7.0 written by Adrian Perez with Dan Royer. Revised and updated by Peter Walsh.
Acknowledgments

Like Adrian says below, this book, like any other, was not just the work of one (or two or three) people; there have been
so many people over the years who have helped me in one way or another, and the result of all these efforts
contributed to the knowledge contained in this book. I will try to thank everyone I can. My update of this book would not
have occurred without the help of Tracy Williams, who has helped me many times with my books. Not only did she get
me going on my first book, but she got me hooked up with Wordware for this book, my third. Of course, I must thank
Jim Hill, Wes Beckwith, and Tim McEvoy of Wordware for being such great people to work with.
Thanks to Phil Taylor on the DirectX team at Microsoft for agreeing to do the tech check and also to Wolfgang Engel
and Bruno Sousa for their technical support. Of course, thank you to my wonderful fiancee Lisa for helping to keep me
motivated while working on the book, when I just wanted to give up and party!
Where would I be without thanking all my friends and family, who keep me sane during the many months that I spent

researching and writing these massive books. So thank you Jon-Paul Keatley, Stewart Wright, Andrew McCall, Todd
Fay, Mike Andrews, Laz Allen, and all my other friends around the world that I don't have room to list! Also, who would I
be writing a book and not mentioning my soon-to-be family-in-law? So thank you Liam and Ann Sullivan for giving me
permission to marry your beautiful daughter (also to Joanne, Pauline, Liam Jr., and the rest of the family). Of course,
thanks to my parents Simon and Joy Walsh for being so supportive during my younger years and to this day.
The worst thing about writing acknowledgments is that you always forget someone who helped you until the day the
book goes to print. So thank you to everyone else I forgot—please accept my apologies; my poor brain is worn out after
all this work!
Peter Walsh
This book couldn't have been completed without the help and guidance of a whole lot of people. I'll try to remember
them all here. First, thanks to Wes Beckwith and Jim Hill at Wordware Publishing. They were extremely forgiving of my
hectic schedule, and they helped guide me to finishing this book. I also must thank Alex Dunne for letting me write an
article in 1998 for Game Developer magazine. If I hadn't written that article, I never would have written this book.
Everything I know about the topics in this book I learned from other people. Some of these people were mentors, others
were bosses, and still others were professors and teachers. Some were just cool people who took the time to sit and
talk with me. I can't thank them enough. Paul Heckbert, Tom Funkhouser, Eric Petajan, Charles Boyd, Mike Toelle,
Kent Griffin, David Baraff, Randy Pausch, Howie Choset, Michael Abrash, Hugues Hoppe, and Mark Stehlik: You guys
rock. Thank you.
Thanks to Microsoft, ATI, nVidia, id Software, and Lydia Choy for helping me with some of the images used in the text.
Many people helped assure the technical correctness and general sanity of this text. Ian Parberry and his class at
University of North Texas were immensely helpful: Thanks, guys. Michael Krause was an indispensable help in
assuring the correctness of the DirectX chapters. Bob Gaines, Mikey Wetzel, and Jason Sandlin from the DirectX team
at Microsoft helped make sure Chapters 2, 3, 4, 8, and 10 were shipshape: Mad props to them. David Black was kind
enough to look over Chapter 11 and help remove some errors and clarify a few points.
Finally, I need to thank all of the people who helped me get this thing done. I know I won't be able to remember all of
them, but here's a short list: Manual and Maria Perez, Katherin Peperzak, Lydia Choy (again), Mike Schuresko, Mike
Breen (and the rest of the Originals), Vick Mukherjee, Patrick Nelson, Brian Sharp, and Marcin Krieger.
Adrian Perez
About the author

Peter Walsh is a professional game programmer at Visual Science Ltd., where he has worked on a number of titles

including the Formula 1 series of games, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, and others for Electronic Arts, the
world's leading publisher of computer games. He has studied for a degree in computer games development at Abertay
University in Dundee, Scotland, and has worked with IC-CAVE, a think tank for the next generation of gaming

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technology.
The complete source code in C++, including a game demonstrating techniques covered in this book, can be
downloaded from />
3


.

.Advanced 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0
ISBN:1556229682

by Peter Walsh
Wordware Publishing © 2003 (525 pages)

Designed for programmers who are new to graphics and game programming, this book covers
Direct 3D, DirectInput, and DirectSound, as well as artificial intelligence, networking,
multithreading, and scene management.
Companion Web Site
Table of Contents

Back Cover

Table of Contents
Advanced 3D Game Programming Using DirectX 9.0
Introduction
Chapter 1

- Windows

Chapter 2

- Getting Started with DirectX

Chapter 3

- Communicating with DirectInput

Chapter 4

- DirectSound

Chapter 5

- 3D Math Foundations

Chapter 6

- Artificial Intelligence

Chapter 7

- UDP Networking

Chapter 8

- Beginning Direct3D

Chapter 9

- Advanced 3D Programming

Chapter 10 - Advanced Direct3D
Chapter 11 - Scene Management
Appendix

- An STL Primer

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Introduction
A wise man somewhere, somehow, at some point in history, may have said the best way to start a book is with an
anecdote. I would never question the words of a wise man who may or may not have existed, so here we go.
When I was a freshman in high school back in 1993, I took the required biology class that most kids my age end up
having to take. It involved experiments, lab reports, dissecting of various animals, and the like. One of my lab partners
was a fellow named Chris V. We were both interested in computers and quickly became friends, to the point where
talking about biology in class was second to techno-babble.
One night, in the middle of December, Chris called me up. The lab report that was due the next day required results
from the experiment we had done together in class, and he had lost his copy of our experiment results. He wanted to
know if I could copy mine and bring them over to his place so he could finish writing up the lab. Of course, this was in
those heinous pre-car days, so driving to his house required talking my parents into it, finding his address, and various

other hardships. While I was willing to do him the favor, I wasn't willing to do it for free. So I asked him what he could do
to reciprocate my kind gesture.
"Well," he said, "I guess I can give you a copy of this game I just got."
"Really? What's it called?" I said.
"Doom. By the Wolf 3D guys." "It's called Doom? What kind of name is that??"
After getting the results to his house and the game to mine, I fired the program up on my creaky old 386 DX-20 clone,
burning rubber with a whopping 4 MB of RAM. As my space marine took his first tenuous steps down the corridors
infested with hellspawn, my life changed. I had done some programming before in school (Logo and Basic), but after I
finished playing the first time, I had a clear picture in my head of what I wanted to do with my life: I wanted to write
games, something like Doom. I popped onto a few local bulletinboards and asked two questions: What language was
the game written in, and what compiler was used?
Within a day or so, I purchased Watcom C 10.0 and got my first book on C programming. My first C program was
"Hello, World." My second was a slow, crash-happy, non-robust, wireframe spinning cube.
I tip my hat to John Carmack, John Romero, and the rest of the team behind Doom; my love for creating games was
fully realized via their masterpiece. It's because of them that I learned everything that I have about this exceptionally
interesting and dynamic area of computer acquired programming. The knowledge that I have is what I hope to fill these
pages with, so other people can get into graphics and game programming.
I've found that the best way to get a lot of useful information down in a short amount of space is to use the
tried-and-true FAQ (frequently asked questions) format. I figured if people needed answers to some questions about
this book as they stood in their local bookstore trying to decide whether or not to buy it, these would be them.

Who are you? What are you doing here?
Well I, being Peter rather than Adrian, am a professional games programmer and have been for a quite a few years. I
started out like most people these days, getting extremely interested in how games worked after Doom came out. After
teaching myself programming, I moved on to study for a degree in computer games development at Abertay University
in Dundee, Scotland. After that I went on to work for a short while with IC-CAVE, which is a think tank for the next
generation of gaming technology. Over the years I've worked on games like F1 Career Challenge, Harry Potter and the
Chamber of Secrets, SHOX, and the upcoming Medal of Honor: Rising Sun. I've developed games for the PC, Game
Boy, Dreamcast, PS2, Game Cube, and Xbox. I've also written two other books over the last two years on DirectX
programming.

I've also read so many programming books that I reckon I have personally wiped out half of the Amazon rainforest. So
hopefully all that material will help me write this book in a way that avoids all the pitfalls that other authors have fallen
into. I really hope you learn a lot from this book. If you have any questions along the way that you just can't get to the
bottom of, please email me at Unfortunately, after printing that email in a previous book it was
bombarded by junk mail from spammers and became almost unusable. However, Hotmail has gotten better lately, so

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Functors
The last thing we'll talk about in this short run through the STL are functors. They are used by many of the generic
algorithms and functions (like for_each, discussed above). They are classes that implement the parentheses operator.
This allows them to mimic the behavior of a regular function, but they can do neat things like save function state (via
member variables).
Chapter 8 uses a functor to search through a list of z-buffer formats for a good match using the generic algorithm
find_if. The algorithm runs the functor on each element in the container until either it runs out of elements or the functor
returns true for one of the elements (in this case, the particular z-buffer format we wish to use). See the source code for
Chapter 8 to get an idea of how functors work.

513


.

.Advanced 3D Game Programming with DirectX 9.0
ISBN:1556229682

by Peter Walsh
Wordware Publishing © 2003 (525 pages)

Designed for programmers who are new to graphics and game programming, this book covers
Direct 3D, DirectInput, and DirectSound, as well as artificial intelligence, networking,
multithreading, and scene management.
Companion Web Site
Table of Contents

Back Cover

Back Cover
This update to the best-selling Advanced 3-D Game Programming Using DirectX 8.0 focuses on implementation changes to
DirectX 9.0 Designed for programmers who are new to graphics and game programming, this book covers Direct 3D
DirectInput, and DirectSound, as well as artificial intelligence, networking, multithreading, and scene management. Along with
several sample applications that target specific algorithms, full source code is provided for a client-server networked 3D
first-person game that demonstrates many of the techniques discussed in this book.
Develop a solid foundation in mathematics for use in the creation of 3D graphics.
Find out how to simulate intelligence in your game using basic and advanced steering algorithms and motivation
engines.
Learn how to implement multithreaded UDP classes for the development of multiplayer networked games.
Explore a variety of 3D programming topics including forward and inverse kinematics, parametric curves,
subdivision surfaces, and progressive meshes.
Discover how to use the components and tools in DirectX 9.0 to create computer games with cutting-edge 3D
algorithms and effects.
About the Author
Peter Walsh is a professional game programmer at Visual Science Ltd., where he has worked on a number of titles including
the Formula 1 series of games, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, and others for Electronic Arts, the world’s leading
publisher of computer games. He has studied for a degree in computer games development at Abertay University in Dundee,
Scotland, and has worked with IC-CAVE, a think tank for the next generation of gaming technology.

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