Những điểm chung thú vị giửa Tú Xương và Kim Sat Sat của Hàn Quốc pdf

NHUNG
DIEM
CHUNG
THU Vj
GIUA
TU
XlfflNG
(VIET
NAM)
VA
KIM SAT KAT (HAN QUOC)
LY
XUAN
CHUNG*
7V7ghien
cuu
lich
sir van hoc hai nuoc
1
•
Viet
Nam va Han Quoc, mot dieu
khien
chiing toi thay
thii
vi la hai nha tho noi
tieng
vao thai ky can dai
ciia
hai nuoc: Tii
Xuong

va Kim Sat Kat co nhieu diem khong
hen ma thanh, trong do, noi bat la noi bat
hanh trong cuoc ddi, tho ca mang dam
tinh
hien
thuc,
tinh
trao phiing va tru
tinh,
co su
pha
each
trong
nghe
thuat
sang
tac
Xin
duoc
gidi
thieu so luge de moi ngudi
ciing
tham khao.
1.
Sy trd treu cua cuoc ddi
Tii
Xuong sinh ngay 5 - 9 - 1870 (tuc 10 -
8 nam Canh Ngo) d lang Vi Xuyen, huyen
My
Loc,

tinh
Nam
Dinh
cu, nay la pho Hang
Nau
thuoc noi thanh Nam
Dinh.
Ong hoc
chu
nho tir nho, 15
tuoi
da leu chong di thi
huong nhung khong do. Hai khoa tiep theo
cung di thi, lai khong do. Mai den khoa Giap
Ngo
(1894) ong mdi dau tii tai. Sau do, ong
tiep
tuc di thi mong sao dugc do Cir nhan de
co viec lam, bdi manh bang Tii tai
thdi
bay
gid
may lam cung chi co the lam ong do day
hoc d nha. Cii ba nam mot lan, nam 1897 roi
1900, 1903, 1906, ngudi ta deu thay ong Tii
Vi
Xuyen gop mat ma khoa nao cung trugt.
Khoa
tiep theo thi khong thay ong nua, ong
da mat

each
do hai nam do bi cam nang
trong
mot lan ve que ngoai an gio tai lang
De
Tii,
huyen My Loc nham ngay ram thang
chap. Tii Xuong lay vg sdm, vg ong la ba
Pham Thi Man, hon chong mot
tuoi,
ngudi
goc Hai Duong nhung sinh ra va ldn len d
Tien
si, Giam ddc Trung tam Nghien
ciru
Han Qudc,
Vien
Nghien
cuu Ddng
Bde
A
Nam
Dinh,
la mot ngudi dam dang, chiu
thuong chiu kho, quanh nam buon ban tan
tao nuoi chong an hoc, di thi va 5
diia
con
nho dai.
Ngheo

tiing
va hong thi, bat man vdi
thdi
cudc den bac, xdt xa phan
minh,
thuong vq,
thuong con, thuong cho bao kiep ngudi
ciing
canh ngd da khien cho nhung van tho chua
chat, sac ben, danh thep trong con ngudi dng
cii
the tudn trao. Vdi tai xuat khau thanh tho,
dng
sang
tac rat nhieu, nhung thudng la doc
cho ban be, ba con
nghe
ma khdng ghi
chep
lai.
Bdi the, tho
ciia
dng that lac nhieu,
ngudi
ddi them bdt cung nhieu. Sd luqng tho
con
lai den ngay nay la do be ban va con
chau nha tho nhd duqc ghi lai, con sd cung
tdi
may tram bai.

Kim
Sat Kat (1807 - 1863) ten that la Kim
Byung
Yeon, vdn con nha ddng doi quy tdc
Yangban, nhung bdi dng ndi bi khep tdi
"phan nghich", dau hang nghia quan ndng
dan" ma ddng hq nha dng gap hoa "tru di
tam
tdc". Khi do, dng mdi 6
tudi,
duqc mdt
nha hq Kim
ciiu
thoat dua ve que nudi nang.
Ong
vdn thdng
minh
hieu hoc, ngd rang sau
nay thi cir do dat se ra lam quan, nhung vi
ddng hq cd van de nhu the nen dng khdng
duqc du thi, udc mo
ciia
dng bdng dung tan
vd.
Ong ngd ra cudc ddi day ray bat cdng rdi
td
thai dd phan chi, bd di phieu bat khap cac
tinh
trong ca
nude

va
sang
tac tho ca bay td
ndi
phan uat, su mia mai ddi vdi
thdi
cudc,
cham biem
thdi
hu tat xau
ciia
xa hdi phong
kien
Choson
thdi
mat van, ddng cam vdi
nhung ngudi
ngheo
khd nhu
minh
Vdi tai
tho
trdi
cho, Kim Sat Kat
sang
tac rat nhidu.
60
Nghien citu khoa
hoc
Nhung

tha ong lam ra thuong doc cho ban
be va cac ba con thon xom ong tung di qua
nghe
nen bi
thit
lac nhieu, them bat cung
nhieu.
Viec
xuit
ban tap tha cua ong duqc
lam
vao nam 1939, tuc hon 70 nam sau khi
ong mat cung chi gom nhung bai duqc ghi
lai
trong dan gian
hoac
ba con, be ban ghi
chep
lai.
Chi
can doc qua doi net ve hai tac gia, ta
nhan ro mot dieu, su tra treu cua cuqc ddi da
van
vao hai nha tha tai hoa cua hai nude.
Kim
Sat Kat von thuoc dong doi the phiet
tram
anh bong choc trd thanh ke co toi, noi
bat hanh cua Kim Sat Kat ldn hon Tu Xuong
khi

khong con chut ca hqi nao de thi tho tai
nang nai trudng 6c. So vdi Kim Sat Kat, su
uu
ai cua cuqc ddi doi vdi Tu Xuong la duqc
dem but nghien di thi, nhung su uu ai do
nguqc lai con trd treu han doi vdi ke han sT
thi
truqt mai bdi quan trudng dot nat va
nhung quy dinh xa cung, ngat
ngheo
cua che
dq
khoa cu thai thuc dan nua phong kien.
Chinh
su trd treu cua cuqc ddi doi vdi hai
nha tha da tao ra mot net chung la hq
sang
tac tha cham biem, trao long rat nhieu. Lai
nua, viec
sang
tac ay khong phai de dong
thanh tap luu truyen hau the, de trd thanh
nguai noi tieng ma la doc cho nhan dan
nghe, cho be ban nghe, phan anh ddi song
hien
thuc mang
tinh
lich
su ro net. Kim Sat
Kat

di khap cac neo dudng cua dat nude, den
dau ong cung co tho hai hudc, cham biem xa
hqi
va duqc dong dao nhan dan duong thai
quy
men. Tu Xuong khong di nhieu nhu
Kim
Sat Kat. Buc tranh xa hqi trong tha Tu
Xuong
la thanh pho Nam
Binh.
Song cung
co the hieu rang y nghTa nhung bai tha cua
ong khong bo hep vao mot dia phuang ma
co
tinh
each
tieu bieu cho xa hqi duang thai.
2.
Sy gap gd trong thi ca
2.1. Phan
anh
chan thuc,
sau sdc xd hpi
duang thdi
Xa
hqi
Viet
Nam thai Tu Xuong la xa hqi
dang trong buoi giao thai tir mot xa hqi

phong kien suy tan chuyen
sang
xa hqi thuc
dan nua phong kien. Thi ca cua
Tii
Xuong la
nhung net ky hoa mang dam
tinh
chan thuc
va lam noi bat su chuyen hoa cua xa hqi ong
dang song. Trong tha ong, co hinh bong
nhung con ngudi va sinh hoat
ciia
xa hqi
phong kien suy tan, dong thai, cung co ca
hinh
bong va sinh hoat cua nhung con ngudi
la
san pham
ciia
xa hqi thuc dan.
Hinh
bong
nhung ten tham quan 6 lai, quan trudng am
oe, thay doc, thay lang, cau am, co chieu, boi
bep, gai di, ba dam va cac sinh hoat che
ruau,
cao lau, an cac do
thit quay,
lap

xudng,
mac nhung do
quan
vdn do
xuyen,
hut thudc
la,
uong
ca
phe
deu duqc Tii
Xuong
dua vao tha cham biem mot
each
tu
nhien,
tai
tinh.
Xa
hqi Choson thai Kim Sat Kat cung la
mot
xa hqi phong kien dang d vao
giai
doan
cuoi
ciia
thai ky suy tan. Lan song khai hoa
da tran vao ban dao Han, mau thuan giua hai
the luc bao
thii

va tien bq da gay nen nhung
bat on trong xa hqi. Han nua, anh hudng
ciia
phong trao
khdi
nghTa nong dan Bong hoc
va phong trao Thuc hoc da khien cho xa hqi
Choson day ray nhung mau thuan khong co
hudng
giai
quyet. Bdi the, quan tren thi tham
nhung, dan chiing khon cung, su phan biet
tren
dudi, phai
trai,
diing
sai, ngay gian
khong
co chuan muc Van dan Choson
cung tir do ma phat trien, soi noi han han
nhung thai ky trudc.
Tieu
bieu cho dong van
hoc hien thuc phe phan
thdi
ky nay la Kim
Sat Kat. Tu su phan chi
ciia
ban than, ghet
cay ghet dang che do phong kien Choson

thai
mat ky
thoi
nat, ong di thuc te khap
vung
nong thon, thanh thi, lay chat
lieu
thi
ca tir ddi song thuc te va
sang
tac tha ca mia
mai,
gieu cat, vach tran bq mat xau xa cua
xa hqi duong thai.
61
Nghien cicu khoa hoc_
Bay la
diem
gap gd
dang
luu y
nhat
cua
hai nha tha a hai
nuac.
Dau van noi
rang,
tho ca
phai
phan

anh
cuoc
song
nhung
duoi
ngoi but cua Tii
Xuong
va Kim Sat Kat,
cuoc
song
a day con
mang
"tinh
lich
sir cu
the" va
each
phan
anh,
each
phe
phan
ciia
hai ong co
phong
each
rieng,
sac sao ma sau
cay,
quyet

liet ma
chua
chat.
G* day, chi xin
neu mot cau tho tieu
bieu
ciia Tii
Xuong
va
Kim
Sat Kat phe
phan quan
lai an tien:
Chu "y" chic "chieu" khong phe den,
Ong chi quen phe mot chu "tien"!
Tii
Xuong
Doc sdeh mot quyen lai do a?
Te ra nghin quyen chdng bang tien!
Kim
Sat Kat
Doi
vai xa hqi den bac dao
dien,
chan
gia
diing sai, dai
khon khon
dai
khong

co
ranh
giai, hai tac gia deu co
nhung
van tho
cham
biem,
da kich, len an thoi ddi rat sau sac.
Trong
kha
nhieu
bai tha loai dd, xin neu hai
bai tieu
bieu
ciia hai tac gia cd
nhung
net
giong
nhau:
The su dua nhau ndi dai khon,
Biet ai la dai biet ai khon.
Khon nghe cd bac la khon dai,
Dai chon van chuang dy dai khon.
May ke nen khon deu cd dai,
Lam ngudi cd dai mdi nen khon,
Cdi khon ai ciing khon la the,
Mdi biet trdn gian ke dai khon.
Tii
Xuong
Thi

thi phi phi phi thi thi,
Thi
phi phi thi phi phi thi.
Thi
phi phi thi thi phi phi,
Thi
thi phi phi thi thi phi.
(Dung dung sai sai sai diing dung,
Dung sai sai diing sai sai dung.
Diing sai sai diing diing sai sai,
Dung diing sai sai dung diing sai.)
Kim
Sat Kat
Tam
trang
bat kha tri
(khdng
the
biet)
da
duqc
hai tac gia
dien
ta
thanh
tho cho
thay
the su
duong
thai

ddi
trang
thay
den chi
trong
nhay
mat. Su tai tinh
trong
sir
dung
ngdn
ngu da lam
tang
them
hieu
ling phe
phan
xa hdi,
cham
bidm thdi ddi bac beo.
2.2. Tir trao long - cdi tdi dac biet cua
hai tdc gid
Su ddi den bac,
cudc
sdng
dao
dien
va
phan
nii deo

dang
hai nha tha
suot
cudc
ddi
chinh
la
chat
lieu dac
biet
tao ra mdt net dac
biet
trong
nhung
van tha tu
trao
long, thd
hien
cai tdi rat
dien
hinh ciia hai tac gia.
Tii
Xuong
la cai ten ma
cdng
chiing yeu
men nha tha xua nay van goi (ten day dii ciia
dng la
Tran
Te Xuong, tu la Mac Trai,

hieu
la Mdng Tinh), do thi
truqt
mai, tdi
khoa
Quy Mao nam 1903, dng ddi ten lay may la
Cao Xuong,
mong
sao dau
duqc
cai
bang
cii
nhan.
Vay ma,
hdng
thi van cii thi
hdng,
dng
viet ve
chuyen
nay:
Te ddi
thanh
Cao ma chd the,
Kien
trdng
ra Tiep hdi trdi ai!
Mdt sd nha
nghien

cuu ve Tii
Xuong
d
Viet Nam
khang
dinh
rang,
cdi tdi trong tha
Tit Xuang la mdt dien hinh nghe thudt.^ C)
bd
phan
trao
phiing, cai tdi ciia Tii
Xuong
la
chua
chat,
ngdng
nghenh,
an
chai
cho
quen
su ddi, cho
quen
ndi sau ciia ke
hdng
thi. 6"
bd
phan

tru tinh, cai tdi ciia Tii
Xuong
la
mdt con
ngudi
cd
nhieu
cam
xiic,
day
dut
Nha tho Kim Sat Kat
cung
cd
nhieu
net
tuong
tu nhu Tii Xuong. Neu
phien
am chu
Han, ten
that
ciia dng la Binh
Uyen,
tu Tinh
Tham,
hieu
la Lan Cao.
Ngoai
ra, dng con cd

cac
biet
hieu
la Nhi Minh, vdi y
nghia
bat
binh vdi xa hdi thdi nat ma len
tieng,
ndi len
tieng
ndi ciia ban
than
minh, ciia
nhirng
ngudi
dan
ngheo
muon
cd su
thay
ddi
cudc
sdng,
va Kim Lap,
{2
\ bdi
suot
cudc
hanh
trinh

ngao
du
khap
dat
nude,
dng ludn ddi
chiec
ndn la.
(l)
Xem Nguyin Loc, Van hoc Viet Nam nua cu6i thi ky
XIX,
Nxb DDH va THCN 1976,
tr.306.
(2)
Lap: co
nghTa
la non la
62 NGHIEN
CUU"
DONG BfiC ft SO
1(119)
1-2011
Nghien ctiu khoa hoc
The
hien
cai toi
trong
tho cua minh, Kim
Sat Kat
kheo

hoa
quyen
giua
net tru tinh voi
chu Han. Bai Tu than cua ong co cau:
Ba nghin dam lang thang phieu bat,
Bdn muai nam den sdeh qudng di.
Va
cuoi
ciing, d cau kit, ong
than
dai
chua
xot:
Tren dai nay, ai hieu duac ta?
Kim
Sat Kat
Kim
Sat Kat han su ddi
khong
cho
phep
minh
duqc
di thi de roi do dat,
mang
tai
nang
ra giiip ddi. Con Tii
Xuong

han minh thi
truqt
thi sao co co hqi giiip cho gia
dinh,
cho
dat
nude
thoat
ra khoi
nghich
canh:
Mot viec van chuang thoi cung nhdm,
Tram nam than the co ra gi.
Tii
Xuong
6" bai Vinh non Id, Kim Sat Kat da tu noi
ve minh va qua day, ta co the
hieu
duqc
con
nguoi
hq Kim
lang
tu ma
trong
sang
nay:
Non Id bong benh tua thuyen khdng,
Cupc ddi thoang chdc bdn muai thau
(thu).

Muc ddng do mong theo trdu miet,
Ngu dng vdn thich ban hdi du.
Say di cho het vdn vuang ddi,
Cao hung len lau ngam trang chai.
Tuc tit be ngoai khoe mu do,
Ta chdng sau mua gid day trdi.
Kim
Sat Kat
Trong
bai phii Thay dd day hoc, Tii
Xuong
cung
tu noi ve ong:
Con ngudi phong nhd,
O chon thi thdnh.
Rau ram bang chdi,
Ddu to tdy gianh.
Cung lam phen di do di day, that dien bdt
dao,
Cung nhieu liic chai lieu chai linh, tit ddm
tam khoanh.
Nhd linh tinh quan; an rat nhitng thit
quay, lap xudng,
Mac rat nhung quan vdn do xuyen
Tii
Xuong
Bay diing la
diem
giong
nhau

kha dac
biet
ciia hai nha tho
ngheo
mang
noi han doi, han
minh lai
viet
ve cai toi vdi
nghia
cu the dac
biet
nhu vay!
2.3. Trie tinh vd trao phung - net dac sdc
trong tha ciia hai tdc gid
Trong
so
nhung
van tho ma hai tac gia de
lai,
ta
thay
ro co hai loai la tru tinh va
trao
phiing.
Cong
bang
ma noi, net tru tinh
trong
tho ciia hai ong

cung
dac sac
khong
kem
mot nha tho nao
duong
thdi.
Chang
han, mot
so bai nhu Thuong vo, Chot giac, Dem he,
Dem ddi (Tii
Xuong);
Khai thdnh, Bach
tudng lau, Phieu Nhien Dinh, Ldn thit hai
qua Hoai Duang (Kim Sat Kat) deu
duqc
thim
nhan
la
nhung
bai tho hay, gay
duqc
an
tuqng
ve mat cam
xiic,
nhung
co
dieu,
cung

nhu moi
ngudi
van
thua
nhan,
thanh
tuu
chinh
ciia hai nha tho chii yeu d
linh
vuc
trao
phiing, bdi vay ma
linh
vuc tru tinh bi md
nhat
di.
Nghe
thuat
trao
phiing
ciia hai tac gia da
duqc
nhieu
the he
ngudi
Viet Nam va Han
Quoc
cung
nhu cac nha

nghien
ciiu
chuyen
sau
danh
gia la dat den dinh cao. Mot tai tho
thien
bam
cong
vdi cam xiic
nhay
ben ciia
mot tam hon, mot con tim co
chieu
sau lai
gap
canh
trd
treu
ciia
cuqc
ddi da tao ra
nhung
van tho
mang
net dac sac
rieng
biet
ciia hai tac gia. Noi den
nhung

cau tho
trao
phiing
hay
nhat
ve cai
ngheo,
thi
hong
hoac
khong
duqc
du thi,
cham
biem
bqn
quan
lai,
quy tqc
kech
com, dot nat, da kich
nhung
con
ngudi
xau, thoi hu tat xau ciia xa hqi
thi
nhan
dan hai
nude
deu ke den ten hai nha

tho Tii
Xuong
va Kim Sat Kat.
Tho
trao
phiing
ciia Tii
Xuong
thudng
diing the tho
Budng
luat
nhung
ngon
tir
trong
cau la ciia
ngudi
Viet.
Hoac
noi
each
khac,
day la tho Nom
theo
the
Budng
luat.
Chinh
vi su

dung
chu Nom, su
dung
ngon
tir
Viet ma
nhieu
tu ngu
mang
yeu to hai
hudc,
cham
biem
duqc
nha tho
kheo
leo xep dat da
NGHIEN CUU DONG BflC fl. SO
1(119)
1-2011
63
Nghien ciiu khoa
hoc_
tao ra mot phong
each
rieng
ciia
Tu Xuong.
Noi
mot

each
hoi khac di mot chut, mot sir
pha
each
trong su dung ngon ngu da xuat
hien
ro net tir Tu Xuong.
Nhirng
tir ngu dan
da, thong tuc, tham chi tuc tru cung duoc sir
dung rat tai
tinh
khien cho
tinh
cham biem.
hai
hudc dat den
trinh
do cam
xiic
cao.
Tho
trao phiing
ciia
Kim Sat Kat
ciing
co
nhieu
net tuong ty nhu vay. Tha chu Hdn
ciia

Kim Sat Kat cho
thay tinh chdt tuang
trung ciia
su
bien
doi van hoc chu Hdn
thai
ky ndy.°
J
Do la
thdi
ky tho trao phiing d Han
Quoc da sir dung xen lan chu Han vdi chu
Han
trong mot cau tho, nhirng ngon tir dan
gian
chi cac doi tuong xuat hien trong ddi
song thuong nhat nhu con
mudi,
con nhen,
con
ran, con chudt cung duoc dua vao tho
mot
each
tir nhien. Tho trao phiing cua Kim
Sat Kat duoc coi la dai bieu va sir pha
each
trong
tho
ciia

ong duoc danh gia rat cao.
Day
co the coi la sir gap go
thii
vi trong
nghe
thuat lam tho trao phiing
ciia
hai nha
tho xuat sac.
Doc tho
ciia
hai ong, chiing toi con thay
mot
so diem gap go nira giua hai nha tho, vi
du
nhu sir cam thong vdi nhirng ngudi
ngheo
cung canh ngd, cham biem mia mai cac dng
nghe, dng cdng ddt nat, phe phan dao Nho
suy ddi, phe phan nhung
thdi
xau, kech com
ciia
nhung con ngudi mdi phat len nhd budn
ban
hoac
theo Tay
3. Ldi ket
Cd

the khang dinh rang Tii Xuong va
Kim
Sat Kat khdng hen ma nen, thi ca
ciia
hai
dng cd nhieu diem gap nhau va deu duoc
danh gia cao trong
lich
sir van hoc hai
nude
thdi
can dai, duoc ddng dao cdng chiing yeu
men va tiep nhan. Hon nua,
nghe
thuat
sang
tac tho cd
tfnh
chat trao phiing
ciia
h?i dng
da cd siic anh hudng rd ret ddi vdi ddi sau.
131
Van hoc sii Han Quoc, tu co dai den cuoi the ky
XIX,
Ly
Xuan Chung va
Jeon
Hye
Kvung

djch, Nxb Dai hoc
Qudc gia
Ha
Noi
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Noi
theo Tii Xuong, d
Viet
Nam, nhieu nha
tho da
sang
tac tho ca trao
phiing,
dac biet la
d
thdi
ky chdng
Phap,
chdng My. Ngay nay,
kinh
nghiem
sang
tac cua Tii Xuong cang
can duoc hoc hdi de
sang
tac nhirng bai tho
mdi
nham phe phan nhung
thdi
hu tat xau

trong
xa hdi
kinh
te thi trudng. Noi theo Kim
Sat Kat, nhieu nha tho Han Qudc da hoc tap
ldi
lam tho trao phiing
ciia
dng, sir dung
nhieu
chu Han trong tho that ngdn rdi dan
phat trien len lay van Ga Na Da
ciia
chu cai
Han
de hiep van, dac biet la d
thoi
ky chdng
Nhat, da hinh thanh mdt ddng tho da
kich
Nhat, phe phan bon tay sai than Nhat
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64
NGHIEN
CdU
DONG
BflC
fl, SO 1(119)
1-2011