Luận án thân thể trong thơ trữ tình việt nam sau 1986 2

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

CHUNG THI THUY

THE BODY IN VIETNAMESE LYRICAL POETRY AFTER 1986
Major: Literary theory
Code: 9.22.01.20

THE DOCTORAL DISSERTATION OF PHILOLOGY


Hanoi - 2020

The project was completed at:
HANOI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION

Instructor: Associate Professor. PhD. LE LUU OANH

Review 1: Associate Professor. PhD. Phan Trong Thuong
Review 2: Associate Professor. PhD. Ly Hoai Thu
Review 3: Associate Professor. PhD. Hoa Dieu Thuy

Hanoi - 2022


INTRODUCTION
1. The rationale of the research
1.1. The body plays an important role in human life; therefore, the body has also
become the object of influence in many fields in life, the object of study in many
fields of science from natural science to social science. Until the present, the

researches on the body in the field of humanities and social sciences have made
important breakthroughs, especially philosophy. The findings of researches have
brought a new perspective on the body in literature.
1.2. “Literature is anthropology” (M.Gorki), so the literary subject is always
humans. Literature from ancient times, when mentioning people, is not only
interested in spiritual life, but also in appearance, gestures and the needs of the
body, what the body has to endure as well. This means that the body has long
become the object of literature. However, when appearing in literary works, the
body is not only the object of expression, but also becomes a means of expressing
artistic thought, building the art world. The body becomes a kind of language,
specific artistic terms in literary works; in other words, the body is known as a
particular kind of aesthetic symbol in literary works. This type of aesthetic notation
is a creative product of the writer, influenced by creative personality, artistic
conception of man, also by the context of the era. Therefore, in the literary works
of each writer, at each certain literary stage, the body also appears with different
characteristics.
1.3. Lyrical poetry of Vietnam after 1986, under the influence of historical
circumstances and trends of modern society, has made significant innovations, not
only in terms of technical form but also in the innovation in deep concepts of the
creative subject about the world, art and people. Therefore, the body in post-1986
Vietnamese poetry has its own principles of constructivism, forming its own types


and expressing its own meaning.
Researching the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986, the dissertation aims to
approach the body in poetry as a kind of artistic language, a particular aesthetic
notation system. Although up to now, the number of studies on Vietnamese poetry
after 1986 is not small, but there is no research on the body in poetry from this
perspective.
.

2. The research’s purpose of the thesis

2.1. The first objective the thesis aims is to establish a system of theories about
human body in literature, including the concept, expression and characteristics of
the body in literature, initially pointing out the difference between the body in
poetry and the body in prose, clarifying the characteristics of the body in
Vietnamese poetry. From all of these, the methodology for body research can be
created in literature, especially in poetry.
2.2. In addition, the thesis aims to point out and analyze some basic aspects of the
body in romantic poetry after 1986. Through comparing the characteristics of the
body in the romantic poetry after 1986 with that in the previous period, this paper
shows the movement and transformation of the artistic conception of the world and
people of the era.
2.3. Finally, the thesis intends to point out and analyze the principles of body
construction in romantic poetry after 1986. To a certain extent, the thesis aims to
show that the principles of body construction are implemented through a specific
method of romantic poetry. At the same time, through the comparison with the
principle of body construction in the poetry of the previous period, the thesis
proves that in this aspect, romantic poetry after 1986 has greatly changed, which
also reflects the shifts in the artistic conception of the world and humans.


3. The subject, scope and approach of the study
3.1. The subject and the scope of the research
The research object of the thesis is the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986.
The research scope of the thesis is Vietnamese lyric poetry after 1986.
3.2. The approaches
3.2.1. Theorical approach
- On the basis of the research achievements of the body in the fields of

philosophy, religion, aesthetics, literary theory, the thesis establishes the research
orientation of the body in literature. Although each field has its own methods of
research, there is still quite a similarity that considering the body as a kind of sign,
the body itself conveys messages about itself and beyond.
- In the dissertation, the words “thân thể”, “cơ thể”, “thân xác” are used to
convey the same meaning ‘body’. However, the term“thân thể” is more favored
because “thân xác” (originally long used by Nguyen Van Trung) often makes
people think only of the soulless flesh, while the "thân thể" carries the full meaning
of life and expression.
- In this paper, “thân thể” và “miêu tả thân thể” are also distinguished. “Thân
thể “(body) including eyes, nose, hands, feet, taste, shapes, feelings, emotions. The
body is expressed in literary works through description in language. Thus, the body
in literature is the "meaning" of the linguistic class that constructs the text, in turn
the body becomes a sign to represent things beyond it - that is to become an
aesthetic signifier - an art language.
3.2.2. Practical approach
The research stems from the practice of composing poetry to point out some types
of bodies in the literary stages, on that basis highlighting the physical
characteristics of Vietnamese poetry after 1986.


The focus of the dissertation paper is to examine the practice of Vietnamese poetry
after 1986, specifically researching the expressions as well as the factors that
govern the formation of basic types of bodies and principles of body construction.
4. Research methodology
To complete this subject, the research has used a combination of the following
main methods:
- Semantical method: The study considers the body as a system of multifaceted
signs of nature, society, and people. Therefore, special attention is paid to reading
the meanings of the body. This is the method used thoroughly in the research.

- Examination methodology: The dissertation uses this method to study the
principles of artistic constructivism, the influence of artistic conception about the
person and the world in terms of describing the body.
- Type method: The dissertation initially found out the types of body in literary
stages, especially the basic types of body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 with the
most common meanings and ways of description.
- Historical and cultural methods: The dissertation studies the cultural context of
the time and how the historical fluctuations have influenced the appearance of the
corresponding types of body.
5. The dissertation’s new contributions
- The thesis has systematic the theory of the body in literature and the application
orientation of literary practice.
- The dissertation has systematized a number of types of body in Vietnamese
literary periods.
- The thesis has pointed out and analyzed some basic types of body and some
principles of body construction in Vietnamese poetry after 1986.


6. The sructure of the dissertation paper
In addition to the parts Introduction, Conclusion, References, the main content of
the paper is designed into 4 chapters as follows:
Chapter 1: An overview of the research issues in terms of body.
Chapter 2: Body in literature and body issues in Vietnamese poetry sice 1986.
Chapter 3: Some types of bodies in Vietnamese lyrical poetry after 1986.
Chapter 4: Some principles of body construction in Vietnamese lyrical poetry after
1986.

CHAPTER 1
AN OVERVIEW OF THE RESEARCHES ON HUMAN BODY
1.1. The research situation in foreign countries

1.1.1. The research of body in Western countries
1.1.1.1. The research of body in Western cultures
In the history of Western ideas, there have been different understandings of
the body. Ancient Greek philosophy distinguished "body" and "spirit". The body
belongs to the visible world, which can be disintegrated, destroyed, and the spirit
and soul belong to the invisible, eternal, and immortal world. The body reflects the
depravity of mind and soul, which is finite, easily tempted. Only the soul is the
sublime and immortality of man, so it is necessary to save man and spirit from the
prison of body to reach eternal, immortal.
1.1.1.2. The breakthroughs in the research of body in Western countries
The matter of the body has been taken seriously by Nietzsche. Nietzsche was the
first philosopher to place the body in a prominent position in philosophy. He sees


the body as a decisive factor. From the perspective of the body, looking back at
history, art, reason, he sees all those things as products related to the body. It is he
reason why the world and the body are closely related, the world is the
interpretation of the body, the product of the body, of the powerful will. Nietzsche
claimed: "It is necessary to take the body as the norm". Nietzsche turned the tide
lowering the subject of consciousness, because the elevation of consciousness is
metaphysical, having to restrain and forget the body, even though the body is
presented in humans all the time. Nietzsche said that we are different not by
personality but by body. This is the breakthrough in the idea about the body.
Nietzsche's thought had a consciousness that exalts the body, the source of the
liberation of the body! The modern thought that attaches great importance to the
body is that of overthrowing Christian thought.

1.1.2. The research of body in China
Since ancient times, China has studied the body. In the Confucian conception of
man, it can be said that up to Mencius, the problem of "objects" and the physical

face has just begun to be posed and studied. Mencius was the first person interested
in clarifying the concept of "body", indicating its origin and structure. Before
Mencius, though highly valued man and said that man is born of heaven and earth,
and human existence is inevitable, Confucianism did not pay much attention to the
study of human formation. but only go deeply into the "mental" side, the
ideological side without paying attention to their physical side.
1.2. The research situation in Vietnam
1.2.1. The research of body in literature


Talking about literature means referring to the artistic conception of humans in a
literary work, no matter what object the work refers to. When humans are
mentioned, the body is the most important aspect and foundation of human
existence. In literature, the body plays an important role in creating the artistic
value of the work, even "without the body, there is no artistic description" [132,
p.90].
In the field of literary research, in Vietnam, Tran Dinh Su is the first author
to focus on the matter of the body as an artistic language. From 1987, in To Huu
Poetry Poetry, he mentioned the body in To Huu poetry in terms of "the artistic
conception of man." According to him, the general characteristic of the body in To
Huu poetry was the body. Politics has "marked a step of maturity of the
Vietnamese people in the modern world", that is "a new political man, under the
leadership of the proletariat". [123, p.92]. The author also affirms that the familiar
poetry of To Huu poetry is: "Everywhere we meet the image of a physical man"
and "a very clear principle of describing people in To Huu poetry is: the whole
body becomes organic. sense of the world ”[123, p.97]. That is why, “Saying
sacrifice first is sacrificing the body. The sacrifice is calculated by "corpse",
"corpse", "sacrificed flesh", "blood marrow", "bone", "head", "brain".
1.2.2. The research of body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986
Vietnamese poetry in the post-1986 period was concerned by many

researchers, but up to now, there has not been any work that directly studies the
matter of the body. When studying Vietnamese poetry after 1986, researchers often
focus on a number of issues such as: The lyrical self, femininity, the sex element in
poetry. These works have discussed more or less different edges relative to the
body.
1.3. The conception of body in art


Highlight the natural beauty of the body: Although in both the West and the
East, up until the 19th century, the views of philosophers and catechists of the
religions, mostly advocated demeaning. However, in reality, in artistic creation, it
seems that artists have gone differently.
Appreciate the harmonious beauty of the body: Sculpture shows this most
clearly. Greek statues, especially the gods, have beautiful, well-proportioned body,
smooth skin, smooth hands and feet, and a noble, noble face. There is a story that,
in 1848, Got cried in the Luvro museum in Paris in front of the statue of the
goddess in Milo, because he thought, it is unknown when art can capture the
beauty of harmony like that of people.
Body and Instinct - Enhance the joy of life and the enjoyment of bodily pleasure:
There is physical pleasure such as sex, eating, clothing, even excretion.
The body is part of nature: This problem is usually of two things. The first
content is that human beings are attached to nature (this will be implemented later).
The second content is often associated with the human nature such as old age,
illness, disease ...
The body is a kind of commodity: In life, people exploit this angle to serve the
fashion industry, cosmetics, medicine, medicine, beauty tools, cosmetic surgery.
The body has a cultural mark: The body is created by culture. The culture here is
the way of life, way of thinking and conception expressed through customs, attire,
cuisine, manners, faith, art.
Body and politics: In traditional Chinese history, we often see various types of

beauties (using beauty to serve a certain interest).
In general, the problem of the body has appeared quite a lot in the conception of
the history of philosophy, religion, culture, politics, literature and art ... in the
world. It is these concepts that have contributed to dominate the expression of
body language in art and literature. Corresponding to these concepts are the


research directions on the body such as sociology, politics, aesthetics ... and in the
literary research department that we will discuss in the next section.

CHAPTER 2
BODY IN LITERATURE AND BODY ISSUES IN VIETNAMESE POETRY
2.1. Body in literary works
2.1.1. The concept
Firstly, the body in literature is a special aesthetic symbol, it is composed,
arranged, organized, highly aesthetic, has many layers of complex meanings,
expressing information about people and their history, society, culture.
Second, the body in literature has its own constructive principles. In each different
historical period, the principles, laws, formulas, and body construction in literature
are also different. The principles of body construction in literature are associated
with the artistic conception of a person, a particular type of world model.
Finally, the nuances of the body in literature are also expressed through words.
Words are artistic words that both contain both images and emotions.
2.1.2. The expression of body in literature
The body first shows all the external images of a person (such as head, hair,
legs, hands, eyes, nose, mouth, heart, skin, meat and their taste), with every action.
(walking, standing, lying, sitting, yelling, shouting); and internal factors such as
feelings, emotions, moods (cold, loneliness, sadness, love, anger, hateness and
indirectly through objects, costumes (mirrors, combs, clothes) , the environment
(trees, gardens, fields, forests, rivers, seas, streets, houses) has relationships and

impacts on the body ...
2.1.3. The characteristics of body in literature
2.1.3.1. Body is a type of aesthetic sign


When the body is used as a means of expressing a certain perception and
emotion, it becomes a sign. In this angle, the images of the body in art are not only
for the purpose of describing itself but also always convey more or less meaning
behind it, then the body will become a sign.
2.1.3.2. Body in literature is conceptual
First of all, the body in literature shows the consciousness and conceptions
of the writer and character about the human body. The sense of the body is
gradually raised according to the development of human consciousness.
Philosophy from ancient times has conceived of separating the body and spirit,
considering the body only as the flesh, containing the most obvious human
instincts such as eating, excreting, sex.
2.1.3.3. Body in literature is systematical
The body in a literary work, by an author, of a genre, a tendency all belongs
to certain systems. Systemism can first of all be seen in terms of the principles and
formulas of the most common and common body.
2.2. Some body issues in Vietnamese poetry
2.2.1. Human body in poetry
The matter of the body is expressed in all genres of literature because anywhere
there is a character the matter of human body is mentioned. Both authors and poets
consider the body as an object of expression and also as an aesthetic sign that sends
its own messages to the reader.
2.2.2. Human body in Vietnamese poetry
The body in literature is a historical phenomenon, always moving and changing
according to the conception of man. The concept of the person is the profound
principle that governs the way of depicting the body. Humans are mainly cosmic

people, that is, humans see themselves in nature, in the circulating rhythm of the


universe.
CHAPTER 3
SEVERAL ASPECTS OF HUMAN BODY IN VIETNAMESE ROMANTIC
POETRY FROM 1986 UNTIL NOW
Born in the context of innovation and integration, poetry after 1986 increasingly
emphasizes human humanity. The body in poetry from 1986 up to now has both
had the inheritance of the body in medieval poetry, romantic poetry, and has a
unique feature, especially the awakening and liberation of the body.
3.1. Natural aspect of human body
The body is first born by parents with all the physical features, the biological body
structure with the DNA, which naturally makes the difference in the perception of
each person. In Vietnamese poetry after 1986, the natural body is considered a part
of the natural world, perceives nature with all the senses and imprints the original
homeland.
3.1.1. Human body as part of the natural world
By recognizing the natural aspect of the body, it has been considered a part of the
natural world since ancient times. Vietnamese literature in general, poetry in
particular, throughout history, nature is like a companion. Most medieval scholars
thought that man was born from heaven and earth with the meaning of being the
most quintessential part of nature.
3.1.2. Humans perceives the natural world through their body
Because the body has its natural aspect, humans can connect with nature through
their body with the senses like skin, eyes, ears and their feet and hands. Humans
connect with nature by body elements, by senses, through feet, hands, flesh, eyes,


and ears. The images such as running barefoot on the field; facing down in the

homeland’s river, being innocent like plants, returning to childhood, bathing,
washing are familiar expressing this strong connection.
3.1.3. Natural body is imprinted with the homeland
Each person is born with a different shape, a different body, and that body is
imprinted with their native land. This is also a rather prominent feature of the body
in Vietnamese poetry after 1986.
3.2. Social aspect of human body
The social aspect of the body is something that is constructed by society. In
modern philosophy, human body is both born by parents with natural features and
created by society with social features. The body is trained and bonded by their
society, so the human body carries imprints of social life, revealing social
problems.
3.2.1. The sequelae of wars on the body
The human body participates in social activities and economic, political, cultural,
ideological, religious changes all affect the body. One of the most powerful effects
on that body is war. War not only destroys the condition of human survival but also
directly destroys human body. Vietnamese poetry after 1986, in addition to praising
the sacrifices of those who devote themselves to national independence, is also a
blunt look at the losses, sacrifices and consequences of war on the human body. .
3.2.2 The mark of market economy on the body
After 1986, the country still faced many difficulties including poverty. Hunger is
imprinted on the body through images of green faces, pale hands, hungry young
eyes, begging, bare backs, a crumpled stomach, a belly boiling with hunger, people
with bones, face haggard, upturned hands (begging). It is not only the body of the


grandmother, mother, father, brother, but all the lives of the poor - the "my
compatriots", “my people”.
3.2.3. Body with the traces of market economy
In the early years of the twenty-first century, poets tended to introduce anti-poetic

body images as opposed to traditional aesthetics, in opposition to the notion of
poetry which is considered normative, orthodox, the center has previously caused
severe multidimensional reactions.
3.3. Individual aspect of the body
In this aspect, the body is associated with the most private things of a
person. In the poetry after 1986, the individual body is linked with a sense of
personality, creative aspirations and identity.
3.3.1. The awareness of personality
Body in the post-1986 poetry is a self-portrait, showing the sense of individuality
of each poet. The sense of personality has become a silent but intense aspiration of
poets after 1986. The journey of returning individual ego in human life is with
thousands of nuances. The general tendency of poetry is to express and express its
own aspirations that come from one's own body. Therefore, each poet tries to
portray themselves in the most authentic way, affirming his own nuance. The
formation of a person originally stems from that of their body, so the origin of
human existence is physical existence. The body is what makes me and my own
individuality.
3.3.2. The ambition of creativity
Because the desire to reflect the individual person in daily life becomes urgent, the
body image in poetry after 1986 is shown more authentically, more ordinarily and
also more vividly than the poetry of the previous periods. More particularly,


feminism encouraged women “to write yourselves, discover for yourselves what
the body feels, and how to express it in language. This means that women must
find out that sexuality originates in her body and seek to write about the pleasure,
that "jouissance", "women write their own body, about herself and bring it into the
text ”[198, p.876] has made the system of female body image richer and more
vivid.
3.3.3. The awareness of identity

3.3.3.1. The awareness of beauty
An important element of the body is beauty - body beauty, especially when talking
about the attractiveness of women. Feminine beauty is reflected in her clothes,
makeup, lines, and confidence in her body. Right from the renaissance, the Western
painting world has diligently produced nude pictures of gods and girls like Adam,
Eva praising the beauty of the human body.
3.3.3.2. The awareness of female role
The vocation as a mother – creating a human – is the greatest one. Although
ancient philosophy scorned the body, especially the female body, for it to be dirty
and the source of all sins, without the woman's body with the motherhood, she
could not maintain race, creating the next generation. Talking about childbirth is a
familiar topic in world literary history. Vietnamese poetry after 1986, especially the
poetry of female authors, was strongly aspiring to be a mother as a manifestation of
the power and dignity of a woman.
3.3.3.3. The awareness of sexual liberation
Taking advantage of the ego factor stemming from the need of the body, the female
authors tend to discover love, especially the world of instinctual sexuality, an area
that traditional conception is regarded as a "forbidden zone ".
3.3.3.4. The awareness of gender


The concept of gender was formed when people distinguish the difference in the
body of men and women. Gender refers to the characteristics of each sex with
different body structure between two genders.
3.3.3.5. Sorrows and loneliness
Sadness and loneliness are states associated with human body. This is also the
ideological category of existential philosophy, strongly affecting current literary
trends.
CHAPTER 4
SOME PRINCIPLES OF BODY CONSTRUCTION IN VIETNAMESE

POETRY AFTER 1986
4.1. The principles of linking body with nature
4.1.1. Body is linked to the animal world
Among the elements of culture, humans and animals have a special
relationship. Through the ups and downs of history, people are constantly striving
to assert themselves in the world of all kinds, wanting to demonstrate their ability
to independence, secession, even reform, natural transformation, but humans have
been, and still are part of nature, of the animal kingdom. This is proved right in the
human noun. Whether we like or dislike, consciously or unconsciously, humans
themselves still have a original relationship with animals. The ancient truth is that
the animal’s characteristic in each human and human being born from the animal
has become the inspiration and material for many masterpieces of art, especially in
the statues of the half-human, half-body sculptures in the human civilization.
4.1.2. Body is attached to the plant world
The connection between human body and the plant world is reflected in the name
of plants, parts of plants by the name of human body parts such as liver, lung,


heart, kidney, umbilical cord, tendons, sour voice, mature thoughts, the root of
thoughts, incubate the future.
4.1.3. Body is attached to other natural phenomenons
4.1.3.1. Body is attched to land
In the post-1986 lyrical poetry of Vietnam, body is often associated with the image
of land. According to the dictionary of world cultural symbols, land is a passive,
feminine original, darkness, negativeness in contrast to the sky which is an active,
male original, light and positiveness. It is said in I Ching that all human beings are
born from the earth, because the land is a woman, a mother- the mother of the land
is Gaia. The earth is the symbol of birth and rebirth, the cosmic essence and seen as
the womb that gives birth to all things. The image of land is always associated with
the image of a woman's body such as breast milk, breasts, hands, eggs, especially

the image of feet and shoes. This is evidenced in legends, myths, epics and poetry
of the literary period, depending on the manner of expression. The original soil
sample includes variations of it such as: mountains, caves, mounds, heap, forest,
garden, field, meadow. In Vietnamese poetry after 1986, the body image attached
to the land and its variations appeared many times in the compositions of many
authors.
4.1.3.2. Body is attached to water
In the post-1986 lyrical poetry of Vietnam, the body reveals many qualities when
associated with the image of water. When linking these two entities together,
poetry after 1986 exploited the relationships: water is the source of life of the
body; water is the rebirth space of the body; water is the experience space of the
body; Water is the cleansing space of the body, water is the source of life and also
the source of death, carrying the function of creation and destruction for the human
body ... These relationships are often encountered in ancient legends. as well as in
the classical and modern literary works in the world. Water with its properties is


associated with bodily characteristics, "is the physical form of the world, the
source of life and the element of regeneration of the body and spirit, the symbol of
the possibility of birth. flourishing, of purity, wisdom, tolerance and virtue "[67,
p.710].
4.2. The principles of connecting body with sexuality
When constructing body language, Vietnamese lyrical poetry after 1986 paid
special attention to attach the body to sexuality. The principle of connecting the
body with sexual relations did not appear until after 1986, but literature always
existed, although the expression was different. Vietnamese literature in general,
poetry in particular, after the renovation, due to the change in the domestic social
context together with the influence of Western culture and the movement of "body
description" in China has caused the writing movement. connect the body with
strongly developed intercourse. Using this principle, post-reform poetry endeavors

to uncover the riches of hidden egos, break taboos, renew ideology and liberate
individuals.
4.3. The principles to make body naked and romatic
4.3.1. Principles of making the body naked
The poetry since 1986 with the motto "I am a man and nothing of a human being is
strange to me" [3, p.642] mentioned the body in the most bare way. The images
used not to be able to appear and especially considered as a forbidden area never
mentioned in previous times, but has become popular in poems in recent time.
4.3.2. Principles of romanticizing body
If the principle of making body naked is an inherent aspect of social life, body
romance is the goal, a breakthrough and human liberation in the present life.
4.4. Principles of symbolism, surrealizing the body
The poetry after 1986, accompanied with the innovation, untied thoughts is the


breakthrough in images and expressions. The principle of symbolizing and
surrealizing the body is one of the achievements of this poetic renewal of this
period. The poets who exemplify this writing principle are mainly those who grew
up before 1975 such as Le Dat, Duong Tuong, Dang Dinh Hung, Tran Dan, Hoang
Hung.
4.4.1. Principles of symbolyzing body
From the point of view of composition, self-consciousness of his great mission,
symbolism aims at exploring mysterious lands of beauty, worshiping beauty and
aiming at every sentence to carry a special value, which is more musical and
sensual than meaningful. Therefore, the verse of symbolism is quite concise, pure
and refined language is formed through a discrete syntax with many provinces, the
sentence can be obscure, the poem does not convey a certain meaning , but a
collection of sounds and rhythms, a maze of words and poetic language becomes
confusing. On that compositional stance of symbolism, the principle of
symbolizing the body in post-reform poetry in Vietnam has blown a new wind into

our national literature.
.
4.4.2. Principles of surrealizing body
If the principle of romanticization of the body often uses rhetorical measures such
as metaphors, metonymy, exaggeration, the principle for surrealizing body takes
advantage of distant images to "spark the fire, flare up the image”. This
combination is not rational and is opposed by the mind. Nevertheless, the poet
continues creating unique, utopian images, spreading poetic qualities in the amount
of images and images, in his dream-real, real-dream. " [75, p.154] The surreal
world can only be felt in dreams, in a subconscious mind, at times absent-minded,
nervous breakdown, mental confusion. This is the land of artists, through which
they can discover deep, spiritual, but mysterious and accurate to human life.


4.5. Principles of attaching humans to symbols, metaphor
Symbols, metaphors are small signals in the signal system of literary works, are
artistic means for the author to explain things, phenomena and life. Symbols and
metaphors are born in real life and are nurtured and developed through the
creativity and imagination of the poet.
CONCLUSION
The cultural and ideological history of humans has a common thing in its
view on man that is they all consider human beings to have the soul and the body,
the spiritual part and the body part. However, in the long history with the changes
of politics, culture, society, the concepts of the role and position of the mind and
body are also different. In ancient philosophy, aesthetics, and religion, the spiritual
part was always highly evaluated while the body was neglected because the body
was considered the source of evil, but then more and more researchers realize the
extremely important role of the body in all areas of life. In the simplest terms, the
spiritual world is also what resides in a specific body and is the internal part of the
body. Therefore, in addition to highly value the spiritual life of humans, people

shouldn’t ignore the matter of body. In other words, the body should be brought
back to its original position, which is one of the most important changes in the
current

human

science.

The central subject of literature is people, both ancient and modern literature, both
eastern and western literature all pay attention to discovering, expressing and
serving humans. Along with the history of philosophical ideas, aesthetics and the
artistic conception of man, the expression of humans in literature in different
periods also has different features. The body belongs to people, so in order to
understand and express people, it is necessary to learn about the body and rely on


its description. When the ego is liberated and becomes a matter of attention in
literature, the body is most concerned because the body is something that belongs
to a specific individual. , the most personal; this means that one cannot suffer from
the pain of illness on behalf of others. Therefore, the awareness of human body is
also that of each individual. Literature and art since the past have been interested
in the human body, but in each period, people have paid attention to different
aspects, with different principles of expression. In addition, the genre and creative
personality also influence the concept of the body and the way it is expressed.
Thus, through the study of the body in literature in general, and in romantic poetry
in particular, we can realize the change in artistic conception of human, the
change in the inspiration for composition and the imprints of the culture, politics
and

society

in

a

particular

period.

People are both the object and the main content of literature. Describing the person
cannot help but rely on the description of the body, because the perception of the
body is also part of the perception of the person in general. In matters of literature,
the personal matter is an important matter, and nothing is more personal than the
human body, or in other words, the matter of the body is the most personal matter.
The body is the defining factor of human humanity and the perception of the
human body is the highest awareness of the individual. Along with the change in
social institutions is the difference in aesthetic, ethical, and caring level of
individual person in society. If in the past, the study of people in literature is often
focused on personality and soul, then attention to the body is also a way to pay
attention to people more comprehensively.
Since ancient times, literature and art have used the body as a means of
expressing human thoughts and feelings. But the bodies in that literature have a
clear change through the ages, through creative personalities and through literary
genres ..., under the control of the notions of the body, of the person. . That makes


the appearance of the human-centered world picture in literature has changed from
time to time.
In the chapters I and II, the thesis outlines the research on the body in the
world and in Vietnam, thereby affirming that the body has a decisive role in human

life and is always present in all fields. field, both physically and mentally. The
thesis has initially summarized and generalized some of the most basic features
such as theoretical foundations of the body in literature. The dissertation also
systematizes a number of issues about the body in Vietnamese poetry to see that, at
any stage, the body has its own way of expressing depending on the aesthetic
conception of each period. Thereby initially comparing the body in poetry in
different foolish times, pointing out unique steps without being repeated.
In chapters III and IV, the thesis step by step clarifies the characteristics of
the body and the principles of body construction in Vietnamese poetry after 1986.
On the characteristics of the body in after 1986 poetry, the thesis explores the body
from three angles: the natural body, the social body and the individual body with
its meanings. Natural feeling expresses the voice of the individual who wants to
return to his original being, to face himself in the most original. The social body
expresses the voice of the lyrical subject of civic consciousness and responsibility
towards the past, the present, and the human destiny in contemporary life. The
individual soul expresses the voice of the lyrical subject affirms his own ego,
affirms the unique and different individual ego. On the principle of body
construction, the thesis studies some basic principles governing the building of the
image of the body. The deep understanding of these constructivist principles helps
the dissertation to gain a broader, comprehensive and insightful view of the object
and seek for the similarities among compositions which are considered a rebellious
trend and style, but seem to have no similarities.
In general, through the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986, the research


has pointed out a close relationship between the lyrical subject and the world. The
lyrical subject uses his body to perceive the world through feeling and expressing
his concerns about reality, the world and the humans, and at the same time
expressing the values, sustainable humanitarian treatment, both expressing the
desire to liberate oneself, and expressing feelings of doubt, alienation, and loss of

faith in physical existence. Removing more or fewer classical norms in the
aesthetic conception of people, the body in Vietnamese poetry after 1986 is shown
as the process of establishing new human values about humans of Vietnamese
literature in its endless flow.