di sản bảo tồn mỹ nghệ cói làng kiến thái huyện kim sơn - tỉnh ninh bình

BO
VAN HQA -
THONG
TLN
CHUONG TRINH 8AO TON
CAC Dl SAN VAN HOA PHI
VAT
THE
NAM
2001
Y NGHE GOI LANG
KIEN THAI
fNINHBJNH
Sd
VAN HOA -
THONG TIN NINH BINH
Thi/c hiM
- 2001
BO VAN HOA
-
THONG TIN
CHUaNG
TRiNH BAO
T6N
GAG
Dl
SAN VAN HOA PHI VAT THE
NAM 2001
:(::(:%
:)e:):
^

4^
*******
Dl SAN BAO TON
MY NGHE COI LANG
KlfiN
THAI
•
HUYEN KIM
SQN
- NINH BINH
^
<:LU-
>
:=)
z
'd:
i
z
X
z
vo
U
^
I
9^
sd
VAN HOA - THONG TIN NINH BINH
Thuc
hien-
2001

My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
TRUYEN THUYET VE CAY
COI (3
KIM SON
Truyen ke rang: Ngay xua ngay xua, khong biet
each
nay bao nhieu nam, tien
vSx
thudng xuong coi tran. Vao mot buoi chieu thu nam ay, nang dep, gio nhe man
man, song bien ggn nhap nho duoi nhau vao bd. Tir tren bau trdi xanh hien ra bay
nang tien ao trang bay xuong vung bien Kim Son. Phong canh nai cua bien thud con
hoang sa nhung that la ky
thii.
Nudc song Can, song Day cuon cupn, do nang phu sa
dang boi dap cho vung dat md rong ra bien ca. Bay nang tien cu bay luan mai de
chiem nguong canh dep. Nang tien thu bay (nang tien ut)
xiic
dong xao xuyen ben cat
mai
toe
dai mau xanh diep
ciia
minh roi tha xuong bien. Cac
sg toe
tien lenh denh
theo song v6, dat vao viing dat sa boi va moc len thanh v6 so nhirng cay coi xanh tot.
Than coi xanh diep, thon dai, phia ngon tron lan. Hoa coi mau nau nhat, nd tren ngon
cay, hudng len trdi, huang tham diu, thoang thoang lan xa. Giong coi d Kim Son co

tu bay gid, roi khong ngimg sinh soi nay na thanh nhiing canh ruong coi, bai coi rong
menh mong bat ngat.
Than coi
dugc
che ra, phai kho roi det thanh nhimg la chieu trai giudng la qua
tang v6 gia
ciia
nang tien thu bay cho loai ngudi, cho nhirng doi lua yeu nhau ciing
huang hanh phiic tir ddi nay qua ddi kia.
(Ghi theo lai he cua cdc cu nghe nhdn a thdn Kien Thdi,
xa Kim Chinh, huyen Kim Scm).
My nghe coi lang Kien Thai
MAY NET VE HUYEN KIM
SOOV
VA NGHE CHIEU COI
Kim San la mot huyen d phia
cue
dong nam tinh Ninh Binh. Day la mot viing
dong bang ven bien, thuoc luu viing song Hong. Dien tich tu nhien
«
21.000 ha, dan
so
«
164,5 nghin ngudi.
- Huyen Kim Som dugc thanh lap vao nam Minh Menh thap nien 1830 "Minh
Menh thap nien khai the". Duang thdi huyen gom 7 tong, 60 lang, ap, giap, trai.
Hien nay (2001), huyen Kim San gom c6 25 xa va 2 thi tran: Phat Diem, Binh
Minh. Huyen ly Kim San dat tai thi tran Phat Diem.
- Kim San la huyen co so dong dong bao theo dao Thien chiia. Ca huyen co
135

nha thd Thien chiia giao cua cac
xii,
ho dao. Dac biet khu nha thd
Idn
la mot quan the
kien tnic rat quy mo, dgc dao va dac sac do Linh muc Tran Luc, con ggi la Cu Sau
quy hoach, thiet ke va chi huy xay dung da dugc han mot tram nam, noi tieng ca
trong va ngoai nuac, da dugc Bg Van hoa- Thong tin cap bang cong nhan di tich lich
su van hoa cap quoc gia.
- Ten ggi "Kim Som" co nghia la
"Niii
vang" do Doanh dien
sii
Nguyen Cong
Trii
dat, vi Kim San von la vung dat md, rat mau ma va
trii
phii,
nai day "Tac dat, tac
vang".
- Doanh dien
sii
Nguyen Cong Tni, mot vien quan tai ba, mot nha tha noi tieng,
day ban linh, khi phach, da ve viing dat Kim San nam Ky Ty
(1829)
theo chi du
ciia
vua Minh Menh, khong ngung chieu dan lam goc, quai de lan bien, khan hoang dao
song ngoi va he thong kenh rach tua hinh "6 ban cd". Cho den nay, he thong song
ngoi, kenh rach phong

phii
d vung dat Kim San c6 vai tro, tac dung rat quan trgng,
lorn lao trong ddi song ciia ngudi dan, trong san xuat, giao thong va sinh hoat.
- Den nay, viing dat Kim Scm da 7 lan dugc lan md ra bien. Lugng
phii
sa ni
cac
ciia
song Vac, song An hang nam do ra rat lorn va kha deu dan, phan
phoi
vao
My
nghe
coi
lang KiSn
Thai
khap he thong cac muong mang, kenh rach. Thuy trieu viing bien nay len xuong nhip
nhang. Moi nam viing dat ven bien Kim Son boi dap them chung 80- 100m.
Nhan dan
a
quanh viing
ciia
song Vac (mot nhanh
ciia
song Day viing ha luu)
con truyen tung nhiing cau tho sau:
"Cua song ndy
phii
sa nhu mat ong
Con gdi nai day doi mdt den nhu nhung

De soi sdng cd
miia
ddng
Soi xanh them mua hg
Viet Nam c6 hai "vung dat md"
Idn
la viing dat Miii Ca Mau va viing dat Kim
Scm. Nhieu ngudi da truyen nhau vi: Ca Mau la miii thuyen
ciia
To quoc re song tien
ra bien Dong; Kim Som tua nhu ngon chan cai khong 16
ciia
vi than lan bien md dat,
da hang nghin nam nay ma chua he kho
biin
van dam. That la hiing
vT.
Neu so sanh
tien do lan bien
ciia
Kim Son - Ninh Binh va Tien Hai - Thai Binh thi Kim Son Ian
bien nhanh hon nhieu, sau 7 lan "md dat", tuy cong cugc khai khan dat boi ven bien a
Kim Son va Tien Hai bat dau cung thdi ky, vao nhirng nam
1980.
Do dien tich dat sa
boi tang nhanh, lai kip thdi dugc
sii
dung nen Kim Som da c6 uu the
Idn
ve san lugng

nong nghiep, dac biet la san lugng coi nguyen lieu lam co sd cho phat trien nghe
chieu coi.
- Kim Son la vua thoc
Idn
nhat
d
tinh Ninh Binh (chiem khoang gan 1/3 san
lugng).
0 noi day, rugng dat phi nhieu, dong bang trai ra menh mong bat ngat. O Kim
Son
CO
nhieu dac san nhu: gao tam xoan, gao du huong, torn rao, cua rem, ca nhech,
ca vugc, rugu nep Lai Thanh
- Vao nhirng nam
1941
- 1949 co khoang 3 van ngudi tir Hai Phong, Ha Ngi,
Nam Dinh va mot so tinh khac tan cu vao Kim Som, roi sau nay, mot so
Idn
cac tinh
nay da dinh cu lap nghiep tai day. Chi rieng d cac xa: Kim My, Kim Tan, Con Thoi,
thi tran Binh Minh da c6 tu 10 tinh (gom 40 huyen, tren 50 xa) den day cong tac, lam
an sinh song va dinh cu lau dai. Ngugc lai, sau khi Hiep dinh Giomevo dugc ky ket,
hang van ngudi tir Kim Son, phan dong la giao dan da di cu vao Nam de sinh song.
My nghe coi lang
Kiin
Thai
- Tuy Kim Son la mot "viing cong giao
Idn"
d tinh Ninh Binh va trong ca nudc,
nhung so dong bao theo dao Phat (di lucmg) ciing chiem ty le khong nho. Co nhieu

thon, x6m, lang xa, dong bao luong giao dinh cu xen ke nhau (dan giao goi do la kieu
"xoi do"). Do la do cu dan cac dia phuong d Kim Som co nguon goc
tii
nhieu noi den
djnh cu.
CJ
nhieu lang xa noi day cac den chiia cung toa lac gan cac nha thd Thien
chiia giao. Ngay ngay tieng chuong nha thd cat len ngan nga hoa am ciing tieng
chuong, tieng mo
ciia
cac chua chien. Rieng ve dao Phat, d Kim Son co kha dong
ngudi tu hanh va trd thanh cac su sai, da va dang chu tri d nhieu ngoi chua tren dia
ban trong va ngoai tinh. Dong bao lucmg giao d Kim Son doan ket, gan bo trong ddi
song xa hgi, ciing nhau lam an, phat trien kinh te, van hoa, chap hanh mgi
chii
truong,
chinh sach
ciia
Dang va Nha nudc, xay
dimg
que huong dat nudc ngay cang giau dep.
- Kim Son hien co tong dien tich tu nhien, dat khoang
21.000
ha, trong do dat
nong nghiep chiem khoang 13.000ha, dat chua su dung tren 3.000 ha. Dien tich coi cii
(luu nien) d Kim Son la 350ha: dien tich coi mdi trong va coi bai (coi mgc tu nhien d
cac bai sa boi ven bien cua vung dat md). Quanh nam co
v6
so nhirng hat coi nho ly ti
tir

cac noi xa gan dugc gio thoi thay song bien di vao cac vung dat bai boi, roi sau do
cac hat coi chim xuong mat dat bai, dan nay mam thanh cac cay coi, tao thanh cac bai
tu nhien.
- Neu so sanh vdi truyen thuyet ve cay coi a Kim Son thi su hinh thanh cay coi,
bai coi tu nhien c6 hoi khac. Truyen thuyet ve cay coi trd thanh cac sgi
toe
tien do
song bien dua vao bai roi mgc len cay coi. Song dieu nay ciing khong he phi ly. Tren
dau nggn cac cay coi c6 chiim hoa coi. Than coi c6 hoa coi da kho heo noi tren mat
nudc theo song bien dat vao nhirng vung dat mdi roi dau lai. It lau sau, hat coi trong
cac v6 xop mong nay mam, mgc len thanh cay coi mdi.
- Theo tien trinh lan bien d Kim Som da hang tram nam nay (tuy thuoc vao tien
do cac bai sa boi lan bien ra bien Dong) da co mot chu trinh kha deu dan
ciia
cac loai
thuc vat sinh trudng tren viing dat md nay:
Sii
vet lan bien - coi lan
sii
vet -
liia
va hoa
mau lan coi. Va duong nhien, thon xom, lang mac theo thdi gian ciing lan nhiing
dien
dch liia, hoa mau
Cii
the, nhu mot quy luat tiep
diin viia
"bien dgng", vira "on
dinh".

My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
Nhiing bai sa boi khi da dugc boi dap ra bien (bien boi) thi tren bai mgc len cac
loai cay hoa,
chii
yeu d day la cac loai cay
sii,
vet va coi cung sinh trudng (cgng sinh).
Cac cu gia d Kim Som khang dinh: cay coi d dat Kim Son c6
tii
rat xa xua. "Co phu sa
la
CO
cay coi". Vet va coi mgc hoang thudng chi lua thua, lac dac. Vi vay, tren cac bai
sa boi da dugc nang cao d
miic
nhat dinh khi thuy trieu nit, ngudi dan dia phuong
Cling nhau trong
sii,
vet (trong rung ngap man) de chan song, lay go, nuoi ong lay
mat, dong thdi ciing de rira man. O nhumg bai boi thich hgp thi trong coi rat tot. Coi
dugc trong d bai boi dugc ggi la "coi bai". Coi bai tuy nang suat chua cao bang coi
rugng nhumg lai de trong, da ton cong
a
khau lam dat - day la khau nang nhgc nhat
trong qua trinh canh tac coi.
- Trong dia ban Kim Som, co 25 xa va 2 thi tran thi trong do nghe chieu coi hien
van dugc duy tri pho bien d 20 xa va ca 2 thi tran. (Thu nhap tu nghe chieu coi chiem
ty le dang ke trong tong thu nhap kinh te d cac dia phuong nay).

Doi vdi cac viing bai sa boi thi co the khai thac coi tu nhien (neu cham soc tot
thi nang suat cao), hoac trong coi bai (canh tac coi
true
tiep tren cac bai sa boi). Doi
vdi nhumg viing dat "cii hon" (sa boi tu lau ddi boi dap), ngudi ta canh tac coi d cac
chan rugng.
0
viing bai boi ven bien, thudng thi
"liia
lan coi". Song d nhieu dia phuang dat
boi cii thi coi va
liia
c6 the "hoan vi" cho nhau: co the pha coi di de trong
liia
va
ngugc lai. Dac biet tu nam 2000 - 2001, khi coi nguyen heu len gia cao do cung
khong dii cau, nhieu hg gia dinh d Kim Som da 'thay"
liia
bang coi. Coi nguyen lieu
len gia nhieu la do nhirng nguyen nhan:
1.
Thi tnrdng xuat khau coi md rgng, vdi nhirng nhu cau can dap
iing
ngay mot
tang.
2.
6
trong nudc, cac mat hang bang coi (dac biet la chieu coi) da thirc
sir kh^ng
dinh lai gia tri va uu diem hon cac mat bang nhua (chieu nhua) so vdi trudc day.

3.
Tinh trang dien tich canh tac d nhieu lang xa bi thu hep trong nhumg nam
hang coi e dgng, giam gia
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
Cac san pham chieu coi, my nghe coi a Kim Son noi rieng va trong ca nudc noi
chung da va dang dugc "phuc hoi lai" va dugc nang cao ve gia tri su dung, gia tri
tham my va "tinh van hoa". O Kim Son - Ninh Binh va hang trieu ngudi lai gan bo,
tinh nghia thuy chung hon bao gid het trong cugc hanh trinh vao the ky mdi, thien
nien ky mdi, ky nguyen mdi dudng nhu bat tan theo xu hudng rat pho bien
ciia
nhan
loai:
hoa nhap vdi thien nhien.
Chi vdi cay coi, nhirng thiia rugng coi, nhiing bai coi bao la, nhumg ngudi dan
Kim Son - Ninh Binh xua kia, ngay nay va mai sau van luon chiing to rang hg da,
dang va se kien tao nen
"Niii
vang - Kim Son).
NHUNG
NGirdi
GHI CHEP, KHAO TA
- Nguyen Quang Hai
- Nguyen
Dire
Long.
6
My nghe coi lang
KiSn

Thai
NHITNG
SO
LIEU VE SAN XUAT CHIEU COI
O
HUYEN KIM SON -
200L
+ Gia tri san xuat tieu
thii
cong nghiep
ciia
huyen theo ke hoach: 144 ty dong,
tinh den thang
10/2001
dat
117,6
ty dong, da nop ngan sach 1,6 ty dong.
+ Gia tri cac san pham coi: 75% tong gia tri san xuat tieu
thii
cong nghiep,
trong do gia tri cac mat hang coi chiem 65%.
+ Tong san lugng cac san pham coi nam 2001 theo ke hoach cac dia phuong
huyen, cac co so san xuat, cac doanh nghiep san xuat.
- Tham coi: hon 600 nghin m .
- Lan coi: 1,5 trieu chiec.
- Dem lot ghe: 550 nghin chiec.
- Hop coi: 1,2 trieu bg.
+ Nam 2001, toan huyen co tren 600 ha coi, trong do dien tich coi cii khoang
350 ha, con lai dien tich coi mdi.
- Khac phuc tinh trang thieu coi nguyen lieu, dien ra dac biet nhirng nam tu

1998 den
2001.
(Gia coi nguyen lieu san lugng coi nguyen lieu kho 7.500).
+ Cac doanh nghiep chieu va
mi
nghe coi tieu bieu d Kim Som.
- Xi nghiep Quang Minh - doanh thu
15,7
ty dong, da nop ngan sach Nha nudc
450
tri^u
dong.
- Xi nghiep Nang Dgng - doanh thu 12 ty dong, da nop ngan sach Nha nudc
350 trieu dong.
+ Cac lang nghe vung nghe chieu va my nghe coi tieu bieu: Vinh
Phii
Vinh,
Kien Thai, Kien Trung, Yen Binh, Tu Tan, Nong trudng Binh Minh.
+ Thi trudng xuat khau cac mat hang coi chu yeu:
- Tir nam 1985 trd ve trudc: Lien X6, cac nudc Dong Au, Cu Ba
- Sau 1995 den nay: Nhat Ban,
Diic,
Dai Loan, Nga, Hong Kong, Cu Ba
+ Ten cac san pham bang coi pho bien: Chieu trai giudng, chieu cac loai, tham
coi cac loai, lan coi, hop coi cac loai, bi coi,
tiii
khoac coi, dem coi (lot ghe cac loai),
mil
coi, dep coi, khay coi
My nghe coi lang

KiSn
Thai
LANG MY NGHE COI KIEN THAI
I- MAY NET VE LANG
KI£N
THAI
Lang (thon) Kien Thai xa Kim Chinh nam ngay canh thi tran Phat Diem- huyen
ly Kim Son.
- Phia dong, giap thon
Thii
Trung (ciing xa).
- Phia tay, giap thon Tri Chinh (cung xa).
- Phia nam, giap song An (viing ha luu) do vao song Day ben kia song Day la
dat huyen NghTa Hung (Nam Dinh).
- Phai bac, giap thon Yen Tho, xa Yen Mat.
Thon Kien Thai co chieu dai
1,2
km, rgng 0,4 km. Dien tich dat tu nhien kha
"vuong van". Kien Thai la mot dja danh, mot viing dat kha "co" so vdi nhieu thon
lang khac tren dia ban huyen Kim Son - mot viing dat sa boi, dat md.
Dong bao luong va giao d Kien Thai dinh cu xen ke lan vdi nhau, dan dia
phuong ggi la dinh cu kieu "xoi do". Bdi tu thdi tan khan (mdi khan hoang) dan tu
nhieu viing que khac nhau da den ndi day lam an, sinh co lap nghiep. Do vay, dan
thon Kien Thai mang nhieu hg. Tuy nhien, so dan di luong (theo dao Phat) d Kien
Thai tdi nay
(2001)
chiem ty le co phan nhieu hon so vdi so dan theo dao Thien chiia.
Kien Thai
each
khu Nha thd

Idn
Phat Diem chung hon mot cay so (ve phia
dong bac), each den thd Doanh dien
sii
Nguyen Cong Tni (thuoc xa Quang Thien)
khoang mot cay so. Kien Thai co mot nha thd hg dao Thien chiia dugc xay
dimg
tir
lau vao vi tri giira thon, kha dep; co ngoi den thd thanh hoang la Trieu Viet Vuong
(tlic Trieu Quang Phuc, mot vi tudng gioi noi tieng thdi Tran). Thanh hoang lang d
Kien Thai xua kia da dugc trieu dinh phong nhieu dao sac.
Dgc theo phia tay thon Kien Thai ben con dudng
true
lien thon da dugc be tong
hoa
CO
con kenh kha dai va rgng lam tang them ve
trii
tinh cho canh quan thon xom
va rat
hiiu
ich, tien lgi cho san xuat nong nghiep, giao thong van tai va sinh hoat
ciia
nhan dan dia phuong. Ngudi dan Kien Thai von hien lanh, chat phac, cham chi va c6
truyen thong hieu khach. Hau het cac dudng thon, ngo xom d Kien Thai vai nam gan
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
day da dugc rai be tong, di lai thuan tien. Dudng lang Kien Thai (dudng lien thon,
lien xa) noi lien vdi con dudng quoc 16

10
(tir thj xa Ninh Binh chay qua trung tam thi
tran Phat Diem, vao Nga Son - Thanh Hoa). Dai da s6 cac hg gia dinh
6 Kien
Thai
deu sdm quy hoach m6 hinh VAC (vudn - ao - chu6ng) d quy m6
vira
de 6n dinh va
tiing budc phat trien nang cao ddi s6ng kinh te.
Cac cap chinh quyen va nhan dan cac dia phuong da c6ng nhan Kien Thai dat
cac tieu chuan lang van hoa sau:
- Co ddi s6ng kinh te 6n dinh va timg budc phat trien.
- Co ddi s6ng van hoa tinh than phong
phii,
lanh manh.
- C6 canh quan m6i
trudng
sach, dep.
- Chap hanh tot chinh sach, phap luat
ciia
Dang va Nha nudc.
Nam 2000, th6n Kien Thai da dugc cap bang cong nhan "Lang van hoa" cap
huyen.
Tren vung dat canh tac cua th6n Kien Thai cac canh rugng
liia
va hoa mau xen
ke lan vdi cac canh rugng coi chiem, coi
miia.
Dien tich dat canh tac noi day thdi mdi
khai khan

chii
yeu la trong c6i.
Cung theo ldi hai ong va mot cu gia ngudi dia phuong, nghe coi d Kien Thai va
a huyen Kim Son noi chung da co tu lau ddi, kh6ng ro chinh xac la
tir
nam nao,
nhung udc tinh each nay khoang vai tram nam tnrdc khi ma Doanh dien
sii
Nguyen
Cong Tni ve Kim Som. Nhieu eu gia cho biet khi hg
Idn
len "co tri khon" thi
6
que
huong da pho bien nghe chieu coi roi. Cac cu khang dinh "a dau co
phii
sa bien boi la
noi ay c6 c6i, c6i mgc hoang hoac c6i tr6ng". Kien Thai thuoc xa Kim Chinh - mot
dia phuong
o
khoang "giiia" viing dat mo Kim Son. Kim Son la viing dat bai
6 giiia
mgt "duyen hai c6i" (Tien Hai - Kim Son - Nga Som) thuoc dia phan ba tinh: Thai
Binh, Ninh Binh - Thanh Hoa. Cay coi tr6ng d dat thon Kien Thai "thuan chiing"
(khong to th6 nhu c6i
6
Nga Son). Cac nghe nhan giai thich: than c6i to nhu
6
Nga
Scm la do c6i dugc tr6ng tren vung dat phu sa con dang do phi nhieu, lam mau. Mat

khac do ciing la tinh trang chay dua ve s6 lugng, nang suat coi ma con it
chii
y tdi
pham chat, chat lugng c6i. Cac nghe nhan con cho rang: cau ca dao "Chieu Nga Son -
gaeh
Bat Trang - vai to Nam Dinh - lua Ha D6ng" den thdi nay chi con "diing mot
phan" va chi mang y nghla lich
sii
la chinh. Hang coi Kim Son ngay nay da hon
han
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
hang c6i Nga Son ve nhieu mat, nhieu khau. Chiing cur la s6 lugng cac don dat hang
tu nudc ngoai, s6 lugng cac san pham xuat khau va
sir
da dang, phong
phii
hon ve
chung loai, mau ma san pham coi.
Sir
uu viet
ciia
hang c6i Kim Son, dac biet la
nhiing hang c6i
6
nhumg dia phuong nhu Kien Thai la: do ben cao, kha nang chiu am
udt tot lau xu6ng mau Neu do ben
ciia
sgi coi kh6ng cao, cac san pham coi se

nhanh bi xo, tudp, gap am udt thi chong bi nhiin, rao. Chieu dau Kim Som co the diing
de che mua roi sau do dem phoi, say kho thi chong kh6 rao, ciing cap va deo dai trd
lai.
Than cay coi qua to thi thudng khong thon deu, qua chenh lech ve to nho
giiia
phan goc va phan nggn nen kho det, dan thanh san pham dep nhu y muon va lai nhanh
"xuong mau", kem do min bdng. Theo tir diing chuyen m6n d dia phuong, c6i d Kien
Thai van thudng det dugc chieu trai giudng tdi 33
"diim",
trong khi c6i a viing Nga
Scm hien chi det chieu 25-27
"diim"
(vi sgi c6i to).
Hien nay, (cu6i nam 2001), gia thanh mot d6i chieu "dau" Kim Son tren thi
truomg phia Bac khoang 70.000 d6ng den 100.000 d6ng. Ben canh do, mot doi chieu
"tot" Nga Son tri gia khoang 30.000 dong den 50.000 dong.
Chu trinh
"liia
mau lan coi" la chu trinh ph6 bien chung
6
dia ban Kim Son.
Song
CO
mot thdi ky dien tich
liia
mau lan dien tich coi qua 6 at tuong chimg nhu
nghe chieu coi 6 dia phuong bi mai mot han, khd c6 be
ciiu
van. D6 la thdi ky kha
dai,

each
nay khoang vai chuc nam ve trudc trong "thdi bao cap" vdi tinh trang thieu
doi luong thuc kha tram trgng. Mat khac, cac mat hang c6i
viia
it ve so lugng, don
di?u
ve mau sac, chung loai kh6ng tim dugc "dau ra" nen bap benh, tr6i n6i, bi ha gia,
e dgng trien mien. Lang
ml
nghe coi Kien Thai noi rieng, nghe coi Kim Son va trong
ca nudc ciing da kh6ng nam ngoai thuc trang ay.
Hien nay, trong thdi ky doi mdi cua dat nudc, phat trien kinh te theo co che thi
truomg,
CO sir
dieu tiet cua Nha nudc vdi su chuyen d6i co cau trong san xuat kinh te
hang hoa tich cue va
phii
hgp, cac nghe, lang nghe truyen th6ng da va dang dugc
phuc h6i kha nhanh, trong d6 c6 lang nghe my nghe coi.
Kien Thai tu nhirng nam gan day da tro lai thanh lang
liia,
lang c6i. Ben canh
cac dong
liia,
mau co nang suat cao a Kien Thai van la cac canh rugng coi truyen
thong quen thuoc, thuy chung, dem lai hang tram tan c6i kho nguyen lieu hang nam.
Tuy vay, nhieu hg dan o Kien Thai lam nghe det, dan coi vdn phai mua c6i tren thi
trudng (tu cac lang, xa khac) de c6
dii
nguyen lieu che tac cac san pham c6i de xuat

10
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
khau va tieu thu tren thi trudng ngi dia. Co nhirng thiia ruong
liia
tuy nang suat
liia
kha cao nhung da dugc thay the bang rugng coi, tuy cong viec canh tac coi rugng d
Kien Thai vat va,
cue
nhgc hon nhieu so vdi canh tae
liia,
mau.
Hau het mgi ngudi dan Kien Thai, tu cac cu gia den cac em nho (8 - 9 tuoi)
deu biet nghe dan, det coi. Boi vi d6i vdi mot lang nghe my nghe c6i co truyen thong
lau ddi nhu Kien Thai, c6ng viec nay dugc hang ngay ph6 cap toan dan d mgi gia
dinh. Thu nhap tu nghe coi
o
Kien Thai hien nay chiem mot ty le rat dang ke trong
t6ng thu nhap hang nam
ciia
m6i hg gia dinh. Ca biet c6 nhumg hg thu nhap kinh te tu
nghe c6i la ngu6n kinh te
chii
yeu.
Da s6 nhiing ngudi lam nghe dan, det coi a Kien Thai hien nay la phu nir va
cac cu gia. Tuy nhien, mgi ngudi dan dia phuong da den tu6i truomg thanh deu co the
thanh thao cac khau trong qua trinh canh tac coi va che tac san pham coi cac loai theo
mpi mau ma.

Kien Thai la mot lang my nghe coi tieu bieu, vi vay la mot lang nghe "hoan
chinh" tat ca cac khau trong nghe coi (canh tac va che tac). Noi theo mot each noi kha
pho bien gan day thi Kien Thai "lam coi tir A den Z".
Cac cu gia va cac nghe nhan lang my nghe coi Kien Thai da dien trinh mot
each
thanh thao, kha ti mi, day kinh nghiem theo trinh tu cac khau canh tac coi va che
tac coi.
CANH TAC COI
1-
Lam dat trong coi.
•
*
. a) Doi vdi dat sa boi mdi
&
ven bien (sau khi da co de bien hoac co rung
sii
vet chin song) thi khau lam dat co don gian hon so vdi lam dat c6i rugng, vi d6 la noi
dat phu sa mau mo, rat thuan lgi cho cay coi sinh truomg.
Trudc het la viec dgn sach bai (dgn sach nhirng cay c6i, co hoang). Sau do la
viec san bai b6i cho phang de tien
chii
dgng tudi tieu nuoc, cham soc coi, r6i khoi
nhiing
lach,
ranh cho tien thoat nudc, tao thanh nhiing chan luong coi tu nhien.
Khi mat dat bai da se, dat da co do
chae
nhat dinh, tien hanh cay c6i.
b) Doi vdi dat,
rugng

m&i
(tiic
khu rugng hoang hoa hoac rugng da cay
liia,
tr6ng hoa mau) thi lam coi g6m cac c6ng viec sau:
11
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
- Dgn sach co rac tren mat mgng.
- Cay bua (nhu lam dat cay
liia),
de cho diing
biin.
- Khoi ranh (dong) thoat nudc de tao thanh cac lu6ng c6i (Ranh cang sau, rgng
thi cang tien khau tieu nudc, chieu sau khoang 30 - 40, rgng 0,5 -
Im;
chieu ngang
m6i lu6ng c6i, trung binh 5 - 10m, tuy theo dien tich va do cao thap
ciia
thiia rugng
coi sao cho phu hgp khau tudi tieu).
c) Doi
v&i
ruong
cU
(Rugng trudc do da canh tac coi nhieu nam, lam dat de
canh tac coi moi), gom cac c6ng viec:
- Dgn sach g6c coi cii: lay m6ng c6i xong, lam quang, sach rugng.
- Dao dat: day la c6ng viec nang nhgc nhat trong qua trinh canh tac coi. Viec

dao dat t6n nhieu c6ng
siic,
nhu dao muong lam thuy lgi.
C6ng cu lao dgng diing de dao dat c6i la mai (co noi ggi la mong). Chiec mai
diing de dao dat coi gi6ng nhu loai mai dao dat lam thuy lgi
6
cac noi khac.
Thao tac dat coi: Mot ngudi diing mai dao (san) dat ngap den thanh mai, san
thanh nhumg hon dat vu6ng
viic,
dai theo do ngap sau
ciia
ludi mai (den thanh mai)
chimg 40cm, chieu rgng bang luoi mai, roi diing mai bay dat ra. Mot ngudi khac be
dat dao phan dudi len tren r6i
dimg
diing tung hon ep sat vdi nhau. Nhu vay, ldp dat
6
do sau khoang 40cm da dugc dao len mat mong, tao thanh mat rugng mdi. Co cau tuc
ngCr
o nhirng dja phuong tr6ng coi: "Coi ua la, ma ua quen" thay vi cau "Khoai ua la,
ma ua quen"
6
nhieu dja phuong (Tuy nhien d nhiing vung dong bang chau tho hay
ven bien, n6ng dan van thudng dao dat tr6ng khi thay ldp dat be mat da bac mau de
cai tao dat).
- San phang rugng bang cu6c chim, cu6c luoi to (trong qua trinh san phang
dat, giam nen chae mat ruong de sao cho coi cay xuong dugc
chae
chan).

Cii
khoang 5 nam (ch6 dat xau), 8-10 nam (ch6 dat t6t) thi tien hanh dao dat
mgt lan de tr6ng ldp coi mdi. Khi nao thay cay coi da coi thi phai dao dat.
- Khoi ranh thoat nudc (nhu tren).
iv:
2-
Cay (trong) coi.
/
a) Chon vd ddnh mong coi (g6c cay c6i gi6ng).
12
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
- Chgn m6ng c6i: m6ng coi t6t la cac cum coi c6 than cay con sung
siic
(map
khoe) va co nhumg nhanh, mam c6i map. Cac cum coi nay thudng co
cii
coi to, map
khoe Cay c6i cung hg cay nan, cay lac (van mgc hoang d nhiing viing dat thjt pha
set d nhiing vung d6ng chiem).
- Danh m6ng c6i: C6ng cu la liem c6i - mgt loai dung cu liem rieng, dac trung
(luoi liem dai khoang 40cm, hinh ban nguyet va hoi venh xu6ng. Phan ludi liem gan
chuoi dugc ren cong hon, so vdi liem cat
liia,
cat co th6ng thudng. Phan chuoi liem va
nam liem dai chung 35cm). Ngudi danh mong coi diing liem c6i cat khoet dudi dat de
lay toan bg cum coi m6ng, sao cho khoet ca mang dat dugc ca phan
cii
coi, roi xen cat

bo phan nggn tua nhu xen
liia,
giii lai phan g6c coi dai khoang 35 - 40cm. Sau d6
diing liem dap chat phia
phia
song liem de te (che) cum m6ng coi ra thanh nhung hom
coi gi6ng. M6i hom coi gi6ng g6m 2-3 danh c6i giong co chung phan
cii
coi. Cac
hom coi dugc b6 lai (to nhu dom ma) de dua tdi mgng cay coi mdi.
b) Cay coi.
O
nhirng chan bai, rugng dat mem, c6 the cay coi tuong tu nhu cay
liia
c6
truyen.
O nhung noi dat ran hom (dat bai khi da chae lai, dat rugng mdi dao.) thi phai
diing "moi" de "trong c6i". "Moi" (tir dja phuong) la dung cu don gian lam bang g6
cimg hoac mgt doan tre gia, dai hom
Im,
dau dugc deo nhgn. Moi 16 tr6ng c6i
tiic
la
diing dung cu nay tr6 xu6ng mat ruong thanh
16
(sau
10-15cm).
Cii
mgt ngudi moi thi
mgt ngudi

diii
hom coi xu6ng cai
16
r6i diing cac ngon tay an, vit chat cac hom c6i lai.
Khoang
each
giiia cac hom coi mdi cay khoang 10 -
15cm
(tuong tu nhu
khoang each giira cac khom
liia).
Cach cay tr6ng coi ciing it can thang hang nhu each
cay
Ilia
giong mdi vi khau lam co con
thii
c6ng, co truyen.
M6i "mieng" rugng coi day m6ng thi e6 the danh m6ng dem cay dugc mot sao
BSe
Bg.
Ve giong coi: O Kien Thai noi rieng va ca vung duyen hai Bac Bg deu co
chung mgt gi6ng coi va ngu6n goc coi hoang, hau nhu chua dugc lai ghep.
c) Cham soc
coL
13
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
Thu hoach coi sau mgt nam ke tu khi cay coi la t6t nhat, vi khi do cay coi da
qua mgt chu trinh sinh truong, phat trien va than c6i da

dii
do deo dai, ben
chae,
dam
bao dugc chat lugng coi nguyen lieu cho cac san pham coi.
Gi6ng nhu d6i vdi cac loai cay
liia,
hoa mau va mgt s6 loai cay c6ng nghiep,
coi dugc chia thanh hai
miia
vu: coi chiem, coi
miia.
Nhung coi chiem, coi
miia
khac nhau kh6ng han
6
thdi gian cay trong ma
chii
yeu la khac nhau d thoi vu thu hoach. Cac each tinh coi "luu nien" co the cho thu
hoach edi vu chiem hay coi vu
miia
tuy thuoc vao quy trinh canh tac (xu ly - cham soc
- thu hoach). Cu the la:
- Doi vdi coi chiem (thu hoach vao thang 4-5 am ljch) thi trong thang gieng
ta lam sach co cho rugng c6i (luu nien) r6i b6n phan cho c6i (2 dgt g6m phan chu6ng,
phan dam, kali). Kh6i lugng bon tuong tu nhu phan bon cho
liia,
nhung chia lam 2
dgt: dgt mgt bon kh6i lugng phan tu 2/3 den 3/4, con lai la dgt hai. Nang suat coi
chiem

6
Kien Thai dat tdi 500kg/sao.
- Doi vdi coi
miia:
thu hoach trong thdi gian tu cu6i thang 6 den cu6i thang 8
am ljch.
Vao thang Gieng am ljch, dau mua xuan, trudc het ngudi ta phat than coi di,
de chua lai phan goc chimg
10-15cm,
thu dgn het xac coi va lam sach co. Vao
niia
cuoi thang tu (am lich) thi b6n phan dam cho edi vdi s6 lugng
10-15kg/sao,
15-30
ngay sau thi bon thiic them 5kg phan dam/sao. Tu cu6i thang 6 den cu6i thang 8, khi
nao thay nggn coi da "bu" tron lai, gap tiet trdi nang gio thi thu hoach c6i la tot nhat,
vi coi tuoi sau khi thu hoach rat can dugc phoi nang cho kh6 de tranh nhiin, rao hoac
xu6ng mau.
Coi mua cho nang suat kh6ng cao bang c6i chiem (tinh nang suat coi kh6) ,
song
CO
pham chat t6t hon han ve do deo dai, ben mau, ciing tua nhu ram
liia miia
tot
hom ram
liia
chiem.
Canh tac coi la cong viec met nhgc hom so vdi canh tac
liia,
lai rat phu thuoc

vao thiet tiet nang mua. Neu nam nao it mua, it nang hoac nang mua khong thuan hoa
thi nang suat c6i kem han di. Neu lugng mua nhieu, mua dai thi than coi ngoai rugng
tich nhieu nudc, de bj gion, bj mem ludt, than c6i da cat r6i, kh6ng gap nang cang
14
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
ch6ng bj ling, khi d6 chi eon each la "vdt vat" coi de lam coi b6i vi coi da bj mat
pham chat.
Nhumg nam gan day, coi bj nan chugt quay pha kha nhieu. Loai chugt can pha
than coi tren bai rugng pho bien o khap noi. Chugt con dao khoet tran lan nhung g6c
coi de an cu coi. Viec diet chugt de bao ve coi da va dang ngay mgt kh6 khan, phirc
tap chang kem gi so vdi canh tac
liia
mau.
d. Thu hoach coi.
Coi
dvcac
thu hoach vao hai vu chiem-
miia,
gan tuong
iing
vdi hai vu
liia
tmyen thong. Tuy nhien, coi va
liia
c6 khac nhau ve dieu kien gat hai.
- Coi c6 the giii tai rugng hang thang sau khi den do thu hoach, con
liia
da chin

thi kho giir lai d rugng dugc.
-
Liia
gat ve c6 the chi phoi hong cho rao r6i phoi say, sau do, con coi tuoi cat
ve de lau kh6ng co nang se nhanh bj mat pham chat.
+ Cat coi, van chuyen:
Dung eu cat coi la liem coi, mgt kieu liem "dac trung" (da m6 ta so bo 6 phan
2.a).
Kieu liem nay cho tdi nay van ehua the thay the dugc.
Viec cat coi nang nhgc hom nhieu so vdi cat, gat
liia,
vi cay coi dai va rat nang.
Vi vay, d mgt s6 dja phuang, nhat la
tnroc
kia c6ng viec nay thudng ehi do nam gidi
dam nhan.
Mgt "kien tudng" cat coi (cat va bo coi)
o
Kien Thai trong mgt gid co the thu
hoach 350kg c6i tuoi, dap
iing
cac yeu cau: nhanh, ggn, bo coi chat che, phang phiu
phan g6c. Mu6n vay, thi ngudi kien tudng cat coi phai co
siic
khoe tot va thuan thuc
trong mgi thao tac lao dgng.
Khi c6i dugc cat ra, xep ggn thanh
timg
d6ng phang phiiu tren mat rugng, m6i
dong coi

Axxac
tinh bang cac "tay" (nam coi) de sao cho moi bo coi co kh6i lugng deu
nhau, thich hgp cho ngudi vanchuyen vi cir hia bo coi la mgt ganh coi, tranh cae bo
coi to nh6 chenh nhau, kho van chuyen (ganh).
Ngudi ta dung nhirng sgi coi kh6, n6i hai do (n6i phan ngon vao nhau) thanh
cum
day de bo coi tuoi mdi cat.
15
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
Dung cu de ganh coi tu rugng len bd la don can (lam bang tre cimg, dai
khoang 1,2 -
1,3m).
Don can ciing la dung cu de ganh
liia
truyen thong a viing Kim
Som, do noi day dat rugng
liin.
Ganh coi kho "don soc" (nhu don ganh dai, nhgn hai
dau) vi coi tuoi nang va tron.
Xua kia, nguoi Kien Thai
thudng
ganh coi tu rugng ve nha. Nhiing nam gan
day va hien nay cac phuong tien van chuyen thiiy, bg pho bien, thuan tien hon nhieu.
+ So che coi nguyen lieu:
*
Lira
coi:
Khi c6i tuoi dugc dua ve, ngudi ta ndi long dai bo coi ra, dgng phan coi xu6ng

san cho phang, r6i b6 chat lai, lay thudc do xac djnh cac co coi dai ngan de diing vao
timg loai san pham coi. Trudc het la cat bo phan nggnn coi ndi dai bo c6i de dgng lay
nhirng than cay c6i co dai nhat da djnh. Nhiing than cay coi ngan hom rung toa xoa
xuong san dugc b6 ggn lai, r6i lai
lira,
xen de lay c6i co ngan hom. Thudng thi m6i bo
coi dugc
lira
de xen lay ba loai coi dai ngan. Than cay coi dai nhat
6
Kien Thai
khoang 2,2 - 2,5cm.
Nhirng than coi ngan qua va nhiing xdm c6i la phe loai, diing de
Igp
nha hoac
lam chat d6t de dun nau nhu ram ra, hoac de nhoi dem (nhu mgt
thii
eo kh6 dac biet).
*
Rira coi:
Nhiing than c6i dugc chgn
lira,
cat xen theo tung do dai ngan, dugc dua ra ben
song, ngoi, ao giii nia sach (de sgi c6i kh6 nguyen lieu dugc sach, trang, b6ng). Day
la khau "giat coi", ve sinh nguyen lieu dau tien, trudc khi dem coi ra che.
* Che coi:
Hau het cac san pham bang coi deu dugc det hoac dan bang cac sgi coi da
dugc che, lang ra tu than cay coi, sau khi da phoi kho cho san lai, tron tria, vi than coi
neu de nguyen thi qua to, lai kha chenh lech nhau giira phan g6c va phan nggn (g6e
to,

nggn thot). Hom nira, than coi khi dugc che, lang ra, dem phoi kh6 thi sgi coi mdi
san, tron, mjn, dam bao do "dau", do "mit", do phang d6i vdi cac mat hang coi,
+ C6ng cu de che coi la may che coi.
16
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
May che e6i la mgt dung cu dugc che tac theo 16i
"thii
cong, ban co khi". May
dugc dong bang loai go ciing de giii duge do ben va do dam, nang,
chae
chan. May
g6m
CO
cac chi tiet sau:
1.
Ban de, bang g6 ciing, hinh chii T de nam ngang de
da
may diing viing va
\2
- 35cm. Chan
K^
diten^ijih
10- 12cm).
^
de ngudi che coi giam chan len "phan duoi chii T", giii cho
m
ay
khogg

bj xe djch khi
thao tae che coi.
2.
Hai tru do d hai ben, kich thudc rgng 12cm, day
3om^C^o^C
hai tru da co mgng ddng
chae
vao hai "canh"
eiia
gia de chu T
3.
Hai "qua m 16" bang g6 eiing, tien tron (hinh tru),
Giira "rugt" (tru) moi ru 16 deu dugc khoan 16 de gan chae mgt tru bang thep, dudng
kinh 1 - 2cm. O m6i dau
ciia
true sat nay e6 gan c6n va dugc lap vao mot vong bi
thich hgp. (Vong bi dugc lap chim trong than tru diing). Phia ben ngoai vong bi, dau
true
ru 16 c6 cai mgt chi tiet "don ganh" dugc gia cong bang thep (chinh la mgt loai
"lay"),
duoi c6 dem cao su de on djnh, dieu chinh khoang
each
rgng hep nhat djnh
giira hai qua ru
16,
de khi che coi, eae sgi coi da che kh6ng bj lech (lai).
4.
Ludi dao che bang thep, rgng chimg 5 - 7cm, day 0,3 - 0,4cm, dugc gan vao
khoang giira hai qua ru 16,theo phuong nam ngang, thang bang. (Hai dau luoi dao co
cat khac san de lap chat vao khe

a
hai tru do, co the thao ra, lap vao khi can thiet).
5.
Suot
CO
djnh hai tru diing, bang g6, gan c6 djnh hai dau tren eua hai tru
diing
(Xem
phdn dnh chup mdy che coi).
Che tao ra loai may che coi
thii
e6ng, djnh hinh nhu hien nay la ea mgt qua
trinh due nit kinh nghiem cua cac nghe nhan viing coi, dac biet la khi 6 nudc ta c6 luu
hanh cac vong bi, thuan lgi cho viec che tao nhieu loai e6ng cu san xuat. Xua kia, viec
che c6i dugc lam nhu "che lat", t6e do cham hon rat nhieu so vdi che coi bang may.
+ Thao tac che c6i bang may:
Che coi bang may thudng do hai ngudi thao tac, m6i ngudi ngoi
6
mot ben.
Mgt ngudi cam cay coi, dua phan g6e coi vao khe giiia hai qua m 16 r6i an
sang phia ben kia. Hai qua ru 16 quay, lam cir - ep giir than cay coi cho kh6ng bap
benh chuyen djch trong khi luoi dao
6
may che d6i than c6i thanh hai mia. Khi than
coi da dugc lua qua khe ru 16 dugc chimg 20em thi ngudi ng6i phia ben kia nam lay
roi keo nhe, deu, theo phuong nam ngang de than coi duge che thanh hai nira deu
dan.
17
My nghe coi lang
KiSn

Thai
kh6ng bj "lai". Viee che coi sao cho cac sgi coi deu dan va che nhanh doi hoi dong tae
phai thuan thuc,
sir
nhanh nhen, quen tay. Ngudi che coi gioi co the dimg hai tay de
dua hang ehuc cay c6i mgt lan (dan theo mgt hang nam ngang) qua may va ngudi
phia ben kia ciing dimg hai tay nam nit nhung sgi coi che rat deu dan, nhjp nhang,
nang suat. Vdi 16i che thanh thao, hai nguoi e6 the che duge mgt ganh nang coi tuoi
ehi trong choc lat, lai dam bao yeu cau ky thuat cao d6i vdi coi nguyen lieu cho cac
san pham c6i my nghe.
+ Che "lang" c6i:
D6i vdi loai coi cay co g6c qua to, nggn lai qua nho thi sau khi diing may de
che deu than coi, phai che lang hot phan g6c coi (lang bo phan rugt than g6c) sao cho
cac sgi coi che ra thon deu hai dau nggn g6c, dap irng yeu cau ve mat hang coi chat
lugng cao.
Viec lang bo bdt phan g6c e6i hien nay van phai dung dao nhu che, lang coi
theo 16i c6 truyen, chua c6 loai may nao
co
the dung thay the dugc. Day la mot khau
so che c6i nguyen lieu kha ti mi, khat khe.
* Phoi coi nguyen
lieu:
Can phai dem phoi nang ngay coi mdi che de coi sgi kh6 giir dugc pham chat:
sang mau, khong bj nhiin nhao lai co mui
thom
tinh kh6i. Chat lugng c6i kh6 phu
thugc
CO
ban vao thdi tiet nang nhieu hay it.
Noi phoi coi che: San nha, bai eo, ven dudng, bd de, 16i ngo. Coi che xong

dem phoi (cho tdi khi det, dan) phai giu "g6c ra g6e, nggn ra nggn", kh6ng de lan
Ign
phan g6c va phan nggn coi de khi det, dan, dam bao
sir
deu dan, vu6ng virc, tranh
sir
so lech, dong thdi dam bao quy luat mau sac eua m6i n6ng det dan. (Phan g6c coi co
mau trang nga, phan nggn eo mau xanh non).
Coi che dugc phoi rai timg hang tua nhu phoi ra, phoi co tranh nhung rai
mong hom de coi kh6 deu, mau dep. Coi phoi rat can nang ban ngay song rat ua
suong
dem. Coi ngam suong dem thi cang deo dai, ben dep, it bj m6e. Ngudi thanh thuc
phoi coi trai coi phoi nhanh, deu va thang hang tam tap, day mong vira do. Neu gap
nang that to (thang 5-6 am ljch), coi phoi 2-3 ngay la kh6 ban. Vu
miia,
coi phoi lau
hon, tdi 5 nang.
*
Bao quan coi:
18
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
Coi nguyen lieu hoac cac san pham coi deu can phai dugc bao quan de giu dgc
pham chat. Noi bao quan: kho rao, kin gio, tranh chugt, e6n triing gam nham, gay ban,
m6c.
Neu bao quan t6t thi it phai phoi lai coi.
Cach bao quan coi kh6 nguyen lieu theo truyen th6ng d dja phuang la de vao
noi bu6ng rieng (kho).
Can phai ke san (bang tre, mia, g6) de coi, khac phuc do am tir mat dat do

hoi
nudc thoat len.
O chung quanh (tudng, vach, phen) noi chiia coi va tren mat san dung coi b6i
da phoi that kh6 de chen lot mgt ldp (20-30cm). Ben trong nen lot mgt lugt ni 16ng de
ngan ngira do am c6n trimg can pha.
Coi duge bao quan chu dao theo each nay lu6n giii dugc mau sang, mjn, san va
bong,
CO
the de hang nam ma chua phai dem ra phoi lai. (Neu coi da phai phoi lai thi
tuy kh6 nhung pham chat se kem ban dau).
Co nhung trudng hgp diing sinh (chat luu huynh hiru co) de say coi kh6 va bao
quan de che tac nhung san pham coi dac dung, diing trong c6ng nghiep la chu yeu.
* Nhuom coi:
+ C6i sgi duge nhugm de det, dan nhiing san pham, mat hang coi ma viec in
hoa be mat san pham khong dugc chap nhan. Vi nhu chiec in hoa tren be mat kh6ng
the thay the chieu "cai hoa". Cac loai san pham khac eiing tuong tu.
+ Thu6c nhugm coi chinh la cac loai thu6c (pham) nhugm vai c6 truyen, vdi
cac mau chinh: xanh, do, tim, vang.
Xua kia, nguyen lieu lam thuoc (pham) nhugm coi
chii
yeu la cac loai nhua
cay, cu, qua c6 san trong thien nhien (nhu
cii
nau, qua danh danh, than la tre, than cui,
cac loai nhua cay eo mau do, nau, tim, vang )
Ngay nay, thu6c pham nhuom coi (nhugm vai) dugc bao che san tir cac nguyen
lieu thien nhien, cac hoa chat, phu pham khac nhau, thanh dang bgt,
lim
hanh ph6
bien tren thj truomg trong nudc - vdi nhieu loai, pham chat va tinh nang khac nhau,

nhieu mau sac: xanh, do, vang, den, tim va trang (trang de pha vdi cac mau sam de
"dung hoa").
+ Cach nhugm coi:
19
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
- Dun nude s6i (vao cac xoong, n6i c6 dung tich chira nudc
phii
hgp vdi lugng
coi can nhugm). D6i vdi mgt bep lira c6 truyen dugc dun bang rom, ra, b6i thi n6i
nhugm coi thudng tir 10-30 lit nudc.
- Cho pham mau vao n6i nude s6i, nguay cho tan het.
- Khi nudc pham mau da s6i, dem coi (da bo thanh timg bo nho nhung vao noi
pham sao cho thu6c nhugm ngam ky va deu, r6i dem coi ra phoi nang. Khi phoi, cac
bo coi dugc xoe ra hinh re quat cho de kh6, phan dau nggn timg bo van huge- de khi
can thu gom dugc nhanh, tien lgi khi dua det.
DET CHIEU COI
1-
Khung va cac dung cu det truyen thong.
+ 4 cgc g6 dudng kinh khoang
lOem
dugc d6ng chae xu6ng nen nha, cao
chimg 30em phan tren mat dat. Khoang each cac cgc: dai 3m, rgng khoang 1,6m (tuy
theo
CO
chieu det).
+ Gi6ng: Co 2 gi6ng dugc cai
a
hai dau khung det. Gi6ng dai chimg 2m. Giong

to thudng lam bang g6, tron, dudng kinh khoang 10cm. Gi6ng nho cai 6 mgt dau
khung det, phia ngudi thg det bat dau lu6n coi de det chieu. Gi6ng nho hien nay chu
yeu dugc lam bang 6ng kim loai (6ng nuoc) co dudng kinh nho, khoang
3cm
la phu
hgp.
Hai dau giong dugc ke tren hai khiic g6 (20-30cm) cho gi6ng cao hom mat dat
chimg 10 cm de tao khoang tr6ng cho "go" boat dgng.
+ Giira gi6ng to va cgc khung det eo hai chiec nem bang g6 (kich thudc
15cmx5cmx4cm) de nem cac cho cang eae sgi day khi det, hoac khi n6i cac sgi day
+ Go det chieu la mot thiet bj dugc lam e6ng phu nhat trong cac thiet bj dung
cu det chieu. Go det chieu co chieu dai xap xi vdi be ngang
ciia
loai chieu can det cho
phii
hgp.
Chang han go det chieu met ruoi co chieu dai
"phii
bi" chirng
1,55m,
rong
20cm day 5cm (Xem phdn dnh khdo td). Khung go dugc lam bang loai g6 cimg de
dam bao trgng lugng, phang va khoe.
Rang go: lam bang cac thanh tre gia, phan eat, vu6ng
viic
theo kich thudc
chimg:
12cm
x 2cm x 1cm.
6

chinh giiia mat rang go co
diii
mgt 16 tron, dudng kinh
20
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
0,7 - 0,8cm de luon sgi day chieu. Cac rang go dugc gan chat vao khung go sao cho
be mat
ciia
rang go bang phang vdi be mat eua khung go. M6i rang go dugc dong
each
nhau khoang
1,5cm.
Khoang
each
giiia hai rang go (giiia hai mang rang go) ggi
la khe go.
Cac rang go d hai mat go dugc d6ng so le (m6i rang go
o
mat ben nay go thang
vdi khe go
o
mat ben kia go, ggi la so le hinh chir "chi" nham tao khoang each cae sgi
day so le nhau de luon cac sgi coi khi det.
+ Ngira ke: Ngua ke la mgt loai "chan nieng", dai bang chieu ngang khung det
chieu, cao hom be mat khung mgt ehiit (~25cm). Loai chan nieng nay thudng dugc
lam bang tre, than ngua la mgt doan than tre gia, ciing, thang co dudng kinh 7-8em.
Chan ngua lam bang g6, tua chan nieng, chan c6i xay. Ngua ke lu6n dugc dat
o

phia
dudi de do cac sgi day chieu, phia trudc ngudi det khoang 70cm de khi thao tac dua
go va dap go khoi bj cham vuomg.
(Xem
phdn dnh dgc td).
+ Va det: Phia mgt dau khung det (6 noi bat dau lu6n coi de thao tac det chieu)
thuang
CO
dong 7-9 cot va (cot va) bang tre dac hoac g6 cirng xuong nen nha theo
mgt hang thang, eao bang be mat
ciia
gi6ng (20cm). Mgt thanh ngang (ggi la eon su6t
va) bang doan than tre gia, thang dai bang gi6ng khung, dugc buoc
niit
chat vdi cae
cot va
bang
day day hay cao su. Va det c6 tac dung lam vat ty dem trong qua trinh dap
go det chieu.
(Xemphdn
dnh dgc td).
+ Vang (dung eu lu6n coi). La mgt dung cu kha don gian nhumg khong the
thieu khi
d?t
coi. Vang duge lam bang mgt thanh tre cat gia, thang, dep, rgng chimg
2,5em, day 0,5cm, dai hon chieu ngang khung det chieu chimg 30cm de tien
liia
coi
va nit vang ra.
6

phia dau vang (phia g6c thanh tre) dugc khoet mgt 16 nganh (hai chieu) de
khi luon vang, dau sgi coi dugc gap mac vao nganh vang va dugc lu6n theo - ke ca
khi nit vang cung tuong tu.
(Xem
phdn dnh dgc td).
+ Ghe det: La ghe dugc ke lu6n dudi phan chieu da det de ngudi det ngoi thao
tac.
Ghe det c6 chieu dai bang hoac hon chieu rgng khung det eao chimg 20cm. Mat
ghe rgng chimg 30cm, duac lam bang g6 eiing, phang. Khi da det dugc mgt phan
chiec chieu thi luon ghe det dudi phan chieu mdi det dugc de ngudi thg det ng6i thao
tac go.
21
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
+ Dao xen: de cat cac dau sgi coi 6 hai mep chieu va nhirng sgi day thira nho,
m6ng luoi, sac ben, miii dao nhgn khoang 40 do.
+ Kim tre: La loai kim
diii
co chimg kim dan len, dung de xuon, nong 16 trong
lu6n sgi day cap hai dau la chieu cho sac.
+ Ch6i xo: La loai eh6i nh6 (dai khoang
10cm)
dugc lam bang day. Phan luoi
ch6i, day dugc tudc, xe nho, duge b6i dau tron. Dimg ch6i xo quet lam tron cac sgi
day chieu de tron go, det de dang hom.
2-
Qua
trinh
thao tac det chieu coi.

a- Se, luon, buoc, noi sgi day.
+ Cac "sgi dge"cua chieu coi truyen th6ng (ggi la cac sgi doc, hay sgi cong)
den nay van dugc lam bang sgi day (sgi v6 cay day sgi loai day dung de det cac bao
b6 thdi xua kha ben, chae va ehiu dugc do am, rat can d6i vdi nhieu loai san pham
dan det nhu chieu, tham. bao bi). Thdi thugc Phap, dan ta
my
rat doi kh6 ma nhieu khi
bj bat huge phai nh6 ng6,
liia
di de "tr6ng day". Hien trang nay da dugc ghi tmyen lai
qua nhieu sir sach.
+ Sgi day de det chieu coi dugc tudc nho, deu va dugc se d6i san lai vdi duomg
kinh chi khoang
1,5mm,
ggi la sgi day rugt chieu.
+ Cac sgi day nay dugc ngoac vao mgt gi6ng cua khung det, sau do lu6n qua
cac khe va cac 16 cua go det. Cir mot sgi day lu6n qua 16 go ben nay thi qua khe go
phia ben kia, va ngugc lai- de khi
iip
go hay mo go tao khoang trong ma lu6n cac sgi
coi vao.
Cir hai sgi day dugc noi lien nhau thanh "mgt vong" dugc ngoic vao gi6ng va
luon so le qua go ggi la mgt
"diim
day". Th6ng thuomg m6i la chieu rong 1,5m, dugc
luon, cang 32
diim
day = 64 sgi day.
+ Cac sgi day dugc
lira

chieu dai
bang
nhau.
o
m6i dum day co mgt m6i n6i
thang nhau thanh mgt hang. Moi noi "khep kin"
diim
day de lam cho dum day dugc
cang tren hai gi6ng
a
hai dau khung det va dugc lu6n so le nhau qua go det. Tuy
nhien trong cac la chieu dac biet la chieu dau, nhirng sgi "day rugt" va cac sgi "day
bien" la sgi lien, kh6ng n6i. Viec n6i cae sgi day la de cang tren khung det.
22
My nghe coi lang
KiSn
Thai
+ Noi sgi day: day la
each
n6i dac biet. Sgi day khi n6i
dvcac
che d6i
\'a "n6i
tom" (khac vdi 16i n6i that mit de tranh bj com len cae m6i day n6i trong san pham
chieu
c6i).
Cach noi tom nay eon ggi la n6i tom so le: nira sgi day nay dugc quang va
bat cheo vao nira sgi day kia r6i moi lu6n cai va keo nit hai dau noi cho moi t6m xiet
chat lai ma kh6ng to com. Day eiing la mgt thao tac bat huge phai thanh thao.
+ Se sgi day bien: Ngoai cac sgi day rugt chieu con co b6n

sgi
day bien 6 hai
mep chieu m6i mep chieu co hai sgi bien. M6i sgi day bien dugc se bang bon sgi day
rugt, san chae va to de dam bao
sir
ben chae cua m6i la chieu vi cac mep chieu thuomg
phai chju nhieu tac dgng.
+ Nem cang cac sgi day: Khi da quang cac sgi day ruot va cae sgi day bien vao
gi6ng khung det, lu6n cae sgi day qua go diing quy each, noi tom cac dau m6i
diim
day thang hang thi ngudi thg tien hanh nem gian gi6ng va cgc khung det de lam cang
cac
diim
sgi day, lam cho cac sgi day tren be mat khung det deu nam tren mgt mat
phang, thuan tien cho thao tac go va dam bao cho la chieu khi det dugc cang, mjn.
+ Quet boi tron cac sgi day: Dimg ch6i xo day nhiing dau (hoac mo trudc day)
quet b6i tron tat ca cac sgi day bien trudc khi thao tac det chieu.
b-
Cdc thao tdc det chieu
coL
Cac thao tac co ban de det chieu coi g6m eo:
iip
go, mo go, lu6n coi, dap go,
bat
bien (cai dau sgi coi
a
hai bien), cap chieu, xen chieu.
+ Up go va md go: Cac sgi day de det mgt la chieu da dugc cang san tren
khung va dugc luon qua
16

rang go va qua khe giiia cac rang go 6 ben kia.
- Up go: Nguoi thg det chieu can hai dau go det
iip
chiii phan tren go det sap ve
phia minh (xem phan anh dac ta). Khi ay cac sgi day da dugc lu6n qua
16
rang go phia
ngudi det (so le 1-1) tao thanh khoang tr6ng de luon sgi coi.
- Md go: la dgng tac "ngugc lai" vdi dgng tac up go,
Cii
the theo chu trinh lien
tuc (lip- mo- lip- md )
+ Luon c6i (con ggi la vang coi)
Det chieu coi co hai ngudi thao tac go va bat bien, mgt ngudi chuyen luon coi
(ngoi phia ben phai ngudi thao tac go).
23