ninh bình một vùng sơn thủy hữu tình

DC
1
881
VIETNAM
CAC
VIING
> VAN
HOA
NINH BINH
38(V123-H)
TRE - 2007
116-01
/DKKHmc-
NSU^
LA DANG BAT
NINH BINH
MOr
VUNG SON
THUY
HUU TINH
O
NHA XUAT BAN TRE
HOAN NGHENH BAN DOC
G6P
Y PHE BINH
NHA
XUAT
BAN TRE
161b Ly Chinh Thang - Quan 3 - TP. Ho Chi Minh
Di?n
thoai: 9316211 • 8465595 - 8465596 -

9316289'
Fax: 84.8.8437450
E-mail:
PHAN
I
KHAI QUAT VE DIA LY,
UCH Sir
NINH BINH

MQT
VUNG SON THUY HUV
T)NH
Ninh Binh la mot tinh co dien tich gan
1.400km^
\6\
so dan tren 93 van
ngUcri,
phia
Bic
va Dong Bac giap tinh
Ha Nam va Nam Dinh, phia Tay va Tay Bac giap tinh Hoa
Binh, phia Nam va Tay Nam giap tinh Thanh Hda, phia
Dong Nam giap bien Dong.
Ninh Binh hien nay co 6 huyen: Hoa
Lu,
Gia Viin, Nho
Quan, Yen Khanh, Yen Mo, Kim
Scfn
va 2 thi xa: thi xa
Ninh Binh, thi xa Tam Diep. Thi xa Ninh Binh la do thi loai

3 - trung tam chinh tri, kinh te, van hoa cua tinh.
Dia hinh Ninh Binh phan thanh 3 viing ro ret. Vung nui
da voi
a
phia Tay, bat nguon
tii viing rvfng
nui Hoa Binh
chay theo hudng Tay
BSc
- Dong Nam tien ra bien Dong,
CO
10.400ha
rCmg tU
nhien, tren 20.000ha dien tich nui da,
chiem khoang 22,5% dien tich tU nhien
ciia
tinh.
NhOfng
day
niii
da voi nay
dUoc
hinh thanh each day
hcfn
200 trieu nam
do qua trinh tao scfn. Thdi gian ket
hcfp
vdi
luong nUdc miTa
da tao nen hang tram hang dong da voi

nUdc
va kho ky thii
nhu khu hang dong Trang An, Tam Coc, Bich Dong, Dich
Long, Van Trinh, Tam Giao, Hoa
Som,
Ban Long Nhiing
hang dong noi tieng nay da trd thanh cac diem tham quan
du lich
ciia
du khach trong va ngoai
nUdc.
Do la nhiing tai
nguyen du lich rat phong phu va doc dao. Mot so day nui da
voi con duac khai thae de lam vat lieu xay dung va la nguon
nguyen lieu v6 tan cung cap cho cac Nha may xi mang d
Ninh Binh. Do cung la mot the manh trong phat trien kinh
te cua Ninh Binh.
Thuf hai la viing dong chiem trung d cac huyen Nho Quan,
Gia Viin, Hoa
Lif,
Yen Mo co dien tich
Idn
nhat tao dieu
kien de phat trien nong nghiep.
NINH
BINH
Thuf ba la vung dong bang ven bien d huyen Kim Scfn,
Yen Khanh va phia Nam huyen Yen Mo.
VCing
nay ngay

cang tang them dien tich, vi Ninh Binh co 15 km bd bien,
do phu sa boi
dip,
hang nam tien ra bien
t\i
80 den 100m
tao nen vung dat boi phi nhieu, mau md.
Cd the ndi, dia hinh ciia Ninh Binh mang day du cac
yeu to' dia hinh cua dat
nUdc
nhU:
niii,
doi,
riing,
song, dong
bang, bien.
- '
Ninh Binh lai cd dudng giao thong thuy,
bp
rat thuan lai.
Dudng
bp,
cd
dudng
quoc 16
lA
theo tuyen Bac - Nam dai
han 30 km. Con dudng nay cd nhieu doan trung vdi
dudng
Thien ly

xifa de
ra
Bac
vao Nam rat quan trong, cho nen
nam
Minh Menh thuf 2 (1821), vua da tuan du ra Bac ddng
tren dinh
niii Due
Thuy ngam nhin bon phia ndi rang: "Ddt
Ninh Binh la
ludi.
Id
co hong cua
Bde
ky"^^\
Ngoai ra Ninh
Binh cdn cd dudng quoc 16 10,
dUdng
12A,
dUdng
12B va
dudng sat xuyen Viet dai tren 20 km.
Ve dudng thuy, Ninh Binh cd mot s6' s6ng
Idn nhU
song
Day, song Hoang Long Cac con sdng nay, ngay
tiT
dau the
ky
XI,

vao thang 7 (am lich), dau mua thu
nam
Canh Tuat
(1010) vua Ly Thai T6' da di qua de ddi do tii Hoa Lu ra
Thang Long. Cac song nhd d Ninh Binh cd rat nhieu, ndi
lien vdi cac sdng
Idn
tao thanh mang
ludi
giao thdng thuy
rat thuan lai cho viec giao
luu
phat trien kinh
te
- xa hoi.
Hien nay, ve dan tpc, Ninh Binh cd hai dan tpc chinh la
Kinh va Mudng. NgUdi
Mudng
cd gan 2 van, sdng xen ke vdi
(1) "Ninh Binh toan tinh dia chi khao bien" cua
Nguyin Tuf
f^ln
- NXB Chinh trj
quoc gia - Ha Noi 2001 - tr.40.
MOT
VUNG
SON
THUY
HUU
TINH

ngudi Kinh
d
mot so' xa trong huyen Nho Quan, chiem 1,7%
dan so' toan tinh.
Ninh Binh la tinh cd con
ngUdi
cu tru rat sdm. Cac nha
khao
CO
hoc da phat hien xuang, rang
ngUdi
co hda thach
d hang Thung Lang (nay thudc phudng Nam San, thi xa
Tam Diep), cd nien dai
each
chung ta tii 3 van
nam
thudc
thdi Hau ky do da cu. Dong Ngudi
Xua
d Vudn quoc gia
Cue
Phuang cd ba ngdi mp co'
ciia
ngudi nguyen thiiy sdng
each
ngay nay tii 7.000 den
8.000
nam, thudc Van hda Hda Binh
trong thdi ky do da mdi.

Di chi Man Bac d xa Yen Thanh (Yen Md) mdi khai quat
vao thang 3
nam
1999 tim thay 5 ngoi mp vdi 6 bd xUang
(3 ngudi
Idn,
3 tre em) va nhieu hien vat khac
ciia ngUdi
co
song
each
day tii 3.000 den 3.500 nam, thudc sa ky thdi dai
kim khi,
nam
d giai doan cudi thdi nguyen thiiy. Dieu dd
chiing minh Ninh Binh la vung dat co, da cd con
ngUdi cU
tru
I'at
sdm tii thdi Hau ky do da cu.
Ninh Binh cdn phat hien
difgc
6 chiec trdng dong, trong
dd cd 2 chiec'" loai I - goi la trdng dong Ddng San,
each
ngay nay khoang 4.000 nam. Cdn 4
trd'ng
dong khac thudc
loai II, cdn duac gpi la trd'ng Mudng. Dieu dd cung khang
dinh Ninh Binh la mot trong nhufng viing dat da gdp phan

tao dung nen qudc gia Van Lang
ciia
cac vua Hung va nUdc
Au Lac do An Duang
Vuang
Thuc Phan thanh lap vao
giOta
the ky 3
trade
cdng nguyen.
O dat Ninh Binh, con ngudi
xua'^t
hien rat sdm va cung la
(1)
Nam
1968,
tai chan nui xa Yen Quang, huyen Nho Quan tim
dU0c
1 chiec.
Nam 1994
tgi
thon Thach La, xa Thach Binh, huyen Nho Quan tim
dUOc
chiec
trong dong
lo^ii
I thif hai.
NINH BiNH
nai ngudi Ninh Binh tham gia dau tranh gianh doc lap tU do
ngay tii thdi ky TrUng

Niif
Vuang (40-43).
Theo truyen thuyet, tii vi Hong Nuang d xa Gia Van,
huyen Gia Viin ngay nay da den Me Linh cung Hai Ba
TrUng chien dau chdng quan
Han
(Trung Qud'c) deu
duac
phong lam tudng.
Theo than pha d den Ddng Hdi thudc xa Ninh An, huyen
Hoa Lu, de tra thu nha, den na nUdc Ddng But, Dieu Vu va
Ngpc NU Tran Hoa cung 500 quan si quanh vung da keo ve
Hat Giang theo Hai Ba TrUng danh dudi Td Dinh.
Den nhUng
nam
dau the ky X, tii lang Dai HUu, chau Dai
Hoang (nay la thdn Van Bdng, xa Gia Phuang, huyen Gia
Viin),
Dinh Cdng Trd da vao Chau Ai (Thanh Hda) tham gia
cudc khdi nghia
ciia
Duang Dinh Nghe va
dugc
giao cai quan
Chau Hoan (nay thudc Nghe An),
Thdi Ngd Quyen, Dinh Cdng
Truf vIn
lam Thd sut Chau
Hoan. Sau khi dng mat, con cua Dinh Cdng Trd la Dinh Bp
Linh da theo me la Dam Thi (ngUdi va hai

ciia
Dinh Cdng
Truf) bd Chau Hoan ve ddng Hoa LU (la Thung Lau va viing dat
quanh dd, nay thudc thdn Mai Phuang, xa Gia HUng, huyen
Gia Vien), nUang than vdi dng
chii
rupt la Dinh Thiic Du.
Tai dong Hoa Lu, tii cd lau tap tran, Dinh Bp Linh da dep
yen loan 12 suf quan, non sdng thu ve mdt mdi, dat nUdc trd
lai thdng nhat. Nam
968,
Dinh Bd Linh len ngdi Hoang de,
goi la Dinh Tien Hoang, dat ten nUdc la Dai Co Viet.
Dinh Tien Hoang chpn Hoa Lu (xa Trudng Yen, huyen
Hoa Lu ngay nay) la vung niii non ky
thii
nhung hiem trd
de lam Kinh dd - "Kinh do Bd".
10
M0T
VUNG SON THUY HUV
TINH
Sach
Dai
Viet sii lugc (khuyet danh thdi Tran)
cd ghi:
"Den
ndm
thi2 nhdt nien hieu Khai
Bdo (968) ddi vua

Trieu Id Tong Thdi
To,
Vuang xiing Hodng de
a
dgng
Hoa
Li/"'.
Rdi
dung cung dien,
che
trieu nghi,
sdp dat
trdm quan,
lap
xd tdc vd ton
hieu Id
"Bai
Thdng Minh Hodng
De"'^'.
Nha
suf hoc Le Van Huu
(1230-1322), trong cud'n
Dai
Viet
sa
ky, khi
ban
ve
Dinh Tien Hoang
cd

viet: "Tien Hodng
vdi
tdi ndng sdng suot
han
ngUai, dUng lugc
bac
nhdt thien
hg.,
ddm duang liic nUac Viet
ta
khong
co chu, cdc
hiing triiang
cdt cvC khdp
nai, mot
Idn cic sU, mUai
hai sd
qudn
deu
thdn
phuc
hit. The roi md
nUdc, dUng
do, doi
nien hieu, xUng
Hodng
de, dgt
trdm quan,
lap sdu
qudn,

che do gdn
du"^^K
Nguyin Trai (1380-1442)
la bac dai thi hao dau
tien ciia
dan
tdc,
trong cudn
Dia du chi
cung
ghi:
"Dinh (Dinh
Bo
Linh)
ggi
nUdc Id
Dgi Co
Viet, dong
do a Hoa Lu Hoa Lu
xUa Id
Bai
Hodng,
bdy gid
Id
phu
Triiang
Yen"^*\
Tai day, dng cho
xay
cung dien,

dat
trieu nghi, dap thanh,
dao hao, dUa vao
the nui xay
dUng
mdt
cdng trinh phdng ngU
kien cd'
nhu mdt
phao
dai
hiem, biet
lap vdi ben
ngoai.
Kinh
do Hoa Lu la
kinh
dd dau
tien trong
nen
van
minh
Dai
Viet ciia phong kien
tap
quyen
d
nUdc
ta.
(1) Dong khong

co
nghia
la
hang dong,
ma la ten de gpi mot khu
vUc
cU
tru
cua dong
bao
mien
nui.
Thdi Dinh
Bp
Linh chic
Hoa Lu la khu
vUc
cU
tru cua
dong
bao
Mudng,
va lai khi ay
cung chua
co su
phan
hoa ro ret
giiJa
ngudi
Mudng

vdi
ngudi Kinh
nhU
tCf
the ky XIV trd di
(theo Dinh
Gia
Khanh trong cuon
"Truyen
hay
nUdc Viet"
NXB
Thong
tin - Ha Noi -
1988).
(2)
"Dai
Viet
sCr
lupc"
- NXB TP Ho Chi
Minh
-
1993
-
Trang
90.
(3)
"van thd Ly
Tran"

- Tap II -
Quyen
Thupng
- NXB
KHXH
- Ha Noi - 1998
-
Tr.361.
(4) "Nguyin Trai toan
tap" (In lan
thir
2) NXB
KHXH
- Ha Noi - 1976 -
Tr.216.
11
MAW BlNH
Kinh dd Hoa Lu cd dien tich trai rdng khoang 300 ha,
nam
gpn trong dia phan xa TrUdng Yen
ngay
nay, duac bao
quanh bdi hang loat niii da vdng cung, canh quan hiing vi.
Trung tam ciia Kinh dd Hoa Lu xUa ngay nay la khu vUc hai
ngdi den thd vua Dinh Tien Hoang va vua Le Dai Hanh.
Dgi Nam
nhdt
thong chi cd viet: "Do cu nhd Dinh, nhd
Le a xd Truang Yen Thugng vd Truang Yen Hg co Thdnh
Noi vd Thdnh

Ngogi"^'^K
Kinh dd Hoa Lu la mdt quan thanh vUng chac do thien
nhien va con ngUdi lam nen. Khac vdi mpi dd thanh da xay
dung tren dat nUdc ta, thanh Hoa Lu gom nhUng day
niii
da
vdi va cac tUdng thanh nhan tao dan xen, ndi lien vdi nhau,
nhap nhd tao nen mot dd thanh ddc
dao
ma khdng nai nao
cd duac. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang da biet khai
thae
triet de
thien nhien de phuc vu cho con ngUdi. Ldi kien
true
nay da
tiet kiem tdi da
suTc
ngUdi,
sufc
ciia. Chi can bit kin cac vach
nui,
nghia la dap them nhufng tUdng thanh nhan tao de ndi
cac day
niii
lai vdi nhau la cd nhUng vdng thanh vd
ciing
ky vi va kien cd'. Chieu dai
ciia
cac

niii
tao nen thanh thien
nhien khoang 8km.
Sau nhieu lan nghien cufu va khai quat, da khang dinh
Kinh dd Hoa Lu cd 13 doan tudng thanh nhan tao.
Thanh Ngoai cd 4 doan tudng thanh nhan tao
nam
d dia
phan thdn Yen Thuang va thdn Yen Thanh, xa TrUdng Yen.
Ve phia Ddng Kinh dd Hoa Lu cd hai doan: Mdt doan ndi
tii
nui Dam sang
niii
Thanh Lau. Tii niii Thanh Lau lai cd mot
doan tudng thanh ndi sang
niii
Cdt Cd, gpi chung la Tudng
(1) "Dai Nam nhat thong
chf
- NXB KHXH - Ha Noi - 1971.
12
MOT
VUNG SON THUY HUV
TINH
Ddng. Tudng Bac
nam
ve phia Bac Kinh dd Hoa Lu cung cd
hai doan: Mdt doan
tCr
nui Cdt Cd ndi den

niii
Che, doan
nOa
tii
niii
Che ndi den
niii
Cha.
Phia Bac thanh ndi cd hai tudng thanh: TCf
niii
Hang To
sang
niii Canh
Han va
tii
mil Canh Han sang
niii
Sau Cai.
Hai doan tUdng thanh nay gpi chung la Tudng Den. Doan
tif
niii canh Han
den
niii
Sau Cai dai nhat la 500m.
Ngoai ra cdn cd bay tudng thanh nhan tao nUa. Tudng
Bim ndi tii nui Cd Giai sang
niii
Mong Mang, ngan nhat
cung 65m. Tudng Bo ndi
tiT

nui Mong Mang sang nui Quen
Ddt. Tudng Vau ndi tii nui Hang Quan sang
niii
Ma Yen.
Tudng Ngdi Chem ndi td
niii
Hang Quan den
niii
Dai Van.
Tudng Quen Thung Mdc ndi
tif niii
Hang Ludn sang nui
Thung Mdc. Tudng Vau khu Thanh Trong ndi tU nui Chua
Thii
sang nui Hang Sung. Tudng Nam d phia Nam Kinh dd
Hoa
LU<".
Chieu dai cua cac tUdng thanh nhan tao khoang 2km.
NhUng tudng thanh nhan tao nay duac dap kha cao
tiJ
8
den 10m, cd doan xay kin bang dat ken gach, chan thanh
bd gach, cd doan phia trong xay gach, phia ngoai dap dat,
cd doan dap da
lln
dat va cd doan dap toan bang dat. Mdng
thanh cd doan duac lat bang nhufng doan gd. Hien nay dau
vet
ciia
13 tuyen tudng thanh

van
cdn.
Tudng thanh thien nhien la cac day niii, cd ngon niii nhU
Mdng Mang cao den hon 200m, lam cho tUdng thanh Kinh
dd Hoa Lu cao khdng deu, nhap nhd nhung be the, hoanh
trang. Vi the, vai trd cua
nhUng
day nui
Idn
d Kinh dd Hoa
(1) Theo Dang Cong Nga - "Kinh do Hoa Lu thdi Dinh - Tien Le" -
S6
VHTT
Ninh Binh - 2002.
13
NINH BlNH
Lu rat quan trong. Cd the ndi tUdng thanh Hoa
Lu
la tUdng
thanh cua tao hda va con ngudi.
Hien nay
nhOng
tUdng thanh nhan tao d Kinh dd Hoa Lu
xUa khdng cdn nUa. Nhieu ngUdi cho
rkng
Kinh dd Hoa Lu
khdng cdn thanh cd. NhUng thUc ra thanh cd Hoa Lu vin
cdn.
Dii
trai qua hcfn mdt nghin nam, chiu mUa nang

ciia
dat
trdi khac nghiet, nd vin cdn dang dufng dd, "tra gan cdng
tue nguyet", khdng phai khai quat, khdng phai trung tu, dai
tu. Dd la nhUng day
niii
dung lam tUdng thanh Hoa Lu xa
xUa vin cdn giU nguyen
cac
ten gpi nhU da cd, chinh la mdt
phan cdn lai mudn ddi cua thanh cd Hoa Lu
ma
khdng bao
gid mat di duac.
Dinh Tien Hoang da rat chii y den yeu td "thdnh" de
b^o
ve kinh dd. Phia Bac thanh
nkm
ben sdng Hoang
Long, cho nen dUdng giao thdng thiiy rat thuan tien. Day
la trung tam chinh tri, kinh te,
van
hda va la mot quan
thanh vUng chic.
Thanh Ngoai rong khoang 140ha, thudc dia phan thdn
Yen Thuang va thdn Yen Thanh,
xa
TrUdng Yen. Day la
nai xay dung nhufng cung dien chinh, ma khu vUc den Dinh,
den Le la trung diem, la nai Dinh Tien Hoang cim cd nUdc.

Trudc cac cung dien cd
niii
Ma Yen, tuang truyen, vua Dinh
Tien Hoang lay nui nay lam an. O thdn Yen Thanh cd nhieu
chiia va den, hien nay van cdn, la mdt phan kien
true
trong
khu cung dien chinh. Dd la
chiia
Nhat Tru, duac xay til ddi
vua Le Dai Hanh. TrUdc cufa chua cd cot kinh bang da hinh
tam canh, khic bai "Kinh Ldng nghiem". Cach chua Nha't
Tru mdt doan la den Phat Kim (thd cdng chiia Pha't Kim -
con
gai
vua Dinh Tien Hoang).
1'4
MOT
VUNG
SON
THUY
HUV
TiNH
Phia Bic Kinh dd Hoa Lu, gin sdng Hoang Long (d vi tri
gin cdng de TrUdng Yen -
each
den thd vua Le Dai
Hanh
khoang 2km) la chiia Thap (hien nay khdng cdn), cd thap
Bao Thien. (Hien nay cdn dao thay rat nhieu tang

da cac
loai
ciia
chua Thap).
Gin ben bd sdng Hoang Long d phia Ddng Bic Kinh dd
Hoa Lu cd chua Ba Ngd. Hien nay chua Ba Ngd da xay dUng
lai,
cdn giuf ducfc mdt bia da bdn mat cao han
Im,
be ngang
0,5m deu cham khac
chO
Han ghi cdng dufc
nhOng
ngUdi da
Cling tien xay dUng chua d thdi gian trung tu.
Chua Ba Ngd duac xay dung td thdi nha Dinh. Nam 1963,
trong khi tri thiiy sdng Hoang Long, nhan dan da dao duac
mot sd cot kinh Phat hinh bat giac, cham khic
chuf
Han, d
dd cd ghi: Dinh Liin da lam 100 tda kinh Phat de dang len
chiia.
Thanh Ndi rdng hcfn Thanh Ngoai, cd dien tich khoang
160ha, nam d phia Tay Bic nay thudc thdn Chi Phong, xa
Trudng Yen, cd ten ThU Nhi Xa hay Khd Nhi Xa, la nai d
ciia
gia dinh cac quan lai va lam kho. Trong Thanh Ndi cd
chiia
Ngan duac xay dUng tii the ky X, hien nay qua nhieu

lin triing
tu vin cdn.
Gpi Thanh Ndi, Thanh Ngoai la gpi
tii
phia trong ra phia
ngoai, chuf khdng phai chi
cac
vdng thanh phia trong hay
phia ngoai, cung khdng mang y nghia la khu thanh phu hay
khu thanh chinh.
Thanh Ndi va Thanh Ngoai la hai khu vUc
each
biet
nhung d sat canh nhau
va
cd the qua lai duac de dang nhd
mot ngach niii
an
thdng gpi la Quen Vdng (Quen Vdng nim
15
NINH BiNH
•
'
ve
phia
Tay Nam den Dinh hien nay - thudc da't thdn Chi
Phong). Quen cao so vdi mat dUdng khoang 5m, rdng gin
10m. Phia Nam quen la nui Quen Ddt. Phia Bic quen la
niii
Phi Van. Ngay nay nhan dan da pha va ha thap quen

xud'ng, chi cdn cao dp 1,5m va lam them mdt con ngdi phia
Nam quen de din nUdc.
0
hai khu cd cdng
Idn
xay bang da,
cd
hao
sau, bic
nggmg
qua hao sau la nhufng chiec ciu cung
bang da. Ddng sdng Sao Khe chay tii sdng Hoang Long
xudi
ve phia Nam, chay dpc qua Kinh dd Hoa Lu cd ciu Ddng, ciu
Den Ciu Ddng lam bing da phien (hien nay da thay bing
xi mang cdt thep), bic ngang qua sdng Sao Khe chay
tiT
sdng
Hoang Long ve, nim d phia Bic
niii
Hd. Hien cdn hai chuf
Han
Idn:
"Dong Kiiu" cham khic ndi d
vach
da nui Hd. Ciu
each
den thd vua Le Dai Hanh ve hudng Bic khoang 600m
nam d phia Ddng Kinh dd Hoa Lu, nen gpi la ciu Ddng. Ciu
Den cung lam bang da phien bic ngang qua sdng Sao Khe

lui ve phia Bic,
each
ciu Ddng khoang
500m'".
Ben ngoai khu thanh d Kinh dd Hoa Lu cd nhieu tram
gac
bao ve. Kinh thanh lai nim
giOa
nhufng qua nui
Idn
bao bpc xung quanh cho nen mang nang tinh chat quan sU.
Day la mdt vi tri kin dao thuan lgi cho viec phdng thu, tien
(1) Thdi gian sau, cau bj do nat. Den ddi vua Le
The
Tong nien hieu Quang
Hung (1578-1599), My Quan cong Bui Van Khue da xay dung lai cau. Thong
Quan cong
D6
Chu tu la Dpn Phu da dung bia cho cau. Trong bai minh co ghi:
Gia Vien Trudng Yen
Tu thuy
l<y
sdn
Cuu hdu thuy
iuang,
Den
l(ieu l<y
nhan.
(TrUdng Yen Gia
Viin

Song dep nui ky
Xua
CO
chiec cau
Dat ten cau Den.)
16
MOT
VUNG
SON
THUY
HUV
TiNH
cdng, mat khac lai xa bien thuy ai Bic - giac phuang Bic
khd khan trong viec tim hieu de md
nhUng
dgt tan cdng
chdp nhoang.
Phia Ddng Bac thanh cd nui Cdt Cd, xUa la nai vua Dinh
cim cd nUdc.
Niii
cao hom 90m, nhu mdt cdt cd thien nhien
khdng
Id,
vi dai. Phia Ddng Nam thanh cd Ghenh Thap la
mdt mdm
niii
thap nhd ra sat sdng Sao Khe (gin Xuyen
Thuy Ddng). Mdm nui nay tuang truyen la nai vua Dinh, vua
Le thudng dufng de duyet thuy quan. Sdng Sao Khe chay qua
hang Ludn (Xuyen Thiiy Ddng) la nai

cac
dan vi thiiy quan
cua vua Dinh luyen tap thudng xuyen.
Cung d phia Ddng Nam khu thanh ngoai
conrfedoHg
Am
Tien d
lUng chitog niii
la nai vua Dinh nudi
rjp$Oid®aii
de
trdng tri
nhUng
ke cd tdi. Dudi chan nui Dia
ists-ta ^ bhia
Bic khu Thanh Ngoai cd mdt ao
Idn,
ten la
Ao^Siai:?rnang
truyen la nai vua Dinh nudi giai,
de
nem
nnO^;
keLcci
tdi
xudng ao cho giai an thit. Ngoai ra cdn cd
Aaf-hang
rfludi:
mdt hang Mudi Can d trong nui Hang
Mudr-«am-

saiJphia
Tay sdng Sao Khe (qua Ghenh Thap mdi den Hang Mudi),
mot hang Mudi d trong nui Hang Mudi Ca nim ve phia
Ddng Kinh dd Hoa Lu, deu la kho tich mudi va hang Tien la
kho truf tien d phia Tay Bac Kinh dd Hoa Lu, (phia Bac thdn
Chi Phong, gin dudng Nguyen Van Trdi, hien nay da bi san
lap do pha
niii
lay da). Lai cd hang Vang la kho cat vang
bac,
hang Trau la nai chUa luang thUc, hang Bim la kho vu
khi
va mdt thung lung kha rdng d phia ngoai hang Quan
(nai de quan tai ngUdi chet trUdc khi dem chdn) la nai quan
si
ciia
vua Dinh thudng den tap luyen, nen nhan dan dia
phuang gpi la "Ddu dong qudn". Rd rang la cac hang ddng
dugc dung lam kho
va
nha nguc. Vua Dinh Tien Hoang da
17
NINH BiNH
khai
thae
tdi Uu thien nhien de phuc vu cho trieu dinh, lam
giam
nhUng
chi tieu khdng cin thiet trong dieu kien mdt
Nha nUdc phong kien tap

quyin
cdn non tre.
Song song vdi viec xay dUng kinh thanh Hoa
lu,
vua Dinh
Tien Hoang cdn td
chiJc
bd may Nha nUdc tUang ddi hoan
chinh, dinh pham ham cho
cac
quan van, vd; phong Nguyin
Bac lam Dinh Qud'c Cdng,
giU
chufc Thai te (dufng sau vua);
phong Dinh Dien giuf chufc Ngoai giap (trdng coi ngoai kinh
thanh);
phong Le Hoan
giiJ
chufc Thap dao tudng quan
Ngoai ra, vua Dinh Tien Hoang cdn td chufc quan dpi rat
chat che, chia lam 10 dao, mdi dao cd 10 quan, mdi quan
cd 10 lu, mdi
10
cd 10 tdt, mdi td't cd 10 ngu, mdi
ngii
cd 10
ngUdi, tdng so' la 1 trieu ngUdi.
Nhung tdi nam 979, Dinh Tien Hoang
va
con trai ca

Dinh Liin bi Dd Thich am hai. The la trong trieu cd nhieu
vu xung dot xay ra. Con trai thuf ciia Dinh Tien Hoang la
Dinh Toan mdi 6 tudi len lam vua. Khi dd, trong nUdc ndi bp
trieu dinh luc
due;
ngoai nUdc nha Tdng (Trung Qud'c)
thi/a
dip tien hanh mUU dd thdn tinh nUdc Dai Cd Viet - Dat nUdc
dang dufng trUdc hiem hpa bi giac ngoai xam de dpa.
Trieu dinh cd vua
nhUng
vua Dinh Toan cdn it tudi, chUa
dii
kha nang va uy tin de td chufc va lanh dao cudc khang
chien.
Vi
sU nghiep bao ve ddc lap dan tdc, Thai hau Duang
Van Nga va mdt
so
quan lai cung ddng dao quan
si
da suy
tdn Le Hoan len lam vua td thang 7
nam
980. Le Hoan la
mdt ngudi cd uy tin trong trieu luc
bi'y
gid dang
giCf
chiic

Thap dao tudng quan (Tdng chi huy quan dpi).
Tif
dd cham
ddt vai trd nha Dinh trong lich suf dan tdc. Nhu vay nha
Dinh chi d ngdi dugc 13
nam
(968-980).
18
MOT
VUNG
SON
TH&y
HUV
TiNH
Le Hoan len ngdi vua nam 980, lap nen mdt trieu dai
mdi:
trieu Tien Le, vin lay Hoa Lu lam Kinh dd. Mdt nhiem
vu lich suf trpng dai dat ra trUdc dan tpc
va
trieu dinh
liic
bay gid la phai gap
riit
td chufc cudc khang chien chd'ng quan
xam lugc Tdng.
Dau nam 981, quan Tdng theo hai dudng thiiy, bd ao
•at den xam lugc
nude
ta, dinh tien vao vay ham Kinh do
Hoa Lu. Le Hoan

true
tiep td chufc va lanh dao cudc khing
chien chd'ng quan xam lugc Tdng va da gianh dugc thing
lgi rUc rd.
Sau khi chien thing quan xam lugc Tdng, Le
Hoan
tim
each
lap lai quan he bang giao vdi nha Tdng. Cac suf thin
ciia
nha Tdng den Kinh dd Hoa Lu,
chufng
kien canh nui
sdng hung vi, thay con ngUdi Dai Cd Viet thdng minh, cd sufc
manh
Idn
lao, da phai than phuc va kinh ne. NhUng cudc
bang giao cua
cac
suf thin nha Tdng vdi nha Tien Le d Kinh
dd Hoa Lu khi dd, ghi nhan mdi quan he ngoai giao qudc te
ban diu, mdt chinh sach ddi ngoai kien quyet nhUng mem
deo,
khdn kheo de
giO
gin hda binh cho dan tdc.
Dat
nUdc lai binh yen, Le Hoan cho xay them nhieu cung
dien long liy, gdp phan lam cho Kinh dd Hoa Lu ngay
cang

hoan chinh, trong dd cd
nhdng
cung dien xay cdt dat vang,
dat bac, mai
Igp
bing ngdi bac. Trong sach Dgi Viet
suC
ky
todn thu cua Ngd
Si
Lien, cd ghi: "Gidp Thdn ndm thii 5
(984):
Dung nhieu cung dien; lam dien Bdch Bdo Thien Tue
a
niii
Dgi Vdn, cot dien ddt vdng, bgc,
Idm
nai coi chdu; ben
Dong
Id
dien Phong Luu, ben Tay
Id
dien Td Hoa; ben td
Id
dien Bong Lai, ben HUu
Id
dien Cuc Lgc; roi
Idm Idu
Dgi
Vdn,

rdi lgi dung dien Truang Xuan lam nai vua ngu, ben
19
NINH BiNH
cgnh dien Truang Xuan dung dien Long Loc, lap bdng ngoi
bgc"^^K
Day la 8 cdng trinh dugc xay dung tU
nam
984. Mdt
cdng trinh thU 9 la dien Can Nguyen: "Ndm Nhdm Thin
(992)
Id
ndm thU ba nien hieu Hung Thong, mua xudn vua
ngu a
Idu
Cdn Nguyen de xem
den"^'^\
Niii Dai Van nim d ngay phia sau khu den Dinh va den
Le hien nay, cdn gpi la nui Long Trieu (Dgi Nam nhdt thong
chi),
nhan dan dia phuang gpi la
niii
Phi Van da xay dUng
dien Bach Bao Thien Tue. Dieu dd chufng td Kinh dd Hoa Lu
cd quy md be the, dep de, uy nghi, trang hoang long lay, hda
nhap vdi thien nhien hung vi'".
Nam 1005, vua Le Dai Hanh qua ddi tai dien TrUdng
Xuan, d ngdi 25
nam
(980-1005), thp 64 tudi. Con thuf ba
cua vua la Le Trung Tdng len ngdi dugc 3 ngay thi Le Long

Dinh (Le Ngoa Trieu) la con thU
nam
ciia vua Le Dai Hanh
va la em trai cung me cua vua Le Trung Tdng, da cUdp ngdi,
giet vua Le Trung Tdng de len ngdi
nam
1006. Nam 1009
(1),
(2) "Dai Viet
sCf
lupc" - NXB Thanh pho Ho Chi Minh • 1993
-Tr.100,
101.
(3) Nam
1978,
Ty Van hoa thong tin Ha Nam Ninh khao sat tai khu vUc Trudng
Yen,
huyen Hoa Lu, phat hien thay chan mong bang da xep vuong
van
nhu
6
ban cd
b dp
sau 0,6m mot nen nha lat bang gach "Giang Tay quan' da bj vd,
mot Idp tro than day 20-30cm d dp sau 0,9m, mpt mang nen gach hoa sen kich
thudc 34x34x7cm, cUng vdi mpt
sp
manh ngoi ong
6
dp sau 0,95m, mot so gd

lat muc day
10-20cm
va nhufng manh gach ngoi ken day 40cm cd dau vet tudng
gach.
Id nung gom va dau vet kien
true
bj do nat, rdng
100m^.
Trudc dd cac nha
khao CO hpc da dao
dupe
nhieu manh bat dia, xUdng voi, xUdng ngua va cpt kinh
Phat, tren cp khic dong
chU
"De tu Tinh hai quan, Tiet dp su, Nam Viet Vupng
Dinh Qudc Lien kinh tao bao trang nhat bach tda thdi Quy Dau tue"
6
gan sdng
Hoang Long. Tai xa Trudng Yen dao
dudc
hai loai gach, tren mat cd ddng
chiJ
"Dai Viet quoc quan thanh chuyen" (loai gach do quan dan thdi nha Dinh lam)
va "Giang Tay quan' (loai gach do quan si Giang Tay thdi Dudng ddng d
nude
ta san xuat ra). 6 khu
vUc
dpng Thien Tdn thude xa Ninh My
eijng
dao dUdc hai

loai gach dd.
20
MOT
VUNG
SON
THUY
HUV
TiNH
vua Le Ngoa Trieu mat. Nhu vay nha Tien Le d ngdi dugc
29 nam (980-1009).
Phia Ddng Kinh dd Hoa Lu la dudng Tien Yet. Day la con
dudng bd chinh vao Kinh dd Hoa Lu, cdn gpi la "Dudng
Ciia
Ddng". (Hien cdn tam bia Cufa Ddng ghi: "Dudng
Ciia
Dong
Trdng An
Id
mot loi di rong lan, mot thdng
ednh
d ddt Gia
Viin (Hoa Lu). Tic khi Dinh Tien Hodng dUng nuac dinh
do
a phia Dong do thdnh, Nien Thdn The ggi
Id
dudng
Ciia
Dong. Bdy gia cdc quan vdn
v6
thuang theo dudng ndy

lui tai trieu
can ").
Dpc dudng Tien Yet nay, trUdc day cd
dung nhieu tram
gac
kien cd' de bao ve Kinh thanh Hoa Lu.
Cach Thanh Ngoai ve phia Ddng khoang han 1km la thdn
Ang Ngu - nai ma cac quan
tii
khip nai trong nude ve day,
trudc khi vao kinh dd chiu vua,
difng
lai de chuan bi sang
sufa trieu y. O thdn Ang Ngu cd ddng Hoa Scfn, tUcfng truyen
la
noi nudi au chiia. Cach thdn Ang Ngu han 1km la Quen
Oi -
ciia
ngd
vao
kinh dd, trUdc day rat cao, khd di. Cach
Quen Oi khoang 1km la thdn Quan Vinh, cung la mdt tram
gac
Idn.
each
thdn Quan Vinh hon 1km la ddng Thien Tdn,
thd mdt vi than cao nhat: Tran Vu Thien Tdn. Ddng nim
trong niii Dung Duang. Khi Dinh Bd Linh dem quan di danh
dep
cac

suf quan da
siia
li vat vao li tai ddng Thien Tdn
cau mong dugc thin giup dd. Sau khi thu phuc dugc dat nUdc
va len ngdi Hoang de, Dinh Tien Hoang da tu sufa den va
ddng, ddng thdi cho xay dung d day hai khu nha Tien Te
va Kinh Thien Dai de khach thap phuang ve cd chd nghi
va Cling li. Ben canh nui Dung Ducfng cdn cd hai nui
da Idn
niJa
la: Nuang Son va Tugng San. Ba niii
Idn
nay thudc HTX
Da Gia, thi tran Thien Tdn, nim gin hai ben dUdng Tien
21
NINH BiNH
Yet nhu mdt cdng thanh thien nhien ky vT
an
ngiif con dUdng
chinh vao Kinh dd Hoa Lu. TU Kinh dd Hoa Lu di ra bing
dudng bp, cdn cd con dUdng Thugng Dao ve phia Tay, cd the
di vao Thanh Hda va ngUgc len phia Bic de dang.
Dudng thuy cd sdng Hoang Long d phia Bic, chay ra sdng
Day de tii dd nhap vao he thdng Nhi Ha, cd the ngUgc len
phia Bic. Chinh bing dUdng thuy nay, td Trung Qud'c vao
sdng Bach Ding, qua sdng Lupc, sdng Chau (Ha Nam), theo
sdng Day, sdng Hoang Long, cac sii gia nha Tdng da den
Kinh dd Hoa Lu yet kien vua Le Dai Hanh vao
nam
990.

Cung td sdng Hoang Long, cdn cd mdt nhanh ngugc len den
nga ba Kenh Ga, theo sdng Bdi Hda Binh di ve phia Tay
Bic.
Sdng Hoang Long khi chay den nga ba Gian Khau, lai
cd mdt nhanh theo ddng sdng Day, ve phia Ddng di den nga
ba Non
Nude
rdi chay xudi ra bien Ddng.
TCf nga ba Non Nudc, cd sdng Van Sang chech ve phia
Tay Nam, chay den nga ba Ciu Yen, vao sdng Trinh Nuf,
den sdng Hd, chay tiep sang sdng Thin Phu, rdi cung ra
bien Ddng.
Nga ba Cau Yen lai cd mpt nhanh nUa theo sdng He
Dudng chay ve phia Tay Nam Kinh dd Hoa Lu. Nhu the ve
dudng thiiy Kinh dd Hoa Lu ba mat: Bic, Ddng Nam, Tay
Nam deu cd sdng, nhu "nhUng
biic
tUang thdnh thien nhien
nUac"
Yiia.
la de bao ve Kinh dd Hoa Lu
vUa
la dudng giao
thdng thiiy rat thuan lgi.
Mat phia Nam Kinh dd Hoa Lu lai cd sdng Sao Khe chay
qua Hang Ludn, xudi ve phia Nam,
la
mdt dudng thiiy quan
trpng. Dudng bien, tir Kinh dd Hoa Lu di ra bien rat gin.
(5

22
MOT
VUNG
SON
THUY
HLV
TINH
the
ky X,
bien cang Phuc Thanh
d nga ba Non
Nudc
vifa
la
cang sdng
vifa
la
cang bien.
Lui ve
phia dUdi
nui Non
Nudc
(nui
Due
Thiiy)
mdt
quang
(cd the d nga ba
sdng
Day -

sdng
Ciu
Tao) la
cufa bien
Dai Ac. (Mai den
thdi
Ly,
ciia
Dai
Ac
mdi lui
xud'ng
nga ba Ddc Bp bay gid). Mdt
dUdng bien
nOa
la
ciia
Tieu Khang
(Ciia
Can -
hien
nay la dat xa Yen
Mac,
Yen Md). Cd hai
cang bien
nay td
Kinh
dd Hoa Lu di
ra hoac
vao rat

thuan
lgi.
Phia
Tay
ciia
Kinh
dd Hoa Lu la
nhOng
day nui da
TrUdng
Yen cao vut.
Kinh
dd Hoa Lu cdn toa ra mdt
khdng gian rdng
han
nOa
d
thdn
La Mai,
xa
Ninh Giang, huyen
Hoa Lu,
each
nui
Dung Duang khdng
xa, xUa la nai vua
Dinh
de kho mim,
kho mudi.
De

bao ve
Kinh
dd Hoa Lu ve mat
dudng thiiy
va
dUdng
bd,
vua
Dinh Tien Hoang
va vua Le Dai
Hanh
cdn cho xay
ddn
luy
tren niii
Non
Nudc
(nui
Due
Thuy),
coi nhU mdt
tien
ddn kiem soat
con
dUdng
bd
tif
Tam
Diep,
con

dudng bien
theo cufa
Dai Ac di ra'".
Dieu
dd
chUng
td vua
Dinh Tien
Hoang
va
vua Le Dai
Hanh
rat
quan
tam chu y xay
dUng
kinh thanh
va cac
phdng tuyen
de bao ve
vufng chic kinh
dd,
cung
la bao ve
nUdc
Dai Cd
Viet.
Sau
khi Le
Long Dinh

mat, diu
thang
11
nam
1009,
quan
Than
ve la Ly
Cdng
Uan da
dugc
cac nha tu
hanh
va
ba
quan
van
vd
trong trieu
tdn lap lam vua. Nha Ly
dugc chinh
thufc dung
len td dd,
cung
d
Kinh
dd Hoa Lu.
Kinh
dd Hoa Lu lai ghi
nhan

sU ra ddi
ciia
mpt
vUang
trieu
mdi: Nha Ly.
Kinh
dd Hoa Lu
thuc
su la
trung
tam
(1)
Dpc "Nui Dye
Thuy"
cua La
Dang
Bat - NXB The
gidi
- Ha Noi - 1998.
23
NINH BiNH
chinh tri, kinh te,
van
hda dau tien cua nUdc Dai Cd Viet
thdng nhat, ddc lap, tu chd. Kinh dd Hoa Lu cung
la
nai the
hien y chi kien cUdng, bat khuat chdng giac ngoai xam bao
ve Td qudc, thuc su la mpt quan thanh

vOng
chic.
Xa hoi Dai Cd Viet khi dd rat cin mdt quan thanh nhU
the.
Vua Dinh Tien Hoang va vua Le Dai Hanh xay dUng
Kinh dd Hoa Lu la hoan toan
phii
hgp vdi tinh hinh thUc te
cua nUdc Dai Cd Viet luc bay gid.
Den diu trieu Ly, khi nUdc Dai Cd Viet phat trien, Kinh
dd Hoa Lu du la mpt quan thanh hung vi, hiem trd, nhUng
lai chat hep, chi hgp vdi the' thu ma thdi. Mudn cho nUdc
Dai Cd Viet phat trien han
nUa,
cd the cdng, kinh dd phai
la nai rdng rai, thuan tien ve giao thdng thuy, bd, trung tam
ve dia ly, kinh te vua Ly Cdng Uan da quyet dinh ddi dd
tir Hoa Lu den thanh Dai La (Ha Ndi ngay nay).
Vua Ly Thai Td da viet "Chieu dai do" the hien quyet
tam dd: " Huong gi thdnh Dgi La, kinh do
cU
cda Cao
Vuang: d vdo nai trung tdm trai ddt, dugc
edi
the rdng cuon,
hd ngoi. Dd diing ngoi
Bde,
Nam, Dong, Tdy; lgi tien huang
nhin song dUa
niii.

Dia the rgng vd bdng, ddt dai cao md
thodng. Ddn cu khoi chiu ednh khdn khd ngap lut; mudn
vgt cdng rdt mUc phong
phii
tot tuai. Xem khdp ddt Viet ta,
chi nai ndy
Id
thdng dia. That
Id
chdn tu hgi trgng yeu cua
bdn phuang ddt nUae; cung la nai kinh do bde nhdt cua de
vuang
mudn
dai".
Cudc ddi dd cua vua Ly Thai Td dugc thUc hien vao thdi
gian td't nhat, tdc la vao thang 7 am lich, diu mua thu nam
Canh Tuat (1010). Thang 7 la mua nUdc "rdy" (diy), sdng
ngdi
am
ip thuan tien cho viec chuyen chd bing thuyen.
24
MOT
VUNG
SON
THOY
HUV
TiNH
Dat nudc ta
day
ddc sdng ngdi, khi dd diing thuyen la

thich hgp. Ong cha ta da
tUng
ndi: "Nam chu, Bde md".
Nghia la: ngudi phuang Nam dung thuyen, ngUdi phuang Bic
dung ngUa.
De van chuyen nhieu cung dien nguy nga, nhieu dd vat
quy hiem, hoang gia cung gia quyen cac quan lai, binh linh,
ngudi hiu ha phai dung thuyen de di bing dudng thuy la
dieu chic chin. Doan thuyen
ciia
nha vua khi ddi dd cd
nhieu loai khac nhau nhU: thuyen ngU dung de chd nha vua
va can thin, thuyen chien chd
van
vd
ba
quan trong trieu,
thuyen dinh chd quan binh,
nhUng
ngudi phuc vu hau can
va cac dd vat khac.
Theo
cac
nha nghien cdu, khdng gian vua Ly Thai Td ddi
dd cung hoan hao nhat, chpn dudng di ngin nhat, chi dai
khoang han 100km, di qua sau con sdng.
Con sdng diu tien la Sao Khe (Sudi Gdc) chay qua Kinh
dd Hoa Lu theo hudng Bic Nam tir sdng Hoang Long dd ve.
Chinh con sdng nay, thdi xUa vua Dinh Tien Hoang dung
lam nai luyen tap thiiy quan (hien nay con sdng dd vin cdn,

chi chat hep han trudc). Td sdng Sao Khe thuyen ngu di
ngUgc len phia Bic Kinh dd Hoa Lu den sdng Hoang Long
la
con sdng thd hai thuyen vua di qua. Thuyen vua quay mui
ve phia Ddng den nga ba Gian Khau gap sdng Day, la con
sdng thuf ba. Thuyen vua lai ngugc sdng
Day
len Phu Ly (Ha
Nam),
re vao nga ba sdng Chau Giang - sdng Nhue la con
song
thii
tu. Tiep dd, thuyen vua ngugc len sdng Nhue den
lang Td, theo sdng Td ve Dai La. NhU the con dudng thuy
ddi dd cua vua Ly Thai Td di qua 6 con sdng: Sdng Sao Khe,
sdng Hoang Long, sdng Day, sdng Chau, sdng Nhue, sdng Td
25