An Estimate Of Plant Biomass And Assessment Of The Ecological Balance Capacity Of The Hanoi Green Corridor.pdf

VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY

HOANG DINH VIET

AN ESTIMATE OF PLANT BIOMASS
AND ASSESSMENT OF THE
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE CAPACITY OF
THE HANOI GREEN CORRIDOR

MASTER’S THESIS

Hanoi, 2019


VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI
VIETNAM JAPAN UNIVERSITY

HOANG DINH VIET

AN ESTIMATE OF PLANT BIOMASS
AND ASSESSMENT OF THE
ECOLOGICAL BALANCE CAPACITY OF
THE HANOI GREEN CORRIDOR

MAJOR: MASTER IN INFRASTRUCTURE ENGINEERING
CODE:

Dr. LE QUYNH CHI

Hanoi, 2019

ANNEX two. LIST OF FORMS FOR MANAGEME


TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................. i
LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................... iv
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................... v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ....................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................................................................... vii
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 1
1.

The necessity of the research topic ................................................... 1

2.

Contributions and objectives of the thesis .......................................... 4

3.

Methodology ......................................................................................... 5

4.

Thesis’s structure ................................................................................. 5

5.

Terms and concepts ............................................................................. 5

5.1. The concepts of Green space, Green corridor, Greenbelt are
recognized by the world .............................................................................. 5
5.2. Concept of GS, GC, GB according to the Master Plan of Hanoi
Capital in 2011 ........................................................................................... 6
5.3. Concept of plant biomass ..................................................................... 7

CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW ......................................................... 8
1.1. Overview and assessing the effectiveness of the green space
models outside urban centers in the world ................................................ 8
1.1.1.

London’s metropolitan greenbelt, Britain .................................... 8

1.1.2.

Beijing area’s Greenbelt, China .................................................. 9

1.1.3.

Seoul’s greenbelt, Korea ............................................................ 11

1.1.4.

Tokyo’s greenbelt, Japan............................................................ 12

1.2. Overview of research related to the topic ...................................... 15
1.2.1.

The role of carbon pools in climate change mitigation ............. 15

1.2.2.

Studies on estimating urban plant biomass. ............................... 17

1.2.3.

Studies on biomass estimation using remote sensing data ......... 21

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY AND DATABASE .................................. 22
2.1. Research content ................................................................................. 22
i


2.2. Methodologies ...................................................................................... 22
2.2.1. Perspective anh methodologies ...................................................... 22
2.2.1.1. Perspective on environmental science...................................... 22
2.2.1.2. Perspective on biomass research and ground carbon
accumulation based on satellite image data. ........................................ 22
2.2.1.3. The theoretical basis of LiDAR ................................................ 23
2.2.2. Research method diagram. ............................................................. 25
2.3. Process of calculation ....................................................................... 26
2.3.1.

Site description ........................................................................... 26

2.3.2. Data sources of satellite image....................................................... 27
2.3.2.1. Landsat 8 satellite images data ................................................ 27
2.3.2.2. LiDAR data products ................................................................ 29
2.3.2.

Identification of green corridor vegetation using GIS. .............. 30

2.3.3. Segments canopy according base on height ................................... 32
2.3.4. Plant biomass estimate base on height of canopy .......................... 33
2.2. Methodology and sources of greenhouse gas inventory data ......... 34
2.3. Land use/land cover (LULC) of Hanoi’ Green Corridor ............... 35
CHAPTER 3: FIDDING AND DISCUSSION............................................... 37
3.1. Fidding ................................................................................................. 37
3.1.1. Results of estimate plant biomass in Hanoi Green Corridor (No
consider land use change) ........................................................................ 37
3.1.2. Change in LULC of Hanoi’s Green Corridor ................................. 39
3.2. Discussion .......................................................................................... 42
3.2.1.
Hanoi

Assess the 𝐶𝑂2 balance capacity in the air of Green Corridor
42

3.2.1.1. Results of estimating 𝐶𝑂2 absorption capacity of GC
compared to total of Hanoi 𝐶𝑂2 emission. ........................................... 42
3.2.1.2. Comparison of 𝐶𝑂2 absorption capacity of Hanoi GC with
similar models in the world. .................................................................. 42
3.2.2. Enhance the ecological balance ability of the Green Corridor in
Hanoi. 43

ii


3.2.3.

Assess the ecological balance of the Green Corridor in the future
44

CHAPTER 4: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................... 46
4.1. Conclusion............................................................................................ 46
4.1.1. Thesis’s structure ............................................................................ 46
4.1.2. Limitations of thesis. ....................................................................... 47
4.1.2.1. Methodology ............................................................................. 47
4.1.2.2. Database .................................................................................... 47
4.2. Recommendations ............................................................................... 48
REFERENCES .............................................................................................. 50

iii


LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1: Green Corridor Functional Map ............................................................ 4
Fig 1.1: London’s metropolitan greenbelt ........................................................ 8
Fig 1.2 a, b: Beijing’s green belt (a), Beijing’s green belt in phase II........... 10
Fig 1.3: Seoul’s greenbelt ............................................................................... 11
Fig 1.4 a, b: Tokyo’s greenbelt in planning project 1958 (a), Tokyo’s green
space in planning project 1968........................................................................ 13
Fig 1.5: Carbon Cycle..................................................................................... 17
Fig 2.1: LiDAR working principle .................................................................. 24
Fig 2.2. Products of LiDAR technology .......................................................... 25
Fig 2.3. Research method diagram. ................................................................ 26
Fig 2.4: Location of the Green Corridor in Hanoi ......................................... 27
Fig 2.5: Landsat 8 images were taken on June 4, 2016 ................................. 29
Fig 2.6: nDSM model in the Green Corridor area ......................................... 30
Fig 2.7 a,b,c: NDVI map 2015, 2016, 2019 .................................................... 31

Fig 3.1 a,b: Biomass map of Hanoi’s Green Corridor in 2015, 2016 ........... 39
Fig 3.2 a,b,c : Change in LULC of Hanoi’s Green Corridor in 2015, 2016,
2019. ................................................................................................................ 41
Fig 3.3: Change in LULC of Hanoi’s Green Corridor in 2015, 2016, 2019
diagram. .......................................................................................................... 44
Fig 3.4: Relationship between propotion of tree land and amount of 𝐶𝑂2
absorption........................................................................................................ 45
Fig 4.1: Compare biomass estimation results by using satellite images of
different resolutions. ....................................................................................... 48

iv


LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1: The goal of developing GS outside urban centers in some cities in
the world .......................................................................................................... 14
Table 1.2: location and scale of green space outside urban centers in some
cities in the world ............................................................................................ 15
Table 2.1: Landsat 8 images used in the thesis .............................................. 28
Table 2.2: Statistics of total pixels for each type of tree in the GC area in
2015. ................................................................................................................ 32
Table 2.3: Statistics of total pixels for each type of tree in the GC area in
2016. ................................................................................................................ 33
Table 2.4: Statistics of total pixels for each type of tree in the GC area in
2019. ................................................................................................................ 33
Table 2.5: Statistics on 𝐶𝑂2 emissions of Hanoi in 2015............................... 35
Table 2.6: Characteristics of land types classified by IPCC 2006 ................. 36
Table 3.1: Biomass value estimated and 𝐶𝑂2 in 2015 ................................... 38
Table 3.2: Biomass value estimated and 𝐶𝑂2 in 2016 ................................... 38
Table 3.3: Biomass value estimated and 𝐶𝑂2 in 2019 ................................... 39

Table 3.4: Summary table of LULC classification results 2015, 2016, 2019 . 40
Table 3.5: 𝐶𝑂2 absorption capacity in Hanoi’s GC, Seoul’s GB and Dakota’s
GS .................................................................................................................... 42

v


LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

WWF-World Wildlife Fund
IPCC - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
AEBIOM - European Biomass Industry Association
IPCC - The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
MNRE - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
REDD+ - Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+)
VIAP - Vietnam Institute of Architecture and Urban and Rural
Planning
USGS - United States Geological Survey
GSO- General Statistics Office of Vietnam
UHI - Urban Heat Island phenomenon
GIS - Geographic Information System
LiDAR- Light Detection and Ranging
nDSM - normalized Digital Surface Model
NDVI - Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
LULC – Land use, Land cover
GHG- Greenhouse gas
GC- Green Corridor
GS- Green space
GB- Greenbelt
C - Carbon

𝐶𝑂2 - Carbon dioxide
𝐶𝑂2 e - Carbon dioxide equivalent

vi


ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This master thesis has conducted in February 2019. At that time, I was still
studying at Kanazawa University, Japan. After 5 months of internship in Japan,
I returned to Vietnam to complete the thesis. Under the guidance of Dr. Le
Quynh Chi, from National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE). Therefore,
I would like to express my deep gratitude and special thanks to Dr. Le Quynh
Chi for her support, giving me the necessary guidance and valuable lessons to
carry out my research. I would like to give these first lines to acknowledge her
contribution most respectfully.
I would like to send my best wishes and deepest gratitude to Professor Kato,
Tokyo University and Prof. Nguyen Dinh Duc, Vietnam National University,
Hanoi and Dr. Phan Le Binh, lecturer, JICA has long been an expert at VJU,
Dr. Nguyen Tien Dung, a lecturer for their careful and valuable support, which
is extremely valuable for my research both in theory and in practice.
Moreover, I look forward to expressing my deep gratitude to Prof. Zhenjiang
SHEN, a very talented and humble person who has only facilitated my study
and work in his Urban Planning Laboratory. I also give my sincere thanks to
the doctoral students, masters, and students at the laboratory who have helped
me a lot in knowledge that very useful fot my thesis during my internship in
Japan.
Last but least, my master thesis also a present to my parents for always being
by my side.

Sincerely,

Hoang Dinh Viet

vii


ABSTRACT

The Green Corridor (GC) is a new concept of the Master planning of Hanoi to
2030, vision 2050. The role of the GC is to become an urban logistics area to
preserve the landscape and ensure urban living environment. In particular,
balancing urban living environment is a very esential goal. The GC accounts
for 68% of Hanoi's natural land. The tree land in the GC is the ideal carbon sink
to assist the city reduce the nagative impact of Urban Heat Island (UHI), 𝐶𝑂2
balance in the air.
However, under the pressure of urbanization and the existence of urban,
industrial development projects and other ongoing activities . The area of trees
in the Hanoi’s GC has been declining rapidly, which reduces the ability to
absorb 𝐶𝑂2 that human activities discharge.
By applied the concept of plant biomass. This thesis provides an approach
through quantifying carbon contained in vegetation in the GC and the ability to
balance 𝐶𝑂2 in the air of GC. Combined with remote sensing images, which is
currently the strongly tool to apply for estimating biomass in large scale and
complex terrain like Hanoi city.

viii


INTRODUCTION
1. The necessity of the research topic

In Hanoi, Vietnam, the long-term urban development plan has been
prioritized to implement, namely the "Hanoi Master Plan to 2030, vision 2050"
which has been approved and implemented by the Vietnamese Government in
2011 with the goal of developing the city to become a sustainable capital in
Asia (Comprehensive Report; VIAP: Hanoi, Vietnam, 2011.). In the Master
Plan, Hanoi's population is expected to increase from 6.4 million in 2010 to 9.2
million in 2030. One of the main objectives of the master plan is to protect
environmental through maintaining the natural environment leads to the
establishment of a wide range of Green Space (GS) networks in the city,
including Greenbelt (GB), green buffers and Green Corridor (GC) (Trihamdani
et al, 2015). Being the 2nd largest city in Vietnam and the first city to apply the
GC model in the capital development orientation. According to the general
planning explanation of Hanoi, the role of the Green Corridor is mentioned with
four main functions, namely:
- The Green Corridor is a functional area that supports the development
control for urban areas: The Green Corridor must create functional areas with
low and stable construction density, which is able to limit the spread of urban
development.
- The Green Corridor is an area that preserves the landscape and natural
values: Protecting the values of landscape of rivers and lakes, forest and
mountain areas.
- Green Corridor is a logistics area for Hanoi urban: providing and ensuring
food and ration for the city.
- Green corridors are an important component to help the environment
balance the urban environment: Creating an ecological environment for
people and creating biodiversity.
1


In particular, the fourth function is to create an urban ecological

environment. This is a very esential task and also a general direction in
establishing the urban GS system of Hanoi.
However, difference with the GS models outside core city areas of some
developed countries, the GC model in the Hanoi’s Master Plan still has many
shortcomings, potentially threatening to break down the proposed targets.
Invasion of the GC is not only due to a large number of existing urban projects
but also the village population system with high density and many other forms
of ongoing activities. The creation of the GC or even a GB including residential
areas or natural public spaces is not enough to ensure a strong or long-term
sustainability transition (Leducq, et al, 2018). In addition, the construction of
highways through this area, including the Thang Long express to the satellite
city in Hoa Lac can lead to spontaneous urbanization along the roads. This
causes unwanted problems beyond the control of urban planners (Nghi, 2008).
On the scientific side, the GC systems have been recognized around the
world as a solution to protect biodiversity and landscape, bringing many
benefits to people (Shaw et al., Eds. 2004). The benefits of GC create large
natural areas, balance urban environment, create urban connection with
suburban areas and suburban agricultural areas. At the same time, the GC also
facilitates the establishment of strongly management policies to limit the
development of central cities, avoiding spontaneous sprawling urban expansion.
Trees play an important role in reducing urban heat island phenomenon
(UHI) by reducing the amount of 𝐶𝑂2 in urban environments (McHale et al.,
2007). Therefore, the vegetation in the Hanoi’s GC is an esential factor that
suport the "Fourth target" of Hanoi Green Corridor to promote efficiency.
However, the impacts of the green network in general and the Green Corridor
in particular to minimize the negative impacts of theUHI has not been
scientifically evaluated in the overall planning scheme (Andhang, 2015).
2

Besides, Hanoi's green land fund is being seriously damaged under the pressure
of urbanization, which lead to the GC’s 𝐶𝑂2 absorption capacity less effective.
At present, there are many studies mentioning in terms of trees in Hanoi’s
GC as research on the natural framework structure of GC. However, there has
not been any quantitative research and assessment of the equilibrium role of
𝐶𝑂2 in the air of the Green Corridor. In other words, the balance capacity of
the ecological environment in terms of air.
Master thesis: "AN ESTIMATE OF PLANT BIOMASS AND
ASSESSMENT OF THE ECOLOGICAL BALANCE CAPACITY OF
THE HANOI GREEN CORRIDOR” using tools are plant biomass in the
Green Corridor area of Hanoi. The assessment of the ability to balance 𝐶𝑂2 in
the air (the amount of 𝐶𝑂2 isolated by urban trees and the amount of 𝐶𝑂2
emission into the environment through human activity) is essential factor and
a scientific basis for this study to answer the following question :
1. Does the Green Corridor's role meet the expectations in the Master plan
of Hanoi urban?
2. How has Hanoi urban development affected the Green Corridor?
3. How to enhance the effectiveness of the Green Corridor in balancing the
air environment in Hanoi urban?
Case study, scope of research
a. Case study: The above biomass of vegetation (upper part of the ground)
belong to the Hanoi Green Corridor according to the Master Plan of
Hanoi, to 2030, vision 2050 construction was approved by the Prime
Minister in 2011.
b. Scope of research: According to the general plan, this "Green Corridor"
focuses mainly from ring road 4 to Day River and Tich River, in the
districts of Phuc Tho, Dan Phuong, Thach That, Hoai Duc, Quoc Oai
and Chuong My, Thanh Oai, Ung Hoa and Phu Xuyen - adjacent to
3

satellite towns such as Son Tay, Hoa Lac, Xuan Mai and Phu Xuyen.
The GC also has a part in the north of Me Linh district, the hill area of
Ham Loi mountain near Soc Son.

Fig 1: Green Corridor Functional Map
Source: Master Plan of Hanoi to 2030, vision 2050.

2. Contributions and objectives of the thesis
a. Contributions
- The estimation of biomass and 𝐶𝑂2 balance capacity in the air of the
Hanoi Green Corridor provides a scientific basis and facilitates the
adjustment of land use planning in the future. This also improve the

4


ability to remove carbon in the air towards limiting the effect of UHI
effect.
b. Objectives:
- Estimated plant biomass in Hanoi Green Corridor.
- Assessing the ability to balance 𝐶𝑂2 in the air based on the ability to
absorb 𝐶𝑂2 and 𝐶𝑂2 emissions of the whole city of Hanoi.
3. Methodology
Research on the use of high-resolution satellite image data in combination with
plant biomass (an important term on environmental science now widely
applied in urban planning field) to estimate vegetation’s biomass in the Hanoi
Green Corridor area. The study also uses data on the total amount of 𝐶𝑂2
emissions to the environment of Hanoi City. From there, assess the ability of
𝐶𝑂2 balance in the air of the Green Corridor area.

4. Thesis’s structure
In addition to the contents such as: Acknowledgments, Table of Contents,
List of Tables, Images, List of abbreviations; List of references. The main
part of the thesis has the following structure.
Chapter 1: Literature review
Chapter 2: Methodology and database
Chapter 3: Finding and discussion
Chapter 4: Conclusion and recomendation
5. Terms and concepts
5.1. The concepts of Green space, Green corridor, Greenbelt are recognized
by the world
Green space (GS): The green space refers to the lands surrounded by natural
or artificial vegetation in the construction area and planning areas (George
WU, 1999). However, Bayram Cemil and Ercan Gokyer, 2012) defined GS
from another vision, taking into account human impacts on nature, GS is
5


defined as the urban area where the transition occurs. Change in natural or
semi-natural ecosystems into urban space under human activities.
Green Corridor (GC): The origin of the GC planning method is introduced
with the aim of preserving and providing the continuity of urban open space,
based on Olmsted Nott's "Parkway" concept in the US and the concept "Garden
City" by Ebenezer Howard in England in the twentieth century. From the
middle of the last decade, some landscape architects have identified a very
wide green corridor as a network of linked landscape elements that bring
ecological, recreational and cultural benefits to the community (F.Ndubisi,
DMTerry, DDNiels, 1995).
Greenbelt (GB): The concept of greenbelt was popular in the 1950s. The
concept of evolution has evolved according to the stages of urban formation

and development in the world. So far, the basic definition of the GB is
understood as the following are: Open space is an open space including natural
area, agricultural and forestry land areas with low density functional areas such
as amusement parks, eco-tourism areas, heritage protection areas. Literature,
GB has the main task of preventing the expansion and lack of control of large
cities, creating urban sustainable development (Huifeng Peng, 2015).
5.2. Concept of GS, GC, GB according to the Master Plan of Hanoi Capital in
2011
According to the Decision No. 1259/QD -TTg dated July 26, 2011 of the Prime
Minister, GS, GC, GB of Hanoi capital is defined as follows:
Green space: GS in Hanoi City includes "Green Corridor, Greenbelt along
Nhue River, green buffer and urban parks".
Hanoi Green Corridor: Including "rural areas, river and lake systems, natural
forests and mountains in agricultural areas ... are strictly protected to become
urban logistics areas, preserve landscape and ensure urban living
environment, etc.”. The Hanoi Green Corridor covers the entire suburban
6


area, a role that restricts the spread of the central urban area and accounts for
nearly 68% of the city's natural land area.
Hanoi Greenbelt: "The location along the Nhue river is a buffer zone between
the core city and the urban area extending south of the Red River".
5.3. Concept of plant biomass
Biomass is defined as all organic matter in the life form (also in the tree) and
dies on or under the ground (Brown, 1997). It is also the total amount of
organic matter obtained per area at a time and is calculated in tons/ha by dry
weight (Ong et al., 2004). Biomass can be defined as the total volume of live
or dead, above and under ground, expressed in tons of dry matter per unit area.
In this paper, the Green Corridor's biomass concentrates on the part of

vegetation above the ground.

7


CHAPTER 1:
1.1.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Overview and assessing the effectiveness of the green space models
outside urban centers in the world
1.1.1.
London’s metropolitan greenbelt, Britain

Development process: In 1935, GB was first proposed in a planning policy of
the London Planning Commission, including open spaces and recreational
areas; In 1955, the GB policy was established, oriented to managing and
establishing GB in other cities in the UK (Fig 1.1).

Fig 1.1: London’s metropolitan greenbelt
Source: Robert L. Gant, 2011

8


Development Goals: According to the Public Policy Guide 2, GB of London
has the following objectives: Controlling the limited expansion of large cities;
Prevent neighboring towns from merging together; support in protecting
invaded rural areas; Protecting historical structures and cultural values; Support

in urban regeneration, by encouraging the use of wasteland and other urban
lands.
Location and scale: Located in suburban area and covering the center of the
city. GB area ratio accounts for 76.5% of the total natural land area.
Structure model: The GB structure covers the entire suburbs.
Functional components: Includes forest land, agricultural land, water surface,
other land construction land (parks, squares. etc.). The largest area is
agricultural land, followed by forest land and water surface.
1.1.2.

Beijing area’s Greenbelt, China

Development process: The Greenbelt construction idea in Beijing was first
proposed in the Beijing Capital Region planning in 1988. However, in 1983,
the new greenbelt planning model was implemented in the planning of the
Beijing Capital Region (Huifeng Peng, 2005). The proposed type of structure
consists of two layers of greenbelt covering the central city. In 2003, the Beijing
Capital Region Planning continued to be adopted. The first GB class continued
to change to add more functionality, not only limiting the spread of central
urban development to outside cities.

9


b

a

Fig 1.2 a, b: Beijing’s greenbelt (a), Beijing’s greenbelt in phase II.
Source: Nguyen, 2016

Objective: According to the GB idea in the Beijing Capital Region Planning in
1958, the goal of the GB is determined as follows: Helping to separate core
urban areas from new urban areas; Preserving areas of agricultural land, trees
and water; Control the development of urban areas according to planning and
establish urban boundaries with rural areas (Jun Yang, Zhou Jinxing, 2007).
Location and scale: The first GB is located between the fourth and fifth ring
roads, covering an area of about 140 km2; The second one is located between
the fifth and sixth ring roads, to separate central urban areas and rural areas,
with an area of about 1,620 km2, up to 1 km wide. Minimum width of GB is
about 0.5 km (Jun Yang, Zhou Jinxing, 2007).
Structure model: Is a two-layer GB form (fig 1.2 a, b). The first GB mainly
consists of 5 forest parks and 9 restricted areas, with cities functional parts such
as forests, parks, agriculture, farms, water surfaces. The second GB includes
new plantations covering many different areas such as: Areas for landscaping

10


(20%), ecological service areas (20%), active areas economic activity
(accounting for 60%).

Fig 1.3: Seoul’s greenbelt
Source: Haoying Han, Haifeng Xu, 2016

1.1.3.

Seoul’s greenbelt, Korea

Development process: In 1971, GB was proposed in the Seoul Master Planing.

The GB model in the Master Plan of Seoul is based on the idea of London's GB
(1935) but with additional development objectives, the function will be
appropriate to the Korean context. In 1976, the GB was redefined the boundary
and the size and area were enlarged four times. Seoul's GB has 1,566.8 km2
(accounting for 27.5% of Seoul's total land); The population living in the GB
is very low (accounting for 1.66% of Seoul's total population). In 2002, the
regional manager had to quickly develop a master plan to eliminate 123.86 km2
from the GB (Marco, 2016).

11


Location and scale: The ratio of the total area of urban areas accounts for 27.5%
of the total natural land area, expanding the area of the area by 4 stages. The
fourth and final phase, the total area of the GB is expanded to 247.6 km2,
surrounding the new towns of Ansan in the southwest, close to the suburbs of
Incheon, Anyang and Suwon. The final result of the four stages, the total area
of the GB is 1,566.8 km2, the farthest area of the rural up to 40 km from the
city center (David N. Bengston and Youn Yeo-Chang, 2004) (fig 1.3).
Structure model: There is a single-layer GB structure, open spaces that
surround the core city. Functional components in the Seoul GB are diverse.
Including functional areas such as: river and lake areas scattered and cut
through urban areas; Agriculture area in the year; Entertainment and tourism
areas; Forest and hill areas. In particular, forest accounts for the largest
proportion.
1.1.4.

Tokyo’s greenbelt, Japan

Development process: Japan's GB development can be divided into the

following three main phases: The first period from 1932 to 1968: The definition
of GB similar to the London area plan in 1935. The urban government put the
GB concept into the Tokyo Regional Planning Project in 1958. The second
period from 1968 to 1977: The new city planning law was issued, according to
which GB has been replaced by the new concept: Area of urbanization control.
The third phase from 1977 to the present: The urban GB planning system was
established and a master plan for the park and GS was built, whereby the main
point in the stage is to build a system of "Green buffer "In some small areas
(Andre Sorensen, 2001).
Development objective: According to the Tokyo Regional plan of 1958, GB's
goals are similar as London’s GB (1935).

12


Location and scale: According to the Tokyo Regional Planning proposal of
1958, Tokyo's GS consists of a large one GB area of 13,730 ha, 40 large parks
with a total area of 1,695 ha and 591 small parks with a total area of The area
is 6,741 ha (Andre Sorensen, 2001).

Fig 1.4 a, b: Tokyo’s greenbelt in planning project 1958 (a),
Tokyo’s green space in planning project 1968.
Source: Nguyen, 2016

Structure model: There is a change of structure model from 1958 to 1968. In
the Tokyo Regional Planning proposal in 1958: One-layer GB format, is the
urban enclosed open spaces, intermingled between urban areas. In the 1968
Tokyo Area Planning Adjustment proposal: GB was adapted to a Green
Network structure, including a system of green points as urban parks (fig 1.4
a,b).

13


Table 1.1: The goal of developing GS outside urban centers in
some cities in the world

Target

London

Beijing

environment,  support to protect  protect
landscape

rural areas.
 control the
expansion of
urban



boundaries.
 prevent the
merger of



Seoul

 Reserve

land

agricultural

for

land, trees and

environmental

water areas.

purposes.

separating

 Secure

satellite cities

agricultural

and core cities

land fund.

control the

 Restricting

neighboring

development

Seoul urban

towns.

of urban areas

expansion into

according to

neighboring

the planning

cities such as

and establish

Incheon,

boundaries

Suwon and

between

Euijeongbu

urban and
rural areas.
Economy

 Support urban

 Ensuring

regeneration by

balanced

encouraging the

growth between

use of bare land

Seoul and the

and other urban

cities

land types

14


 Protect historical

Cultural

and cultural
values

Table 1.2: location and scale of green space outside urban
centers in some cities in the world
Source: Nguyen Van Tuyen, 2018

City

London

Beijing

Seoul

Tokyo

Location

Open space

The first GB

Open space

Parks

for the

is between

surrounds the

intermingled

entire

ring road 4

core urban

in urban

suburbs

and 5, the

area

areas

second GB is
between ring

road 5 and 6
Area

4860 𝑘𝑚2

1760 𝑘𝑚2

1566,8 𝑘𝑚2

137,3 𝑘𝑚2

Ratio

76.5%

10.4%

27.5%

6.3%

compared to
the total city
area

1.2.

Overview of research related to the topic
1.2.1.
The role of carbon pools in climate change mitigation

Carbon dioxide is a GHG that accounts for over 50% of the GHG composition.
The increased atmosphere of 𝐶𝑂2 is mainly due to burning fossil fuels (about
80 to 85%) and deforestation worldwide (Schneider, 1989; Hamburg et al.,

15