Báo cáo khoa học:Đại thắng mùa xuân năm 1975 ppt

KY NIEM 35
NAM
NGAY
GIAI
PHONG
MIEN
NAM
^o/
thanjg.
miuL (X>u£ut
1975
THANG
LQI
CUA Y
CHJ OOC
LAP, THONG NHAT VA CHU NGHIA XA HOI
PGS,
TS DOAN NGOC
HAI*
D
ai thang
miia
Xuan
1975,
giii phdng
hoan toan mign Nam, thdng nhit Td
qudc,
dua ci nudc tign
Ign
CNXH la mdt
trong nhtmg thang lgi vT dai

ciia
cich mang
Viet Nam trong thg ky XX dudi sy lanh dao
eua Ding Cong sin Viet
Nam.
Dd la thang lgi
eiia
dudng ldi va phuang phip cich mang
dting din, sing tao
ciia
Ding, sy doin
kgL
cd
kgt dan tdc, anh diing hy sinh
ciia
ddng bio,
chign
sT
ei nude vi giiip dd qudc tg. Dd li sy
van ddng ty nhign, hgp quy luat cua qui trinh
phit trign cich mang Viet Nam.
Sau thang lgi eua eudc khang chign chdng
thye dan Phip xam luge (7-1954), mign Bac
hoan toin giii phdng, timg budc qui do di
Ign
CNXH. Theo Hiep dinh Gionevo, mign Nam
tam thdi do My vi ehinh quygn Sii Gdn kigm
soiL
se tign hinh tdng tuygn eir thdng nhat dat
nude sau hai nam, nhung dg qudc My xam

luge da bign mign Nam thinh can cir quan sy,
thupc dia kigu mdi cua My, am muu chia cat
lau dii dat nude ta.
Diy khdng phii li lan dau tign dat nude bi
chia cat, ma trudc dd, da timg cd nhtmg thdi
ky phii chia cit do tranh gianh quygn lyc giiia
Hpc vien Chinh tri, Bd Quoc phdng
eic tip doan phong kign myc nit trong nudc
vi cic thg lyc phong kign ngoai bang. Sy chia
cat dat nude do eic trigu dai phong kign Viet
Nam gay ra keo dii hang thg ky, nhung giira
cic mign khdng ed sy khie biet sau sac vg
chinh tri, kinh te, van hoi, xa hdi. Nam - Bac
trigu, dang Trong hay dang Ngoii, dgu la chg
dp phong kign ehuygn che, dya trgn ngn ting
tu tudng, y thirc he Nho giio vdi ngn kinh tg
ndng nghigp lac hau, ty eip ty tuc.
21
nam
(1954
-
1975)
dit nudc bi chia cat,
hai mign Nam - Bac ed sy ddi lap nhau vg chg
dp ehinh tri; kinh tg, van hoi, tu tudng ed sy
bign ddng, khac biet, nhat li d cic vtmg dan
cu nam sau trong vtmg kigm soat
ciia
My va
chinh quygn tay sai. Tic nhin chinh gay ra sy

chia cat dat nudc vi cd tinh tao dyng sy khic
biet dd li dg qudc My vi eic thg lyc phan
dpng tay sai
ciia
My d mien Nam. Kg
thii
cd
tinh chia eit lau dii dit nude ta, gay ngn nhigu
noi khd
nhye
cho ddng bio hai mign Nam -
Bac.
Nhung cai mi chimg khdng thg chia cat
dugc dd li truyen thong ygu nude, doin kgt,
Idng
ty
hao,
ty tdn dan tdc, tinh than diu tranh
bat khuit trudc ke
thii,
dugc bun
diic
Uong
miy nghin nam lieh sir,
tniyen
lai cho thg he
Hd Chi Minh, trd thanh nigm tin sit di: Du
TAP CHl LjCH
SU"
OANG -

S6
4/2010
27
KY NIEM 35 NAM NGAY
GlAl
PHONG
Ml^N
NAM
song
CO
thi can, nui co thi mdn, nhung hai
mien Nam - Bac khdng thi ndo chia cdt dugc.
Ngay trong thing 7-1954, tai Hgi nghi
Trung uong sau (khoi
II),
Ding ta vi
Chii
tich
Hd Chi Minh da khang dinh: Didu chinh khu
vyc la tam thdi, Trung - Nam - Bic dgu la bd
cdi
CLia
ta, nudc ta nhat dinh se thdng nhat,
ddng bao ea nudc nhat dinh dugc giii phdng.
Day khdng chi la tinh cim
thidng ligng ciia
Ding,
ciia
Bac Hd trudc ndi dau dat nudc bi
chia cat, ddng bao va chign sT d mign Nam

chua duge giii phdng, ma edn li tu tudng chi
dgo,
quyit tdm chiin
lutyc ciia
Ddng ta vi
nhiem vu gidi phong miin Nam, thong nhdt
To quoc, dong thdi cdn ggi ma su tim kiim
con dudng, gidi phdp thich hgp di thuc hien
muc tieu chiin
luge
do. Tdi Hdi nghi Trung
uong
15
(1959), Ding ta phae thio rd net hon
dudng Idi cich mang mign Nam: giai phdng
hoan toan mign Nam khdi ach thdng tri
ciia
de
qudc va phong kign, hoan thanh each mang
dan tdc dan
chii
nhan dan d mign Nam, thye
hien ddc lap dan tdc, ngudi ciy cd rudng, gdp
phan xay dyng mdt nudc Viet Nam boa binh,
thdng nhat, ddc lap, dan chu vi giiu manh.
Trong eudc khang chign chdng My,
eiiu
nudc,
chiing ta phai chdng lai mdt kg thit
manh hon nhigu lan, nhat la ve kinh tg vi

quan sy. Vdi cudng vpng thye thi chidn luge
toan cau phan cich mang, dg qudc My tien
hanh chign tranh xam luge nudc ta vira bang
thii
doan chinh tri mi dan, vira bang
thii
doan
quan sy dam mau; tign hanh mdt cupc chign
tranh tdng lyc vg chinh tri, kinh tg, quan sy, tu
tudng va van hoa. Dg dinh thing eudc chien
tranh xam luge dd, chting ta cting phai sir
dung sire manh tdng hgp bao gdm cic ygu td
chinh fri, quan sy, kinh tg, van hoi, stic manh
dan tdc kdt hgp vdi sire manh thdi dai. Chiing
ta biet giinh thang lgi timg budc cho dung; tir
gianh thang lgi quygt dinh, danh cho My
ciit,
tign
Ign
gianh thang lgi hoan toan, dinh cho
nguy nhao, giii phdng mien Nam, thdng nhat
Td qudc. Tidn hanh chign tranh bang phuong
phip cich mang bao lyc tdng hgp, sir
diong
hai lyc lupng, hai hmh thiic dau tranh (chinh
tri vi quan sy); tign hanh khdi nghla timg
phan d ndng thdn tidn
Ign
chign tranh cich
mang; kgt hgp dau tranh chinh tri, diu tranh

quan sy vdi dau tranh ngoai giao; kgt hgp
khdi nghTa
eiia
quan chimg vdi chign tranh
cich mang, ndi day va tign cdng, tidn cdng va
ndi day; dinh dich trgn ba viing chign luge
(rimg
niii,
ndng thdn, ddng bang vi thanh thi);
danh djch bang ba
mtii
giip cdng (quan sy,
chinh tri, binh van); ket hgp 3 thir quan (bd
dpi
chii
lyc, bd dpi dia phuang va dan quan du
kich);
ket hgp danh
Idn,
dinh vira, dinh nhd;
thye
hien lam chu dg tigu diet dich, tigu diet
djch dg lam ehu; nam vung phuong cham
chign
luge
danh lau dai, ddng thdi bidt tao
thdi
CO
va nam vtmg thdi eo md nhiing tran
quygt chign chign luge lam thay ddi eye dien

chign tranh, tign
Ign
tdng tien cdng vi ndi day
dinh bai quan
thii,
gianh thang lgi hoin toan.
Trong ehi dao chign luge, vao thdi digm
chin mudi nhat
ciia
tinh thg each mang, thdi
CO
chign luge dg giai phdng mign Nam, thdng
nhat Td qudc xuat hien ttr sau Hiep dinh Pari
dugc ky kgt (27-1-1973). Dg qudc My chip
28
TAP CHl LjCH SLf DANG -
SO
4/2010
KY NIEM 35
NAM
NGAY GlAl PHONG MIEN NAM
nhan nit quan My va quan cac nudc ddng
minh ra khdi midn Nam Viet Nam; lye lupng
vti trang cich mang Viet Nam van d nguyen
tai mign Nam; hai ben d mign Nam se hiep
thuong giii quygt van dg ndi bd d midn Nam
Viet Nam. Dae biet, thdi ea chign luge giii
phdng mign Nam da
Id
rd vio cudi nam 1974,

diu nam 1975, nhat li sau cie tran quydt
chign chign luge, giii phdng Tay Nguydn,
Hue,
Di
Nang.
Khdng bd
Id
thdi co, Ding kip
thdi didu chinh chign luge, ttr dy kign giii
phdng mien Nam trong 2 nam 1975 - 1976,
xudng cdn mdt nam, giii phdng midn Nam
trong nam
1975,
rdi dgn giii phdng mign Nam
trudc
miia
mua nam 1975, cudi cting giii
phdng midn Nam trong thing 4-1975. Ding
quyet dinh ehuygn eudc tidn cdng chien luge
thanh eudc Tdng tidn cdng chidn luge. Tu
tudng chidn luge: "Thin tdc, tio bao, bat ngd,
chac thang" gitr vai trd chit dao trong mpi
hanh ddng
ciia
quan vi dan ca nudc khi thdi
CO
ddn. Chign dich Hd Chi Minh toin thang,
giai phdng midn Nam, hoan thanh each mang
din tdc dan chu nhan din trong ei nudc.
Nhtmg quygt dinh dd phan inh thii dp

quyet doin, mau le, mdt sy didu chinh chign
lupe
linh boat, sing tao eua Ding khi tinh the
cich mang xuit hien. Dd la ban
ITnh,
tri tue
ciia
mpt Ding diy dan kinh nghiem trong
lanh dao, didu hinh chign tranh. Vao thdi
digm lieh sir dd, ngu
trii
trir, do dy se bd
Id
thdi
CO.
Trong chi dao thye tign, Ding tap trung tdi
da lyc lugng da dugc chuan hi trudc cua tit ei
cic quan binh ehiing, ci din tdc tham gia
chidn dich Hd Chi Minh,
thye
hien ket hpp
tdng cdng kich vd quan sy vdi ndi day
eiia
quan chimg trdn toan mign Nam, gianh thing
lgi hoan toan cupc khing chidn chdng My,
ciai
nudc vao ngay 30-4-1975.
Chien thing 30-4-1975 li mdt thing lgi
kep
ciia

cich mang Viet Nam trong thg ky XX.
Chign thang dd da giai phdng hoin toin mign
Nam, hoan thanh cich mang dan tdc dan
chii
nhan dan trong ci nude. Dd li thing lgi cua
dudng ldi cich mang giuong cao ngpn ed ddc
lap dan tdc gan lien vdi
chii
nghTa xa hdi; cua
dudng ldi chidn tranh nhin dan,
ciia
nghe
thuat quan sy
eiia
Ding ta, quan dpi ta duge
chung
diic
sudt chidu dii
lieh
sir cich mang
Viet Nam. Chign thang do cting la thang lgi
ciia
sy nghigp thdng nhat dit nudc, dua ca
nudc tidn
Idn chii
nghTa xa hdi.
Chidn thang 30-4-1975, muc tigu ddc lip
dan tdc da duge thye hien, nhung cupc dau
tranh thang ngheo nin, lac hau dupe dat ra
trye tidp khdng kem phan khd khan, gian

khd. Nhidu vin dg dat ra ddi hdi Ding phii
giii quyet. Cd thdng nhat dit nude ngay hay
khdng? Thdng nhit bang con dudng nao?
Thong nhat rdi dua dat nudc thoit khdi
ngheo nin, lac hiu bang con dudng nao?
Trudc nhung van de trpng dai
ciia
dit nude,
eua dan tdc d vao thdi didm
lieh
sir nhu thd,
ngu khdng quyet doin, mau le, sing tao,
sdm dua ra dudng loi, phuong phap cich
mang phit hgp se giy ra nhung hiu qui
khdn ludng.
Lap trudng thong nhit dat nudc
ciia
Ding
ta li thdng nhat trdn co sd dinh hudng phat
TAP CHi LICH
Sl>
OANG -
SO
4/2010
29
KY NIEM 35
NAM
NGAY GlAl PHONG
MI^N
NAM.

tridn
chii
nghTa xa hdi, thdng nhat khdng
nhiing vd mat lanh thd mi thdng nhat ve cac
ITnh
vyc ehinh tri, kinh td, van hoa xa hgi ,
khdng thd chd den khi hai mign cd sy phit
trign tuong ddng vg mpi mat rdi mdi thdng
nhat vd mat nha nude.
Thdng nhat dat nude la sy phit tridn tu
nhidn, hgp quy luat, hgp long dan
ciia
ddng bio hai mien Nam Bac, bit ngudn ttr
lieh sir, truydn thdng doan kdt, ed ket dan
tdc da dugc ren luyen qua hing nghin nam
ljch sir, vugt qua nhieu budc thang tram dd
tdn tai va phit tridn
ciia
dan tgc ta. Trong
thdi ky dat nudc tam thdi bi chia eat, van
li mdt Dang - Ding Cdng sin Viet Nam
lanh dao cich mang; mdt dan tdc, mdt
quan dpi cich mang tien hanh, tuy vd hinh
thtie ed sy khic nhau vd miu ed, tdn gpi
cic td chire chinh quydn, mat trin, hai
mien cho
phii
hgp vdi hoan canh lieh sir.
Sau ngiy 30-4-1975, dat nudc thdng nhat,
nhan dan ci nudc budc vio thdi ky xay

dyng CNXH thi nhtrng sy khic nhau vd
ding vd bg ngoai ay khdng can thidt nira.
Han ai hdt, nhan dan Viet Nam y thirc sau
sac rang, khdng cd con dudng nio khic la
con dudng ci nudc tien len ehu nghTa xa
hdi mdi tao ra nhtrng tidn dd can thiet cho
su tdn tai va phit trien, lam cho dat nudc
thoat khdi ngheo nin, lac hau. Ding ta
khang dinh: thong nhdt cdng sam, dua cd
nuac di lin chu nghia xa hgi ngdy cdng
phdt huy nhanh chong
sice
mgnh todn dien
ciia
ddt nudc vdo su nghiep xdy dung vd
bdo vi To quoc.
Chit truang
eiia
Ding nhanh chdng
thye
hien thdng nhit nudc nha ngay sau ngay
mign Nam hoin toan giii phdng da dugc
nhin dan ca nudc ddng tinh ung hd. Ding
da lanh dao thye hidn thdng nhat Td qudc
mot cich sang tao, ddc dao, mot mau myc
ve sy hoi hgp, thdng nhat dan tgc.
Trudc hgt la thye hien thdng nhat nudc
nha vd mat nha nudc theo dung phip ly, dan
chii
li tdng tuydn cir tren toan lanh thd Viet

Nam dg bau ra Qudc hgi chung
ciia
ei nudc,
theo nguyen tac dan chu, phd thdng, binh
ding, true tiep va bd phigu kin.
Thye hien
chii
truong dd, ngay 25-4-
1976,
cir tri ci nude phan khdi di bd phieu
bau Qudc hgi, dat ty le 98,7% (mign Bac
99,36%,
mign Nam 98,39%); 492 dai higu
da dugc bau vao Qudc hgi, bao gdm du cic
thanh phan cdng nhan, ndng dan, tri thtic,
cie dan tpc, tdn giio, eic lye lugng vti trang,
dai bidu cic tang ldp thanh nign, phu nii
Qudc hdi chung
eiia
ci nudc la bieu thi y chi,
hinh dgng
eiia
toin Ding, toin dan, toin
quan quydt tam xay
dimg
mot nudc Viet
Nam dpe lap, thdng nhat va XHCN; thuc
hien trpn ven Di chiic thieng Hdng cua
Chii
tich Hd Chi Minh: Td qudc ta nhat dinh se

thdng nhat. Ddng bao Nam Bic nhat dinh se
sum hgp mdt nhi. Tir ngay 24-6-1976 ddn
ngiy 3-7-1976, Qudc hgi nude Viet Nam
thdng nhat da hgp vi quydt dinh tdn nudc,
qudc ky, qudc huy, qudc ca; thinh lap cic
eo quan lap phip, hinh phip va tu phip.
Qudc hdi da bau ddng chi Tdn Dire Thang
lim Chit tjeh nudc, cac ddng ehi Nguyen
30
TAP CHl UCH
SU"
OANG - S6 4/2010
KY NIEM 35
NAM
NGAY GlAl PHONG
MI&N
NAM.
Luong Bang, Nguydn Hiru Thp lim Phd
Chii
tich nude, ddng chi Trudng - Chinh
lam
Chii
tich Uy ban Thudng vy Qudc hdi
va ddng chi Pham Van Ddng lam
Thii
tudng
Chinh phu nudc Cdng hoi xa hdi chu nghTa
Viet Nam.
Td chire, nhin sy, phuong thire boat ddng
ciia

Qudc hdi hoin toin
phti
hgp vdi thye
tidn dat nude, xu thg thdi dai, vdi nguyen
vpng
ciia
ddng bio, chidn sT ei nude. Ddn
thing 6-1976, theo chu truong
ciia
Ding,
Mat trin Td qudc, cic td chire quin chiing
nhu Doin Thanh nidn, Hdi Phy nir, Cdng
doin, cting lan lugt hpp hdi nghi hgp nhat,
thdng nhat vd tgn gpi, cie td chirc, phuong
thirc boat ddng. Ddn day da thdng nhat cic
CO
quan lanh dao trong toan qudc, hoan
thanh xuat sac nhiem vy thdng nhat nude
nhi ve mat nha nude, md dudng cho thdi ky
phit trien
ciia
dan tgc ta trong nhtmg nam
tiep theo.
Con dudng thye hien thdng nhit nudc
nha sau ngay midn Nam hoin toin giii
phdng bang phuang phap hoa binh, dd la tu
tudng nhat quan eua Ding ngay tir ngay dat
nude hi chia cit.
Sy thdng nhat ay khdng cd sy gd ep, ip
dat, hay cd tinh sip nhap midn np vdi midn

kia nhu tuygn truygn cua mdt sd ngudi thidu
thien chi, phi hoai sy nghiep cich mang
eiia
Ding va nhan dan Viet Nam. Thang lgi dd
khang dinh bin
ITnh
chinh tri, tu duy ddc lap,
tu
chii,
sing tao
eiia
Ding, thd hien sire
manh, y chi dai doin kgt toin dan tdc. Ddng
thdi thang lgi dd dat ndn mdng vimg chic
cho sy phit trign khdng ngimg cua each
mang nudc ta.
Cich mang Viet Nam trong 35 nam tir
sau ngay giii phdng midn Nam, thong
nhit dat nude, nhat li gin 25 nam ddi
mdi toin dien dat nudc theo dinh hudng
XHCN do Dang ta khdi xudng va lanh
dao da giinh dugc nhigu thinh tyu to
Idn,
cd y nghTa lieh sir. Dd li nhiing minh
ehirng cho sy diing dan, sing tao ctia
Ding trong viee quygt djnh sdm thdng
nhat nude nhi, dua ci nudc tien len
CNXH ngay sau chidn thing 30-4-1975.
Ngay nay, trong tinh hinh thg gidi dang
xuat hien nhigu van de phirc tap vg tdn

giio,
dan tdc, sac tdc, chidn tranh dim
miu da nd ra d nhidu nai, nhigu qudc gia,
dan tdc bi chia re, ehiing ta
eing
nhin
thire day
dii
y nghTa ly luin,
thye
tien,
tam vde
vT
dai vd sy thinh cdng
ciia
Ding
ta trong lanh dao thye hien thdng nhat
nude nha, dua ci nudc di len
chii
nghTa
xa hdi sau chidn thang 30-4-1975.
Trong sy nghiep ddi mdi, diy manh
cdng nghigp hoi, hien dai hoi dat nudc,
tich
eye ehii
ddng hdi nhap qudc td, sy
nghigp cich mang
ciia
nhan dan ta dang
dirng trudc nhigu co hdi

Idn,
nhung van
phii ddi mat vdi nhieu nguy co, thich
thire.
Trong boi einh iy, ban luc nio hdt,
chiing ta phii gitr virng ddc lap dan tdc,
thdng nhit dit nude, thye hidn muc tidu
dan giiu, nudc manh, xa hdi cdng bang,
dan
ehii,
van minh theo dinh hudng xa hdi
ehu nghTa.
TAP CHl UCH
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OANG -
S6
4/2010
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