Air Pollution Sampling and Analysis (Laboratory Manual) ppt
Bạn đang xem bản rút gọn của tài liệu. Xem và tải ngay bản đầy đủ của tài liệu tại đây (2.74 MB, 47 trang )
Air Pollution Sampling
and Analysis
(Laboratory Manual)
Dr. Sharad Gokhale
Department of Civil Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
Guwahati – 781039, Assam, India
Date: May 2009
!"#$
This laboratory manual is
useful to environmental
engineers, scientists,
undergraduate and graduate
students, chemists and
environmental field engineers.
The manual has been
prepared as per the US EPA
and IS standards.
Sponsored by:
Curriculum Development
Cell,
2008-09
IIT Guwahati
% &
%
!
" #
$
! %$&'(
)
*'(
'(
)
+ ,
- )
, !
. $ .
# /$$&01+
02 ,!
3*2$**4 .
3 !)
5&6+
1 | P a g e
Survey for preliminary information:
During ambient air pollutants sampling, it is also necessary to
collect information on qualitative and quantitative data on the local
sources of air pollution, topography, population distribution, land
use pattern, climatology, etc, depending upon the objectives of the
survey or measurement campaign. For example, an area map to
locate pollution sources and monitoring locations, sources of
pollution situated at far distances, etc. and other relevant data that
describe the behaviour of atmosphere for a specific pollutant to be
sampled may also be required.
What it includes:
a) Selection of sampling procedures including procedures of
analysis of samples
b) Sampling locations
c) Period of sampling, frequency of sampling and duration
d) Auxiliary measurements (including meteorological parameters)
e) Processing of data
Selection of sampling procedure:
There are two types of sampling – continuous and time averaged in
–situ samplings. Continuous sampling is carried out by automatic
sensors, optical or electrochemical, and spectroscopic methods
which produce continuous records of concentration values. The
specific time-averaged concentration data can then be obtained
from continuous records. Time-averaged data can also be obtained
by sampling for a short time – i.e. by sampling a known volume of
air for the required averaging time. Samples are then analyzed by
established physical, chemical, and biological methods for the
concentration values which are the effective average over the
period of sampling.
2 | P a g e
Sampling locations:
Sampling locations are in general governed by factors like
objectives, method of sampling and resources available. If the
objective is to study health hazards and material damages, then
locations should be kept close to the objects where the effects are
being studied and should be kept at breathing level in the
population centres, hospitals, schools, etc. For vegetation, it should
be at foliage level. For background concentration, sampling
location should be away from the sources of pollution. It can also
be done by gridding the entire area to get statistically
recommended values.
The number of locations however depends upon the variability of
concentration over the area under survey. A spot checking may be
done to decide the location besides considering practical factors.
Period of sampling, frequency and duration:
Period, frequency and duration of sampling should be appropriate
to the objectives of the study. It should be such that the measurable
quantities are trapped in the sample at the end of the sampling. It is
preferable to observe sampling period consistent with the
averaging times for which air quality standards of the given
pollutants are specified.
Network design of monitoring:
Please refer IS 5182 (Part -14): 2000
3 | P a g e
The pollutants for which sampling and analytical techniques discussed are SO
2
, NO
x
, O
3
,
NMHC, CO, BTX, SPM, and RSPM. In addition, methods for meteorological parameters such
as wind speed, direction, temperature, solar radiation and relative humidity are also discussed
along with wind rose plotting methods. The rationale for selecting these pollutants in this manual
is that they are ubiquitous in urban air, widely recognized as posing a potential risk to population
health and they are commonly regulated at national and international level.
4 | P a g e
5 | P a g e
!"#$
%
&&'&
(&
) "! & &
*
+&
&& ,
"!,&
-'$(
& . "".
"
- '
(&
-&&
/
0
, '& "1 2
1!,(
6 | P a g e
*&"
!!"345*6&
7&&
&" !!83
%9
#
* &
&
/&
1,!
-&
6
0&'!3(
&!2"!!
&!,
1!
-
! 1 :
&
1
6","
&
!
; &
1,!
-9
* 1
;1,!
0 ':
(
7 | P a g e
6 '
(
*'*6(
)
<6'(="!
$)
'
)
9(='(=8!'9(
:
9*6
!"#$
%
6
>
?@
& "! 2! )!
2! 8! "1
'
" /-/A # +&
#5!!,
>1"2 ' ( !!" > ;
-
) >1"2'",( !!! '!!1(>
; - ",
, 6
B&4?@5#5!!2
1 ?;#?C#6*;$C
-/D#5"E2E
8 | P a g e
#
#
!
9 | P a g e
#
&
%
&&'&
(&
) "! & &
*
+&
#
&& ,
"!,&
-'&
(&,&"
"
- '
(&
-&&
/
10 | P a g e
0
, '& "1 2
1!,(
*
&&
&
%!9
,
#
* &
&
/ &
#456 &
#
1,!
C&
#$'>$#&($&5$&'#456(
&##'<FE.3(
'"!!!:#9(
'"!:#9(
'":#9(
-
-#
! 1 : &
1
6","
&
!
; &
1,!
-9
* 1
;1,!
11 | P a g e
0 ':#
(
6 '
(
*'*6(
)
<6'(="!
$)
'
)
9(='(=8!'9(
:#
9*6
!"#$
%
6 >
?
@
& "! 2! )!
2! 8! "1
'
" /-/A # +&
#5!!,
>1"2 ' 8( !!8 > ;
-8
) >1"2'",( !!! '!!1(>
; - ",
, 6
B&4?@5#5!!2
1 ?;#?C#6*;$C
-/D#5"E2E
12 | P a g e
-
;
-;
(
13 | P a g e
$
C-;
C
'2G"!GB(
%
&&'&
(&
) "! & &
*
+&
-;&&,
"!,&
/
- & &
*'('
(
-&&
%9
,
#
14 | P a g e
* &
&
/
&
*
'
6'(
<'>H(9
*'*6(
< 6 '(= "!
$)
'
( =
'(=8!'(
/-;:9
)
<'
('(9*6'
(="!
8
!"#$
%
6 >
?
@
& 1!! !! "!!
)8! ",! .!
'
" /-/A # +&
#5!!,
>1"2 ' ,( !!, ' !!1( >
;-,
) >1"2'",( !!! '!!1(>
; - ",
15 | P a g e
, 6
B&4?@5#5!!2
1 ?;#?C#6*;$C
-/D#5"E2E
16 | P a g e
?-
;
?-;'-;
"!
-;
1
-;
"!
(
17 | P a g e
B
" /&$
E!
D
" 0 '
-;
"!
-;
1
(
5*'(-;
"!
-;
1
-;
"!
'
(
5 *
7 -;
"!
-;
1
-;
"!
B
-;
,.
%
&&'&
(&
) "! & &
*
+&
-; && ,
"!,&
/5*
- & + B
6&B
/&
"!
+
18 | P a g e
> &
> &
9
)
C
/
* & )!!!
&
>+
&
*
'
6'(
<'>H(9
*'*6(
< 6 '(= "!
$)
'
( =
'(=8!'(
/-;:9
)
<'
('(9*6'
(="!
8
!"#$
%
6 >
?
@
& "1! "!! .1
"! 8! 1!
19 | P a g e
'
" /-/A # +&
#5!!,
>1"2 ' )( !!8 > ;
-)?
'-;"!(&+
) >1"2'",( !!! '!!1(>
; - ",
, 6
B&4?@5#5!!2
1 ?;#?C#6*;$C
-/D#5"E2E
8 5*21!
20 | P a g e
B
)
21 | P a g e
B'(
-
&&
*&
&
&
/+
D+ & , &
&'
B(
6
& &
&$
%
&&'&
(&
) "! & &
*
+&
)
&& ,
"!,&
!"
5& & &
B
*BB
*
22 | P a g e
&B
6 &B &
*'!"#(
* &
$
; B & &
&B
* &B
B&
6&&
I>
&
;
%
&&B
/
&&
-9
#
-
+
6 B B
, 9
,9
/%&
6%C
&
/ 6
'
" >1"2 ' 2( "E., '!!)( >
; - 2
/&
