Báo cáo khoa học: Vị thế của tiếng Anh trên thế giới và ở Việt Nam pptx

NGON
NG0
SOI
2011
VI THE CUA TIENG ANH
TREN THE
Gidl
VA 6 VIET NAM
GS.TS HOANG VAN VAN
I.Dan luan
^ ,^.
r.
,
\
2.
Khii
quat ve tinh hinh
ph^t
Nhu nhan
dl da
chi ra, trong bai triln va vj
thi
cua tiing Anh tren
Viet nay
chung
toi
d\r
dinh se thao lu^n thi
gidi
v} thi
cua tieng Anh tren the

%vn
va
' ^ ' '•
d
Vipt
Nam,
tft do
gpd
ra mpt so ham
^^
VL<^CA
Anh bit dau cac cupc
y cho
vipc l$p
chinh sach
ngo^i
ngu vien chinh di xam chilm thupc dja vao
d
Vi?t
Nam.
Chung toi bit dau bing giua
thi
ki
XVI,
so
ngudi ndi tiing Anh
vi?c
trinh bay khai qudt tinh hmh phat ban dja
luc do
mdi

cd
khoang
3 tripu
[7]
trien
va
vi the cua tieng Anh hen
thi Ay thi
nhung chi ban bdn
thi
ki
sau,'
gidl,
giai
thich
t^
sao
tiing
Anh lai cd
^
<.
, ,.x ,
,
.
.
-
dupcvithlcuamptngdnnlftto^au.
'IT"^
"°'
^^^"^ ^"^ ^^^" *^ ^'"^

Hai npi dung nay dugc tilp n6i bing
"^^"^ """^^ " ^l^P
^^°-
'^heo
Ling &
hai myc
4 va
5,
d do chung tdi
sa
trinh
Brown
[5,
2],
tieng Anh dugc sft dyng
bay
hipn
tr^g,
phan tich vj
thi hipn "^^ ^^
"8°"
ngu chinh thftc va ngdn
t^
va dyr
doan trien vgng tuang lai cua ngu
ddng
chinh thftc trong han
75
qudc
tieng Anh d

Vipt
Nam.
Txemg
phan
kit gia va virng lanh
thd,
viM
sd lugng ngudi
lu|n,
chung tdi sg l§p lu|n rang do
nhilu ndi khoang
1,5
- 2,0 ti. Nlu thdng ke
dieu Idpn
thuin lgi khac nhau, ca chu
^a
sd ngudi hpc tiing Anh nhu la mpt
quan lan khach quan, trong nhung thap • ~
- ^-^ , .^^ x
.
nien tilp theo cua
thi
ki
XXI,
vj
Al TTT "
''"°'
^'^ ^' "^^
cua tiing Anh nhu
la

ngdn ngft
toin ^^ ^hd khac thi
chung ta
se
nhan dugc
cau
va
nhu
la ngo^i
ngft
so
mgt d
Vipt ^^^
^°^
^° **^8
^i^
"g^c:
tdng s6
Nam sg khdng thay doi. Day
la
mgt
dhung
ngudi ndi tiing Anh nhu la ngdn
thyc tl can phai tinh
din
trong
vipc
ngft thft nhit, nhu la ngdn ngu thft hai
ho^ch
dinh chinh sdch ngdn ngft ndi va nhu la mgt

ngo^i
ngu chilm mgt
Chung
vachfahs^hng(^
ngft
ndi rieng ti
Ip
khdng dudi 1/3 dan s6
thi
gidi
d nuac ta de cd the co dugc mgt chinh
, ,
sdch
ngo^
ngft hai hda, vfta dap ftng Thdng ke gan day nhit cua Lien
dugc nhftng yeu cau cua hgi
nh|p
va
Hi?P Quoc
cho bilt
hipn
nay khoang
todn cau hda, vira
t^o
ra
s\r
can doi vl
85%
cac td chftc qudc tl sft dyng tiing
ti

Ip va
ca cau
cdc ngo^i
ngft
quan trpng
Anh lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc, nhilu
d
Vipt
Nam.
hon
rit nhilu
so
vdi
cdc t6 chuc Jft dyng
12
Ngon ngiif sd 1 nam
2^11
4 ngdn ngft qudc te khac (tieng Nga,
tieng Trung, tieng Phap va tiing
Ehic)
dugc the
gicM
cdn^
nhan cpng lai.
Hipn
tai Lien Hipp Qudc cd khoang
hem
50
CO
quan, hang chyc chucmg trinh hang

tram ca quan chuyen mdn, uy ban khu
vyc,
uy ban chftc
n^ng,
va
fty
ban thudng
trye sft dyng tieng Anh lam ngdn ngft
chinh thftc. Tieng Anh cd vai trd chinh
thftc
hoac
vai trd lam
vipc
trong bien
ban cua cac hgi nghi thugng (finh, hgi
nghj va hpi thao qudc te. Hipp hgi cac
nudc Ddng Nam A, Lien minh chau
Au, Td chftc Hipp
ude
Bdc Dai Tay
Duong, tat ca deu dftng tiing Anh lam
ngdn ngft chinh thftc. Tieng Anh cdn
la ngdn ngu chinh thftc duy nhat cua
Td chftc cac qudc gia xuat khau dau
Ifta,
la ngon ngft lam vipc duy nhit cfta
Hipp hgi Thuang mai ty do chau Au
va
ciia
Dien dan kinh the the gidi. Tham

chi,
khi mgt td chftc cd nhilu qudc gia
tham gia va ngudi ta can phai chgn mgt
sd ngdn ngft chung (lingua franca) de
lam vipc thi tieng Anh thudng la sy lya
chpn s6 mpt. Trong nhirng hgi nghj
bao g6m nhimg thanh vien cd
%\a{
h^
trong cdc cudng quoc, gia
tq
cua tiing
Anh ciing dugc cdng nhan rgng rai
hem
cdc ngdn ngft
khdc:
mdc dft ki yeu cua
cdc hpi nghj do cd
thi
khdng vilt bing
tieng Anh, nhung khi mu6n thdng bao
ket qua hay nghj quyet ma quan chftc
tham dy cac hpi nghi dd thdng qua de
phyc vy mgt ddi tugng cft tga rpng
\cm
han
tren toan the
%icA
thi nhftng thdng
bao ay thudng dugc vilt bdng tieng

Anh. Chi trong khu vyc chau A - Thdi
Bmh Duong ngudi ta da thdng ke dugc
khoang
90%
ki ylu cua
cac
td chuc qudc
tl dugc viet bdng tieng Anh. Cdc nha
khoa
h(?c
muon quang bd
kit
qua nghien
cim cua minh tren the gidi ciing phdi
dimg tiing Anh lam phuang
tipn
(fien
dat.
Tiing Anh cdn dugc cac
hipp
hgi
thi diao
qudc tl sft dyng lam ngdn ngft
chinh thftc: bit ki mgt sy
kipn the
thao
ldn
nao
tft khu vyc
din

quoc te deu
dimg tiing Anh lam ngdn npft chinh
thirc.
Ngoai ra, cdc td chftc qudc te khdc
nhu Hpi Kiln
true
su va cdc hpi nghj
cua nd, cdc hpi nghi tdn giao, v.v., deu
dftng tiing Anh lam phuang
tipn
quang
ba nhirng npi dung hodc tu tudng cua
minh. Ngay d chau Au, nai ma ngudi
ta thudng chd dgi rdng nhftng ngdn
ngft
khdc tieng Anh se dugc sft dyng
nhieu han, nhung ngudi ta van thay
tieng Anh dugc sft dyng rat rgng rdi.
Theo thdng ke gan day, sd lugng cdc
to chftc d chau Au sft dyng tieng Anh
lam ngdn ngft chinh thftc gap han hai
lan sd lugng cdc to chuc sft dyng tiing
Phdp,
hem
ba lan sd lugng cdc td chftc
su (iyng tieng
Due.
Khi cac cdp ngdn
ngft d Cpng ddng chau Au khdng cd
phien djch song ngu thi ngudi ta thudng

phai chgn mgt ngdn ngu trung gian va
ngdn ngft trung gian nay thudng la tiing
Anh. Thi dy, khi mgt ngudi Phan Lan
giao tilp vdi mgt ngudi Hy Lap, thi
ngudi Phan Lan ndi tiing Phan Lan,
ngudi phien dich thu nhat djch sang
tieng
Anh
va ngudi phien djch thft hai
djch tft tiing Anh sang tiing Hy Lap.
Anh hudng cfta tiing Anh d chau Au
m^
den mftc ma nhilu trudng
d^i
hpc
hipn
nay sft dyng tiing Anh ldm
phuang
tipn
gidng day, dac bipt la d
hai bac
thae si
va tiln
si.
Tiing Anh
cd
m^t
va dugc chao ddn mgt
each
khd

ty nhien d hai cudng quoc ddi trgng
vdi My la Nga vd Trung Quoc.
Theo Crystal [2], d Nga, mgt cudng
qudc dugc cho la tuang ddi bao thu
trong vipc
till)
nhan tiing Anh',
each
day 12 ndm sd lugng ngudi hgc' tiing
Anh nhu
la
mgt ngoai ngft dd len
den con sd 15 - 20 ftipu (chiem
khodng ban 10 - 12% dan s6); va theo
Vi the
Honna
[7],
hdng nam d Trung
Quoc
cd
khoang 300
tripu
ngudi hgc tieng
Anh (chiem khodng 20% dan sd).
Trong khu vyc truyen thdng, de
thdng tin cho the gidi
bilt
nhung gi
dang xay ra trong nudc, hau het cac
qudc gia deu cd kenh truyen hinh da

ngu, trong do thai gian cua chuang
trinh phat bdng tieng Anh chiem mgt
tl
Ip
uu the; ca bipt cd mgt sd qudc gia
cdng
nghipp
phdt trien da ddnh mgt
kenh truyen hinh rieng phdt bdng tieng
Anh, chdng
h^
nhu
kerih
RT
cfta
Nga,
kenh
NHK cua Nhat Ban, kenh Arirang
cua Han Quoc, kenh Channel Newsasia
cua Singapore, v.v Ngc)di ra, hdu het
cac kenh ve thdi trang, ke ca thdi trang
cua Phdp, va cac kenh the thao tren the
gidi dudng nhu deu dugc phat bdng
tieng Anh.
Tft nhiing gi
du<?c
trinh bay d tren,
c(D
the khdng djnh khdng do dy rdng
tieng Anh dd thyc sy trd thdnh ngdn

ngft toan cau. Nd khdng nhiing dugc
sft dyng trong cdc mdi trudng dan ngft
(mdi trudng trong dd tieng Anh
Id
tieng
mp de hay ngdn ngft thft nhat), trong
cac moi trudng song ngft (moi truang
trong dd tieng Anh la ngdn ngft ddng
chinh thftc), md cdn cd trong nhimg
mdi trudng trong do nd la mpt ngoai
ngft. Nd khdng nhftng
dugc
sft dyng
de giao tiep ben trong cac qudc gia ndi
tieng Anh ma cdn (luge sft dyng trong
cac sy
kipn
giao tiep lien qudc gia vd
da qudc gia tren the gidi.
3.
Giai thich ve sy phat trien ciia
tieng Anh
nhvr Ik
ngon ngir todn cau
Trong khodng vdi thap nien trd
lai day, khi tieng Anh trd thanh ngdn
ngft dugc sft dyng va hgc nhieu nhat
tren the gidi, nhieu ngudi bdt dau ddt
cau hdi: "Nhirng yeu td ngdn ngft, ljch
sft, hay vdn hda ndo ldm cho tieng Anh

trd thdnh mgt lyc lugng khdng the khuat
13
phyc dugc trong ljch sft phdt trien cua
cac ngdn ngft tren
thi
gidi"? Cdc hpc
gid khdc nhau dua ra nhiing cdch gidi
thich khac nhau, nhimg nhin chung
hai cdch gidi thich
du(3d
day la dai
dipn.
Cach giai thich thft nhat cho rang,
sddT
tiing Anh "bdnh trudng" khdng
the ngdn can dugc
Id
vi nd cd nhirng
d^
diem ngdn ngft de hgc [8]. Nhftng
n^di
ung hg cdch giai thich nay cho
rang ve mat hinh thdi, tieng Anh khdng
cd nhieu
h^u
td hay nhirng tan cftng
gdn vdo than tft nhu tieng Nga vd mpt
sd ngon ngft chau Au
khac.
Do

dd,
ngudi
h(?c
khdng phai nhd nhung sy khac bipt
giiia gidng
dye,
gi6ng cdi, gidng trung;
hp ciing khdng phdi nhd cac hau t6
dien dat cdc y nghia cfta cdch nhu
danh cdch, sd hiru
each,
ddi
each
tang
cdch, cdng cy
each
v.v Cdch giai thich
nhin tft gdc dp ngdn ngft hpc nay td ra
khdng thuyet
phyc.
Li do la
vi,
neu nhin
lai Uch sft cdc ngdn ngft d chau Au,
tieng Latinh dd cd lan
Id
mpt ngdn
ngu chung quan trpng dugc ndi va hgc
d nhieu qudc gia cua chau lyc nay bat
chap sy phftc tap ve hinh thdi cfta nd

chdng ban nhu nhung hau td hay nhimg
tan cftng bien hinh cua tft va nhirng sy
khdc nhau ve gidng, sd,
each
cua danh
tft,
V.V.;
tieng Phdp tft nhiing ndm 1960
trd ve trudc cung dd tirng la mpt ngdn
ngft chung cho cac quoc gia va vimg
laiih
th6 thupc
(lia
cua Phdp bat chap
cdi thyc te la tieng Phap
kli6ng
phdi
Id
ng6n ngft dan gian ve
huih
thdi;
tieng
Nga la ngdn ngft cyc ki phftc tap ve
cdc pham tru nhu giong,
s6^
each,
thi,
the,
thdi vdi nhftng bien td cd ve rat
khd nhd, nhung trong phdn thft hai cua

the ki XX nd cung da timg la ngon ngft
dugc sft
dyng
va dugc hgc rpng rai trong
cdc nudc thugc kh6i xa hgi chu nghia
d D6ng All, ke cd
a Vipt
Nam. Tft day
cd the khdng dinh
rSng,
nhung dac diem
ngdn ngft dugc cho la de hgc khdng
14
Ngon ngiif sd 1 nam 2011
the la can cft de giai thich cho vipc mgt
ngdn ngft dat dugc vj the toan caa Ndi
each khac, mpt ngdn
n^u
kh6ng the
trd thanh ng6n ngu toan cau bdi vi nhiing
dac tinh cau
true
npi tai dugc cho
Id
de hpc cfta nd. Ngugc
1^,
nhiing
ddc
diem phftc
t^p

ve hinh thdi va cau
true
khdng the ngdn
cari
mgt ngdn ngft
d^t
dugc vj the todn cau.
Ngugc lai vdi
each
giai thich thft
nhdt, each giai thich thft hai cho rdng
sd dl tieng Anh trd thdnh mgt ngdn ngft
todn cau la do
sue
manh
^uan
sy va
sue;
manh kinh te trudc het
Id
cua de
quoc Anh va sau dd la cfta ca hai de
qudc Anh vd My
[2,7],
mang lai. Quan
diem ndy dd dugc ljch sft the gidi chiing
minh vd do dd dugc chftng tdi chia se.
Di ngugc ddng
lich
sft, cd the thiy

r3ng
tieng Hy Lap da cd lan trd thdnh ngdn
ngft chimg d Trung Ddng, nhung vipc
trd thdnh ngdn ngft chung nay cua tieng
Hy Lap chdc chdn khdng phai do tri tup
cua cdc nhd bdc hgc
vT
d^
cua Hy
L^p
cd dai nhu Socrates, Plato, Xenophdn
hay Aristdt mang lai ma chinh la do
sftc manh quan sy the
hipn
d nhftng
luoi
gucmi,
ngpn giao cua nhiing dpi
quan Hy Lap dudi thdi Alexander Dai
de.
Tieng Latinh dd tftng dugc sft dyng
lam qudc te ngft d chau Au, nhung sy
thinh hdnh
ciia
nd chinh
Id
do siic manh
cua nhftng dgi quan Le duang dudi de
che La Ma thdi cd
d^

mang lai. Tieng
A rap dd tftng cd dg lan tda rpng lan
a Trung Ddng vd d Bdc Phi, nhung dp
lan tda nay khdng phai la do dao dftc
hay uy tin cua ngudi
A
Rap,
cdng khdng
phai do nhirng ddc (fiem ng6n ngft cua
tieng A rap
ma
do sftc manh cua nhiing
dpi quan Ma
Rdc
yem trg cho
vipc
truyen
bd dao Hdi d the ki XVIII mang lai.
S^
hipn dipn cua tiing Tay Ban Nha,
tieng Bd Dao Nha, va tieng Phdp d chiu
Ml,
chau Phi vd vung Vien Ddng cdng
khdng
phdi
do bit ki
li
do nao khac ngoai
U
do vl

sue mgnh
quan sy cua cac cudng
qudc dl quoc nay trong thdi ki Phyc
hung. Vd li do tai sao tieng Nga cd the
hipn dipn vd lan tda rgng khdp cdc quoc
gia
Dong
Au va
cac
nudc thugc
hp ihong
xd hgi chft nghia trong nhung
th|p
nien
tft
1960 -1980
cung khdng phai la ngogi
Ip:
dd chinh sftc mgnh quan sy cua
qudc gia nay d phan thft hai cua the
kiXX.
Mpt
qudc gia cd sftc mgnh quan
sy cd the dp ddt ngdn ngft cua minh
vao (nhirng) qudc gia phy
thugc,
nhung
de duy tri va md rpng ngdn ngft dd trong
(nhiing) quoc gia phy thugc thi qudc
gia cd sftc mgnh quan sy phdi cd ca

sftc mgnh kinh te. Tieng Anh dudng
nhu dugc sy yem trg cfta ca sftc mgnh
quan sy va
sue
manh kinh te de bien
nd trd thanh mgt ngdn ngft todn cau.
Trd lgi lich sft xam
luge
va khai pha
thugc dja cua de qudc Anh, cd the thay
rdng tft thai ki hau can dgi, ddc bipt la
tft dau the ki
XIX,
nudc Anh dd trd
thanh mgt qudc gia cd
nin
mau djch
vd cdng nghipp dung hang
d&u thi
gidi;
n(3
da cd nhung chien thuyen du mgnh
de di chinh phyc cdc quoc gia thupc
^a
va dd phdt triln dugc mgt nen kinh
te du manh, mgt nen khoa
h9c
dft hipn
dgi de cd the chi phoi cdc qudc gia nay.
Dan s6 cua nudc Anh trong giai dogn

dd khdng ddng, khodng 5 tiipu ngudi
vdo ndm
1700,
tang len
10
tripu ngudi
vdo ndm
1800,
nhung khdng mgt quoc
gia ndo tren the gidi cd
thi
sanh dugc
vai nd ve tdng trudng kinh tl. Hau
hit
nhung phdt minh cua cugc Cach mgng
cdng nghipp deu cd nguon gdc hi nudc
Anh Vao 1800, cdc khu vyc tdng tnrdng
chinh trong ngdnh dpt va khai khoang
d Anh phat trien nhanh
din
muc ma
ngudi ta dd phdi ggi nd la "cdng xudng
cua the gidi," mpt cdch ndi an dy dl
chi sy sdng dgng trong phat ftien kinh
te cua de qudc Anh luc biy gid. .
.
Vi the
15
Tiep theo sy phat triln hdu nhu
kh6ng cd ddi thft cfta nudc Anh vd song

song vdi sy phdt triln nay
Id
sy phat
trien cyc ki mau
Ip^
day hipu qud
ciia
nudc My. Vdo cudi
thi
ki XDC, dan
so
nuiirc
My (3a len
din
100 tripu, ddng
ban bat ki qudc gia Tay Au ndo va nen
kinh te cfta nudc My la nen kinh tl
phdt trien nhanh nhat, manh nhat the
gidi.
Cimg vdi sy banh trudng ve
quan sy vd phat trien mgnh me ye
kinh te, tft
gifta
the ki XVI den cudi
the
ki XIX, de
qudc
Anh dd "xuat
khiu" tieng Anh di khdp mpi nai tren
the gidi de cudi cung nd trd thdnh

mpt ngdn ngft dugc sft rgng rdi den
mftc ma nhieu ngudi Anh dd tuyen
bd mpt cdch nggo mgn rang "mdt trdi
khdng bao gid ldn tren dit nudc
Anh". Tft cudi the ki XIX den nay, sftc
mgnh ve quan sy vd kinh tl cua
Mi
nhu
la cudng qudc so mpt tren the giai dd
thyc sy la hgu thuan cyc ki quan trpng
de bdo dam cho sy duy tri va phdt trien
hiu nhu dan phuang cua ng6n ngft ndy
tren hanh tinh trai dat.
4.
Vj
thi
cua tieng Anh ff
Vi^t
Nam
Cftng vdi sy banh trucing cua tieng
Anh tren the gidi, sy banh trudng cua
tieng Anh nhu la mgt ngogi ngu sd mpt
d Vipt Nam la khdng the cgnh tranh
dugc.
Trong giao
dye
phd thdng, tieng
Anh
la
mdn

h^c
bdt bugc ya
Id
mgt trong
sdu mdn
thi
de lay bdng tdt nghipp trung
hgc.
Lu(?mg
thdi gian mgt hgc sinh tdt
nghipp phd thdng dugc yeu cau phai
h9c
tieng Anh hipn nay la khoang 700
tiet. Trong giao
dye
dgi hgc, tieng Anh
tham chi cdn dugc coi trpng han: nd
la mdn hgc bat bupc d cd ba bac hpc
cft nhan (14 tin chi = 630 tiet
hpc),
thae
sT
(7 tin chi =
315
tiet hoc) va tiln sT
(3 tin chi
= 135
tiet hpc) . Trong bon
ngogi ngft dugc cdng nhan va bdt
bu^c

phdi hgc trong hp thdng gido dye qu6c
dan d Vipt Nam (tiing Anh tieng Nga,
tiing Trung,
yd
tiing Phdp), tiing Anh
hdu nhu chilm vi the dgc tdn. Vj the
hau nhu dpc ton nay the hipn d cho ti
Ip
hpc sinh phd thdng hgc tieng Anh
chilm
kh()ang
97%,
ti Ip
sinh vien dgi
hgc h(?c tieng Anh chiem khoang 94%,
va ti
Ip
hpc vien cao hgc va nghien cftu
sinh
h<^
tieng Anh chiem khoang 94%
(chi tiet, xin xem [4]).
Vj the cua tieng Anh d Vipt Nam
hipn nay cdn dugc thftc day va khuyen
khich bdi nhiing chinh sdch tich cyc
cua Nha nudc. Ngay
15
thang 8 ndrn
1994,
Thu

tucmg
Chinh phu da ki Quyet
dinh yeu cau tdt cd cdc quan chftc Chinh
phu deu phai hgc ngoai ngft, chu yeu
la tieng Anh. Gan day nhat, ngdy 30
thang 9 ndm 2008, Thu tudng Chinh
phft da ki Quylt dinh sd
1400/QD-TTg
ve vipc phe duypt De dn "Day vd
hcj)C
ngogi ngft trong hp thdng giao
dye
qu6c
dan giai dogn 2008 -2020", tri gia hipn
hdnh khoang 9.378 ti d6ng. De an quy
dinh m6n ngogi ngft dugc dgy va hpc
trong cac ca sd giao
dye
thugc hp thdng
giao
dye
qudc ddn la tieng Anh va mpt
sd ngogi ngft khac. Theo Quyet djnh,
De dn "Day va hgc
rigoai
ngu trong
hp thdng giao
dye
qudc dan giai doan
2008 -2020" bao gdm 3 giai dogn: giai

dogn thft nhat tft 2008-2010; giai doan
thft hai tft
2011-2015;
va giai doan ba
tft
2016-2020.
Trong giai dogn thft nhat,
trgng tam dugc ddt vdo vipc xay dyng
chucmg trinh ngogi ngft
10
nam, nghia
la
ngudi hgc dugc hgc ngogi ngft bdt
diu tft ldp
3.
Trong giai dogn hai, trpng
tam dugc ddt vao vipc trien khai dai
tra chuang trinh ngogi ngft
10
ndm d
phd thdng. Va trong giai dogn ba, trgng
tam dugc
ddt vdo vipc hoan Ihipn chirong
trinh ngogi ngft 10 ndm d phd th6ng,
trien khai chuang trinh day vd hgc ngoai
ngft
tdng
cudng doi vdi tat cd
cdc
trudng

dgy
nghi,
trung cap chuyen
nghipp.
16
Ngon ngiif
so
1 nam 2011
cao ddng va dgi hgc. Ve chuan ngogi
ngu, De an xdc
dinh:^
"Khung trinh dg
ndng lyc ngogi ngu can xac dinh rd yeu
cau ve trinh dg, ndng lyc nghe, ndi, dqc,
viet tuang thich voi tieu chi xdc dinh
6 bgc do Hipp hgi cdc td chftc khao thi
ngogi ngft chau Au dd ban hdnh trong
dd bgc 1
Id
thip nhat vd bac 6 la cao
nhdt"
[10,
2]. De an cdn khuyin khich
cac ca sd dao tgo dgi hpc trien khai va
phdt trien cdc chuang trinh song ngft.
Nhu ciu
hgc
tiing Anh d
Vipt
Nam

ldn den mftc ma nd khdng chi
dirge
day
trong hp thdng gido
dye
qudc dan rna
cdn ca d ngoai hp thdng gido
djic
qudc
dan. Trong khu vyc ngodi hp thdng giao
dye qudc dan, Vipt Nam dang chirng
kien sy hipn dipn
ciia
cdc "cdng ti tieng
Anh"
ion
nhu
Hgi
ddng Anh (the British
Council), Language Links (Anh), Apollo
(Hoa Ki), Cambridge International
Examinations (Anh), TOEFL va
TOEIC
(Hoa Ky). Song song vdi cac djch
vy kiem tra trinh dg tieng Anh, cdc
cdng ti tieng Anh ndy cdn chdo cdc
khoa
h(?c
tieng Anh khdc nhau, thugc
cac trinh dg khdc nhau, ddp ftng

nhftng nhu cau cy
the
cua cac ddi tugng
h(?c
khdc nhau Ben cgnh dd, nhieu
trudng phd thong dgy bdng tieng
Anh, nhieu trung tam tieng Anh budi
tdi da va dang dugc md ra, dap img
nhirng nhu cau
trye
tiep cfta ngudi
h(?c.
Cdng bdng ma ndi, nhd cd gdng
cua nhiing cdng ti tieng Anh va cac
CO
sd ddo tgo ngoai hp thdng giao
dye
qudc dan nay ma trinh dp tieng Anh
d Vipt Nam dd cd nhirng cdi thipn
dang ke, cimg cd virng chdc ban vj the
cfta tieng Anh d
cd
trong vd ngoai hp
thdng gido
dye
qudc ddn.
5.
Tuong lai ciia tieng Anh
a
Vipt Nam

Hipn tgi, vj
thi
cua tiing Anh nhu
la mgt ngogi ngu so mgt d Vipt Nam
la rd rdng. Tuy nhien, nhung gi xay ra
trong ljch sft cfta cdc ngdn
ngft_
chung
tren the
gi(7i
va d
hx)ng
nudc chdc chdn
lam cho nhilu ngudi khdng khdi bdn
khoan:
"Lipu
tiing Anh cd duy fti dugc
vi
thi
nhu nd hipn cd ft-ong ftrang lai
hay khdng?"
Dy doan vl vi
thi
tucmg lai cua
mgt ngoai ngft trong mgt qudc gia la
mgt vipc lam cyc ki khd khdn, neu nhu
khdng ndi la rago hilm. Tuy nhien, neu
cho rdng mpi vat deu cd md diu vd ket
thftc thi tiing Anh cd le khdng phai la
ngoai

Ip.
Ljch sft ngogi ngft tren the
gidi dd timg chimg kien sy lan tda va
sy suy tan cua cdc ngdn ngft chung nhu
tiing Latinh, tiing Hy Lgp, Tuang
ty, lich sft ngogi ngft
a
Vipt Nam ciing
da tftng chftng kien sy phdt trien cua
chft nho nhu
Id
ngdn ngft dugc sft dyng
chinh thftc trong cung dinh cfta cdc trieu
(igi
phong kien Vipt Nam vd sy suy giam
cua nd khi ngudi Phap xam
luge
Vipt
Nam, de rdi:
Ndm nay hoa ddo nd,
Khdng thdy dng do xua.
Nhitng ngudi mudn ndm cii,
Hdn d ddu bdy gid?
(Vu Dinh Lien, Ong dd) [3, 69]
Tiep theo sy suy tan cua chft nho
la sy suy giam cfta tieng Phap tft ndm
1954
khi ngudi Phdp
thua
tran vd bupc

phai nit khdi Vipt Nam de thay vdo dd
la sy thinh hanh cfta tieng Nga d mien
Bdc yd cua tieng Anh - My
d mien
Nam.
Va rdi den ndm
1975
khi ngudi My
bupc phdi nit khdi Vipt Nam, tiing Anh
tam thdi nit lui, tiing Nga trd thdnh
ngoai ngft chilm vj
thi
hiu nhu dpc
ton d cd hai mien Nam va Bdc. Nhung
tft khi che dp xd hpi chu nghia d Lien
Xdtanrdvdondm
1991,
tiing Nga khdng
cdn
chilm
vj tri dpc tdn ma nhuang
cho cho tieng Anh cho
din
hipn nay.
Vj the
Nhu vgy, tiing Anh sg cd luc suy
tan, nhung khi ndo nd suy tan d Vipt
Nam nhu nhftng ngdn ngft tiln nhipm
cua nd la cau hdi ma hipn chua
thi

cd
cau tra ldi chinh xac. Tuy nhien, dya
vao nhimg boi cdnh vdn hda - xd hgi
trong dd tiing Anh dugc sft dyng nhu
hipn nay, hoan todn cd cdn cft de tin
rdng It nhit
Id din hit
nfta diu cua the
ki XXI,
v}
the cfta tieng Anh nhu la
mgt ngdn ngu
toan
cau tren the
gi(M
va
nhu la ngogi ngu so mgt d
Vipt
Nam la
khdng thay ddi. Li do la vi tieng Anh
dudng nhu "dd phat trien de dgc lgp
vdi bat ki hinh thuc kiem sodt xd hgi
ndo"
[2, 129], va tdc dgng cua nd vdo
cac khia canh cua ddi sdng chinh tri,
kinh te, xd hgi tren the gidi hipn dgi
mgnh den mftc ma " neu nhiing ai
bj tudc mat ca hgi hgc tieng Anh thi
hp la nhfing ngudi phai chju thipt. Dd
khdng phai

Id
trudng hgp cfta 50 ndm
trudc khi tieng Anh chi la mgt trong
nhieu ngdn ngft quoc tl Dieu dudng
nhu
la neu
bgn mudn chdng lgi sftc mgnh
khai thdc cua tieng Anh, thi bgn phdi
dftng
tieng
Anh de lam vipc dd"
[6,362].
6.
Kit
lu^
va
nhirng ham y cho
vi|c
xay dyng chinh
s^ch
ngo^i
ngir
Trong bai viet nay, chung tdi dd
khao sdt vi the cfta tieng Anh tren the
gidi vd d Vipt
Nam.
Tir nhiing gi dugc
trinh bay, cd
thi
khdng dinh rdng tieng

Anh
Id
ngdn ngft dang cd thanh the hom
so vdi cac ngdn ngu khdc, nd dudng
nhu xuat hipn khdp mgi nai. Sy hipn
dipn cua tieng Anh tren the
gicM
hipn
nay rgng lan den mftc ma nhd ngdn
ngft
h.QC
xd hgi ngudi Dan
Mgeh
Robert
Phillipson [91
dS.
phai dftng thugt ngft
"chft nghia de quoc ngdn ngft" va nha
nghien cim ngdn ngft ngudi Nigeria
Ayo Bamgbose [1] dd phdi dftng thugt
ngft "ba quyen" va
each
ndi an dy "sd
thgp
phdn hoi quy" de chi sy lan tda
khdng gi ngdn can ndi cfta nd. Sy banh
17
tnrdng vd ba quyen cua tieng Anh ban
diu dugc
jIm

trg bdng sftc manh quan
sy cua de qudc Anh vd sau dd dugc
cftng cd va duy tri bdng sftc mgnh kinh
tl cua hai nudc Anh vd My va cdc
qudc gia ndi tieng Anh giau cd khac.
Them vao dd, sy duy tri vd banh trudmg
cua tieng Anh cdn dugc hudng
din
bdi
niem tin (cua nhieu ngudi trong cdc
qudc gia trong dd tieng Anh Id ngdn
ngft dong chinh thftc va la mgt ngogi
ngft) rdng tieng Anh la cdnh cfta ddn
nhan nhftng tri thftc mai ve khoa hgc
va cdng nghp, la ca hgi thdng tien, la
tieu chi ca ban de cd dugc nhiing cdng
vipc tdt han, cd thu nhdp cao han, v.v.
va
V.V
SIIC mgnh quan sy dp ddt vipc
sft dyng tieng Anh trong cdc qudc gia
thugc dia, sftc mgnh kinh te duy
tri
va
md rgng phgm vi sft dyng cfta tieng
Anh va khi vipc sft dyng dugc nhdn
thay cd ve sinh lgi thi nd dudng nhu
dugc chap nhan mpt cdch ty nhien.
Sy bdnh
truijng

va ba quyen cfta
tieng Anh la mgt thyc te ma chinh sach
ngdn
ngft,
ddc
bi^t
chinh sach ngogi
ngft cfta bat ki qudc gia nao ciing deu
phdi tinh den. Tuy nhien, chi dya vao
thyc te nay ma bien tieng Anh thdnh
ngogi ngft dgc tdn trong mpt qudc gia
thi cd !g
Id
mgt chinh sdch ngoai ngu
thieu can ddi, de gay ra nhirng hdu qud
khdng mong mudn. Li do la
vi,
la mpt
phin cua chinh sach ngdn ngft, chinh
sach ngoai ngft khdng phai chi tac dgng
den ca cau cac ngogi ngft ma nd cdn
tdc dgng den nhiing van dl idnh
te,
chinh
tri,
xd
hgi,
b(M
vi nd khdng phai chi phyc
vy cho myc

(fich h(?c
ngoai ngft ma cdn
phyc vy nhieu myc dich khac nhaa Dieu
ndy cd nghia la, da ngoai ngii la chinh
sdch dugc ua chugng trong bat ki qudc
gia nao cua the gidi hien dgi.
Trong nen
gidcD dye
da ngogi ngft
ciia
mpt qudc gia, bit ki khi ndo cd mpt
ngdn ngu dugc trao ddc an, thi ciing
18
Ngon ngiif sd 1 ndm 2011
diu
thudng dan den vipc cdc ngdn ngu
khdc
b}
xem nhp
ho^c
bj logi bd. Tuy
nhien, sg hoan todn khdng hipn thyc
khi chd dgi rdng tat cd cac ngoai ngu
dugc cdng nhgn trong mgt qudc gia
deu dugc coi trgng ngang nhau. Chinh
vi vdy ma tfty theo hoan canh cy the,
cd the chgn mgt ngogi ngft (ngogi ngft
thft
nhit)
lam

mdn hpc bit bugc vd
nhiing
ngogi ngu khdc (ngogi ngu thft hai)
lam lam mdn hgc
t\c
chgn. Mgt chinh
sdch ngoai ngft nhu vay van tdn tao tim
quan trpng cua ngogi ngft thft nhit trong
khi van coi trgng mpt
each
hcpp li cdc
ngoai ngft khdc, tranh dugc tam li bj
"logi bd"
va,
do dd, tranh dugc xu hudng
cyc doan chi hgc mgt ngogi ngu trong
vipc lap chinh sach.
Chinh sach ngdn ngft khdng phdi
la myc dich ty than. Ca sd
h(?p
li cfta
nd phdi la cai md nd cd the gdp phan
vao phdt triln vdn hda, chinh fti; kinh
te,
va xd hpi tong the cua mpt
cjiidc
gia
Trong mdi quan hp ndy, chi nhdn mgnh
vao nhipm vy thu nhin thdng tin, tilp
thu tri thuc khoa

hq>c
va cdng nghp, hay
vao myc dich sinh lgi de bipn minh cho
vipc xay dyng mgt chinh sach don ngogi
ngft la hoan todn chua dft, hoan todn
khdng thuyet phyc. Trong boi canh hgi
nhdp vd toan cdu hda, mgt chinh sdch
ngogi ngft ma trong dd mgt ngogi ngft
phd bien dugc sft dyng trong giao tiep
qudc tl rgng lan ben cgnh tieng mp de
vd cdc ngogi ngft quan trpng khdc cd
the la mpt chinh sdch cd y nghia; nd
chdc chdn sg gdp phin tich cyc vao sy
phdt trien da dang va hdi hda cua mpt
qudc gia.
CHU THICH
'
M$c dit dupc cho Id bdo thu trong tiip
nhgn tieng Anh nhung trong thicc
ti
ngucri
Nga rdt coi trpng vi?c hqc tiing
Anh.
Diiu
nay co
the
thdy thong qua thuc
ti
Id ngay
trong thai

ki
chien tranh Ignh (tii giua
din
cuoi
the ki
XX),
rdt
nhiiu
cong trinh khoa
h(K,
cd khoa hpc
t\r
nhien vd khoa hpc xd hoi
vd
nhdn
van,
bdng tiing Anh
ducrc
djch
sang tiing
Nga.
^ S6 li?u diniK lay
tit
cdc chucmg trinh ddo
tgo hi?n hdnh
a
Dgi hpc Qudc gia Hd
Ngi
d cdc
ca sa

ddo tgo dgi hgc chua
dp
difl^g
phuang
thic
ddo tgo tin
chi,
thdi lugng ddnh
cho tiing Anh
a
mdi bgc hgc
cit
nhdn,
thgc
Sl vd tiin
si
co the dugc tinh theo cdch
khdc.
TAI
LI$U
THAM KHAO
1.
A.
Ban'-hose,
A Recurring Decimal:
English in Language Policy and Planning,
In The Handbook of World Englishes,
BE.
Kachru
&

Y.
Kachru
& CL Nelson
(Eds.),
Singapore:
Blackwell,
2006.
2.
D. Crystal, English as a Global
Language,
Cambridge:
CUP,
1997.
3.
Hodi Thanh & Hodi
Chdn,
Thi
Nhan
Vi$t
Nam,
In ldn thir mudi
ba,
1997.
4.
Hodng
Vdn
Vdn,
Nhu cau va dpng
ca hpc tieng Anh
ciia

sinh vien nam thur
nhit, Dgi hpc Quoc gia Ha
Npi,
T/c
Khoa
hgc - DHQG Hd
Ngi,
2007,
tr.
125-137.
5.
L.
E. Ling
&
A.
Brown, English in
Singapore: An Introduction, Mc
Graw Hill
Education,
2005.
6.M.A.K
Halliday,
Written Language,
Standard Language, Global Language,
In The Handbook of World Englishes,
B.B.
Kachru
&
Y.
Kachru

& CL. Nelson
(Eds.),
Singapore:
Blackwell,
2006.
1.
N. Honna, East Asian Englishes,
In
The Handbook of Worid Englishes,
BE.
Kachru
&
Y.
Kachru
& CL. Nelson
(Eds.).
Singapore:
Blackwell,
2006.
8. RD. King, The Beginnings, In
The Handbook of World Englishes, B.B.
Kachru &
Y.
Kachru &
CL
Nelson
(Eds.),
Singapore:
Blackwell,
2006.

9.
R.
Phillipson,
Linguistic
hnperialism,
Oxford:
Oxford
University
Press,
2002.
^ lO.Thu tudng
Chinh phd, Quyet djnh
so 1400/QD-TTg ngay 30 thang 9
nSm
2008 ve
vi^c duy?t
De an
"Dav
va hpc
ngo^i
ngu trong
hf
thong giao
due
quoc
dan giai dogn 2008 - 2020".